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Streszczenia

ER(R)GO. Teoria–Literatura–Kultura nr 1 (1), 121-122

(2)

Stefan Morawski

Problems with. Postmodernism,

or Can We Grasp the Essence of Postmodernity?

Summary

S t e f a n M o r a w s k i t a k e s a s h i s s t a r t in g p o i n t t h e p r o b l e m s w i t h d e f i n i n g m o d e r n i s m a n d m o d e r ­ n i t y a s t h o s e t w o n o t i o n s u n d o u b t e d l y a f f e c t o u r u n d e r s t a n d in g o f p o s t m o d e r n i s m . W h i l e d i s c u s s i n g f o u r b a s i c r e a s o n s w h y i t i s s o d i f f i c u l t t o g r a s p t h e e s s e n c e o f b o t h m o d e r n i t y a n d p o s t m o d e m i t y , t h e a u t h o r e m p h a s i s e s t h e i r a f f i n i t é s a n d d i v e r g e n c i e s . T h u s p o s t m o d e r n i s m c a n b e s e e n e i t h e r a s a k in d o f s e l f - r e c t i f i c a t i o n o f m o d e r n i s m o r a s i t s d e c l i n e / d e c a y w h i c h m u s t f o l l o w t h e m o d e r n i s t c r i s i s o f c u lt u r e . S t e f a n M o r a w s k i a r g u e s t h a t t h e p h a s e o f p o s t m o d e r n i s m w e h a v e e n t e r e d n o w c a n b e c h a r ­ a c t e r i s e d b y i t s d o m i n a n t c o n s u m e r i s t i c p e r m i s s i v i s m w h i c h d e r i v e s i t s im p e t u s f r o m c y b e r - c u l t u r e . B y b i d d i n g f a r e w e l l t o t h e c u lt u r e w e h a v e c h e r i s h e d s i n c e a n c i e n t G r e e c e , w e s e e m t o o p t f o r t a k i n g o v e r a d e s t r u c t i v e f a c e t o f m o d e r n i s m w h i c h d e v e l o p e d u n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e o f m o d e m c i v i l i s a t i o n .

Ewa Rewers

The Position of th e Subject - The Subject as Position.

Who Leads th e Subject out of M etaphysics?

Summary

T h e e s s a y a t t e m p t s t o a n s w e r t h r e e b a s i c q u e s t i o n s . W h o l e a d s t h e s u b j e c t o u t o f m e t a p h y s i c s ? W h o o c c u p i e s ‘m y ’ p o s i t i o n ? W h a t p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e p o s i t i o n c a l l e d t h e s u b j e c t ? T h e f i r s t o f t h e s e q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n s t h e c u r r e n t t a s k s o f t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f s u b j e c t i v i t y ; t h e s e c o n d o n e a d d r e s s e s t h e s u b j e c t ’s f u n c t i o n s i n d i f f e r e n t t r a d i t i o n s w i t h p a r t i c u la r e m p h a s i s o n t h e i n c o m m e n s u r a b i l i t y o f G r e e k a n d J u d a ic t r a d i t io n s ; a n d t h e t h i r d q u e s t i o n i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e e f f e c t s o f p o s t s t r u c t u r a l i s t d e - r e - c o n s t r u c t i o n s o f t h e s u b j e c t .

Agata Bi elik-Robson

Irony, Tragedy, Community:

R ichard R orty in th e Eyes of a B arb arian

Summary

T h e e s s a y i s a p e r v e r s e a t t e m p t a t i n t e r p r e t i n g R ic h a r d R o r t y f r o m t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f a b a r b a r ­ ia n , t h a t i s , a p e r s o n w h o m t h e a u t h o r o f

Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity

e x c l u d e s f r o m t h e c o n ­ v e r s a t i o n o f c i v i l i s e d p e o p l e . F o r R o r ty , t h e b a s i c c r i t e r i o n o f b a r b a r it y i s a d h e r e n c e t o a c u lt u r e w h i c h h a s r e t a i n e d d i s t i n c t l y p r e - m o d e m c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i . e . , t h o s e w h i c h p r e d a t e ‘t h e p r o c e s s o f c i v i l i s a t i o n ’. T h e a u t h o r , b y i d e n t i f y i n g h e r s e l f w i t h t h e e x c l u d e d “b a r b a r ia n ” , s e e k s t o i n d i c a t e t h e m e r i t s o f t h e p r e - m o d e m p a r a d i g m w h i c h h a s b e e n u n j u s t l y d i s p a r a g e d b y t h e l e a d i n g p h i l o s o p h e r o f A m e r i c a n p o s t m o d e r n i s m . T h u s t h e a u t h o r w a n t s t o r e d r e s s th e p o s t m o d e r n i s t tu r n f r o m a p r e - m o d ­ e m p o s i t i o n ; b y e v o k i n g t h o s e c a t e g o r i e s t h a t m o d e r n i t y h a s m a d e t o s i n k i n t o o b l i v i o n - e . g . r it u a l u n - d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a n d th e c a t h a r s i s e x p e r i e n c e - s h e a r g u e s t h a t t h e y a r e a n a t u r a l s u p p l e m e n t to R o r t y ’s ‘ c a l l fo r u n i v e r s a l s o l i d a r i t y ’ . W i t h o u t th is s u p p l e m e n t , R o r t y ’s c a ll i s j u s t a v a c u o u s d e c l a r a t i o n .

