El léxico de origen hebreo en el judeoespañol contemporáneo

KWWSVGRLRUJ6,

0DUWD3DZáRZVND

8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNLZ.UDNRZLH PSDZORZVND#XMHGXSO

El léxico de origen hebreo en el judeoespañol

contemporáneo

Resumen: /DH[LVWHQFLDGHXQYLVLEOHFRPSRQHQWHKHEUHRFRQVWLWX\HXQDGHODVFDUDFWHUtV WLFDVGH¿QLWRULDVGHODVOODPDGDVlenguas judías(OREMHWLYRGHOSUHVHQWHDUWtFXOR FRQVLVWHSRUWDQWRHQGHWHUPLQDUHODOFDQFHGHOXVRGHOOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRHQ HOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHRHQVXYDULDQWHHVFULWD$QDOL]DUHPRVGLFKRIHQy PHQREDViQGRQRVHQODSUHQVDVHIDUGtSXEOLFDGDVREUHWRGRHQ7XUTXtDH,VUDHO Palabras claveMXGHRHVSDxROKHEUHRSUpVWDPROHQJXDVHQFRQWDFWR

Abstract:

Hebrew-derived Lexicon in Contemporary Judeo-Spanish

7KHSUHVHQFHRIDYLVLEOH+HEUHZFRPSRQHQWLVRQHRIWKHGH¿QLQJWUDLWVRIWKH VRFDOOHG³-HZLVKODQJXDJHV´7KHDLPRIWKLVSDSHULVWKHUHIRUHWRGHWHUPLQH WKHVFRSHRIXVHRI+HEUHZGHULYHGOH[LFRQLQFRQWHPSRUDU\-XGHR6SDQLVKLQLWV ZULWWHQYDULDQW2XUVWXG\ZLOOEHEDVHGRQWKH6HSKDUGLFSUHVVSXEOLVKHGPDLQO\ LQ7XUNH\DQG,VUDHO Keywords:-XGHR6SDQLVK+HEUHZORDQZRUGODQJXDJHFRQWDFW

0DUWD3DZáRZVND  (OMXGHRHVSDxRODOVHUXQDYDULHGDGOLQJtVWLFDTXHGXUDQWHVLJORVKD HVWDGRH[SXHVWDDLQÀXHQFLDVGHYDULRVLGLRPDVGHD¿OLDFLyQJHQpWLFD GLYHUVDVLHPSUHVHKDPRVWUDGRSURSLFLRDHQULTXHFHUVXFDXGDOOp [LFRFRQHOHPHQWRVGHSURFHGHQFLDH[WHUQD(QGLFKDVDSRUWDFLRQHV VHUHÀHMDWDQWRODIDVFLQDQWHKLVWRULDGHORVVHIDUGtHVFRPRHOFDUiFWHU LQQRYDGRUGHVXOHQJXD(QHOSUHVHQWHDUWtFXORQXHVWURLQWHUpVVH FHQWUDHQHOOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRGDGRTXHSRUUD]RQHVUHOLJLRVR LGHQWLWDULDVJR]DGHXQHVWDWXVSDUWLFXODUHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQORV SUpVWDPRVGHRWUDVOHQJXDV$GHPiVODPD\RUtDGHORVKDEODQWHVGHO djudezmoDFWXDOPHQWHUHVLGHQHQ,VUDHORJXDUGDQYtQFXORVFRQHVWH SDtVORFXDOUHIXHU]DD~QPiVODSRVLFLyQGHOKHEUHRHQODFRPXQLGDG ODGLQRSDUODQWH (OHQIRTXHTXHQRVSODQWHDPRVHVGLIHUHQWHGHOGHORVHVWXGLRV VHIDUGtHVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGDGRTXHQRQRVLQWHUHVDWDQWRODGLPHQVLyQ GLDFUyQLFDGHOdjudezmoVLQRODGHVFULSFLyQVLQFUyQLFDGHVXHVWDGR DFWXDO(VXQFDPSRUHODWLYDPHQWHSRFRH[SORUDGRTXHDQXHVWURSD UHFHUPHUHFHXQDDWHQFLyQHVSHFLDOHQYLVWDGHTXHVHWUDWDGHXQD OHQJXDTXHFDUHFHGHQRUPD¿MD\DGHPiVVHHQFXHQWUDHQYtDVGH H[WLQFLyQ7RGRVORVHVWXGLRVGHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHRQRVSD UHFHQSRUWDQWRSDUWLFXODUPHQWHQHFHVDULRV\YDOLRVRV6LJXLHQGRHVWD SDXWDHQHOSUHVHQWHDUWtFXORQRVSURSRQHPRVOOHYDUDFDERXQDQiOLVLV Op[LFRGHODSUHQVDMXGHRHVSDxRODGHORVDxRVHQIXQFLyQGH ODSUHVHQFLD\YLVLELOLGDGHQHVWDGHOFRPSRQHQWHKHEUHR3HURDQWHV GHSDVDUDGLFKRH[DPHQKDUHPRVXQEUHYHUHSDVRGHODVQRFLRQHV IXQGDPHQWDOHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOMXGHRHVSDxRO\SRURWUDSDUWHGH ORVFRQFHSWRVEiVLFRVFRQFHUQLHQWHVDORVSUpVWDPRV\WpUPLQRVD¿QHV

1. El judeoespañol como lengua judía

(QODWUDGLFLyQ¿OROyJLFDHVSDxRODODVYDULHGDGHVOLQJtVWLFDVXVD GDVSRUORVMXGtRVVHIDUGtHVHVGHFLUHOODGLQROHQJXDFDOFRXWLOL]D GDSDUDODVWUDGXFFLRQHVGHWH[WRVVDJUDGRVHOMXGHRHVSDxRORULHQWDO  _{(QHOSUHVHQWHDUWtFXORVHXWLOL]DHOWpUPLQRdjudezmoFRPRVLQyQLPRGH} judeoespañolVLJXLHQGRHQWUHRWURVD%XQLV6HSKLKD :HLQUHLFK>@R:H[OHU

(OOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRHQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHR 

\HOMXGHRHVSDxROGH0DUUXHFRVOODPDGRhaquitíaVXHOHQHQXPHUDUVH HQWUHORVGLDOHFWRVGHOFDVWHOODQR²SRUHMHPSORWLHQHQVXVFDStWXORV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVHQHOManual de dialectología hispánica GH0DQXHO ÈOYDU²\HQVXHVWXGLRVHUHFDOFDQPiVELHQORVYtQFXORVTXH JXDUGDQFRQHOHVSDxROSUHFOiVLFR1RREVWDQWHVLODVPLUDPRVGHVGH HOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODKLVWRULDGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVMXGtDVSRUHMHPSOR DOODGRGHOHQJXDVFRPRHO\LGLVQXHVWUDySWLFDFDPELDVHSRQHQGH UHOLHYHRWURVDVSHFWRV\HOIHQyPHQRVHYXHOYHPiVSOXULGLPHQVLRQDO \HQULTXHFHGRU(VWDLGHDFRQVWLWX\HHOIXQGDPHQWRGHORVWUDEDMRVGH 0D[:HLQUHLFK >:@HKDYHWRDGPLWWKDWZHRZHRXUNQRZOHGJHRI-HZLVKGLVWLQFWLYHQHVV LQWKH5RPDQLFZRUOGRIODQJXDJHPDLQO\WRUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKHVFKRRO RI³-XGHR)UHQFK´IRUWKHVDNHRI)UHQFK³-XGHR6SDQLVK´IRUWKHVDNH RI6SDQLVKDQGVRRQ$VVXUHGO\LWLVVFLHQWL¿FDOO\OHJLWLPDWHIRUWKHPWR FRQWLQXHWKHLUZRUN%XWWKHWLPHKDVFRPHWRHVWDEOLVKWKHLGHDWKDWLWLV OHJLWLPDWHWRSXWWKHVWUHVVRQWKH-HZLVKVSHFL¿FLW\DOVR,QWKHVFLHQFHV RIFXOWXUHDQGSHUVRQDOLW\RIZKLFKOLQJXLVWLFVLVRQHWRGHWHFWGLIIHUHQFHV LVDWDQ\UDWHDVLPSRUWDQWDVSHUFHLYLQJVLPLODULWLHV/RRNLQJIURPZLWKLQ ZHPD\H[SHFWPRUHDQGQRWRQO\DERXW-HZLVKOLQJXLVWLFGHYHORSPHQW JHQHUDOOLQJXLVWLFVDOVRVWDQGVWRJDLQPRUH>@ 6LJXLHQGRODPLVPDOtQHD:HLQUHLFKDFXxyHOWpUPLQRGHlengua

