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Czy ciało może być świątynią duszy? Parareligijny wymiar duchowości Hatha – jogi.

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Academic year: 2021

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http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/human.2013.12.3.15

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The purpose of this article is a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of hatha-yoga, as it occurs in the western ZRUOG7KHLVVXHRIKDWKD\RJDLQFRQWHPSRUDU\VRFLHWLHVFDQDOVREHYLHZHGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKHFRQFHSW RIPRGHUQL]DWLRQ+RZHYHUDQLQWHUHVWLQJSHUVSHFWLYHPD\EHDOVRWKHFDWHJRU\RI³VXEMHFWLYLVDWLRQRIUHOLJLRQ´ $QLQGLYLGXDOFXUUHQWO\FKRRVHVIURPDZLGHUDQJHRIVSLULWXDOSUDFWLFHVVSHFL¿FLWHPVDQGFRQVWUXFWVKHUKLV own fusion-type religion. The individual in the modern world, therefore, continue to search for transcendence DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIXOWLPDWHPHDQLQJV6XEMHFWLYLVDWLRQSURFHVVOHDGVWRDSULYDWHVSLULWXDOH[SORUDWLRQZHOO WDUJHWLQJWKHERG\RIWKHLQGLYLGXDOZKLFKFDQEHDQH[SUHVVLRQRIWKHYDOXHRIKHDOWKZHOOEHLQJDQGHPR-tional or hedonistic experience, seeking for risky and extreme situations (such as extreme sports and mountain FOLPELQJ $QH[DPSOHRIWKLVW\SHRIVSLULWXDOTXHVWLQWKHPRGHUQZHVWHUQZRUOGLVDOVRKDWKD\RJDZKLFKLV DSUDFWLFHRULJLQDWHGIURP,QGLDDQGZKLFKLVFRQQHFWHGZLWKDZRUNRQWKHERG\ZKHUHGRLQJFHUWDLQH[HUFLVHV DIIHFWVRXUSV\FKRSK\VLFDOZHOOEHLQJDQGVRPHWLPHVVSLULWXDOFRQGLWLRQ7KHRUHWLFDOWKHVHVFRQWDLQHGLQWKH SDSHUDUHPDLQO\WKHFRQVHTXHQFHRI¿YH\HDUVRIHWKQRJUDSKLFUHVHDUFKLQWKHVRFLDOZRUOGRIKDWKD±\RJD .H\ZRUGVERG\FRUSRUHDOLW\\RJDKDWKD\RJD\RJDUHOLJLRQSDUDUHOLJLRQFRQVWUXFWLRQRILGHQWLW\VHFX-larisation, sociology of spirituality, spirituality

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