JI. H. T
o j ic
to
fi.HTO TAKOE HCHYCCTBO?
B
hn
y e k i ,n e
p b h h,Tunorpaijpia BacoiAnniE yTBepacfl. T-b» II. Cbithhs.
H t o T a K o e l H C - i c y o c T B O ?
i.
Bo3ŁMiiTe KaKYio 6h to hh Obijio raoeTy iiamero BpeMeim,
ii bo BCHKofl bh Ha&aeTe otu^jib TeaTpa ii My3HKii; noimr bb
KasKiioMT) HOMepi bh naiiaeTe omicanie to ii iijih . ipyroii b h -CTaBKH IIJIII OTU^JIbHOii KapTIIHH II BB KaJKJiOMB nalłfleTe OTHCTbt [o nOIIBJIKfOIHHSCH HOBbIXrL KHIiraXB XV^OJKCCTBeHHarO COflep- I jKama, ctiixobb, noBiiCTeii ii pomrhobb.
IIoapo6ho ii TomacB ate, krkb oto coBepmiuiocb. omicbi- BaeTca, kbkb TaKaa-TO aiiTpiica iijiii aKTepB bb Taiioli-To apaMf),
komo; ii u iijiii onepi nrpajiB iijiii nrpajia Tanyro iijiiiiihyio pojib,
ii Kania BHKa:ta,Ti[ aocTOiiHCTBa, ii bb mcmb coaepataHie iio.Boii apaMH, KOMeain iijiii onepH, ii hxb neaocTaTKH ii aocTOiiHCTBa. Cb TaKOii aie noapoÓHocTbH) ii 3aóoTJiiiBOCTbio omicHBaeTca,
krkb cntJiB iijiii cnrpaaB Ha (JiopTeniaiio iijiii CKpiiiiKi tr-
Koii-To apTiicTB Tanyio-TO ubecy ii bb hcmb aooTomiCTBa ii ne-
bo.CTaTKir OToii nbecbi ii ero iirpH. Bb KaayoMB oojibiiioMB ropoai Bceraa ecTb, ecjni ne h^ckojibko, to yjkc naBipHoe oana BHCiaBKa hobhxb KapTiniB, aocTOimcTBa u neaocTaTKH
kotophxbcb BejiHHaftiHHMB rjiyOoKOMHCJiieMB pa3GiipaioTCH Kpif- TiiKaMH ii aiiaTOKaMir. KaaiaHii aoHb iichtii Bnxoa,aTB iiobhc
pOMaHH, CTIIXII, OTjyliJIbHO II BB JKypHajiaXB, II ra36TŁI CHIITaiOrB CBOIIMB aOarOMB BB nOjpofiHOCTII aaBaTb OTHCTH C BOH MB HIITa-
tcjlsmb o6b otiixb npoii3BeaeniaxB iicKyccTBa.
Ha iio/mepjKaHie iicnyccTBa TaMB, r/yfe na iiapo^Hoe oGpaao- Baiiie , TpaTirrca tojibko oahr coTaa Toro, hto nyaiHo .HJifl
— 4 —
CTiiBaeuiH Bceiiy napo.iy cpeacTBB oóyaema, aaioTea MiuijiioHHUa cyócnain otb upaBiiTCJbCTBa Ha anaaeMiir, KOHcepBaTopin,
xe-a.TpH. Bb KaJK^OMB ÓOJIbHIOMB TOpOat CTpOHTCH orpoMHHH 3flaHia
;uia MyaecBB, anaaeMiii, noHcepBaTopiil, apaMaTiiHecniraB ihkojib ZJia IipC,TCTaB,:ieHiit II KOHnepTOBB. CoTHII TNCHHB paf)OHHXB —
ILJIOTHHKII, KaMeHlUHKII, KpaCHJIbIH,HKIT, CTOJiapH, OÓOHipHKH
nopTHbie, napiiKMaxepH, lOBejmpbi, OpomioBimiKii, iia6opm,HKit—
ptjIHfl JKII3HII npOBOJHTB BB TflJKeJIOMB TpY.Tłi JJIH yaOBJieTBO- pema TpeóoBanifi iicayccTBa, TaKB hto e.TBa jiii ecTb nanaa- nii6y,ib apyraa ataTeabHocTB HejioBtHeenas, npoMt BoeHHott, KOTopaa nor,Tonj,ajia 6u ctojibko ciijib, ckojibko 9Ta.
Ho MaJio Toro, hto Tanie orpoMHHe Tpyjbi TpaTaTca Ha 9Ty ;rtHT’e'ibHOCTb, — Ha Hee, TanB we KaKB Ha Boimy, TparaTca lipa MO 2KII3HII He,:IOBrfeTieCKiH: COTHII THCHHB .TIO.Teil GB MOJIO- ;iHXB JltTB nOCBHIUa.IOTB BCt CBOH JKII3HII Ha TO, HTOÓH BH- yHHTbca oneiib ÓHCTpo BepTiTb HoraMH (TaHpopH), apyrie (My- 3HKaHTH) Ha to, HToSbi Buywrbca OHeHb ÓHCTpo nepeóiipaTb KMaBinnir iijiii cipyiin; TpeTbii (jkiiboiiiichh) Ha to, htoóh yMtih
pncóBaTb KpacKaMH. ii niicaTb Bce, hto ohiiybii.thtb; HeTBepńJ Ha to, hto6h yirhTb nepeBepHyTb Bcanyio cjjopasy Ha Bcanie jiaaHjj ir ko BCHKOMy cjiOBy no^HCKaTb piieMy. II Tanie ,110.511, aacTo OMeHb .Toópfje, yMHHe, cnocooiiHo Ha Bcaniii iiojieamitł TpyaB,; aimaiOTB BB 9TIIXB IICHJDOHHTeJIbHHXB, 0,'iypHIOH],IIXB 3aHHTilIXB II CTailOBHTCH TynHMII KO BCfeMB Cepbe3HHMB HBJieHiHMB JKH3HII, O.UHOCTOpOHHIIJIlI II EnOJIHt flOBOJIbHHMI-I COfiOll ClieiUajIHCTaMH, yMijR)IH,IIMII TOJIbKO BCpTtTb HOraMII, H3HKOMB IIJIII liajIbUaMII.
Ho Majio 11 9Toro. BcnoMHHaio, nanB a óhjib pa3B Ha pe- neTHpin oanofr 113B caMHXB o6brKHOBeifflNXB HOBt>iimiiXB onepB, KOTopua CTaBHTca Ha BcrbxB TeaTpaxB EBponbi 11 AMepiiKii.
H npimie.iB, noraa yme Haaajica nepBHii anTB. HtoGh BOiiTH
bb 3pirre,ibHyio sajiy, a ao.imeuB ohjib upoiiTii aepe3B kyjihch; MeHa npoBeaii 110 tcmhhmb xoaaMB 11 npoxoaa.uB noaaeMejibH orpoMHaro aaania, miimo rpoMaaHHXB MauniHB, ;ua nepeiitiiH
aenopapiii 11 ocBiipema, rat a BiiatJiB bo’ i^ a n t 11 iihjiii
HTO-TO paÓOTaK>miIXB Jlioaeii. OailHB II3B 9TIIXB paÓOHHXB CB CtpHMB, X y aH M B JIHHOMB BB rpH3HOtt 6,1 Ylt. CB rpa3HHMM
pa-5
(SOHHMH, cb OTTonbipeHHHMii najibpaMii, pyKaMir, oneBiuHO ycTa- pHfl H Iie^OBOJIŁHHlt M'fjMb-TO. Iipoilienb MIIMO MeHfl, Cep^IITO .ynpeKaa Bb neiib-TO npyroro. HoAHHBmiicb BBepxb no TeMHofl a icT H iiiii, n BHinejrb na ito^moctkii 3a KyjuiCH. Meatay CBa- jieHHHMH flCKopaninMir, 3aHaBiciiMH, icaKiiMii-TO mecTaMii, Kpy- raMii, CTonjfii ir ;iBnra;iiicb /lecuTKii, ecaii He cothii, iiaKpaineii- BHXb h iiapniKeiiiiuxrb MyrRHiinb Bb K0CTi0Maxb c b oCraiiyTUMii jiHJKKaMH u iiKpaMii, ii iKeimi.iiHT., iiairb Bcerna, c b oGHaweii- HHMII HaCKOJIbKO B03M0JKH0 rfuiaMII. Bce OTO Gbl.III IlliBUU, XO-
pUCTH, XOpHCTKII II óaJieTHHfl TaHpOBmiipH, nOIKIIjaBUliCCH CBOeit onepenn. PyicoBOAHTejib Moli npoBejib mchu nepesb cpeny n MOCTb H3b AOCOKt nepe3b opicecTpb, bb KOTopoMb e iiflijio ne- JIOBllKb CTO BCHKarO po^a My3HKaHTOBb, OTb JIIITaBpb AO (jPlCUTbl ii apijfiH, Bb TOMimn napTepb. Ha B03Bimienin Menuy nByMfl jiaMnaMH c b pecJuieKTopaMii ciiAiJib Ha K pecjii, c b najioHKoii, nepe^b moniiTpoMb, HanajibHHKb no MyauKajibHoii nacTii, ynpa- BJiHK)in,iit opKecTpoMb n iiiBnaMii ii Booóipe nocTanoBKOff Bceii
onepH.
Kor^a a npnmenb, npe^CTaBJienie yme iianajiocb, iina c n e n i iraoópajKajiocb mecTBie iiHAiflpeBb, npiiBe3iniixb iieBicTy. K p ow i Hapn3KeHHHXb MyjKHiiiib ii jKeHinnHb, Ha cp eH i G iram i n cye- Tiuiiicb eipe ABa 'lenoBiim Bb iniASKaKaxb: oninib — pacnopaAii- Tejib no npaMaTiinecKoft n a cn i ii npyroft, c b HeoGBiKHOBeHHOtt jiericocTbio CTynaBiiiift MarKiiMii GaiuMaKaMii ii iiepeGiraBmiii
c b M ic ia Ha MicTO, — ynirrejib TamjeBb, iiojiyiaBiniit jKajio- buh bu Bb M iciip b Gojibine, n iM b AecHTb pa6onnxb Bb roAb.
Tpn HanajibHiiKa 9tiicjiasKiiBajni niHie, opKecrpb n mecTBie.
IIIecTBie, KaKb Bcer^a, coBepmajiocb napasin cb ({lOJibroBHMii ajuie6apAa.Mii Ha u;ie'iaxb. B c i bhxoahjiii ii3b oahofo MicTa u nuiii KpyroMb ii oniiib npyroMb, n noTOMb ocTanaBJiiiBajnicb.