judía o judeolengua, ODFXDOVHGLVWLQJXHGHRWUDVYDULHGDGHVOLQJtV

WLFDVSRUVXFDUiFWHUIXVLRQDOHVGHFLUFDGDOHQJXDMXGtDWLHQHTXH VHUOHQJXDGHIXVLyQFRQ¿JXUDGDDSDUWLUGHWUHVFRPSRQHQWHVFRPR PtQLPR(OSULQFLSDOHVHOFRPSRQHQWHKHEUHRTXHDSHVDUGHQRVHU HOPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDFXDQWLWDWLYRHVHOPiVDUFDL FRHQHOPDUFRGHWRGDODKLVWRULDMXGtD'HVSXpVWHQHPRVODOHQJXD DQWHULRUGHODFRPXQLGDG\DHQULTXHFLGDFRQHOHPHQWRVKHEUHRV\OD OHQJXDQRMXGtDGHVXHQWRUQR(OGHVDUUROORGHOLGLRPDTXHPXFKDV YHFHVORDOHMDVXVWDQFLDOPHQWHGHODOHQJXDTXHOHVLUYLyGHEDVHVH GHEHVREUHWRGRDLQÀXHQFLDVPXWXDVHQWUHORVFRPSRQHQWHVDLQWHU IHUHQFLDVFRQRWUDVOHQJXDVH[WHUQDVHQSDUWLFXODUHQFDVRGHFDPELDU GHWHUULWRULR\DOGHVDUUROORLQWHUQRLQGHSHQGLHQWHibidem &RPRVHxDOD%XQLV

0DUWD3DZáRZVND  7KLVNLQGRIOLQJXLVWLFIXVLRQVRFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKH-HZLVKODQJXDJHV RIWKH'LDVSRUDVHHPVDOUHDG\WREHDOOXGHGWRLQWKHELEOLFDO%RRNRI 1HKHPLDKZKHUHLWLVVWDWHGWKDWDIWHUWKH%DE\ORQLDQH[LOHWKHFKLOGUHQ RI,VUDHOLWHVLQ-HUXVDOHPµZKRKDGPDUULHGZLYHVRI$VKGRGRIµ$PPRQ DQGRI0RD¶Y>«@VSRNHKDOILQWKHVSHHFKRI$VKGRGDQGFRXOGQRW VSHDN>FRUUHFWO\@LQWKHODQJXDJHRI<HKXGDEXWDFFRUGLQJWRWKHODQJXDJH RIYDULRXVRWKHUSHRSOHV¶ 2EYLDPHQWHODVOHQJXDVMXGtDVGL¿HUHQHQVXJUDGRGHGHVDUUROOR 3RUXQODGRWHQHPRVHO\LGLV\HOdjudezmoTXHVHGLVWLQJXHQGH PDQHUDVLJQL¿FDWLYDGHVXVOHQJXDVGHEDVH\SRUHORWURYDULHGDGHV FRPRHOMXGHRIUDQFpVRHOMXGHRSRUWXJXpVHQODVTXHHVWDVGLIHUHQFLDV UHVXOWDQHVFDVDV$OJXQDVGHHVWDVOHQJXDVFXHQWDQFRQXQDSURGXF FLyQOLWHUDULDLPSRUWDQWHGHQXHYRHVHOFDVRGHO\LGLV\HOdjudezmo SHURWDPELpQGHOMXGHRDUDPHRRHOMXGHRiUDEHPLHQWUDVTXHRWUDV VHKDQGRFXPHQWDGRWDQVRORHQVXYDULDQWHKDEODGDSRUHMHPSORHO MXGHRUUXVR.DKQ5XELQ1RREVWDQWHHOHOHPHQWRXQL¿ FDGRUSUHVHQWHHQWRGDVHVWDVYDULHGDGHVOLQJtVWLFDVVHDFXDOIXHUH VXHVWDWXVRJUDGRGHGHVDUUROORVLHPSUHKDVLGRHOKHEUHREtEOLFR RPiVELHQXQDPH]FODGHOKHEUHR\HODUDPHR$FWXDOPHQWHODLQ ÀXHQFLDGHOKHEUHRPRGHUQRWDPELpQSDUHFHVLJQL¿FDWLYDWDO\FRPR DSXQWDQ%HQRU\6SROVN\contemporary Jewish languages tend to be

LQÀXHQFHGE\,VUDHOL+HEUHZDVa UHVXOWRIDI¿OLDWLRQVZLWKWKH6WDWHRI Israel $VtSXHVHOFRPSRQHQWHKHEUHRUHVXOWDLPSRUWDQWH RLQFOXVRLPSUHVFLQGLEOHSDUDODFRQ¿JXUDFLyQGHXQDOHQJXDMXGtD\HV XQRGHVXVUDVJRVGH¿QLWRULRV &RPRHOMXGHRHVSDxROFXPSOHWRGRVORVUHTXLVLWRVTXHKDGHUHXQLU XQDOHQJXDMXGtDFRPRWDOWDPELpQHQHVWHLGLRPDORVHOHPHQWRVKH EUHRVGHEHUtDQFRQVWLWXLUHOQ~FOHRGXUR(VWDFRQYLFFLyQHVFRPSDUWL GDQRVRORSRUORVHVSHFLDOLVWDVTXHVHGHGLFDQDODOODPDGDlingüística judíaVLQRWDPELpQSRUORVPLVPRVKDEODQWHV=HOGD2YDGLDHQXQR GHVXVDUWtFXORVSXEOLFDGRVHQ$NL<HUXVKDOD\LPKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDlas VLHQHVGHSDODYUDVHEUHDVNHX]DPRVR\HQODGLQRGHPDQHUDODPDV QDWXUDONHSXHGHVHU/RPLVPRSDVDHQHODUWtFXORGH.OD UD3HUDK\DGHODUHYLVWDùDORP GRQGHHOMXGHRHVSDxROGH7XUTXtDVH

(OOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRHQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHR 

GH¿QHFRPROHQJXDMHR\HQGLDKHWHURNOLWRNRQVXPHVNODGHSDODYUDV

GHRWURVLG\RPDVSULRULWDU\DPHQWHGHO7XUNRi del Hebreo 

9HDPRVSXHVFXiOHVUHDOPHQWHHOOXJDUGHOOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHR HQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHRSHURDQWHVGHSDVDUDGLFKRDQiOLVLV UHSDVHPRVFRQFLVDPHQWHORVIHQyPHQRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODLQFRUSR UDFLyQHQXQDOHQJXDGHYRFDEORVGHRULJHQH[WUDQMHUR

2. Préstamos: nociones fundamentales

(OFRQFHSWRGHSUpVWDPRVHSXHGHGH¿QLUVLJXLHQGRD+DXJHQFRPR

the attempted reproduction in one language of patterns previously found in another (QIXQFLyQGHOD¿GHOLGDGGHGLFKD

UHSURGXFFLyQVHSXHGHGDUHOIHQyPHQRGHODLPSRUWDFLyQUHSUHVHQ WDFLyQH[DFWDGHOPRGHORSUHVWDGRRHOGHODVXVWLWXFLyQVXUHSUH VHQWDFLyQLQH[DFWDibidem$KRUDELHQHVWRVWpUPLQRVVHDSOLFDQ DOSURFHGLPLHQWRGHSUpVWDPRPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLR QRVFHQWUDPRVHQVXVUHVXOWDGRVHVGHFLUYDPRVDVRPHWHUDDQiOL VLVORVHOHPHQWRVH[WUDQMHURVVREUHWRGROp[LFRVTXH\DKDQHQWUDGR HQODOHQJXD(VWRVH[WUDQMHULVPRVYDUtDQGHSHQGLHQGRGHVXHVWUXF WXUD\JUDGRGHDGDSWDFLyQ(QHOPDUFRWHUPLQROyJLFRGH+DXJHQ SRGHPRVGLVWLQJXLUWUHVWLSRVGHSUpVWDPRVOp[LFRV

loanwordhybrid loanblend\loantranslation loanshiftRVHDSUpV

WDPRSURSLRKtEULGR\FDOFRYpDVH6DODPRQHQORVTXH HOJUDGRGHVXVWLWXFLyQPRUIpPLFDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHQRVHSURGXFHVH UHDOL]DSDUFLDOPHQWHRKDOOHJDGRDVHUFRPSOHWR(QQXHVWURFDVRXQ SUpVWDPRSURSLRVHUtDSRUHMHPSORODSDODEUDmazal µVXHUWH¶PLHQWUDV TXHVXGHULYDGRmazalozo, IRUPDGRPHGLDQWHXQVX¿MRURPiQLFR\D FRQVWLWXLUtDXQKtEULGR8QFODURHMHPSORGHFDOFRHVHOYHUERsuvir TXHDSDUWHGHµVXELU¶SXHGHVLJQL¿FDUWDPELpQµHPLJUDUD,VUDHO¶ GHODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHVXHTXLYDOHQWHKHEUHRʬʲʬʥʺla’alot. Como ODFXHVWLyQTXHQRVLQWHUHVDHVODYLVLELOLGDGGHOFRPSRQHQWHKHEUHR HQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHRKDUHPRVHVSHFLDOKLQFDSLpHQORV SUpVWDPRVSURSLRVHKtEULGRVGHMDQGRDOPDUJHQORVFDOFRV $OKDEODUGHORVSUpVWDPRVVHUtDLQWHUHVDQWHPHQFLRQDUWDPELpQ HOWpUPLQRculturemaHPSOHDGRHQSDUWLFXODUHQODWUDGXFWRORJtD6H