121

(3)

Tadeusz Sławek

B u tter an d Rotten Wood / a Teardrop:

Blake an d th e Philosophy of Friendship

Summary

T h e e s s a y s e t s o u t t o e x p l o r e t h e f r a m e w o r k o f t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f f r i e n d s h i p a s a b a s i c h u m a n r e l a t i o n s h i p w h o s e r i c h n e s s h a s n o t b e e n e x h a u s t i v e l y s c r u t i n i s e d y e t . T a k in g a s i t s s t a r t in g p o i n t t h e m e m o r a b l e s t a t e m e n t f r o m

The Marriage o f Heaven and Hell

t h a t “ o p p o s i t i o n i s tr u e f r i e n d s h i p ” , t h e a u th o r s e e k s t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e f u n d a m e n t a l a n d p r o f o u n d c h a r a c t e r o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p c a l l e d f r i e n d ­ s h i p ; t h e c h a r a c t e r w h i c h p r e v e n t s it - d e s p i t e it s c o m m o n u n d e r s t a n d in g - f r o m b e i n g d e f i n e d a s a g r e e m e n t , s u p p o r t o r a l l i a n c e . F r i e n d s h i p , b y t r a n s c e n d i n g t h o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s , b e c o m e s a f o r c e w h i c h m a y d is r u p t a n d u n d e r m i n e t h e i r s t r u c t u r e s a n d t h e r e b y it c o m e s t o s p e a k o n b e h a l f o f d e s i r e s a n d p a s s i o n s . T h i s i s w h y it m a y b e c a l l e d a ‘c o u n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h i p ’ : t h e n o t i o n i t s e l f a l l u d e s to a f u n d a m e n t a l t e r m o f B l a k e ’s p h i l o s o p h y , i . e ., ‘a c o n t r a r y ’ a s o p p o s e d t o n e g a t i o n . A f r i e n d i s t h u s a r e s t l e s s b e i n g ; a b e i n g w i t h o u t a p e r m a n e n t a d d r e s s ; a b e i n g w h o i s n o m a d i c a n d d e n i e s t o b e u n e q u i v o c a l l y d e f i n e d . It i s B l a k e , a s w e l l a s N i e t z s c h e a n d E m e r s o n ( w h o a r e a l s o r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e e s s a y ) , w h o m a k e s u s a p p r e c ia t e t h i s e x t r a o r d i n a r y p h i l o s o p h i c a l a n d e t h i c a l p h e n o m e n o n .

Tadeusz Rachwał

Who Does Not Work Does Not R eturn:

On th e Culture of Labour

Summary

T h e e s s a y o f f e r s a v i e w o f m o d e m E u r o p e a n c u l t u r e f r o m t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f b r o a d l y u n d e r ­ s t o o d ‘r e t u r n i n g ’ w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e s a n e c o n o m i c , e t h i c a l a n d a e s t h e t i c p r i n c i p l e o f t h e m y t h o l o g i s a - t i o n o f e x t e r i o r i t y a s t h e m a i n , t h o u g h n o t e x c l u s i v e , a r e a o f t h e c r e a t i v e a c t i v i t y o f t h e h u m a n s u b ­ j e c t . T h e

sub-ject

i s d i s c u r s i v e l y c o n s t r u c t e d a s a n

e-ject

b o m o u t o f t h e b o w e l s o f i t s / h i s / h e r o w n c o n t r a r i e s . I n t h e la t t e r p a r t o f t h e e s s a y t h e a u t h o r d i s c u s s e s Z y g m u n t B a u m a n ’s d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n a n t h r o p o p h a g i e a n d a n t h r o p o e m i c c u lt u r e s . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e a n t h r o p o p h a g i e c u l t u r e d e v o u r t h e i r o w n s p e c i e s i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e a n t h r o p o e m i c c u lt u r e w h i c h i s a c u lt u r e o f e m i s s i o n o r ‘ v o m i t - t i n g ’ , a s B a u m a n h a s it.

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