IHeci^ie AOJiro ne naAiraocb: to iiHAiflpH cb ajuieGapnaMii bbi -XOAHJIH CJIIIIHKOMb n03AH0, TO CJIIIHIKOMb paHO, TO BHXOAHJIII i BO-BpeMa, hc cjimiiKOMb CKyniiBajniCb yxo;i}i, to ii ne citymi- Bajincb, ho Hc TaKb pacnojiarajincb no óoicaMb cpeiiH. ii Bcjncifi pa3b Bce ocTanaBJiiiBa.iiocb ii Hanimaaocb cnanajia. iianima-
—- 6 —
TiejioB'I>Ka, KOTopulł, CTpaHHO pacKpHBTj poTt, ir-fcJiR: „a HeBrfccT,y conpoBoawa-a-aio“. HponoeTB ir MaxHeri> pyKOii — pa3yMt>eTca, oónajKeHHoii — hbb-ito/ib MaHTiii. II mecTBie Hani-maeTca, ho TyTB Rajrropna bb aKKopat peHHTaTHBa ^.ijiaeTB ne to, ii .mpiRKepB, B3/iporHyBT>, KaKT> otb coBepimiBinaroca HecnacTba, CTyniiTB naaoHKoii no moniiTpy. Bce ocTaHaBjniBaeTca, ii nnpimepB, no- BopoTiiBiiincb kb opKCCTpy,, naGpacHBaeTca Ha BajiTopny, ópaHa ero caMbiMii rpyóbiMii cjioBaMH, Kann GpaimTca ii3B03hiikh, 3a TO, HTO OHB B3HJIB He Ty HOTy. II OnHTb BCe HRHHHaeTCH. ciianajia. IIha^Huh cb ajiJieóapnaMn onflTB bhxoahtb, mhfko maran bb CBoeit crpaiieofi oGyBii, on«Tb nlmenB noeTB: „a ne- BrI>CTy npoBoiKa-a-aio“. Ho TyTB napn erajin 6jih3K0. OnaTb CTyKB najioHKoii, ópaiib, ii onHTb cnanajia. OnaTb: „a ne- BtcTy npoBoma-a-aio“, onaTb totb * e *ecTB oóHajKeHHoił pyKii II3B-H0AB Mamili, ii napbi, onaTb Manco CTynaa, cb ajuieGap- AaMii na iuienaxB, irfcKOTopbm cb cepbesnHMii ii rpycTiiHMH jjupaMi-r, utKOTopbia neperoBapiiBaacb n yjiHóaacb, pa3ctaHa- BJiiiBaioTca KpyroMB ii HaniniaioTB irfeTb. Bce, Ka3aJiocb 6u, xo-
pomo, ho onaTb ctyhiitb najionna, ii nnpiraiepB CTpapaiomiiMB II OBJIOOJieHHHMB FOJIOCOMB TI a 'IlIHaCTB pyraTb XOpiICTOBB II xo- piICTOKB! 0Ka3HBaeTCH, HTO Iipil nliHill XOpiICTH He nOAHIIMaiOTB ii3pt>;iKa pyKB bb 3hrkb OAymeBJieHia. „tIto, bh yMepjm, htoa ii? KopoBbi! Hto, bh MepTBbie, hto He ineBejniTecb?“ — OnaTb cmi- Haaa, onaiB: „neirfiCTy conpoBOJKAa-a-aio“, ii onaTb xopiic.TKH IIOIOTB CB rpyCTHHMII JIIinaMH II nOAHIIMaiOTB, TO OAHa, to npy-
raa, pymr. Ho ab!> xopncTKii neperoBapiiBaioTca — onaTb ycn- jiemibin-CTyKB na,iioHKH. „Hto, bhciona paaroBapnBaTb npi-miiini? MojKerc AOMa cnjieTiniHaTb. Bh tumb, bb KpacHHXB iHTaHaxB, CTaTb ójnme. CMOTptTb Ha MeHa. CHaHajia“. OnaTb: „a He- BtcTy conpoBoaiAa-a-aK)“. II thkb npoAOJiaiaeTca nacB, Tpn. Bca Taaaa peneTiipia nponojmaeTca mecTb nacoBB cpHAy. CTyKii najiOHKii, noBTopeHia, pasM^ipeHia, nonpaBKH nliBpoBB, opKecTpa, mecTBiit, TaHpeBB n Bce npnnpaBJicnHoe 3,no6Hott 6paiibio,CjioBa: „ocjih, nypaKii, ii/uoth, CBHHbn“, oópaipeHHHa kb
My3HKaHTaMB ii mfeBpaMB, a cjiHmajiB bb npoAOjmeme oaHoro naca pa3B copoKB. I-I necHacTHHfl, df)ii3iiHecKii ii upaBCTBeiiHO
7
naypo.ioBainiHfl HejiOBibKB^ (f)jieflTHCTB, BajiTopim, hBb c h b, K'i> KOTopoMy oCpaipcuH pyraiejibCTBa, m o jih jitb i i ncnojmaeTB npn- Ka3aHHoe: noBTopaerb 20 paab „u HCBicTy conpoBoataa-a-aio“ i i
■20 pa3B noeiB o;my i i Ty ik c (Jipasy i i onHTb raaraeTB Brr>
c b o iix b 5KelTTBix,b ÓauiMaKaxB crb ajuieOapjoił Tiepe3B iu ic h o. HnpiHKepB sHaeT-b, hto b t ii t k w i rraKrb iiaypOTOBaHbi, hto i i i i
Ha hto riojrbe ne t o a h h. k h k b Ha to, htoGbi TpyóiiTb ti xo;uiTb ("i, ajuieOapHoJi b b aiejiTNXB 6aiHMaKaxB, a BMrfecTi c b t1i m b
iipiyHCHbi kt> cja/tKOli pocKoniHofl jkhbhh i i Bc,e nepeHecyTB, TOTbKO Obi HC JHimilTbCH 3TOII CJia^KOfl JKII3HII,— II ITOTOMy OITb
c iio k oPho crnaeTCfl cBoefi rpyGocTii T i m b óojrie, mto o h b b i i- tBjib 9T0 BB riapnsKt II M i n i II 3Ha.('Tb. HTO JiyHUlie /liipii- jiiepbi TaKB ^taaiOTb, hto sto My3biKajibHoe npeaame BejiHKiixrb apTiiCTOBB, KOTopHe Takb tyB,ieTieiiH BejiHKinrb jiT O M B CBoero ncKyccTBa, hto h m b HeKor,a,a paoóiipaTb nyBCTBB apracTOBB.
Tpy^HO Bii/i^Tb CojiBe oTBpaTirrejibHoe 3pijimn,e. H Bimijrb, kbkb Ha paGorfc BHrpyBKii TOBapoBB opmiB paGonift pyraeTB ppyroro 3a to, hto totb ne noanepatajiB iiaBajiiiBineflcH Ha nero TfljKecTii, jijiii npn yGopni cin a ciapocTa BbipyraeTB paOoTHHKa sa to, mto totb HeBipHo BHBepmiiBaeTB ctotb, n paGonili noiiopHO mojihiitb. II kbkb iiii HenpiuTHO Bii/rfyrb 3to, HenpiuTHocTb CMumaeTCH co3HaHieMB toto, hto TyTB .nijio H^aaeTCH HyźKHoe ii Baamoe, hto onmóKa, 3a KOTopyio p y - raeTB ' HanajibHiiKB paCoTHiiKa, mohictb ncnopraTb HyjKHoe rTfejio.
1 Ito źko a y b c b jfejiaeTCH, ii ^jih n ero ii ;um koto? 0 'ie u i.
ilOJKeTB ÓbITb. MTO OIIB, „'UipiIJKepB, TOJKe II3My>ieHB, KBKB TOTB
paGonifl; na5«e bu tiio, hto ohb tohho naMyieHB, ho kto JKe
BeJIIITB ĆMY MYHHTbCH? /Ja II II3B-3a KBKOrO „Tfeoa OHB m y mi itcji? Onepa, KOTopyio ohii peneTiipoBajiu, ÓH.Jia o/uia H3B CaMb;XB OÓHKHOBeHHbIXB OnepB TTH TrJbXB, KTO KB HHMB Iipil-
BblKB. HO OJHa II3B BeTIIHa0IHHXB HeTinOCTefl. KOTOpHH TOJIbKO mojkho c e ó i npeflCTaBiiTb: iiH.iii0CK.ifl p ap b x o h c t b JKeHhtbch, c m y' npiiBO^HTB H eBicTy. ohb nepepajKaeTca BB irlłBIia, H eB i- CTa BTIOUTfleTCH BB MHIIMarO [rbBIia H BB OTMaailiil, a nOTOMB
— 8
Hto niiKorja TaKiixt HHniiineBb iie (jłjlto ii He Morao 6 h t b, i
II HTO TO, HTO OHII II3 0()pa5Ka,TIIf, He TOJIBKO He n0X0JK6 Ha IIHflift- peBb, ho ii hit Ha hto Ha CBirfe, KpoMli k hk b Ha npyria one- ‘ pH, BT> OTOMb He MOJKeTT> ÓHTb HIIKaKOTO COMHifiHiH; HTO T3KB -3
peHIITaTHBOMTj He TOBOpHTb II KBapTeTOMb, CTaBIHII Bb Olipe- 1
n^JieHHOMb paacTOHiiiił, Maxaa pyKaMii, ne BbipajKaiOTb nyB- ] CTBb, hto TaKb cb (fiojibroBHMii ajuieóapnaMii, Bb Ty(|);iHXb, | napaMH, im rnF, Kpołrii KaKb Bb TeaTpi, He xonaTb, hto h ii- 1
Korna TaKb He cepnaTca, TaKb He ymhjihiotch, TaKb He cmIi- j KiTCfi, TaKb He njianyTb, u hto hiikofo Bb Mipi> Bcf> o tii upen- | era mieni a TpoHyTb ne MoryTb, Bb otomb He MOSKeTb ó h tb h ii- I Kanoro coMHiHia.
HeBOJibHO npnxoniiTb Bb rojioBy Boupocb: ;kih koto oto i n^JiaeTcn? KoMy oto MoaseTb HpaBiiTbca? Ecjin ii ecTb Bb otoiI i onepi iiopinica xopomeHbKie motiibh, KOTopne óbijio 6h npi-. ■
htho nocjiymaTb, to iixb mojkho Óh óhjio cn^Tb npocTO Óe3b - 9THXb rjiynnxb koctiomobb ii mecTBiił, ii peniiTaTiiBOBb, ii Ma- xania pyKaMii. BajieTb ate, Bb KOTopoMb noJiyoÓHaJKeiiHbra jkcii- jj 111,1111h niaaioTb cjianocTpaeTHHH nBiuKema, nepenneTaioTCH bb ; pasHHH HyBCTBemiHH rnpjiaHnH, ecTb ripHMo pa3BpaTHoe upen- CTaBJieHie. TaKb hto HiiKaKb He noiniemb, na kotooto paocHii-
thho. 0 6 pa30BaiiHOMy nejioB^Ky oto hcchocho, Hanoiao, nacTO- HipeMy pafioneMy HejioBi>Ky oto coBepuieiiHo nenoHHTiio. Hpa-
bhtbch oto MOHieTb, ii to enBa jin, HaópaBHiiiMca rocnoncKaro nyxa, ho iie npecHme.HHHMb eipe rocnoncKiiiiii ynoBOJibCTBiaMii, pa3Bpain,eiiHHMb iiacTepoBHMb, nsejiaioimiMb oacnir.riyrejibcTBo- BaTb cboio nnBiijni3aii;iio, na MOJionHMb JiaKenMb.
II bch OTa ranKan raynocTb H3roTOBJiaeTca iie tojibko He
c b noópoii BecejiocTbio, ne c b npocTOToii, a co 3Jio6oit, cb aB^p- CKOK) JKeCTOKOCTBIO.
TOBOpHTb, HTO OTO n^JiaeTCH n^IH IICKyCCTBa, a HTO IICKye-
ctbo ecTb oneHb BaiKHoe niJio. Ho npaBna jiii, hto oto iicnyc-
ctbo ii hto ncKyccTBo ecTb Tanoe BaźKiioe nlbio, hto e\iy mo- ryTb óiiTb upimeceHbi Tania wepTBH? Bonpocb oto tb ocoóchiio
BajKeHb noTOMy, hto iicnyccTBO, panu KOToparo npiiHOCHTca b b, *epTBy Tpynn .MiuuiioHOBb Jisyjeli ii caMna jkii3Hii
nejiOB^ne-cK ia ii, raaBH oe, JiroooBb MejK/iy jiio^b m ii, bto caM oe iicicyccTBO CTaHOBiiTca B b co3HaHiii aroaeft B ce ó o a iie ii G o n ie n iM b -T O HeacHHMb ii Heonpea^JieH H H M t.
Kpimiica, Bb KOTopoti jnoGirrejni iicicyccTBa npeiK/ie, Haxo- ;u tjin onopy n a a CBonxb cy/Kaeniit o Ot, nciiyccTBi, bt, n o c n i a - Hee BpeMa CTaaa tbkt, pa3HopiHHBa, hto e c jm iicfcaiOHitTb nab oÓJiacTit HCKyccTBa Bce to, 3a niMb caMii k p h t iik h pa3JiiiHHHXb
mKojib He npiKHaioTb npaBa npiraaajieiKHOCTii kb ncKyccTBy,
to bt> iicr;yccTBrl’, nonni niriero He ocTaiieTca.
KaKb ÓOrOCJIOBH pa3HHXb TOJIKOBb, TaKb XyaOJKHIIKH pa3- HHXT> TOJIKOBb HCKJIIOHaiOTb II yHIIHTOIKaiOTb CaMH CeÓH. IloCJiy- mafiTe xyaojKHiiKOBT, TenepemHiixT> niKOJib, ir b h yBiiaiiTe bo
B c i x b OTpacjiaxb o a n iiib xyno*HiiKOBb, OTpnpaioiu,iixa> apy-
it ix,l: bt, noa3in — CTapHXb poMaHTimoBb, OTpnii;aiomiixb napHa- cp eB b ii aeKaaeHTOBT,; napH acneBb, OTpimaroiii,HXb poMamriKOBb
ii aeKaaeHTOBT,; neuaaeHTOBb, OTpHii,aioinnxb B c i x b n peam e- CTBeHHHKOBT, II CIIMBOJIIICTOBb; CIIMBOJIIICTOBb, OTpiipaiOIIi;iIXb B c i x b npeauiecTBeHHiiKOBT, u MaroBb, u MaroBb, orpiipaioipiKT, B c i x b cboiixt, npeaniecTBeHiiiiKOBT,; bt, p oM a n i — naTypajin- CTOBb, IICIIXOoTOrOBT>, HIITJ’pHCTOBT,, OTpimaiOIU,IIXT, n p jT b Apyra. To aie ii bt, npaM i, HiiiBoniicn ii My3HKi. T aiib hto ncKyccTBO, n oraom aiom ee orpoMHHe T p yan n ap oaa h JKtiarieił nejiO B ine- CKiixri> ii iiapyruaioinee jhoGobb MejKay h h m h, He tojibiioHe ecTb HiHTO ucho ii TBepao onpenijieH H oe, ho noHiiMaeTca TaKb pa3HOprfeHHBO CBOIIMII .TK)6lITeJIHMH, HTO TpyflHO CKa3aTb, HTÓ Boofiipe pa3yM ieTca n o a b ncKyccTBOMb ii Bb ocoGemiocTii x o -
pOHIIIMb, IIO.:ie:!HŁIMT, IICKyCCTBOMb, TU KII Mb, BO IIMH KOTOparO MoryTb 6h t b npiiHeceHbi T i iKepTBbi, KOTopna eMy npiiHO- CHTCa.