0DUWD3DZáRZVND  FDOL¿FDGHculturema ³XQHOHPHQWRYHUEDORSDUDYHUEDOTXHSRVHHXQD FDUJDFXOWXUDOHVSHFt¿FDHQXQDFXOWXUD\TXHDOVHUWUDQVIHULGRDRWUD FXOWXUDSXHGHSURYRFDUXQDWUDQVIHUHQFLDQXODRGLVWLQWDDORULJLQDO´ 0ROLQD0DUWtQH]$FDXVDGHODPXOWLFXOWXUDOLGDGGHODFR PXQLGDGVHIDUGtHOWUDVYDVHFXOWXUDOVHUHDOL]DHQHOVHQRGHODPLVPD OHQJXDSRUTXHORVHOHPHQWRVFXOWXUDOHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOMXGDtVPR \ODUHDOLGDGLVUDHOtYLQFXODGRVHVWUHFKDPHQWHFRQHOKHEUHRVHWLHQHQ TXHH[SUHVDUHQXQLGLRPDURPiQLFR3RUHMHPSORHQQXHVWURFRUSXV HQFRQWUDPRVODIUDVHQRVHGMXJDNRQµKDELWDNKRQ¶ODVHJXULGDGGHO payis)GRQGHHOKDEODQWHVHVLUYHGHXQKHEUDtVPRSHUIHFWDPHQWHWUD GXFLEOHDOMXGHRHVSDxROGHKHFKRVHQRVRIUHFHGLFKDWUDGXFFLyQ SHURDSHVDUGHTXHHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHQRWDWLYRUHVXOWDHOPLVPRHQ HVWHFRQWH[WRHOSUpVWDPRIXQFLRQDDPRGRGHculturemaDSRUWDQGR XQPDWL]GLIHUHQWHDWRGDODH[SUHVLyQ

3. El léxico judeoespañol: información general

/DQDWXUDOH]DGHODVOHQJXDVMXGtDV\ORVPHFDQLVPRVGHVXGHVDUUROOR \DQRVLQGLFDQTXHHOSUpVWDPRVHUiXQIHQyPHQRPX\IUHFXHQWHHQ HVWHWLSRGHLGLRPDV(QQXHVWURFDVRWRGRVORVFRPSRQHQWHVTXH KDQLQÀXLGRHQODFRQ¿JXUDFLyQGHOdjudezmoKDQGHMDGRKXHOODVHQ VXOp[LFR$VtSXHVDSDUWHGHOYRFDEXODULRSHUWHQHFLHQWHDOHVSDxRO SUHFOiVLFRHQFRQWUDUHPRVHOHPHQWRVSURFHGHQWHVGHRWUDVOHQJXDV SHQLQVXODUHVSRUWXJXpVFDWDOiQDUDJRQpVHWFGHRWUDVOHQJXDVUR PiQLFDVLWDOLDQR\HVSHFLDOPHQWHIUDQFpVGHOHQJXDVEDOFiQLFDV E~OJDURJULHJRHWFHQIXQFLyQGHOD]RQDGHOWXUFRGHOKHEUHR \~OWLPDPHQWHGHOLQJOpVSDUDHMHPSORVYpDVHHQWUHRWURV%XQLV 'tD]0DV/DUP-DOORZ3HUDPRV6ROHU 4XLQWDQD6DOD6HJ~Q6HSKLKDHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRPR OHQJXDGHIXVLyQ³FRPSUHQGG¶HPSUXQWVjO¶KpEUHXDXWXUF DXIUDQoDLVDXJUHFDXODGLQRHWFOHWRXWVXUXQVXEVWUDW HVSDJQROGX;9qPHVLqFOH´VLQSiJLQD &HQWUpPRQRVDKRUDHQHOFRPSRQHQWHKHEUHR(QORVHVWXGLRVTXH VHKDQOOHYDGRDFDERVHLQGLFDTXHODLQÀXHQFLDKHEUHDVHKDSURGX FLGRHQPD\RURPHQRUJUDGRHQWRGRVORVQLYHOHVGHOLGLRPD'HVGH

(OOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRHQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHR  HOSXQWRGHYLVWDIRQROyJLFRVHSXHGHPHQFLRQDUODDSDULFLyQGHORV IRQHPDVWV\[HQSUpVWDPRVDXQTXHHVWDQRVHGHEHH[FOXVLYDPHQ WHDOKHEUHRVLQRWDPELpQDRWUDVOHQJXDVFRQODVTXHHOdjudezmo ha HQWUDGRHQFRQWDFWR(QFXDQWRDODPRUIRORJtDSRUHMHPSOROODPD ODDWHQFLyQODLQWURGXFFLyQHQHOVLVWHPDÀH[LYRGHODVGHVLQHQFLDV KHEUHDVGHSOXUDOim SDUDHOPDVFXOLQR\otSDUDHOIHPHQLQRSULQ FLSDOPHQWHHQKHEUDtVPRVDXQTXHim VHGDGHIRUPDRFDVLRQDOHQ DOJXQDVSDODEUDVGHRULJHQHVSDxRORLQFOXVRWXUFR(QHOiPELWRGH ODVLQWD[LVWDPELpQVHUtDSRVLEOHLQGLFDUFLHUWDVFRQVWUXFFLRQHVSURSLDV GHOKHEUHRYpDVHSRUHMHPSOR6DOD1RREVWDQWHVLQOXJDU DGXGDVHVHOQLYHOOp[LFRHOTXHVHKDHQULTXHFLGRPiVFRQHOHPHQWRV GHSURFHGHQFLDKHEUHDRKHEUHRDUDPHD (QWUHODViUHDVWHPiWLFDVPiVSURSLFLDVDDEVRUEHUKHEUDtVPRVRE YLDPHQWHVHFRQWDUiQORVWpUPLQRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOMXGDtVPRHV GHFLUGHOOp[LFRUHOLJLRVR$GHPiVVHSXHGHGHVWDFDUHOYRFDEXODULR SDUDH[SUHVDUQRFLRQHVDEVWUDFWDV6HJ~QORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVHVWRVGRV JUXSRVVHDWHVWLJXDQ\DHQORVWH[WRVVHIDUGtHVDQWHULRUHVDODH[SXO VLyQ(QHOVLJOR;9,HOKHEUHRVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDIXHQWHLPSRUWDQWH GHSDODEUDVYLQFXODGDVFRQODVHPRFLRQHVHVWDGRVSVLFROyJLFRVGH HXIHPLVPRVSDUDORFRQVLGHUDGRWDE~\GHQRPEUHVGHRWUDVUHOLJLRQHV RFRQYHUVLRQHVUHOLJLRVDV$VLPLVPRVHLPSRUWDQDOJXQRVYRFDEORV DQDWyPLFRPpGLFRVDYHFHVDUUDLJDGRVHQODPHGLFLQDSRSXODU\HO RFXOWLVPR\WpUPLQRVGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQDVREUHWRGRGHOiPELWRGH ODIDPLOLD\GHOFRPHUFLR&DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHHQWUHORVVLJORV;9, \;;VHSXHGHGRFXPHQWDUXQDDOWHUQDQFLDGHXVRHQWUHQXPHURVRV KHEUDtVPRV\VXVVLQyQLPRVGHRULJHQKLVSiQLFR1RREVWDQWHHOHP SOHRGHYRFDEORVGHSURFHGHQFLDKHEUHDGLVPLQX\HDSULQFLSLRVGHO VLJOR;;GHELGRDODVWHQGHQFLDVDVLPLODGRUDVVXUJLGDVGHODKDVNDOi %XQLV

4. Los hebraísmos léxicos en la prensa judeoespañola: análisis del corpus

$¿QGHGHWHUPLQDUFXiOHVODSUHVHQFLDUHDOGHORVKHEUDtVPRVHQHO MXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHRKHPRVDQDOL]DGRDUWtFXORVSXEOLFDGRV

0DUWD3DZáRZVND  HQODSUHQVDVHIDUGtHQWUHORVDxRV/DVGRVIXHQWHVSULQ FLSDOHVKDQVLGRODUHYLVWD$NL<HUXVKDOD\LPSXEOLFDGDHQ,VUDHO\OD SiJLQDHQdjudezmoGHOVHPDQDULRùDORPGH7XUTXtD/RVWH[WRVGH ùDORPIXHURQHVFULWRVSRUPiVGHGLH]DXWRUHVWRGRVKDEODQWHVQDWLYRV PLHQWUDVTXHHQ$NL<HUXVKDOD\LPFRQWDPRVFRQPiVGHGLHFLVpLVDX WRUHVPD\RULWDULDPHQWHKDEODQWHVQDWLYRVDXQTXHWDPELpQVHSXEOLFDQ WH[WRVWUDGXFLGRV(OFRUSXVFRQVWDGHRFXUUHQFLDVHQFDOLGDG GHRFXUUHQFLDVVHFXHQWDQWDQWRSDODEUDVFRPRVLJQRVGHSXQWXDFLyQ HQWUHODVTXHVHSXHGHQGLVWLQJXLUWRNHQVGLIHUHQWHV_/DPD\RU SDUWHGHOPDWHULDOHVWXGLDGRSURYLHQHGHùDORPRFXUUHQ FLDVWRNHQVPLHQWUDVTXH$NL<HUXVKDOD\LPSUHVHQWD RFXUUHQFLDVORTXHVHWUDGXFHHQWRNHQV$SDUWHGHOFRUSXV SULQFLSDOFRPRIXHQWHGHHMHPSORVWDPELpQQRVKDVHUYLGRODUHYLVWD YHQH]RODQDMaguen EscudoRFXUUHQFLDVWRNHQV_'HELGR

DVXHVFDVH]\FDUiFWHUSDUWLFXODUQRVHDQDOL]DQDUWtFXORVHVFULWRVHQ KDTXLWtD$VtSXHVODUHFRSLODFLyQGHWH[WRVUHÀHMDHOIHQyPHQRHQ FXHVWLyQHVHQFLDOPHQWHHQHOMXGHRHVSDxROGH7XUTXtDORFXDOQRV SDUHFHHVSHFLDOPHQWHLQWHUHVDQWHHQYLVWDGHTXHORVVHIDUGtHVGHHVWH SDtVVRQGHVFHQGLHQWHVGLUHFWRVGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVMXGtDVGHODQWLJXR ,PSHULRRWRPDQR\DGHPiVVXMXGHRHVSDxROHVWDUiPHQRVLQÀXLGRSRU HOKHEUHRPRGHUQRTXHHOGHORVKDEODQWHVDVHQWDGRV\DGHVGHKDFH WLHPSRHQHO(VWDGRGH,VUDHO 4.1 Observaciones preliminares $QWHVGHWRGRQRVSDUHFHOtFLWRHQXPHUDUFLHUWRVIHQyPHQRVSUHVHQWHV HQHOMXGHRHVSDxROTXHVHYLQFXODQGLUHFWDPHQWHDODVLQÀXHQFLDVMX GtDV(QSULPHUOXJDUVHVXHOHQLQFRUSRUDUH[SUHVLRQHVRLQFOXVRIUDVHV HQWHUDVHQKHEUHR(QODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVVHWUDWDGHGHVHRV\EHQ GLFLRQHVShana Tova µEXHQDxR¶Hag Sameah µIHOL]¿HVWD¶DYHFHV FRQHOQRPEUHGHOD¿HVWDDxDGLGRHag Pesah Sameah, Hag Shavuot

 _{&DGDIRUPDUHJLVWUDGDFRQVWLWX\HXQWRNHQLQFOX\HQGRORVVLJQRVGHSXQ}

WXDFLyQ1RVHWUDWDGHXQFRUSXVDQRWDGRDVtSXHVHOQ~PHURGHWRNHQV no FRUUHVSRQGHDOQ~PHURGHOHPDV

 _{Maguen EscudoVHSXEOLFDPD\RULWDULDPHQWHHQFDVWHOODQRFRQDOJXQRV}

(OOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRHQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHR  Sameah, HWF7L]NX/HVKDQLP5DERWµTXHPHUH]FDVPXFKRVDxRV¶ Azlaha i Beraha µp[LWR\EHQGLFLyQ¶Baruch Hashem µEHQGLWRVHDHO

QRPEUH¶SHURWDPELpQDSDUHFHQFLWDVGHRUDFLRQHVRWH[WRVGHtQGROH UHOLJLRVDSRUHMHPSOR0DQLVKWDQDKKDOD\ODKD]HPLNROKDOHLORW"

‘¿Por qué la noche de hoy es diferente de las demás noches?’SUHJXQ

WDTXHLQDXJXUDODhagadáGH3pVDM'HVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDIRUPDO \DHQHVWRVHMHPSORVVHSXHGHYHUXQDFLHUWDYDFLODFLyQHQFXDQWRDO XVRGHPD\~VFXODV\PLQ~VFXODVRSRVLFLyQRUWRJUi¿FDGHVFRQRFLGD HQORVDOIDEHWRVVHPtWLFRV(OHPSOHRH[FHVLYRGHPD\~VFXODVSXHGH H[SOLFDUVHSRUPRWLYRVUHOLJLRVRVSDUDPDUFDUUHVSHWRRWDPELpQSRU ODLQÀXHQFLDGHRWUDVOHQJXDVKDEODGDVSRUORVODGLQyIRQRVWXUFRLQ JOpVIUDQFpVHWF $GHPiVXQDWHQGHQFLDEDVWDQWHYLVLEOHFRQVLVWHHQHOXVRSDUDOHOR GHSDODEUDVRH[SUHVLRQHVGHRULJHQKHEUHRMXQWRFRQVXVHTXLYDOHQWHV URPiQLFRV3RUXQODGRVHWUDWDGHDFODUDFLRQHVQRUPDOPHQWHHQORV FDVRVGHWUDGXFFLRQHVDOdjudezmo GHFRQFHSWRVSURSLRVGHOMXGDtVPR /RSRGHPRVDSUHFLDUHQORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVHQORVTXHORVYRFD EORVGHXVRJHQHUDOVHFRQFUHWDQPHGLDQWHKHEUDtVPRV\GHHVWHPRGR VHLQVFULEHQGLUHFWDPHQWHHQHOFRQWH[WRMXGtR7ULEXQDO5DELQLNR%HLW

Din); resivio su graduasion (semiha) de rabino; la Vieja Komunidad (Yishuv) sefaradí. $YHFHVQRVHQFRQWUDPRVFRQVLWXDFLRQHVHQODV

TXHHOKHEUDtVPRVLPSOHPHQWHFRPSOHPHQWDHOWH[WR(OXOHVNRQRVLGR NRPRPH]GHSLDGDG³+RGHVK+DUDKDPLP´1RREVWDQWHWDPELpQVH GDQFDVRVFXULRVRVSRUHMHPSORHQXQRGHORVWH[WRVODSDODEUDKHEUHD TXHVLUYHGHDFODUDFLyQHQUHDOLGDGFRLQFLGHFRQODHVSDxRODPLHQ WUDVTXHHOdjudezmoUHFXUUHDXQJDOLFLVPRVRYUHODNDUWDMHRJUD¿ND NRPRGL]HQHQHEUHR³KDPDSD´. 3RURWURODGRVLELHQVHVXHOHQFRQFUHWDURDFODUDUORVYRFDEORVUR PiQLFRVWUDGXFLpQGRORVDOKHEUHRODWHQGHQFLDRSXHVWDUHVXOWDPXFKR PiVIUHFXHQWHHVGHFLUORVKHEUDtVPRVWDPELpQVHWUDGXFHQRVHWLHQHQ TXHH[SOLFDU(VWHSURFHGLPLHQWRVHDSOLFDVREUHWRGRDODHVIHUDGH ODUHOLJLyQXQ6HIHU7RUDURORGHOD7RUDXQSHUXVKNRPHQWDULR a la Mishna; los “sidurim” (livros de orasion); un mahzor (livro de

orasiones) espesial;ORVWH¿OLP¿ODNWHULDV; la Geula, la Salvasión; dos “Talmud Tora” o HVNRODVUHOLJLRVDV; asegun la alaha, las prinsipalas

0DUWD3DZáRZVND 

leyes djudias;NDOHGL]LUODEHUDKDGHÃDWRYYHDPHWLY¶NHUHGL]LUÃ (ONHHVEXHQRLNHD]HEXHQR¶(OPH]GH$GDUHVSUH]HQWDGRDO SXHYOR'MXGLRNRPR³0DUELQ%HVLPKD´SXMDUODDOHJUL\D3HVDKHV UHIHUDGRNRPR´=PDQ6KHLUDWH\QX´.HUHGH]LUHOPRPHQWRGHPXHV-WUDGHOLYUHQVDLGHOLEHUWDG$ODVYH]HVHVWD¿HVWDOD\DPDQ=HPDQ 6LPNKDWHLQX6H]RQGH$OHJUL\DSL\XWLPSRHPDVOLWXUMLNRV; maftirim, NHHVXQRGHORVGMHQHURVDXWHQWLNRVGHODOLWXUMLDGMXGLDSHURWDPELpQ DIHQyPHQRVKLVWyULFRVRVRFLDOHVUHODFLRQDGRVREYLDPHQWHFRQOD KLVWRULDMXGtDRHO(VWDGRGH,VUDHO los “anusim”- termino

adopta-GRXOWLPDPHQWHSDUDORVNHVHX]DYD\DPDUGHDQWHV³PDUUDQRV´

o ³GMXGLRVVHNUHWRV´ORV%¶QDL$QXVLPPDUUDQRVORVPDULGRVQR

NHUHQGDUOHVHOµJHW¶HOGRNXPHQWRUHOLMLR]RNHSHUPHWHHOGLYRUVR (QHOSDVDGRXQDDJXQDHUDXQDPXMHUNHHOPDULGRVHIXHDODJHU-ra, i no torno mas atrás;QRVHGMXJDNRQµKDELWDNKRQ¶ODVHJXULGDG del payis); la Primera Aliya (primera onda de olim / imigrantes); las SULPHUDV$OL\RW>RQGDVGHLPLJUDVLRQVLRQLVWDa OD7LHUUDGH,VUDHO@.