II.
n,aa BcaKaro óaaeTa, pupila, onepn, onepeTKii, BHCTaBKii, KapTiiHbi, KOHpepTa, nenaTaHia KHiini — Hyatna naiipaiKCHnaa paGoTa THcaHb ii TbicHHb JHoaelt, noaHeBOJibiio padoTaioiii,iixb nacTO rydiiTeabnyio ii yHii3iiTejibHyio paGoTy.
10 —
BliJlb xopomo 6hjio 6h, ecjni Oh xy^ojkhiikiiBce CBoe \ ^ijiajiii caMiT, a to ii m b BcfeMB Hyasna noMonib paóoHHXB hc TOJIbKO 3JIH npOIIBBO^CTBa IICKyCCTBa, HO II rTJIH IIXrb OojIbHieiO nacTbio pocKoniHaro cyipecTBOBaiiiH, ii tłikb iijiii imane oini nojiynaioTB ee iijiii b b b u hIi miara o t b óoraraxB jnonefł, iijih
b b Biini3- cyócimift o t b npaBHTejitcTBa, koto[)h h MiumionaiiH AaioTcn iimt> na TcaTpH, KOHcepBaTopin, aim;ie,Min. ^eHbfn 'ate J 3th coOiipaioTCH c/b napo.ua, KOTopHft HUKoraa He no.:ib3ye/rcH | TfeMH 9CTeTH'IeCEIIMH HaCJia/KHCHiHMIT. KOTOpblH ,{aCTB HCKyCCTBO. \
FHłflb xopoHio ObltorpenecKOMy iijiii piiMCKOMy xy,iO/KiniKy, aasue HameMy xyno/KHiiK.y nepBoii iiojiobiihh nam ero ctoji^thi, 1 Kor/ia Ohjiii paObi ii cniiTanocb, htotekbna.no, cb cnoKOliHHMB , flyxoMB BacTaBJiflTb Jiioneił cjiyjKHTB ce6rfe ii cBoeMy ynoBOjib- i ctbho; ho bt> Hame BpeMH, Koiyia bo BcrfexB JnonnxB ecTb xoth 1 Oh CMyTHoe cosiiame o paBiionpaBHOCTii Bcf>XB jnonell, Hejib3H j aacTaBJiHTb jnoneli noAHeBOJiBiio TpynnTBcu ajih nciiyccTBa, ue 1 pliiHHBT) iipejKae Bonpoca, upasna jih, hto iiCKyceTBO ecTb Ta- ; kog xopouiee ii Baamoe hto oho BHKyiiaerb sto Ha-cmiie?
A to y*acHO nonyMaTB, hto oneHb BljHb mojkctb cjiyHHTBca, 1
HTO IICKyCCTBy IipiIIIOCHTCH CTpaiHHUH /KCpTBbl TpyflaMII, 3KH3Hfl* MII JHOHCKIIMII, IipaBCTBeHHOCTbH), a HCKyCCTBO 9T0 He TOJIbKO 1
ne nojie3Hoe, ho Bpe/moe n^Jio.
II noTOMy, njm oOipecTBa, cpe^H KOToparo BoainiKaioTB ii 1 nonnepHiiiBaiOTCH npoii3Benenifl HCKyccTBa, imimo 3HaTb, Bce i JIH TO jliiiiCTBIITeabHO HCKyCCTBO, HTO BbinaeTCH 3a TaKOBOe, H I Bce JIII TO XOpOIHO, HTO eCTb HCKyCCTBO, KaiUb 9T0 CHHTaCTCfl 3
bb HarneMB oOipecTBli, a ecjm h xopomo, to Baamo jhi oho ii i
ctoiitb jih t'1vxb JiiepTBB, KOTopHH TpeO.yiOTCH panu Hero. H cnie 1 6ojrfee Heo0xo;uiMO 3HaTb sto BCHKOMy ;io 0 p o co itŁctho My xynoJK- I
HHKy,
HTOObl ÓHTb yBr{’>|)eHIIHMB BB TOMB, HTO BCe TO, HTO |ohb flijiaeTB, imieTB cmhcjib, a ne ecTB yBJieneHie toto Ma- i jieHbKaro iipyjKKa jnonell, cpe;ui KOToparo ohb jkiibctb, bob- i OywnaH bb ceOli JioJKiiyio yBipeHHoeTb bb tomb, hto ohb • nii.JiaeTB xopomee jyfejio ii hto to, hto oiib 6epeTB otb /ipy- I riixb jiionelt bb Bii/rfe iio/uiepiKaiiiii CBóeli óojibiiieio nacTbió i
— 11
oaeHb pocKoniHOlł JKII3HH, B03HarpaAHTCH tIimii np o H3 be abhŁhmii , HaflTb KOTOpHMII OHB paÓOTaeTB. H nOTOMy OTfiliTH na 9TH BO- iip oca ocoueHHO BaatHbi b b Hanie BpeMa,
xlTO >Ke TRKOC 9T0 IICKyCCTBO, KOTOpOe CxIHTa6TCH CTOJIb BaJK- HHMB I-I Heo6xOrlIIMHMB AJIfl Tie.IIOB'lłTICCTBa, HTO AJIH Hero M05KH0 UpiIHOCIITb rfe HiepTBŁI He TOJIbKO Tpy^OBB II JKH3Heił HejIOBi- aecKHXB, ho ii Ao6pa, KOTopun eMy npmiocaTca?
1Ito TaKoe iiciiyccTBO? — KaKB, hto Tanoe i-iciiyccTBO? H cnyc- ctbo — 9to apxiiTeKTypa, BaaHie, JKHBOimcb, My3UK£i, no93ia bo B c rfe x rb ea Bii,a,axB, otbIithtb oóbiKHOBeiiHo cpe^Hiil HejioBiKB, ,TK)6irrejib ncKyccTBa, iijhi jiaate caMB xyA0SKHHKB, npe^noaaraa, HTO A^JIO, O KOTOpOMB OHB FOBOpUTB, COBepHieHHO aCHO II 0£H- HaKOBO noHHMaeTca bcŁmii jhoabmh. Ho b b apxiiTeKTypli, cnpo- ciiTe b h, ÓHBaioTB nocTpofiKii npocTHa, KOTopna He cocTasaaroTB npeaMeia iicnyccTBa, n, npoMrfe Toro, nocTpofiKii, HMfooipia npe- xen3iii Ha to, htoóh óhtb npe^MeTaMii iicnyccTBa, nocTpotlKH iieyaaTiHHH, ypoaaiiBbia u KOTopHa no9TOMy He MoryTB ÓHTb npH3HaHH npeaMeTaMii ncKyccTBa? Bb hbmb ate npii3HaKB npen- MCTa HCKyCCTBa?
Tohho to me ii bb Baamii, h bb My3HKli, ii bb noasiii. IIc-KyCCTBO BO BCi>XB BIIAaXB rpaHHHHTB, CB O^HOll CTOpOHH, CB iipaKTiinecKii noae3HHMB, cb A pyroli— cb HeynaaHHMH nonHT- KaMii HCKyccTBą, KaKB ota^Jihtb iiciiyccTBO otb Toro ii Apyroro? Cpe^Hiii oópasoBaHHHil He.aoBlłKB namero Kpyra ii Aaaco x y- A05KHHKB, He aamniaBmittca cnepiajibHo acTeTiiKOli, ne 3aTpyA- HIITCa H 9TI1MB BOIipOCOMB. BMy KaSKeTCH, HTO BCe 9T0 pa3plł- iueiio AaBHO II BCfelB XOpOIHO II3BljCTHO.
„HcKyccTBO ecTb Tanaa A^aTeabHOCTb, KOTopaa npoaBJiaeTB KpacoTy",— otbIitiitb TaKOll cpeAHLti aeaoBlłKB.
,,Ho eCJIII BB 9 TO MB COCTOHTB IICIiyCCTBO, to ÓaaeTB, one-
peTKa ecTb .ni Tome iicKyccTBo?" — cnpociiTe b h.
,.^a, — XOTb II CB irljKOTOpHMB COMFllilliCMB OTBllTUTB CpCA' niti ae.iOBliKB. — Xopouiill ÓaaeTB ii rpapiosHaa onepeTKa Tome iicKyccTBo bb Toll MŹ-pi., b b KOTopolł OHii npoaBJiaioTB Kpa- C0Ty.
12 —
Ho He cnpaiHHBaa ^ame najiie cpe^Huro HejioBlnca o tomb : hTjib orannaeTCH xoporuili OajieTB u rpanioaicaa oneperaa otb Herpapio3Holł, — BonpocH, Ha KOTopne e-My óhjio óh otchb Tpy;iHO otbFtiitb, — ecjiii bh cnpociiTe Toro me cpe;uinro neao- 4 Bt>Ka, MOJKHO JIII XipiI3HaTB HCKyCCTBOMB ^IłHTejIBHOCTb KOCTIO-
nepa ii napiiKMaxepa, yiipamaioiparo (Jmrypni ii jinpa meninimb
4
bb GajieiK u onepeTidi, ii nopraoro BopTa, napcfnoMepa ii no- i Bapa — ohb bb óojibmeii nacTii cjiynaeBB oTBepmeTB npiiHan-.i jiemiiocTB aiBTejiLHocTii nopTHoro, napiiKMaxepa, KOCTioMepa n 1 noBapa kb oóJiacin uci-tyccTBa. Ho b b btomb cpeAHili tojiob^kb ,3 OIHHÓeTCH IIMeHHO nOTOMy, HTO OHB CpeAHilł HejIOBlłKB, a He 1 cnepianncTB ii ne aaiimiajica BonpocaMii BCTeTiiKi-i. Ecjiii 6b I ohb 3aHiiMajica iimii, to ohb yBiinajiB 6h y 3HaMeHiiTaro Pe- IHana b b KHiirfc ero Marc Aurele pa3cymneHie o tomb, hto nopT- I HHJKHOe IICKyCCTBO eCTb IICKyCCTBO, II HTO OHeHb OrpaHHHeHH a 1 TynH T t JIIOAH, KOTOpHe BB HapH^f) 5KeHII],IIHH He BIIHHTB Hrfcjia
]
Bbicruaro ncKyccTBa. C’est le grand art“, roBopiiTB ohb. Kpo.\ili | Toro, cpenHili nejioBiKB y3HajiB Óh, htobo MHomxB 3CTeTiiKaxB, : kukb, iianpiiMppB. bb acTeTHidi yneHaro npoifieccopa KpamiKa '
„Weltschonheit, Yersuch einer allgemoinen Aesthetik“ iiy Troiło, bb „Les problemes de l’esthetique“, ncKyccTBOMB npii3HaeTCH iic- ] KyccTBo KocTMMepHoe, BKycoBoe ir ocH3aTejibnoe.
„Es folgt nun ein Flinfblatt von Kiinsten, die der subjectiven
Sinnlichkeit entkeimen“ cjrk/iyeTB hhthjihcthiikb HCKyccTBB, b h- j pacTaroipilt ii3B cyóBeKTiiBHoll nyBCTBeiiHOCTii, roBopiiTB KpajiiiKB j
(cTp. 175). „Sie sind die asthetische Bebandlung der fiinf Sinne“.
0tii nuTb iicKyccTBB cjr)MyroiH,in:
Die Kunst des Geschmacksinns — IICKyCCTBO uyBCTBa Bicyca ■] (CTp. 175).
Die Kunst des Geruchsinns — HCKyccTBO nyBCTBa oóoHHHin ,
(CTp. 177).
Die Kunst des Tastsinns — HCKyccTBO uyBCTna ocHoaiiiii (cTp. ISO).
Die Kunst des Gehorsinns — HCKyccTBO uyncTBa cayxa
— 13 —
Die Kunst des Gesichtsinns — HCKyccTBO 'iyBCTBa 3pi>HiH (cTp. 184).
O nepBOMt, o Kunst des Geschmacksinns, roBopiiTca c.Tluyio- uiee: „Man halt zwar gewohnlich nur zwei oder hochstens drei Sinne 'fur wiirdig, den Stoff kiinstlerischer Behandlung abzugeben, aber ich glaube nur mit bedingtem Recht. leli will kein allzu grosses Gewicht darauf legen, dass der gemeine Sprachgebrauch manch andere Kiinste, wie zum Beispiel die Koclikunst kennt“ .
II ^ajiie:
Und es ist doch gewiss eine asthetische Leistung, wenn es der Koclikunst gelingt aus einem thierischen Kadaver einen Gegenstand des Geschmacks in jedem Sinne zu machen. Der Grundsatz der Kunst des GeschmacksinnS (die weiter ist ais die sogenannte Koch- kunst) ist also dieser: Es soli alles Geniessbare ais Sinnbild einer Idee behandelt werden und in jedesmaligem Einldang zur auszudriic- kenden Idee“ .
AETopis npimHaerb, Kaim n Penaim, eine Kostumkunst (200) n np.
Tukobo MH^nie ii o^ieiib bhcoko nt-Hiiiiaro iriiKOTopHMii imcaTejuiMii naiuero BpeMemi ((ipamiyBCKaro nncaTejw Fioiio. B'j, cBoeii Kimrli „Les problemes de l’csthetique“ oim cepbesno roBopiiTB o tomt>, hto omymeHin oensauBr, BKyca ii oóoHnmn .naioTTb iijih MoryTi, naBam BTienaTjrfeHia acTeTmiecKin:
,,Si*la conleur manąue au toucher, il nous fournit en revanche une notion, que 1’oeil sou! ne peut nous donner et qui a une valeur esthetiąue considerable: celle da doux, da soyeu.r, da poli. Ce qui caracterise la beaute du velours, c’est la douceur au toucher non moins que son brillant. Dans l’idee, que nous nous faisons de la beaute d’une femme, la veloute de sa peau entre comme element essentiel".
„Chacun de nous probablement avec un peu d’attention le rap- pellera des jouissances du gout, qui ont ete de veritables jouissan-
ces esthetiques.
II o i m pa 3 C K a 3 iJ B :ieT rb , K a im B b in iiT H li m m b b ropaxrb CTa- KaHb MOJiOKa ;ia.;m e>iy acTCTmiecKoe iiacjiajKaeiiie.
14 —
cobcŁmtd He TaKH irpocTO, KaKb oho KaweTCH, ocoóeriHo renepn
Korna bh oto noHHTie Kpacora BKaionaioTb, Kann sto n&naioTb
HOBilimie 9CTeTHKii, ii Haniu omyipeiiiH ocHsamn, BKyca h 060 -HHIliH.
Ho cpenHiii nenoBiieb iiaii He anaerb iijiii He xoneTb 3HaTB
9T0I’0 II TBepflO yÓ^JK/ieHH BT> TOMT>, HTO BCrfe BOIipOCbl IICKyc- CTBa oneHb npocTO u hcixo pa3pixmaroTCH npnsHaHieMb KpacoTH
conepjKaHieMT. ncKyccTBa. /Jan cpenHiiro HCJioBliKa lai/KCTCH HCHbIMb II nOHHTHHMb TO, HTO IICKyCCTBO eCTb np0H3B0ACTB0 Kpacora; ii KpacoTOio oóbHCHHroTca ^jih nero net. Bonpocn iic- KyccTBa.
Ho hto we Taitoe KpacoTa, KOTopaa cocTaBJiaerb no ero MH-femio conepwame ncnyccTBa? KaKb oHa onpen^naeTCH ir hto
bto TaKoe?
KaKb sto dbiBaeTb bo bchkomb atjiii — hKmb HencHifie, aa- nyTaHHibe noHflTie, KOTopoe nepenaeTCH cjiobomb, tKmb cb 6ojib* ihhmtj aimoMóoMb ii caMoyBipeHHOCTbio ynoTpeGjiaiotb aronu 9to caoBO, n^Jian Biinb, OynTO to, hto nonpaayMtBaeTCH nona, BTHMb CaOBOMb, TaKb npOCTO II HCHO, HTO Iie CTÓIITb . II I'OBO-piiTB o tomb, hto coGctbchho oho sHaHHTb. ripenno.;iaraeTCii, HTO TO, HTO paByMtCTCJI nonb CaOBOMb — KpaCOTa, BrfłMb 113- BiCTIIO H nOHHTHO. A Me»Ay rfiMB 9T0 He TOJIbKO HeiI3BrliCTHO, ho n ocn i toto, KaKb o6b btomb npenMerib Bb TeneHie 150 a t m Cb 1750 rona— BpeMemi ocHOBamn BCTeTiiKii BayMrapTeHOMb— HaniicaHH ropH KHiirb caMHMH yneHHMii ii ray6oKOMHcaeHHH.Mii jiioabmit, Bonpocb o TOMb, hto Tanoe KpacoTa, no cnxb nopb OCTaeTCH COBepmeHIIO OTKpHTbIMb II Cb KaJKAHMb HOBbIMb co- HHiieHieMb no BCTeTiiK^ piinaeTcn HOBHMb cnocoóoMb. 0;iHa H3b nocainnittb KHnrb, KOTopyro a Mewny nponiiMb HiiTaab no gcTCTHidi, 9to — iienypHan KHimeHKa Julius Mithalter, naabi- Baromaaca „Ratsel des Schoneń“ (3aranKa npeapacnaro). II 3ama- Bie sto coBepinenHO BiypHo BHpawaeTb iionoiKeme Bonpoca o TOMb, hto Tanoe icpacoTa. SnaneHie caoBa — KpacoTa ocTaaocb 3aranK0ll n ocn i lSO-airaaro pa3cywneHia racanb yneHHKb aroneii o 3HaHeiiiii 9Toro caoBa. H/Łmuh pimaroTb 9Ty aaranKy no-CBoeMy, xoth h na cotiiii pa3Hbixb aanoBb.
Oiioioaorn-acTe-tuku, npeHMymecTBemio aHrjniHaiie, C neacepB — PpaHTB-AjuieH- CKoii hikojih TOJKe KasK^Hii no-csoeMy; c()paHii;y3H-9KJieKTHBH h nocjrfeflOBaTejin Fioiio ii Tana toskc KaiKUbiił no-cBoeMy, ii Bch 9Tii .tik)'iii bhbiotb Bcfc iipefluiecTBOBaBniin p-feuieHia ii bayM iap- TeHa, ii KaHTa, ii Illejum iira, n IlliiJUiepa, ii O m r e , ii Bhhkcjib- MaHa, ii Jleccifflra, ii Perejia, ii Illonenrayapa, ii TapTMaHa, ii Illaccjiepa, ii Kyneiia, u JleBeica ii ,ap.
q T0 aae TaKoe 9to c-rpamioo noHHTie iipacoTH, KOTopoe km-
JKCTCa TaKHMTT) nOHHTHHMB TliMB, KOTOpHC He HyMaWTB O TOMTb, ijto roBopuTB, a bb oiipe.Tfcjieiiin KOToparo He MoryTB coiiTHCb bh iiponojUKeiiie nojiyrropa Bina bc4 caMaro pa3Hoo6pa3Haro
naiipaBJieiiia ({imococJjh pa3iibixB napojioBB? Mto Taiioe noHHTie KpacoTH, Ha KOTopoMTb ocuoBaHO papcTByioiii.ee ynenie oGb IICItyCCTBi?
IIo^b cjiobomb— KpacoTa no-pyccKii mh paayMteMB tojib- KO TO, HTO HpaBIITCH IiameMy apf.HilO. XoTH BTb IIOCjrb/IHCe Bpe- MH II lianami roBopirrb: „neKpaciiBHii noc/rynoia/', „KpaciiBaa My3HKa“, ho 9to He no-pyccKii.
Py cciii ii nejioBiKB hbb iiapona, no aiiaiomiii JiHocTpaHiiHKB H3HK0BTB, iie noilMeTB BacB, ecjui bh CKajReTC ewy, HTO nejio- B£kB, KOTOpHii OT/iajIB APJTOMy IIOCJliiJIIIH) 10 OflCHtfy IIJIII HT0- HiióyAŁ no^oGnoe, nocTyiiM B „KpaciiB0“, hjiii, oóMaiiyBB apy-
roro, nocTynHjrt „HeKpaciiBo". m i i hto ni.CHii „KpaciiBa". ITo- pycciai nocTynoKB mojkctb óhtb noGpbiii, xopomiii iijiii iienoGpbiii u iiexopomiii; My3HKa moikctb Obito npisTiiaH ii xopomafl, ii nenpiflTHaa ii nexopoma>i, ho iiii KpaciiBOii, hii neKpaciiBoił My- 3HKa ObITb He MOJKCTB.
KpaCIIBHMT> MOJIieTB OHTb HeJIOB'iiKB, JIOHia/Ib, HOMB, BMB, ABiiJKeme, no npo iipocTynini, mhcjiii, xapa.KTcprB, My3Hi<y, ecjui OHII HaMB OHeilb IipaBHTCH, MH MOJKOMB CKa3aTb, HTO 0HH X0- pomii, ii Hexopomn, ecjnr ohii hbmb ne upaBHTCJi; „KpaciiBo“ jKe mojkho CKaaaTb tojibko o tomb, hto iipaBHTCfl apiiHiro. TaKB HTO cjiobo II noHHTie „xopom iii“ BiuiiOHaeTB b b ceOa noHHTie „icpa- ciiBaro", ho He naoóopoTB: noHHTie „itpacHBaro“ He noKpHBaeTB iioHHTia „xopouiaro“ . Ecjui mh roBopiiMB „xopom iti“ o npe^Me-
— 16 —
rOBOpiIMŁ II TO, HTO npe^MeTB 9T0TB KpaCIIBHtt; HO ecjIII MH rOBOpiIMT, „KpaciiBHii", TO 9 TO cobcIimb He oananaeTB TOTO, hto6h npe^MeTB ototb óhjib xopomiiMB.
TaitoBo 3HaTieHie, npiini-iCHBaeMoe pyccKiniB hshkomb—eTajio
6bITb, pyCCKHMB HapO,THHMB CMNCJIOMB— CJIOBUMB H nOHHTiHMB —
xopomili h KpaciiBHlt.
Bo BCixBJKeeBponeliCKIIXBH3NKaXB, BB H3NKlXBTlflXB Hapo- Hobt>, cpenn KOTopbixri> pacnpocTpaHeno ynenie o Kpacorfe, KaKB cyipnocTH HCKyccTBa, cjioBa „beau“ , „schon“ , „beautiful", „bello“ , y/iepaiaiSB aiiancnie KpacoTH (jftopMij, CTajin 03nauarb ii xopo-
niecTBo — noópoTy, t. e. CTajin 3aMtiiHTb chobo ,,xopoiHift“ .
Thkł hto bb otiixb H3HKaxrb yme COBepiHeHHO eCTeCTBeHHO ynoTpeóJiHiOTCH BspaweHia, Kann „belle ame, scbone Gedanken, beautifal deed“; fljia onpeniibiieHiH jks KpacoTH cfnpMH h3ukii
9TH He IIMIhOTTj COOTBiTCTByiOiparO CJIOBa, II ohii jojokhh yno- TpeójiHTB coezunieiiie cjiobb beau par la formę ii t. n.
Habjno^eme Ha^B tŁmb siianemeMB, KOTopoe imlbeTB cjiobo
„KpaeoTa“ , „KpaciiBHft" bb HauieMB H3hk1> thkb >kc, KaKB u BO BCiiXB ,HpeBHIIXB H3HKaXB, He IICKJIIOH1H H3HK0BB eBpO- IieitCKIIXB, t4>XB CaMHXB, cpenil KOTOpbIXB yCT3HOBIIJiaCB 9CT6-
TimecKaH Teopia, noKaauBaeTB Ha\iB, hto cnoBy „KpacoTa“ npnnaHo bthmh Hapo^aMii KaKoe-To ocobeHHoe 3HaHeme — iuieHHo, 3HaTieHie xopomaro.
BaM-fenaTenbuo npn 9tomb to, hto cb tI>xb nopB, KaKB mh,
pyccKie, ójnm e ii 6 jurne ycBaiiBaeMB eBpoiieflcKie B3rjm^H Ha IICKyCCTBO, H BB HameMB HBHKfe HaHIIHaeTB COBepUiaTbCH Ta JKe SBOJISipifl, II y5K3 COBepiH?.HHO yBtpeHHO II HIIKOrO H3 y^HBJiHH, roBopuTB ii mimyTB o Kpa ciibo li MyabiKb h Hekpa-
ciibhxb nocTynKaxB ii ^aiKe mhcjihxb, Torja KaKB 40 jiŁtb
TOM.Y naaajiB, bb Moeli mojio^octii, BHpajKeiiin — ..KpacnBan \iy- 3HKa“ ii „HeKpaciiBHe iiocTynKii“ óhjiii He tojimio He ynoTpe-
OiiTejiBHH, ho HenoHHTHH. OneBimno, 9to noBoe, npimaBaejroe eBponeliCKott MHCjibio Kpacorfc 3HaneHie HaniraaeTB ycBoiiBaTbcu II pyCCKHMB OÓipeCTBOMB.