(QHVWHFDVRVHWUDWDPiVELHQGHSDODEUDVTXHGHVFULEHQFRQFHSWRV PX\FRQFUHWRVPXFKDVYHFHVVLQHTXLYDOHQWHV

4.2 Principales áreas temáticas

3DVHPRVSXHVDORVKHEUDtVPRVTXHVHXWLOL]DQ\DGHPDQHUDLQGH SHQGLHQWHVLQQHFHVLGDGGHWUDGXFFLyQ(PSHFHPRVSRUORVQRPEUHV SURSLRV1RHVGHH[WUDxDUTXHORVVHIDUGtHVVHVLUYDQGHWRSyQLPRV RDQWURSyQLPRVHQVXIRUPDEtEOLFDDSHVDUGHTXHWRGDVHVWDVSDOD EUDVWLHQHQVXVDGDSWDFLRQHVURPiQLFDVDOSHUWHQHFHUDODFHUYRFXOWXUDO MXGHRFULVWLDQR7HQHPRVSRUWDQWRYerushalayim HQYH]GHJerusalén \VXVJHQWLOLFLRVVHUiQyerushalmi o yerushalmitaRKenaan por

Ca-naán$YHFHVHOPLVPROXJDUSXHGHUHFLELUGRVQRPEUHVHQIXQFLyQ GHOVLJQL¿FDGRHVHOFDVRGH(JLSWRSDUDHOTXHDOODGRGHYRFDEORV URPiQLFRVGHWLSREjipto o AyiftoWHQHPRVHOWRSyQLPRGHRULJHQ KHEUHRMisraim,TXHVXHOHXWLOL]DUVHHQHOFRQWH[WREtEOLFRFRPR SDUDUHIHULUVHSRUHMHPSORDODVDOLGDGHORVMXGtRVGH(JLSWRSHUR QRH[FOXVLYDPHQWH2WURVQRPEUHVGHOXJDUHVTXHVXHOHQDSDUHFHUHQ YHUVLyQKHEUHDVRQHO%HWµ+DPLNGDVKµHO7HPSORGH-HUXVDOpQ¶Erets

(OOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRHQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHR 

µHO0XURGHODV/DPHQWDFLRQHV¶OLWHUDOPHQWHµHOPXURRFFLGHQWDO¶6L DQDOL]DPRVHVWH~OWLPRHMHPSORGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDPRUIROyJLFR GHWHFWDPRVXQDYDFLODFLyQHQFXDQWRDODSUHVHQFLDGHODUWtFXORGH¿ QLGRKHEUHRʤKDHQORVSUpVWDPRV(QFXDQWRDORVDQWURSyQLPRV WDPELpQVHWUDWDGHQRPEUHVEtEOLFRVMoshe Rabenu µ0RLVpVQXHVWUR PDHVWUR¶, David Ha Meleh µHOUH\'DYLG¶, Shelomo Ha Meleh µHOUH\ 6DORPyQ¶\(VWHU0DONDµUHLQD(VWHU¶1RREVWDQWHODFXHVWLyQGHO DUWtFXORYXHOYHDPDQLIHVWDUVH3DUHFHFXULRVRTXHORVQRPEUHVGHORV UH\HVUHSURGX]FDQVXIRUPDRULJLQDOFRQHOGHWHUPLQDQWHPLHQWUDV TXHHOQRPEUHGH(VWHUFDUH]FDGHOhaDXQTXHHVWHWDPELpQGHEHUtD SUHVHQWDUVHVLJXLHQGRHOSDWUyQPRUIRVLQWiFWLFRKHEUHR $OWUDWDUHOWHPDGHORVQRPEUHVSURSLRVHVSUHFLVRDERUGDUOD FXHVWLyQGHORVQRPEUHVGH'LRVRHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVGHODV SHUtIUDVLVJHQHUDOL]DGDVDFXxDGDVSDUDQRWRPDUHOQRPEUHGH'LRVHQ YDQR(QHVWHFRQWH[WRQRVHQFRQWUDPRVFRQFXDWURSURFHGLPLHQWRV GHIRUPDFLyQRUWRJUi¿FDGHODSDODEUDSDUDµGLRV¶XRWUDVD¿QHVSUHFL VDPHQWHSDUDHYLWDUQRPEUDUD'LRVQRPEUHVHQKHEUHRFDOFRVGHODV GHQRPLQDFLRQHVKHEUHDV\H[SUHVLRQHVKtEULGDV(QHOSULPHUJUXSRVH SXHGHQFLWDUORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVD.; D.yo; Di-o; D. Yeuda&DEH DxDGLUTXHODIRUPDdio sin la -s¿QDOVHUHPRQWDD~QDORVWLHPSRV DQWHULRUHVDODH[SXOVLyQ/RVMXGtRVLQWHUSUHWDURQOD-sFRPRPDUFD GHOSOXUDOGHDKtTXHODHOLPLQDUDQSRUTXHDVXSDUHFHUVHDVRFLDED FRQHOSROLWHtVPR(QFXDQWRDORVQRPEUHVKHEUHRVWHQHPRVAdo--nayWDPELpQFRQFLHUWDGHIRUPDFLyQHQODJUDItDTXHVLJQL¿FDµPL VHxRU¶\WDPELpQVXHOHXVDUVHHQODUHOLJLyQFULVWLDQDRibono Shel Olam µVHxRUGHOPXQGR¶R+DNDGRVK%DUXK+XµHOVDQWR\EHQGLWRpO¶ (VWD~OWLPDGHQRPLQDFLyQDSDUHFHWDPELpQWUDGXFLGDFRPRel Santo

i Bendicho El. 2WURVFDOFRVVHUtDQ el Kriador Bendicho El y el “Bendi-cho sea su Nombre”, ORTXHHQKHEUHRHVʡʸʥʪʤʹʭ%DUXK+D6KHPTXH

KR\HQGtDVHXWLOL]DHQ,VUDHOLQFOXVRDPRGRGHVDOXGR&RPRKtEULGD VHSXHGHLQWHUSUHWDUODH[SUHVLyQel Dyo Baruhu µGLRVEHQGLWR¶TXHVH LQVFULEHELHQHQWRGDHVWDVHULHGHQRPEUHVSHULIUiVWLFRV

(QHODSDUWDGRGHORVQRPEUHVSURSLRVVHSXHGHQLQFOXLUWDPELpQ ORVGH¿HVWDV\FHOHEUDFLRQHVMXGtDVDVtFRPRORVWtWXORVGHFLHUWRV OLEURVVDQWRVRUDFLRQHVHWF1RVHQFRQWUDPRVSRUWDQWRFRQWRGD

0DUWD3DZáRZVND 

XQDVHULHGHIHVWLYLGDGHVSURSLDVGHOMXGDtVPRYamim Noraim Rosh

Hashana Yom Kipur WDPELpQHQODYHUVLyQYom Ha KipurimRHQOD

IRUPDKtEULGDDia de Kipur,SXHVWRTXHODSDODEUDʩʥʭyomVLJQL¿FD µGtD¶Purim PesahSeder Lag Baomer Shavuot+DJ+DELNXULP

6XNRW Shemini Atseret Simhat Tora+DQXND Tisha BeAv Tu Bishvat Taanit de Ester Hag Hamatzot Taanit de Shiva Asar be Tamuz R¿HV

WDVGHO(VWDGRGH,VUDHOFRPRYom Hashoa µ'tDGHOUHFXHUGRGHO+R ORFDXVWR¶ Yom Yerushalaim, Yom Hatsmaut µ'tDGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLD¶ 7DPELpQREYLDPHQWHVHPHQFLRQDQFHOHEUDFLRQHVWDOHVFRPRBar

Mitsva HQUHDOLGDGHORULJHQGHHVWDFRQVWUXFFLyQHVDUDPHRHQKH

EUHRGHEHUtDVHUbaal mitsvaRBat Mitsva$GHPiV\DFRPRQRPEUHV FRPXQHVVHXWLOL]DQSDODEUDVKHEUHDVFRPRhagµ¿HVWD¶yom tov µEXHQ GtD¶WDPELpQHTXLYDOHQWHGHµ¿HVWD¶\taanitµGtDGHD\XQR¶7DPSRFR HVGHH[WUDxDUTXHHQORTXHFRQFLHUQHD¿HVWDVVHXVHQQRPEUHVGH PHVHVGHOFDOHQGDULRMXGtR$VtSXHVHQHOFRUSXVORVWHQHPRVFDVL WRGRVTishri Heshvan Tevet Shevat Adar Nissan Iyar Sivan

Ta-muz Av Elul IDOWDUtDVRORKislev7DPELpQVHXVDQRWURVYRFDEORV

UHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOFDOHQGDULR\HOFyPSXWRGHGtDVHYLGHQWHPHQWH DPHQXGRDSDUHFHshabatSHURDVLPLVPRVHGRFXPHQWDQH[SUHVLRQHV FRPRmotsae shabatµODVDOLGDGHOVKDEDW¶rosh hodesh µSULPHUGtD GHOPHV¶OLWHUDOPHQWHµFDEH]DGHOPHV¶\VH¿UDWRPHUµODFXHQWDGHO 2PHU¶SHUtRGRHQWUH3pVDM\6KDYXRW(VLQWHUHVDQWHREVHUYDUTXHHQ HVWH~OWLPRHMHPSORGHQXHYRVHKDRPLWLGRHODUWtFXORGH¿QLGR\DTXH GHEHUtDVHU6H¿UDW+D¶RPHU (QORTXHFRQFLHUQHDORVWtWXORVVHWUDWDVREUHWRGRGHODVGHQR PLQDFLRQHVGHORVOLEURVVDQWRVRVXVSDUWHV\ODVUHFRSLODFLRQHVGH UHJODVUHOLJLRVDV(QHOFRUSXVVHFLWDQHalaha Tanah Tora, Sefer

Tora µXQUROORGHOD7RUi¶Megila de Ruth µ/LEURGH5XW¶ Megilla Ester µ/LEURGH(VWHU¶Talmud Mishna Mishne Tora7DPELpQVH

PHQFLRQDQWtWXORVGHRUDFLRQHVRSOHJDULDVShemá Yisrael y Kol

Ni-drei. (QHVWHJUXSRSRGHPRVLQFOXLUDVLPLVPRHOQRPEUHKabala.

<DFRQHVWRVHMHPSORVVHSXHGHYHUTXHHOiUHDWHPiWLFDGHOD UHOLJLyQWHQGUiHOPD\RUSHVR\ODPD\RUUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHQWUHWRGRV ORVKHEUDtVPRVGHWHFWDGRVHQHOFRUSXV9HDPRVHVWRVYRFDEORVFOD VL¿FDGRVHQJUXSRV

(OOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRHQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHR 

‡ RUDFLRQHVEHQGLFLRQHVFDQWRVHWFberaha µEHQGLFLyQ¶sheva

be-rajot µVLHWHEHQGLFLRQHV¶EHQGLFLRQHVGHODERGDselihot µSHUGR

QHV¶SRHPDV\RUDFLRQHVSHQLWHQFLDOHVhallel µDODEDQ]D¶WLSRGH RUDFLyQEDVDGRHQORVVDOPRVWH¿ODµRUDFLyQ¶minha RUDFLyQGH ODWDUGHarvit RUDFLyQGHODQRFKHamen aleluya;

‡ JpQHURVWUDGLFLRQDOHVXQLGDGHVWH[WXDOHVHWFteilim

µVDOPRV¶pe-rasha SRUFLyQGHOD7RUi perush µFRPHQWDULR¶ hagada µQDUUD

FLyQ¶ piyutim µSRHPDVOLW~UJLFRV¶

‡ SUiFWLFDVUHOLJLRVDVDFWRVULWXDOHVHWFtaanit µD\XQR¶teshuva µDUUHSHQWLPLHQWR¶neder µYRWR¶SURPHVDVROHPQHD'LRVtashlih µHFKDU¶ULWRGHHFKDUORVSHFDGRVVLPEyOLFDPHQWHberith mila berit µFLUFXQFLVLyQ¶VHGDNDWVHGDNDµFDULGDGOLPRVQD¶\VX GHULYDGRVHGDNHUR

‡ DOLPHQWRV\FRPLGDV seuda FRPLGDIHVWLYD hallah µMDOi¶ matza

hamets PDVDPDGUH maror KLHUEDDPDUJDNDVKUXWNRVKHU NDVKHU;

‡ VLQDJRJDV\VXVSDUWHV\RWURVHVSDFLRVGHFXOWRHWFNDOµVLQDJR JD¶NHLODµVLQDJRJD¶azara HVSDFLRGHPXMHUHVbima SODWDIRUPD GHVGHODFXDOVHOHHQORVUROORVGHOD7RUi teva VLQyQLPRGHbima

DURQµKDNRGHVKDUPDULRGRQGHVHJXDUGDQORVUROORVGHOD7RUi HKDODNRGHVKVLQyQLPRGHDURQµKDNRGHVK parohot FRUWLQDVTXH

FXEUHQODVSXHUWDVGHO$UyQ+D.yGHVKPLNYHHVSDFLRGRQGHVH UHDOL]DQORVEDxRVGHSXUL¿FDFLyQ betahaim µFHPHQWHULR¶

‡ REMHWRVOLW~UJLFRVRD¿QHVhupa SDOLRQXSFLDO mezuza SHUJDPL QRFRQGRVYHUVtFXORVGHOD7RUiFRORFDGRDODHQWUDGDGHODFDVD

menora FDQGHODEURGHVLHWHEUD]RVKDQXNLDFDQGHODEURGHQXHYH

EUD]RVXVDGRHQOD¿HVWDGH-DQXNi shamash YHODDX[LOLDUGHOD MDQXTXLiVXNNDµWDEHUQiFXOR¶OXJDUGHUHVLGHQFLDWHPSRUDOFRQV WUXLGRSDUD¿HVWDGH6XNNRW shofar LQVWUXPHQWRPXVLFDOXWLOL]DGR GXUDQWHDOJXQDVIHVWLYLGDGHVWH¿OLQµ¿ODFWHULD¶

‡ FDUJRVR¿FLRV\RWUDVGHQRPLQDFLRQHVUHIHULGDVDSHUVRQDVel

Koen Agadol µVXPRVDFHUGRWH¶rav rabi ribi rabino haham µUD

ELQR¶OLWµVDELR¶ODPLVPDSDODEUDVLJQL¿FDµUDELQR¶HQODOHQ JXDWXUFD hazan R¿FLDQWHTXHJXtDORVFDQWRVHQODVLQDJRJD

0DUWD3DZáRZVND 

yahid PLHPEURGHODFRPXQLGDG¿HOGHODVLQDJRJD ma’aminim

µFUH\HQWHV¶

‡ FRUULHQWHVGHOMXGDtVPRharedim XOWUDRUWRGR[RV chabad XQPR YLPLHQWRRUWRGR[RMDVtGLFRNDUD\MXGDtVPRFDUDtWD

‡ YHVWLPHQWDNLSDJRUUDULWXDO tallet µWDOLW¶

‡ RWURVemuna µIH¶ODVKRQODVKRQKDNRGHVKµOHQJXDOHQJXDVD JUDGD¶VREUHWRGRHQUHIHUHQFLDDOKHEUHR, Mashiah µPHVtDV¶,

Eden, ganeden OLWMDUGtQGHO(GpQµSDUDtVR¶gueynam µLQ¿HUQR¶

(VLQWHUHVDQWHQRWDUTXHHQHVWHYRFDEXODULRKDQSHQHWUDGRSDODEUDV \H[SUHVLRQHVGHRULJHQDVNHQD]tDXQTXHVHGRFXPHQWDQWDPELpQVXV HTXLYDOHQWHVVHIDUGtHV7HQHPRVSRUWDQWRNRVKHUDOODGRGHNDVKHU o bima y DURQµKDNRGHVKMXQWRDteva y HKDODNRGHVK.