Bb HeMB IKC C0CT0IITB OTO 3HaHeHie? 1ItO >K0‘ THKOe Kpa-
17
3*11.3 Toro, HTOÓH OTBiTIlTŁ Ha 9T0TB BOnpOCB, BblillllHy
xoth MajieHBKyK nacTb t^ b onpeAt-JieHilł Kpacora, KOTopbiH
iianóojrŁe pacnpocTpaHeHLi bb cym,eeTByiomnxB 9CTeTiiKaxB.
OieHb nporay HHTaTejiH He nocKynaTb iinponecTb 9thbbiiihckii iijih, hto óhjio 6h eipe Jiyn n ie, nponecTb xoth KaKyro-HHÓyAb
yieiiyio acTeTi-my. He roBopa o npocTpaHHHXb 9CTeTHKaxB h^m- peBb, AJifl 9Tolł piju-i onenb xopoma H^MepKaH KHiira K p a jn i- ica, aHrjiilłcKaa:— HaliTa ii $parmy3CKaH —JleBeiia. nponecTb JKe
KaKyio-HHÓyAb yneHyro acTeTHKy HeoóxoAHMo ajih toto, htoóbi
caMOMy cocTciBiiTB ceó-fe noHHTie o pasHooOpasin cyjKAemli ii o Tott yjKacaioipefi HeacHOCTii, KOTopaa papcTByeTB bb 9Toft oójia- cth cyjKACHiii, a He B^piiTb bb btomb bhjkhomb Bonpoct. Ha. cjiobo ApyroMy.
Botb hto roBopiiTB, HanpiiMipB, o xapaKTepi bc4>xb acre-
tmhcckikb H3CJiiAOBaHitt fffeMeijKiii acTeTHKB IIIaccjiepB, BB
iipeAiicjioBiii kb cBoeli 3HaMeHiiToH npocTpaHHoit ii odcTOHTejib- nofi KHiiri. acTeniKH:
„E AB a jiii bb K a iio li-jin ó o oÓJiacTii cJ)iijioco<|)ckiixb riayKB, roB opiiTB OHB, MOJKHO BCTpt>TIITB Taiiie rpyÓ H e AO npOTHBO- nojioJKHOCTH cn p coflH H3CJit>AOBaHiH iicn ocoÓ H ii3jioJK em a, khkb
BB OÓJiaCTH 9CTeTHKII. Cb OAHOlł CTOpOHH, II3Hffl;HaH $pa3IICTOCTb 0e3B BCHKaro co A e p »a H iH , OT.aHHaiomaacH fiojibin eio n acT bio ca - MOil OAHOCTOpOHH.eń IIOBepXHOCTHOCTbIO; CB A p y rolt CTOpOHH, n p n 6e3 cn op H ofi r j i y ó i r a i HBCJiiAOBama ii óoraTCTB* coAepm aHiH, OTTaUKIIBaiOHiaH HeyKADJKeCTb (J)I«IOCO(|)CKOil TepM HHOJIOri H, o6jieKaiom,aH caMHH iipocTHH Bem,H bb OAeJKAy OTBJieneHHofl: IiayHHOCTH KaKB 6u AJIH TOTO, HTOÓbl CA^JiaTb IIXB AOCTOflHblMII BCTynjieniH bb ocBt.m,eHHHe n e p T o m cucTeM H u , HaKOHepB, > ie * A y 9TIIMH OÓOIIMII IipieMaMII IIBCatAOBailifl II II3JI0JKeHifl, TpeTilł, cocTaBJLHioinift KaKB 6h n e p e x o A B otb oahoto kb A py- roM y, npieM B, c o cT o a ip ift bb 9KJieKTH3Mrfe, m,erojiHioiH;eMB to
H3HIH,HOll (|)pa31ICT0CTbI0, TO neAaHTIIHeCKOli HayHHOCTbIO... T a - Koił aie (|)opMH H3ji0JKemH, KOTopaa 6biHe BnaAajia hiibboahhb
II3B 9THXB TpeXB HeAOCTaTKOBB, a ÓHJia 6h HCTHHHO KOHKpeT- Holi h n p n cymecTBeHHOMB coA ep jK a m ii BbipajKa.ua 6h e r o
2
18
HCHHMB II ITOIiyjiapHHMI) (j)fIJIOCO(j)eRIlMB H3HK0MB, HHTUfc' HeilB- ,3H pime BCTpijTHTB KUKB BB oSjiaCTH BCTeTHKIl“ 1).
Ctóhtb nponecTB xoth caMyio Knury Toro mc fflacciiepa,
hto6h yót)AHTBC£[ bb cnpaBenjiHBOCTii ero cymnemn.
„II n’y a pas de science,— roBopHTB, TaKme o6bbtomb, npen- Merk, rjjpaHnyacKift imcaTejiB BepozB bb npeniicjioBiii kb cbo- eft oneHB xoponiefl Kiniri bctctiikh, — qui ait ete de plus, que l’esthetique, livree aux reyeries des metaphysiciens. Depuis 'Platon jusqu’aux doctrines officielles de nos ours, on a fait de Part je ne sais quel [amalgame de fantaisies quintessenciees et de mysteres transcendentaux, qui troutent leur expression 'supreme dans la con- ception absolue du beau ideał prototype immuable et !divin des choses reelles" 2).
Cym,ieme bto dozie [hPmb cripaBe/piuroo, kukb ydi.iitTcii bb btomb HHTaTejiB, ecjiii noTpyfliiTca nponecTB cjiiflyioipia, BHnilCaHHHH MHOil II3B rJiaBIIBIXB nilCaTC.Iieit 0(5b BCTeTHKli, onpe^dłJieHin KpacoTBi.
H He dyny BHiiiicHBaTb onpefllwieHiti KpacoTBi, npiimicHBa- p,mbtx b ppoBiniMB'. CoKpaTy, IIjiaTOHy, ApiiCTOTejno, ii 30 ILao- THHa, noTOMy hto, bb cyipHOCTii, y npeBHHXB ne cyipecTBOBajio Toro noHHTin KpacoTH, OT^IiJieHHaro otb ftodpa, KOTopoe coctu- BJMeTB ocHOBy ii pijiB bctctiikh HaHiero BpeMCHH. npiypoHHBaji cymnemn npeBHHXB o Kpacori kb HameMy noHHTiio — KpacoTa,
kbkb sto nt.jiaeTcn odBiKHOBemio bb acTeTHKfe, mbi npzaaeMB CHOBaMB HpeBHHXB CMHCJIB, KOTOpBltt OHII He HMIuIH (CMOTpiI
odB btomb npeKpacHyro Kmiry Benard’a — „L’esthetique d’Aristote“ 11 Walter’a „Geschichte der Aesthetik im Altertum").
III.
HaMHy cb ocHosaTejiH BCTeTiiKit BayMrapreHa (1714— 1762).
no
BayMrapTeHy3), odBeKTB JioninecKaro nosHama ecTB ucmuua; odBCKTB BCTeTiinecKaro (t. e. nyBCTBeHHaro) no3HaHiae c T B npacoma. KpacoTa ecTB [coBepmeHHoe (adcojnoTHoe),
no-1) Schassler: iKritische Oeschichte der Aesthetik, 1872, I, p. XIII. 2) Yeron: l/esthć- tiąue, 1878, p. V. 3) Cm. Schassler, ynoM. ccn., C T p . 361.
19 —
| sHiHHoe ‘‘lyBCTBOMt. HcTuna ecTb coBepuieHiioe, no3HaHHoe paa- ' cynKOMB. /Jofipo ecTt> ćoBepmeHHoe, nocTiiraeMoe HpaBCTBeHHoio
. BOJieft.
OnpentaeTCH itpacoTa, no BayMrapTeHy, cooTBdiTCTBieMB,
T. 6. nOpHUKOMB naCTBl'1 BO B3aHMH0MB 11X1) 0TH0IH6HUI MeWJiy coóotl n b i 11X1 oTHomeHin k i uluioM y. U/fenb w e caMOił Kpa-
cotei b b t o m b, h t o6łi HpaBHTbcn H BoaóywnaTb wejianie (Wohl- gefallen und Erregung eines Verlangens), — n ojiow en ie, [npaMo lipoTiiBorronownoe raaBUOMy'cBoficTBy i-i npiraiiaKy KpacoTH, no
K a m y .
OrHociiTejibHO we npoHBadHiH itpacoTfci BayMraprcnb nojia-
raeTb, hto
BHCińee. oeymeeTBjienie
Kpasoru mht iiomaeMb^BBnpnpoudł,
iinoTOMy noipawiHie npuponfe, no BayMrapTeHy,
ecTb Bucinas
iicnyccTBa (Towe no nowe nie, npHMO
npo-THBOriOJIOWHOC
CyWieHLHMB n
0 3U,nMlHHXB
BCTCTIIKOBB).U p o n y cK aa
"Mano
ja a mIm axe n bii u x b noc.n(snoBaTejiefł ^BayM- rapTena: Mefiepą, B m a n d yp ra , 35ep ra p T a , KOTopae tojibko fffe- CKOJIbKO H3MtHH^)TB BBrjIfllbl yHIITejIH, OTfltjIHH npiHTHOe OTBKpaciiBaro, BHHHCHBaro “onpeiBmeHLfl KpacoTH
y
hbhbuihxchTOTnacB we nocjrfe BayMrapTeHa niicaTeneii, coBepineHHO imane onpen'fe,TiHK)H];HXB itpacoiy. IlncaTejm bth óhjih: [IHioij,b, 3ynb- pepB, MeHflejibCOHB, MopniiB. IlHcaTejiii bth iipimiaioTB, bb
npoTHBonojioWiiocTb rnaBHOMy nojioweniio BayMrapTeHa, iyfejibio ncKyccTBa He KpacoTy, a AoOpo. Tai«E>, 3yjibpepB (1720— 1779) rOBOpiITB, HTO npeKpaCHHMB M0W6TB ÓHTb npH3HaH0 TOJlbKO TO,
hto coaepwiiTB bb ceód) ao6po.
no
3yjibpepy, irlrnb BceM wii3Hii nenoBdrnecTBa ecTb ónaro oOmecTBeimofl wh3HH. /JpcraraeTCHoho BOcmiTaHicMB HpaBCTBeiiHaro nyBCTBa, ii 9T0ii ipfejiii hojiwho
óbiTb noAniineHo iieityccTBO. Kpacoia ecTb [to, hto BH3HBaeTB ir BoeniiTHBaeTB 3to nyBCTBO.
noHTH TaKB we nommaeTB KpacoTy ii MeH/iejibcoiiB (1729 — 1736). HcityccTBo,
no
MeHuenbcoHy *), ecTbnoBenenie
npeKpac- naro, no3HaBaeMaro cMyTHHMB nyBCTBOMB, nolncTHimaro h aoG-paro. D/fejib we ncayccTBa ecTb upaBCTBeHHoe coBepmeHCTBo.
2 0
r:I,JM bctctiikobb btofo HanpaBJieHia iincanB KpacoTti eęTb f npcKpacHas; nyina bb upeKpacHOMB tFjtF. TaKB hto y 9thxb BCTeTHKOBŁ coBepineHHO cmpaeTca nfcjieme CoBepnieHHaro (ad- cojnoTiiaro) Ha ero Tpii (jfjopMH: IIctiihn, ,ZIp6pa ii Kpacora, ii KpacoTa onaTB cjiHBaeTca cb /IpdpoMB h Hctiiho®.
Ho TaKoe nomiMaHie Kpacora He tojibko He ynepwHBaeTca no3;ariifiHiHM][ 9cTeTHKaMH, hohbjihctch acTeniKa BiiHKejibMaHa, onaTb eoBepmeHHo npoTiiBonojiojKHaa btiimb B3rjia^aMB, caMHMB
pFlHIITejIbllNMB II pFsKIIMB 0Ópa30MB OTHijIHIOipaH 3a^aHII
ncKyccTBa otb p ia n Hodpa ii cTaBHipaa pŁubio iicnyccTBa bhFihhioio ii nawę oimy njiacTHHecKyio Kpacory. TaKiixB * e jmiHili ^epjKaTca Jlecci-mrB ii noTOMB FeTe.
no 3HaMeHiiTOMy conimemio BiiHKejibMaHa (1717— 1767), 3a- KOIIB II Ilr]fiJIb BCHKarO IICKyCCTBa eCTb TOJIBKO KpacoTa, COBep- meHHO OTAijieiiHaa ii nesaBnciiMaa otb nodpa. KpacoTa ate 6h- BaeTB TpexB ponoBB: 1) KpacoTa (fiopMB, 2) KpacoTa uneii, bh- paaiaioiiiaHCH bb nojioiKeiiiii iJmrypH (oTiiociiTejiBHO njiacTiiHe- CKaro ncKyccTBa), ii 3) KpacoTa BHpajKeHin, KOTopaa B03M0JKHa TOJibKO npn npiicyTCTBiii nepBHXB HByxB yejioBitt; 9Ta KpacoTa BbipajKemu ecTb BNCinan iyfejib ncKyccTBa, KOTopaa ii ocyme- CTBJieHa BB aHTIIHIIOMB IICKyCCTBF, BCJltflCTBie Hero I-ICKyCCTBO TenepeniHee hojijkho CTpeMiiTbCH k b nonpa*amio npeBiieMy *).
TaKB aie noiiiiMaiOTB iipacoTy Jlecci-nirB, FepnepB, noTOMB Ferre ii bcF Bbinaiomiecii bctcthkii repMamn ho Kama, co BpeMeHii KOToparo naHimaeTcn onuTB imoe noHiiMaHie ncKyccTBa.
Bb AHrjiiir, <E>paHn,in, IlTa.iiii, Fojuianniii bb .bto JKe BpeMH, He3aBiicHM0 otb nncaTejielł repMamn, sapoainaiOTCH cboii bctb- TiiHecKia Teopiii, ctojib JKe HencHHH u npoTiiBopiHiiBHH, hobcT* BCTeTHKH tohho TaKB *e, kbkb h HFMepKie, KJianymie bb oc- HOBy cboiixb coodpajKenifł noHirrie Kpacora, noHiiMaiOTB Kpa- coTy, KaKB hFhto adcojiioTHo cymecTByroniee u dojrfee iijiii Mefffee cjiiiBaioipeecH cb nodpoMB iijiii HMtiom,ee cbhiimbohiihb ii totb JKe KopeHb. Bb AHrjiiii iiohth bb o;[ho upeMH cb Ba- YMrapTeHOMB, naaie HicKOJibKo paHbine, nimiyTB o6b iicKyccTBfe IIl9(|)Tc6epH, FyTHiicoHB, Fomb (Home), BepKB, Foraprb ii ,ip.
*) Ibid., 388— 390. y. J. ... > Jt
n
IIo IIIa(|)Tcóepii (1670— 1713), to, hto KpacHBo, to rapMO-
hiihho ii nponopnioHaJiBHo; hto KpaciiBO ii nponopnjoHajibHO,
to npaBUHBO (true); hto me KpaciiBO h bb o;iiio ii to me BpeMH iipaBUHBO, to npiaTHo h xopomo (good). KpacoTa, no IJIoffiTcOepir. no3HaeTca tojiłko ,nyxoMB. Botb ecTb ocnoBHaa KpacoTa,— Kpa coTa ii AOópo HCxo^aTrL H3B ochoto ncTOUHHKa 1). TaKB hto. no
IIIa(jf)Tc6epii, xotji KpacoTa ir pa3CMaTpiiBaeTe.fi KaKB HrbHTo ot- ;rh,7ibiioe otb ;io6pa, oHa onaTb cjniBaeTca cb hiimb bb hI-hto
HepasnkJibHoe.
IIo TyTnucoHy (1691— 1744), bb ero „Origin of our icleas of beauty and virtue“, n;i>jib HCKyccTBa eciB KpacoTa, cyrpHOCTB KOTopoli coctohtb bb npoHBJienin e^HHCTBa bo MHoatecTBd). Bb
no3HaHin me Toro, hto ecTb Kpacora, nacB pyKOBOflHTB 3Tiine- CKill nttCTHHKTB (ao internal sense). Hhcthhktb me 3totb moikctb
dHTb npoTHBonojiomeHB acTeiTinecKOMy. TaKB hto, no ryTHii- coHy, KpacoTa yme He Bcerna cosna^aeTB cb ,To6poMB ii OTirfe- jiaeTca otb Hero h- ÓHBaeTB npoTiiBonojiomHa eMy 2).
IIo ToMy (Home) (1696— 1782), KpacoTa ecTb to, hto npiflTHO. II noTOMy KpacoTa onpefl^JiaeTca tojikeco BitycoMB. OcHOBaHie me BipHaro BKyca 3aKjnoHaeTCH bb tomb, hto Haiidojibniee óo- raTCTBO, nojmoTa, ciuia ii pa3Hooópa3ie BiienaTJiI.Hili aaiuno- naeTca: bb Hanóojrfee orpaHiineHHHXB npejpfejiaxB. Bb btomb
nneajiB eoBepineHHaro npoii3Be^,eHiH HCKyccTBa.
IIo BepKy (Burkę) (1730— 1797), „Enąuiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime and the beautiful“, BejiiinecTBeiiHoe ii
npeupacHoe, kotophh cocTaBJiniOTB iphjib HCKyccTBa, iimIhotb
CBOIIMB OCHOBUHieMB HyBCTBO CaMOCOXpaHeHifl II nyBCTBO oGipe- CTBeHHOCTIL 0TII HyBCTBU, parSCMaTpIIBaeMbM BB HXB IICTOHHII- KaxB, cyTb cpencTBa £Jia no^nepmaHin po^a nepe3B muiimi- nyyMa. IlepBoe ^ocTiiraeTcn miTaHieMB, 3ain,iiT0ll ii BoliHoii,
BTopoe — o6ipeHieMB ii pa3MHomemeMB. II noTOMy caMocoxpa.He- Hie u CBHsaHHan cb hiimb BoliHa ecTb i-ictohhiikb BejninecTBeH- Haro; o6in;ecTBeHHocTb ii CBH3aHHan cb nett nojioBan noTpeÓ- HOCTb CJiymaTB IICTOHHIIKOMB KpaCOTH 3).
p Knight: The Pliilosopliy of the Beautiful, I, p. 165— 166. 2) Schassler, 289. Cnight, 168— 9. 3) KpajiHKt: WeltschSnlieit, Versuch aller allgemeinen Aestetik, 304— 6. K. Kralik, 124.
2 2
TaKOBH rjiaBHHfl aHrjiiflcKia onpeflijiemst iiCKyccTBa h Kpa- COTH BB 18-MB bRkR.
Bb sto we BpeMfl bo OpaHpiii niiinyrb oóbiiCKyccTBi Pere
Andre, Bara ii noraMB /JiiApo, flajiaMÓepB, oraac/ra Bojn/repB. no Pere Andre (Essai sur le Beau) (1741), ecTB Tpn poAa Kpa- córa: 1) KpacoTa SowecraeHHaH, 2) ecTecTBeHHan, npiipoAHan. KpacoTa h 3) KpacoTa iiCKy ccTBeimaa 1).
no Barę (1713— 1780), iiCKyccTBO coctohtb bb noApawaHin
Kpacorb npiipoubi, h iiduib ero ecTB HacjiawAenie 2). Tukobo we ’
onpeA^Jieme nęićyccTBa .IlpApo. PirmirajieMB Toro, ■'fro npe- i KpacHO, npeAnojiaraeTcn BKycB, TaKB we KaKB u y auraiiuaiiB. 1 BaKOHH we BKyca He tojibko He ycTaHaBJiHBaioTCfl, ho npn-1 BHaeTCH, hto sto HeB03M0WH0. TaKoro we Miibmn Aepwaraa ,• HaiiaMÓepB h BojibrapB 3).
Ho HTajibHHCKOMy scTeTiiKy sioro we BpeMemi naraHO (Pa- , gano), HCKyccTBO ecTb coeflimeHie bb oaho KpacoTB, pa3cbiiH- . HHXB BB npHpOAd). CllOCOdHOCTb BHA^Tb STU KpaCOTH eCTb (
BKyCB, CnOCOÓHOCTb COeAHHHTb IIXB BB oaho pbjioe ecra XyAO- | wecTBeHHHii reHiii. KpacoTa, no Ilarano, cjniBaeTca cb AoópoMB TaKB, hto KpacoTa ecra npoHBJinioineeeH AoOpo, Aoćpo we ecTb ; BHyTpeHHHH KpacoTa.
no MHp.Hiio we ApyrnxB iiTajibHHpeBB-—Myparapu (Murato- 1 ri) (1672— 1750) (Riflessioni- sopro; il buon gusto intorno le scienze . e le arti) ii bb ocoóeHHOCTii^ CnaJieTTH’4) (Saggio sopro la bel- j
lezza, 1765), HCKyccTBO cboahtch kb sroncTiinecKOMy oinyme-j Hiro, ocHosaifflOMy, KaKB ii y EepKa, Ha CTpeMJieHiii kb caMO-.-^ coxpaHeiiiio H o6m,ecTBeHHoeTii.
H3B rojuiaHAiieBB aaMhnarajieHB I eMCTepiioiiCB (Hemster- huis 1720— 1790), HMhBuiifł BJińmie Ha HrliMenKiiXB scTeTHKOBB H rera. no ero yneHiio, KpacoTa ecra to, hto AOCTaBJineiB Ha- i
nOojibHiee HacJiawAeiiie, a AOCTaBJiaeTB Haiióojibinee iiacjiaw^e- ule to, hto ;iaeTB HaMB Haiidojibmee hhcjio hacII bb HaiwpaT-j 'laPmee BpeMH. HacjiawAeme npeKpacHHMB ecra Bbicmee no3Ha- ! nie, ao KOToparo sioweTB AOCTiirHyra nejioBd.KB, noTOMy htoi
— 23 —
oho ;iacT’Ł bb KpaTnoftmee BpeMH iiai-idoJitniec Ko-nmecTBO neppempli 1).
' TaKOBH óhjih TeopiH 3CT6THKH BHrfe repMaHin bb npononwe- Hie npouiJiaro CTOjrfeTia. Bb repManiit we nocjrfe BuHKejibMaHa HBJiaeTca onHTB coBepraeHHo HOBaa 9 ciemne (wan [Teopia Kam Ta (1724— 1804), óojrfee bcE>xb ApyrnxB yacHmoipan cymnocTb
nonmia KpacoTH, a noTOMy u ncKyccTBa.
BcTeTHKa Kaina ocHOBaHa Ha cjriłAyJonjeMB: HenoslwB, no KaHTy, no
3
HaerrrB npnpoAy bh4> ce6a h ceóa b b npHponi. Bb npHpopi- bhK ceóa ohb nrpeTB hcthhh, b b ceói oiib nipeTB Ao6pa, —oaho ecTb A^no nncTaro pa3yMa, flpyroe npaKmne- cKaro pa3
yMa (cboóoah). Kposrił 9thxb AnyxB opylili no3Hama, no Kamy, ecTB eipe cnocoóHOCTB cywAema (Urtheilskraft), koto-paa cocTaBJiaeTB cywierna óe3B noHHTiił u npon3BOAHTB yfl°' BOJibCTBie 6e3B weaaHia: „Urteil ohne Begriff und Vergnugen ohne Begehren“ . 3Ta-T0 cnocoÓHOCTb ii cocTaBJiaeTB ocHOBy 9CTCTHnecKaro nyBCTBa. KpacoTa we, no Kamy, bb cyóBeKTHB- homb cmhcjtŁ, ecTb to, hto 6e3B noHaTia h 6e3B npaKTimecKOfl BbironH BooOipe Heo6xofliiMO HpaBHTca, bb o6bckthbhomb we CMbicJii 9to ecTb (|)opMa iyiłjiecooópa3Haro npeAMeTa b b toU
MipB, BB KOTOpOlt OHB BOCnpHHIlMaeTCH 6e3B BeaKaro npep-
CTaBJiema o iyfejin 2).
TaKwe onpeA^JiaeTca KpacoTa iiocJiiiAOBaTejiaMK Kama, Meway lipomom IHiuniepoMB (1759— 1805). Eto IHiuuiepy, MHoro micaBineMy oób ocieraKi, ptjib ncnyccTBa ecTb, TaKB we KaKB ii no Kamy, Kpacoia, hctohhhkb KOTopofi ecTb HacaawneHie 0e3B npaiminecKoft nojib3H. Taim mo ncnyccTBO mojkctb 6htb Ha3BaH0 nrpofl, ho He bb CMHCJii rmmowHaro _3aHHTia, a bb eMHCJid. npoHBJienia Kpacora caMoft wiibhh, He iorfeioipeit
Apy-
i-oll pian, iipoMdł KpacoTH 3).KpoMrfe IHinuiepa, HanOojrŁe saMinaTeabHHMB H3B noejrfe- AO BaTeaelł Kama bb oóaacTH acTemKii, Ohjib BnjibrejibMB TyMÓoabATB, xoxa ii nnnero He npiióaBiiBuiiii kb onpeAtJieniio
— 24 —
KpacoiH, yacHiiBinift pa3jniHHHe biiph ea, KaiiB ppaMy, \ty- 3HKy, KOMiinecKoe ii t. n. ‘).