2WUDSDODEUDTXHOODPDQXHVWUDDWHQFLyQ\PHUHFHXQFRPHQWDULR HVbetahaimµFHPHQWHULR¶6HWUDWDGHXQYRFDEORDFXxDGRVHJ~QXQ HVTXHPDPX\SURGXFWLYRHQKHEUHRHQHOTXHODSDODEUDµFDVD¶IRUPD un status constructus

FRQDOJ~QRWURVXVWDQWLYR(QQXHVWURFDVRbe-tahaimVLJQL¿FDUtDOLWHUDOPHQWHµODFDVDGHODYLGD¶\HVXQDLQYHQFLyQ VHIDUGt /DSDUWHHVHQFLDOGHOFRUSXVUHIHULGDDORVDJUDGRTXHDFDEDPRV GHYHUVHSXHGHFRPSOHWDUFRQYRFDEORVGHiUHDVWHPiWLFDVTXH\DQR SHUWHQHFHQDODHVIHUDGHOFXOWRSURSLDPHQWHGLFKDSHURTXHHVWiQHV WUHFKDPHQWHXQLGDVDOMXGDtVPR$VtSXHVQRVHQFRQWUDPRVFRQQRP EUHVGHHVFXHODVUHOLJLRVDVROXJDUHVGHHVWXGLRTalmud Tora, yeshiva y bet midrash\FRQWpUPLQRVGHOiPELWRMXUtGLFRREYLDPHQWHVHWUDWD GHODOH\MXGtDmitzva µPDQGDPLHQWR¶bet din µWULEXQDOUDEtQLFR¶

NHWXEDµFRQWUDWRPDWULPRQLDO¶ aguna PXMHUFX\RPDULGRQRSXHGH

RQRTXLHUHGLYRUFLDUVHGHHOOD get µGLYRUFLR¶

/DVLJXLHQWHiUHDVHPiQWLFDHQJOREDYRFDEORVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQ ODKLVWRULDMXGtD6HWUDWDGHWpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHVFRPRgalut µGHVWLHU URGLiVSRUD¶goy µQRMXGtR¶Yishuv µDVHQWDPLHQWRHQOD7LHUUDGH ,VUDHO¶GHQRPLQDFLRQHVGHJUXSRVGHMXGtRVanusim beneanusim µPDUUDQRV¶RORVBeta Israel µIDODVKDV¶MXGtRVGHRULJHQHWtRSHRH[ SUHVLRQHVUHIHULGDVDO+RORFDXVWRla Shoa, Magen David µHVWUHOODGH 'DYLG¶OLWµHVFXGRGH'DYLG¶7DPELpQVHXVDQSDODEUDVYLQFXODGDV DODUHDOLGDGLVUDHOtGHWLSRNLEEXW]FRPXQDDJUtFRODLVUDHOt moshav

(OOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRHQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHR 

FRPXQLGDGUXUDOGHFDUiFWHUFRRSHUDWLYR la K(e)neset HOSDUODPHQWR GH,VUDHO Tsahal µ)XHU]DVGH'HIHQVDGH,VUDHO¶RVKHNDOLPµVLFORV¶. 8QHMHPSORLQWHUHVDQWHORRIUHFHQHOVXVWDQWLYRaliya\VXVGHULYDGRV (VWDSDODEUDOLWHUDOPHQWHVLJQL¿FDµVXELGD¶\GHVLJQDODHPLJUDFLyQ MXGtDDOD7LHUUDGH,VUDHO$HVWHWLSRGHHPLJUDQWHVHOROODPDHQKH EUHRʲʥʬʤʧʣʹolé jadashHQSOXUDOʲʥʬʩʭʧʣʹʩʭ olim jadashimGRQGH HODGMHWLYRʧʣʹ jadash VLJQL¿FDµQXHYR¶$VtSXHVHQMXGHRHVSDxROVH GRFXPHQWDQIRUPDVFRPRlos olim, SDUFLDOPHQWHWUDGXFLGDFRPRlos

muevos olim o los ole hadashimGRQGHVRORHO~OWLPRPLHPEURGHO

VLQWDJPDUHFLEHODPDUFDGHOSOXUDO/DH[LVWHQFLDGHODSDODEUDaliya LQÀX\yWDPELpQHQOD\DPHQFLRQDGDDPSOLDFLyQGHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHO YHUERsuvirFRPRµHPLJUDU¶suvio a Israel en 1949.

(QFXDQWRDOYRFDEXODULRPiVFRWLGLDQRHQFRQWUDPRVYRFDEORV GHOiPELWRIDPLOLDUFRPRmishpaha µIDPLOLD¶avot µSDGUHV¶balabay µGXHxRGHODFDVD¶QRFLRQHVDEVWUDFWDVGHWLSRmazal µVXHUWH¶\VXV GHULYDGRVmazalozo y dezmazaladohen µHQFDQWR¶sehelµLQWHOLJHQ FLD¶azlaha µp[LWRDEXQGDQFLD¶ahadut µXQLGDG¶parnasa µJDQDQFLD¶

zehut / zahú µPpULWR¶yesurin µVXIULPLHQWRV¶heshbon µFiOFXOR¶\RWUDV

SDODEUDVVXHOWDVbenadam µKRPEUHVHUKXPDQR¶olam µPXQGR¶aver µDLUH¶erev µWDUGHDWDUGHFHU¶malsin µGHODWRU¶madrih

µJXtD¶EHW]HNH-nim µUHVLGHQFLDGHDQFLDQRV¶6HKDQDWHVWLJXDGRWDPELpQGRVVXVWDQ WLYRVKtEULGRVXQRKHEUHRWXUFRSXULPOLNµUHJDORGHSXULP¶\RWUR\D HVSDxROKHEUHRHVNXSHVHKHOµVDEHORWRGR¶ &RPRDFDEDPRVGHYHUHVWRVSUpVWDPRVFDVLHQVXWRWDOLGDGVRQ VXVWDQWLYRV&XDQGRDSDUHFHDOJ~QDGMHWLYRVXHOHVHUHQUHDOLGDGXQ KtEULGRIRUPDGRDEDVHGHXQQRPEUHKHEUHRPHGLDQWHPRUIHPDVGH ULYDWLYRVURPiQLFRV/RVDGMHWLYRVHQVXIRUPDKHEUHDRVHXVDQHQ H[SUHVLRQHV¿MDVRVHDDFRPSDxDQGRQRPEUHVRIXQFLRQDQFRPR VXVWDQWLYRVhaham, haredim/DV~QLFDVH[FHSFLRQHVVRQNRVKHU NDVKHUy NDUD\/DVGHPiVSDUWHVGHODRUDFLyQFDVLQRVHDWHVWLJXDQ HQHOFRUSXV6HSXHGHPHQFLRQDUWDQVRORODSUHSRVLFLyQmiµGH¶HQHO QRPEUHSURSLRel Rabino Binyamin mi Tudela \HODGYHUELRD¿OXµLQ FOXVR¶$GHPiVVHVXHOHHPSOHDUFRQIUHFXHQFLDODVLJODz”l SURQXQ FLDGDzalRHQVXIRUPDSOHQD zijronó li-vrajáµGHEHQGLWDPHPRULDOLW

0DUWD3DZáRZVND  VXPHPRULDDODEHQGLFLyQ¶DXQTXHWDPELpQVHXWLOL]DVXHTXLYDOHQWH URPiQLFR de b.m. 5. Conclusiones (OFDXGDOOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRGRFXPHQWDGRHQODSUHQVDMXGHRHV SDxRODFRQWHPSRUiQHDHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVFRQVWLWX\HVLPSOH PHQWHXQYRFDEXODULRFRPSDUWLGRSRUWRGRVORVMXGtRVHQYLVWDGHTXH VHWUDWDGHWpUPLQRVFX\RVUHIHUHQWHVVHYLQFXODQHVWUHFKDPHQWHFRQOD UHOLJLyQ\FXOWXUDMXGtD3RUODPLVPDUD]yQXQDSDUWHFRQVLGHUDEOHGH GLFKRVKHEUDtVPRVTXHSRGHPRVFDOL¿FDUGHculturemasIXQFLRQDQ WDPELpQHQRWUDVOHQJXDV (QVHJXQGROXJDUHVSUHFLVRVXEUD\DUTXHODIUHFXHQFLDGHDSDULFLR QHVGHODVSDODEUDVDQDOL]DGDVUHVXOWDPX\EDMD(Q$NL<HUXVKDOD\LP HOKHEUDtVPRPiVIUHFXHQWHH[FOX\HQGRWRSyQLPRV\DQWURSyQLPRV HVHOVXVWDQWLYRNDOµVLQDJRJD¶GRFXPHQWDGRYHFHVVHJXLGRSRU rabino, TXHHQUHDOLGDG\DHVXQDDGDSWDFLyQURPiQLFDTXHFRLQFLGH FRQODIRUPDTXHVHXVDHQFDVWHOODQRYHFHVHOWtWXORTora  YHFHV\HOYRFDEORanusimWDPELpQYHFHVVLHPSUHHQSOXUDO(Q ùDORPHVGHFLUXQFRUSXVFDVLFXDWURYHFHVPD\RUHQWUHODVSDODEUDV PiVXVDGDVWHQHPRVGHQRPLQDFLRQHVGH¿HVWDVPesah , Purim +DQXNDREYLDPHQWHWDPELpQDSDUHFHTora \rabino (OSULPHUVXVWDQWLYRFRP~QTXHSRGHPRVFRQVLGHUDUKHEUDtVPR SXURHVravHTXLYDOHQWHKHEUHRGHrabinoTXHVHGRFXPHQWDYHFHV 'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODDGDSWDFLyQHVWRVHOHPHQWRVVHVXH OHQDGDSWDUIRQpWLFDPHQWHPHGLDQWHLQVHUFLyQGHYRFDOHVGHDSR\R VXVWLWXFLyQGHODFRQVRQDQWHWVSRUVHWFSHURDYHFHVUHVXOWDQ SRFRLQWHJUDGRVHQHOVLVWHPDPRUIROyJLFR\PDOLQWHUSUHWDGRVSRUORV KDEODQWHVORTXHFRQFLHUQHVREUHWRGRDORVPHQFLRQDGRVVLQWDJPDV HQstatus constructusRDODFXHVWLyQGHODUWtFXORKHEUHRSHURWDPELpQ DODVYDFLODFLRQHVHQHOJpQHURRHQODIRUPDFLyQGHOSOXUDO $VtSXHVQRVHQFRQWUDPRVDQWHXQIHQyPHQRIRVLOL]DGR\HQUH DOLGDGGHSRFRDOFDQFHSHURTXHDOPLVPRWLHPSRHVYLVLEOH\GH XQFODURYDORUVLPEyOLFRHLGHQWLWDULR1RREVWDQWHKD\TXHWHQHUHQ FXHQWDTXHODYLVLyQTXHREWHQHPRVVHGHEHKDVWDFLHUWRSXQWRDO

(OOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRHQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHR  FDUiFWHUSDUWLFXODUGHODSUHQVDVHIDUGt/RVWH[WRVDQDOL]DGRVSXHGHQ VRUSUHQGHUQRVRORSRUHOUHODWLYDPHQWHHVFDVRQ~PHURGHKHEUDtVPRV VLQRWDPELpQSRUODtQ¿PDSUHVHQFLDGHWXUTXLVPRVFRVDTXHSDUHFH LQFOXVRPiVLPSDFWDQWHGDGRTXHHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVVHWUDWD GHDXWRUHVWXUFRVRGHSURFHGHQFLDWXUFD(VWHIHQyPHQRVHSXHGH H[SOLFDUSRUXQDFLHUWDWHQGHQFLDDDFODUDUODH[SRVLFLyQDOJRTXHKH PRVYLVWR\DHQXQDVHULHGHHMHPSORVKHEUHRV$GHPiVHQDOJXQRV WH[WRVGHùDORPVHOOHYDDFDERXQSURFHVRTXHSRGHPRVGHQRPLQDU autocensura/RVDXWRUHVHYLWDQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHHOXVRGHYRFDEORV GHSURFHGHQFLDWXUFDHQXQLQWHQWRSRUYHODUSRUODSXUH]DGHOOHQJXDMH SHURDFDXVDGHVXGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOFDVWHOODQRPRGHUQRFXEUHQODV ODJXQDVOp[LFDVFRQSUpVWDPRVGHOIUDQFpV$SHVDUGHTXHORVKHEUD tVPRVJR]DQGHPXFKRPiVSUHVWLJLRTXHORVWXUTXLVPRVGHELGRDVX GLPHQVLyQLGHROyJLFRUHOLJLRVDSRGHPRVVXSRQHUTXHORVVHIDUGtHV QRUHVLGHQWHVHQ,VUDHOQRUHFXUUHQDOYRFDEXODULRGHHVWHRULJHQGDGR TXHQRFXHQWDQFRQXQQLYHOOLQJtVWLFRVX¿FLHQWHIXHUDGHORViPEL WRVWUDGLFLRQDOHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOMXGDtVPRSDUDTXHGLFKDOHQJXD SXHGDFRQVWLWXLUXQDIXHQWHLPSRUWDQWHGHSUpVWDPRVUHFLHQWHV1R REVWDQWHHVWHFRPSRQHQWHVLJXHHVWDQGRSUHVHQWHHQHOLGLRPD\VLQ GXGDDOJXQDHVXQDGHODVPDUFDVGHVXSDUWLFXODULGDG Bibliografía

È/9$50HGManual de dialectología hispánica. El Español de

España, $ULHO/LQJtVWLFD%DUFHORQD

%(1256%632/6.<%³-HZLVK/DQJXDJHV´HQ%URZQ. HGEncyclopedia of Language & Linguistics(OVHYLHU2[IRUGYRO SS>RQOLQH@KWWSVGRLRUJ% %81,6'³-XGH]PR7KH-HZLVK/DQJXDJHRIWKH2WWRPDQ6HSKDU GLP´European Judaism. A Journal for the New Europe,SS %81,6'³-XGH]PR/DGLQR´HQ.DKQ/5XELQ$HGV

+DQGERRNRI-HZLVK/DQJXDJHVYRO%ULOO/HLGHQSS>RQ OLQH@KWWSVGRLRUJB

0DUWD3DZáRZVND 

'Ë$=0$63³,QÀXHQFLDVIUDQFHVDVHQODOLWHUDWXUDVHIDUGtHVWDGR GHODFXHVWLyQ´HQ/DIDUJD)HGImágenes de Francia en las letras

hispánicas3URPRFLRQHV\3XEOLFDFLRQHV8QLYHUVLWDULDV%DUFHORQD

+$8*(1(³7KH$QDO\VLVRI/LQJXLVWLF%RUURZLQJ´Language, SS>RQOLQH@KWWSVGRLRUJ

.$+1/58%,1$HGV+DQGERRNRI-HZLVK/DQJXDJHV%ULOO/HLGHQ >RQOLQH@KWWSVGRLRUJ

/$50-$//2:0Préstamos léxicos en el judeo-español

con-temporáneo en «De Saragosa a Yerushaláyimª*|WHERUJV8QLYHUVLWHW

*|WHERUJ

02/,1$0$57Ë1(=/Análisis descriptivo de la traducción

de los culturemas árabe-español8QLYHUVLWDW$XWzQRPDGH%DUFHORQD

%DUFHORQD

29$',$=³/DHQÀXHQVDGHOWXUNRVRYUHHOGMXGHRHVSDQ\RO´$NL

Yerushalayim. Revista Kulturala Djudeo-espanyola, 

3(5$+<$.³3DUFRXUV-XGHR(VSDJQROHWSDWULPRLQHHQ0pGL WHUUDQpH´ùDORP>RQOLQH@KWWSZZZVDORPFRPWUKDEHU SDUFRXUVBMXGHRHVSDJQROBHWBSDWULPRLQHBHQBPGLWHUUDQHKWPO"UHY   3(5$02662/(51(OMXGHRHVSDxROHQ6DOyQLFD,QÀXHQFLDV lingüísticas6HUYLFLRGHSXEOLFDFLRQHV8QLYHUVLGDGGH/D/DJXQD/D /DJXQD 48,17$1$$³&RQFRPLWDQFLDVOLQJtVWLFDVHQWUHHODUDJRQpV \HOODGLQRMXGHRHVSDxRO´Archivo de Filología Aragonesa SS

6$/$0³(OMXGHRHVSDxROEDOFiQLFR´HQÈOYDU0HGManu-al de di6$/$0³(OMXGHRHVSDxROEDOFiQLFR´HQÈOYDU0HGManu-alectología hispánica. El Español de España, $ULHO/LQJtVWLFD

%DUFHORQDSS

6$/$0210³$VSHFWRVOp[LFRVHPiQWLFRVGHORVYHUERVSUHVWDGRV GHOLQJOpV´Studia Romanica PosnaniensiaSS>RQOLQH@ KWWSG[GRLRUJVWURS

6(3+,+$+9³/HMXGpRHVSDJQRO´HQ6HSKLKD+9:HLQVWRFN 1Yiddish et judéo-espagnol. Un héritage européen%XUHDX(XURSpHQ SRXUOHV/DQJXHV0RLQV5pSDQGXHV%UX[HOOHV

(OOp[LFRGHRULJHQKHEUHRHQHOMXGHRHVSDxROFRQWHPSRUiQHR 

6(3+,+$+9³/DQJXHHWOLWWpUDWXUHMXGpRHVSDJQROHV´Plu-rielles+LYHU3ULQWHPSVSS

:(,15(,&+0>@History of the Yiddish LanguageYRO <DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV1HZ+DYHQ/RQGRQ

:(;/(53³$VFHUWDLQLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRI-XGH]PRZLWKLQ,EHUR5R PDQFH´Vox RomanicaSS>RQOLQH@KWWSGRLRUJ VHDOV

Páginas web (Corpus)

KWWSVUHYLVWDPDJXHQHVFXGRZRUGSUHVVFRP

KWWSZZZDNL\HUXVKDOD\LPFRLOD\DQWHULRUHVKWP KWWSZZZVDORPFRPWU