Ilocjrfc Kama ninnyTB oób 3CTeTiiic£>, KpoMt BTopocTeneH- hhxb (jfiiijiococjboBi), <FiixTe, UlejijiiiHrB ii Ferejib ii iixi> iiocjtŁ- aoBaTejni. IIo Oiixto (1762— 1814), cosHaHie npeKpacHaro Bbrre- Kaerb iibł cjiinyiomaro. MipB, t. e. npirpopa, HMFeTB pbF cto- poHH: ohb ecTb npoii3Be^eHic Hanieli orpaHiracmiocTii h ohb ecTb npoii3Be,aciire Hanieli CBoOo/uiolł npeajibHoit /iFaTejibnocTii. Bib nepBOMb cmbicjiF MipB orpaimneirb, bo BTopoMB — ohb cBoóopeHB. Bb nepBOMB cmhcji4 BCHKoe rLiio orpaniineHo, 1
HCKaaKeHo, cmaTo, CTFcHeHo, ii mh biihhmb ypo/uiiiBocTb, bo BTOpOMB MH BIIflllMB BHyTpOHHIOIO nOJIHOTy, 5KII3HeHHOCTb, B03- pojKpeiiie, — Bii/aiMB KpacoTy. TaKB hto ypo^CTBO hjhi Kpa- coTa npe^MeTa, no <FnxTe, 3aBiicaTB otb tohkii 3pFma C03ep- paioiparo. H noTOMy KpacoTa h HaxoaiiTca ne bb Mipi, a bb npeKpacHoti pymF (schoner Geist). HcnyccTBo n ecTb npoaBjie- nie 9Toil npeKpacHoli ayniii, u pAib ero ecxb oópa30Ba- Hie He tojibko yMa — oto pFao yneHaro, He tojibko cepppa — -
9to pFjio HpaBCTBeHHaro nponoB^pHUKa, — ho Bcer.o nejio- B^Ka. II noTOMy npiniHaKB KpaCOTH jicjkutb He bb neMB-Jiiióo BHiuiHeMB, a bb npiicyTCTBin bb xypojKHiiKrfe npeKpacHoli nym ii2).
3a Oiixxe bb tomb jrb. HanpaBJiemu onpepFjiaioTB KpacoTy <E>piippHXB Illaerejib n ApaMB MiojuiepB. IIo I Iliierejno (1778— 1829), KpacoTa bb HCKyccTBfc nomiMaeTca cjiiiuikomb iienojino, opHocTopoHHe ii OTopBaHHo; KpacoTa HaxopHxca ne tojibko bb IICKyCCTBlł, HO H BB npiipOflF, HO II BB JIIOÓBH, TaKB HTO HCTIIH- Hoe npeKpacHoe BbipaaiaeTCH bb coepimemii ncKyce^Ba, npn- pOpH II JHOÓBH. IIoSTOMy HepaspijIBHO cb 9CTeTimecKiimb HCKyc- ctbomb Illjierejib npiraHaeTB iicityccTBO iipaBCTBCHnoe - h (|)h.k> co(|)CKoe 3).
IIo ApaMy Miojuiepy (1779—1829), ecTb pbF KpacoTbi: opHa — oóipecTBeHHaa KpacoTa, KOTopaa npiiTaniBaeTB juopeft, khkb cojiHpe ppiiTaniBaeTB nnaHera, — 9to KpacoTa
— 25
ho aHTHHHaa, ir apyran upacoTa — HHflHBHflyajibHaa, KOTopan ;it.;iaeTCH TaiiOBoil, noTOMy hto coaeppaioipitt nluiaeTc.H cbmb
coJiHpeMTb, npiroiriiBaioipHMB KpacoTy, oto — KpacoTa HOBaro ncKyccTBa. MipB, bb kotopomb corjiacoBRHH bcŁ npoTHBopImia,
ecTb Bbicmaa KpacoTa. BcaKoe npoii3Be,n;eHie ncKyccTBa ecTb noBTopeHie 9Tofi BcealpHott rapMOHin *). Bucmee ncKyccTBo ecTb IICKyCCTBO JKH3HII 2).
CjiIMyromiit 3a <l)HXTe ii ero nocjii^oBaTejiHMii, oAHOBpe- sieHHbilł e t hiimb $HJioco(f)B, iiMt.Bmift Óojibuioe BJiiflHie Ha
3CTeTiiHecKiH noHHTia Hamero BpeMemi, ónjib IIIejKiHHrb (1775— 1854). IIo nieJiJiHHry, ncKyccTBo ecTb npoH3Be,neme hjih iio- cJiiACTBie Toro MipoBoaapiHiH, no KOTopoMy cyÓBeKTB npeBpa- ipaeTCH b b GBoli oOb c k t b, hjih oóBeKTB /liiJiaeTCH caMB cboiimb cy6BeKTOMB. KpacoTa ecTb npeACTaBjieHie óe3KOHenHaro b b ko- HenHOMB. II rjiaBHHil xapaKTepB npoH3BeaeHiH ncKyccTBa ecTb 6e3C03HaTejibHan 6e3K0HenH0CTb. HcKyccTBO ecTb coe^iiHeHie cyÓBeKTHBHaro cb o6b6k th b h h m b, — npupoAH ii paayMa, óeaco- 3HaTejibHaro cb co3HaTejibHbiMB. H noTOMy ncKyccTBo ecTb b h c- niee cpencTBo iiosiiaHut. KpacoTa ecTb c o3epu,ame Beipeii caMHXB b b ce ó rL, krkb o ii rIi HaxoHflTCH b b ocH oirt BC’i)XB Beipeft (in den Urbildern). npeicpacH oe jipoiiBBoniiTB He xy;i05KHHKB cbohm'1. BHanieMB iuin BOJieii, a npoii3BoniiTB b b neMB caMa im en Kpa- COTH 3).
Hsb nocJii^OBaTejieii IHejiJiimra caMHii 3aMt>Tiibiii Ohjib
3ojibrepB (1780— 1819) (Vorlesungen iiber Aesthetik). IIo 3ojibre- py, ii3,en KpacoiH ecxb ociioBiian ii/ien bchkoii Beipn. Bb Mipii
MH BHHHMB TOJIbKO II3BpaipeHie OCHOBHOlł imeii, — IICKyCCTBO
aie (|)aHTa3ieii mojko-tb nojiiinTbcu ;io bhcoth ocuoBiioił iiAen. II noTOMy ncKyccTBo ecTb nonoOie TBopnecTBa4).
IIo jipyroMy nocjrfeflOBaTejiio niejuiimra — Kpayae (1781— 1832), HCTiiHiian peajibHan KpacoTa ecTb npoflBJieme H/ieii bb
HHHHBimyaJibiiott (JiopMife; ncKyccTBo * e ecTb ocyipecTBJieme KpacoTH bb cijiepli 'ieaoBlv'iecKaro cBo6o;uiaro ayxa. Bbicman CTeneiib ncKyccTBa ecib ncKyccTBo jkiibiih, KOTopoe iiaiipaiijme/n, CBOK) aliHTCJibHOCTb na yKpamenie hcikhii hjih Toro, htoób oto
— 26 —
Obijio npeKpaciioe Micro iKHTejiBCTBa naa npeKpacHaro aejio-Bi)KaJ).
n ocjii IIIejuiHHra ir ero nocJiiflOBaTejiefi HanimaeTca HOBoe ao CHXB noprB — BO MHOTHXB COOIiaTCJIBHO, a BB OojLBIHHHCTBlł 6e3C03HaTeabH0, — yacpasaBrneeca acTeTiiaecKoe yaeme Tereaa. y^ieHie 9to se tojibko He dojrfee acHO h onpenijieHHO, HiMB npeamia y nenia, ho eiiie fiojrfce, ecjrn 9to bo3mojkho tojibko, TyMaHHO II MIICTHHHO.
IIo Tereaio (1770—1831), Botb ripoaBjiaeTca BB*npiipo,n,i H HCKyCCTBi BB (()0pMrfi IipaCOTH. BorB BLIpaJKaeTCH flBOHKO: bb oóBeKTi h cyóBeKTi, — bb npnpoAdi h nyxi. KpacoTa ate ecTb iipocBimiBanie ii^en npesB MaTepiio. Hcthhho npeKpac- Hoe ecTB tojibko nyxB h Bce to, hto npiiHacTHo Ayxy, h no- TOMy KpacoTa iipupoaBi eciB tojikko oTpasKeme Kpacora, CBOfi- cTBeiiHofl nyxy: npeKpacHoe HMieTB tojibko ayxoBHoe co,aepjKaHie§ Ho IipOHBHTBCH 3yX0BH0e AOJIHCHO BB HyBCTBeilHOłl (jpOpMi. HyB"
ciBeHHoe * e npoaBJieme ayxa ecTb tojibko biiaiimoctb (Schein). H 9Ta-To bhhiimoctb ecTB eaiiHCTBeHHaa adłlicTBirre jibhoctb npe- Kpacnaro. TaKB hto iicnyccTBO ecTB ocyipecTBJieHie aioit biwii- MOCTH HACII, II eCTB Cpe/ICTBO, BMiCTi cb pejmrieii II (JlIUIOCO-(jiiefi, npHBoniiTB b b cosHaHie i-i BHCKaaBiBaTB raydonalim ia Bananu jiionelł u bnchiIh hcthhh nyxa.
McTima ii KpacoTa, no Berejoo, o,hhohtoSKe: paBHima tojibko bb tomb, tio HCTima ecTb caMa unea, krkb 0Ha caMa bb ce 6 i cyipecTByeTB ii MHCJiHMa. Hnea ®e, npoaBJiaeMaa bo Biji, — njia co3HaHia CTanoBiiTca He tojibko HCTiiHHoli, ho ii npeicpac- noft. IIpeKpacHoe ecTB npoaBjieme iineiia).
3a TerejieMB cjiiayiOTB MHoromicJieHHHe nocjrfenoiaTejiH
ero: Beliee, ApHOJibaB Pyrę, Po3eHKpaHiiB, TeonopB Oii-
inepB u
np-no Beiice (1801—1867), iienyccTBO e c T B Biiecenie (Einbiłdung) aOCOJIIOTHO HyXOBHOll CyiUHOCTH KpaCOTH BO BHilHHIOIO MepTByio
ii 6e3pa3JiiiHHyio MaTepiio, noHHTie KOTopoll, iiomiimo BHeceiiHofi bb Hee Kpacora, npencTaBJiaeTB ii3B ceóa oipiipame bca Karo
cymecTBoBama caMoro bb ceói (Negation alles Fiirsichsein’s). l) Ibid., 917. 2) Ibid., 946, 1085, 984 — 85, 990.
— 27
Bb u pei hcthhh, — roBopiiTTi Beiłce, — newHTB npoTHBO- ptnie CyÓBeKTHBIIOft H OÓBeKTIIBHOft CT0p0HH'H03HaBifl; BB TOMB,
bto epimoe^ nosHaGTB Bcecymee. 3to HpoTiiEopinie mowctb
Obite ycTpaHeHO
nepe3B
noHflTie, KOTopoe coepiiHHJio Ok błopho — MOMeHTB BceoórąHocTH h efliiHCTBa, pacnaparoipilica Ha pBa bb noHHTin hctiihbl Tai-coe noHHTie óHJia óbi npiiMiipeHiiaH (aufgehoben) HCTiiHa, — KpacoTa h‘ ecTL Tanaa npiffliipeHHaH IłCTHHa J).
Ho Pyrę (1602—1880), ciporowyi nocjiipoBaTejHo rerejin,
KpacoTa ecTb caMa ce6a BBipawaioinaa iipea. ,nyxB, co3epn;aH CaMB CeÓH, HaXOPHTB CeÓH BHpaWeHHEIMB HJIH BHOJIH* — IX Torpa 9to nojiHoe BHpaweHie ceóa ecTb KpacoTa, hjih He BnoJiHt,
II TOrpa BB HeMB HBUHeTCH nOTpeÓHOCTB — HBMiHHTB CBOe HG- coBepmeHHoe BEtpaweme, h Torpa pyxB CTaHOBiiTca TBopnecKiiMB
IICityCCTBOMB 2).
n o (pHinepy (1807— 1887), KpacoTa ecTB iipea bb (jjiopMi* orpamiHeHHaro irpoHBJieHifl. Hpea we caMa He nepaspluiLHa, a cocTaBJiaeTB ciiCTeMy apeli, KOTopHH npepcTaBJiaioTCfl bocxo- pnipeli ii HiicxopHiH,eli jniHieft. B^mb BBirne itpen, tIimb dojiBHie
oHa cópepwiiTB KpacoTH, ho ii caMaa HH3Kaa copepwiiTB Kpa-
coTy, noTOMy hto cocTaBJiaeTB Heo6xoAHMoe bbcho chctgmhi.
BncniaH (|)opMa upeii gctb jiiihhoctb, ii noTOMy BHcmee iiciiyc- CTBO ecTb TO, KOTopoe IIMieTB IipepMeTOMB BHCHiyiO JII1HHOGTB 3).
TaitoBH HtiMeiiKia Teopin 9CTeTiiKit bb oahomb rerejieBCKOMB HanpaBJieHiH; * ho 9tumb He HcnepnHBaioTCH acTeTiinecKin pa3- cywpeHia: papoMB cb rerejiiaiicEHMii Teopmur opHOBpgmghho
iiohbuhiotch bb repMamii TeopiH KpaCOTH, He TOJIBKO He npH- 3iiaioiH,ia nojiowenia Terejia o KpacoTi, KaKB o npoHBJiemH upeii, ii o6b ucityccTBli, kekb BLipaweHiii 9T0ń upeii, ho npHMo iipoTHBonoaowHHH TaKOMy B araapy, oipupaioiruii ero ii cmIiio- ipiflCH HapB HHMB. TaKOBLI PepÓapTB H BB OCOOCIIHOCTM BIo- nenrayopB.
n o TepóapTy (1766— 1841), Kpacora caMOfl bb ceói iri-TB ii ne MoweTB 6htb, a ecTB tojibko Hanie eywpeme u napo naftTH
— 28 —
ochobh 3Toro cysterna (aestetisches -Elementarurthei]). H ocHOBbi cyjKuenift Haxo,a[HTCH bb oTHouiemu BneiaratHift. Ectb
IfaBliCTHHH OTHOineHia, KOTOpHH MH Ha3HBaeMB npeKpacHHMir, H IICKyCCTBO COCTOHTB BB HaXO*^eHilI 9TI1XB OTHOHieilifł— OJHO- ^ ichh^ bb jkhbohhch, njiacTHK^ u apxiiTeKTyp'fe, ir nocjrfc-^AOBUT<TW)#R?5?B II O o Bp C MC IIH H XB BB MyOHKl), H TOJIbKO IlOCJlil-
^OBaTejIBHHXB BB n093ill. Bb npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOCTb npejKHIIMB acTOTHKaMB, r$ repÓapTy, aacTO npeKpacpbie npepMeTH cyTb rfe, KOTopne coBepiueiiHO Hiiaero He BbrpaacaioTB, khkb, iianpii- ” • 'M l.p i>. pajiyra -^KOTopaa npei-tpacHa pa^H CBoeli Jiimiii u Kpa- cokb, a HiiKaKB He no oTHomeHiio 3HaHeaia cBoero Miiea, itaiiB
IIpiiCB hjih panyra Hoh‘).
rJ,pyriiMB npoTHBHHKOMB r e r e n a óhjib IIIoiicHrayspB, 0Tpn- paBiniii bck) ciiCTeMy Ferejia ii ero 9CTeTiiKy.
Ho IHoneHrayapy (1788—1860), bojih oÓBeKTHBiipyeTCH bb Mipi Ha pa3JiiiHHHXB CTyneHHXB, ii xoth h^mb Bbinie CTyneHB
ea oóBeKTiiBiipoBaHia, tFmb oHa npeicpacHie, KajK^aa CTyneHb rorfeeTB cboio KpacoTy. OTpimeme otbCBoeli iiHaiiBiiayajibHocTii iico3epn;aHie oanoli H3B 9thxb CTyneHeli npoaBjiema bojihnaeTB
HaxiB co3HaHie Kpacora. Bcfe jiiohii, no lIIoneHraygpy, oóna- aaioTB cnocoóHOCTBio no3HaBaTb 9Ty naeio Ha pa3JiiiiiHbixB ea CTyneHaxB ii bthmb ocBoOoaiaaTbca Ha BpeMa otb CBoeli jiiih-
hoctii. FeHifl aie xy^;o»HHKa rarfceTB 9Ty cnocoÓHocTb bb bhc- iueli GTeneHii u noTOMy npoaBjiaeTB Bbicmyio KpacoTy 2).
3a 9THMH, Oojrfee BHuaioipiiMiica micaTejiaMii, cjiiayioTB bb repManiii MeH^e opnniHajibHue ii iiMiBHiie MeHie Binarna nn- caTejni, khkb TapTMaHB, KiipxMaHB, IIlHacce, OTaacTii TeabM- rojibpB (itaKB 9CTeTiiKB), BeprMaHB, IOHrjiaHB ii 6e3HncjieiiHoei
KOJiiiaecTBo apynixB .
ITo IapTMaHy (1842), KpacoTa jicjkiitb He bo bhFihhbmb MipB, | ne bb Beipii ca Mott c e ó i ii Toace He b b nyrnli aejioBiiKa, a bb KamymeMca (Schein), KOTopoe npoii3BO,niiTca xy,i05KiiiiK0MB. Bemb caMa b b C(\6f, He KpaciiBa, ho xyao.jKHiiKB npeBpaniaeTB ee b b ^ KpacoTy 3).
2D —
?o UlHacce (1798— 1875), KpacoTH h^tb bb nipt. Bb npir-
poni eCTL TOJIbKO HpHÓJIHJKeHie KB Heli. IICKyCCTBO ^aeTB TO
'iero npHpofla He mojkctb a^tb. Bb AtaTejibHocTii CBoÓOAHaro
C03H I0IIłar0 raPM°HilO, KOTOpoli HiTB BB npHpo.lt, HpOHB-
• iaeTCH K p a coT a »). 1
KnpxMaHB HamicajiB OCTeTiiKy onuTHyio. ilo KnpxMany (1802— 1884), ecTB mecTB oÓjiacTeli ncTopin: l) oÓJiacTb sHama 2 oojiacTB ÓoraTCTBa, 3) oÓJiacTb HpascTBeHHocTH, 4) E tn a ’
5) nojiimiKii, 6) KpacoTH. fliarejibHocTB bb aioli oÓjiacTii ecTb
IICKyCCTBO 2).
no rejiBMBOJimy (1821), nncasnieMy o Kpacorfe no otho- inemio kb Mysbrat, KpacoTa AocTiiraeTcn bb MyauKajibHOMB npoHojie.ieniH HenoMtHiio tojibko cjitaoBameMB .laKOHaMB - saKOHH me sth mmn-bcmn xyAo®HiiKy, tbkb hto Kpacoia npo- asjineTCH BB xyA0*HHKt CeacoBHaTejBbHo h He MomeiB óhtb HOABepruyTa aHajniay 3).
Ho BeprMany (1840), bb ero „Ueber das Schdne“ (1887) Kpa-
eory onpeAtjiHTb oÓBeKTHBHo hcbobmojkho: Kpacoia noBnaeiCH
cyoBeKTHBHo, II HOTOMy sagana acTcmKii coctodtb bb tomb
HTOOH OnpeAtjIIITb, htó KOMy HpaBHTCH 4).
Ho lOHraaHy (yM. 1885), KpacoTa ecT b , Bo-nePBHXB, CBepx-
HyBCTBeHHOe CBO0CTBO, BO-BTOPHXB, K pacoT a HP0H3B0AHTB BB
nacB y.ioBOJibCTBie oahiimb cogeppanieMB, bb - TpeTbiixB Kpa-
cora ecTb ocHOBaHie jiioóbii s).
'1'paHHyacKm ii aHrailicKin h ApyraxB Hapo^oBB Teopiii 9C-
TeTHKii BB nocat/mee BpeMa bb rjiaBHHXB cbohxb npeACTaBii-
TeaaxB cjitAyroipia:
Bo <DpaHpiH 3a sto BpeMa. BHAaioipieca micaTejin no acre-
thkb firnu: Cousin, Jouffroy, Petit, Rayaisson, Leveque.
Cousm (1792-1867)-9KjreKTHKB ii nocjitAOBaTejib ntMen-
kiixb HAeajincTOBB.
no
ero Teopin, KpacoTa Bcer^a nnteTBOGHOBy HpaBCTBeHHyio. Cousin ouposepraeiB noaomeme o tomb
hto ncKyccTBo ecTb HOApamaiiie ii hto npeKpacHO to, hto Hpa-
EIITCH- 0h,ł yTBepmAaeTB, hto KpacoTa MomeTB Ohtb
jiena caMa bb ceóib ii hto cyra,HocTb en coctohtb bb pa3Ho- oópa3iii b b eniiHeTBF *).
JIocTii> Cousin TUioajiB o5b BCTeTHidb Jouffroy (1796—1842).
Jouffroy to?ks noc.TfenoBaTdJib HpMeiiKoti acTeTiiKii ii yneiniK-iM Cousin. no ero onpenLjieHiro, KpacoTa ecTb Bbipaateme Hemi/pi-; ; Maro nocpejicTBOMB ecTeeTBeHHHXB 3HaK0BB, KOTopne ero npo- HBJIHfOTB. B KU HM Fi ii MipB eCTb O.iejRia, noepeUCTBOMB KOTOpott
Mbl BH.1HMB KpaCOTy 2).
fflBefłpapenB Petit 3), micaBHiiii o6b iicKyccTB-fe, noBTopserb - Ferejia u n.naTOHa, nojiaras KpacoTy bb HenocpencTBemioMB u cboóoąhomb npoHB.aefiiH óoacecTBeHHoli Hzien, npoHBJiaioipeft ce6a bb ayBCTBeiiHHSB o6pa3axB.
Leveque —nocatnoBaTejib niejuiHHra h Ferens. no JIeBeKy,ij KpacoTa ecTb hLuto HCBH/uiMoe, CKpbiBaromeeca bb npapon%. j Cmna h.iiii nyxB ecTb nposBJieme ynopaaoaeiiHoił -onepriH 4).
Tania me HeonpezrbjieHHBia cyjKuenia o eym;H0CTH KpacoTH BbicKaabiBajiB ii ((ipaHnyacidił MeTa(|)ii3HXB Ravaisson, EOTopnlt npH3HaeTB KpacoTy KOHeaHoio pbjibio Mipa. „La beaute la plus divine et principalement la plus parfaite contient le secret“ 5). Ho
ero Milianlo, iipacora ecTb n,Rjib Mipa.
„Le monde entier est l’oeuvre [d’ une 'beaute absolue, qui n’est la cause des choses, que par 1’amour, qu’elle met en elles“ .
51 napoaHo ne nepeBOJKy 3thxb MCTa(|)H3tiaecKHXB b iapaum- 1
Hitt, noTOMy kto, KaKB ii u TyMaHHH hLmiih,— (jf)paHii;y3bi, Korna oh a naaiiTaioTca "iiLMiieBB ii nonpa?KaioTB i-imb, naneKo erpe npeBOCXOĘHTB HXB, COeHHHHH BB O^HO pa3H0p0HHHH HOHHTiil II 6e3pa3JiiiHHo noacTaBJiHH oiihoiiohb upyroe. TaiiB, (fjpaiinyacKiii 4)H,aocof()B Renouvier, Towe pa3cyjRnaa o KpacorL, roBopiiTB: „Ne craignons pas de dire, qu’une verite, qui ne serait pas belle, n’est qu’un jeu logiąue de notre esprit et que la seule verite solide et digne de ce nom c’est la beaute“ 6).
KpOML 9TI1XB H,TieajIHCTHHeCKirXB 9CTe.THK0BB, miCaBHIIIXB II HHiiiymiiXB iiohb BJiiatiieMB H&MepKoft cf)iiJioco(|)iii, bo (Ppaiipiii
') Ibid., 112. s) Ibid., 116. s) Knight, 118. 4) Ibid., 123— 124. 5) La pbilosophie en France (p. 232). 6) Du foudement de 1’induction.
31
3a nocirhiuiee BpeMH iimTjiii BjiinHie Ha HOHiiMaHie ncKyccTBa
ii KpacoTH eipe T9hb, Troiło, IIIepfiro^Be, KociepB, BepoHB.
Ho Tony (1828 1893), KpacoTa ecTB nponBJieHie cyipecTBeii-naro xapaKTepa KaKolł-jindo BHaHiiTejiBHolł imeii, Gonie coBep- HieHHoe, hTmb to, bb KaKOMB oHa BHpa®aeTcn bb ^THctbit-
TejIbHOCTII ').
no Troiło (1854— 1888), KpacoTa ne ecTb hThto nywnoe ca- momy npe^Me.Ty, He ecTb napa3HTHoe pacTeHie Ha HeMB, a ecTb caMoe pacpBTTaHie Toro cyipecTBa, na kotopomb OHa npo- HBJUKSTCH. IICKyCCTBO 5KC eCTb BbipaJKeTliC' JKH3HII pa3VMH0lł II CO- 3HaTeJIbH0lł, BH3HBarome0 BB HaCB, CB 'O/lHOlł CTOpOHLI, CaMHH TJiyóoKiH omymema cyrpecTBOBaiiia, cb jpyroft— ayBCTBa caMBM BHCOKLfl H MblCJIII CaMblH B03BbIHieHIIbia. HcKyCCTBO nonHHMaeTB nejioBTiia H3B JiHHHOlt /KH3nii bb vKii3iib Bceoómyro, nocpen-CTBOMB He TOJIbKO yHaCTlfl BB OHHHaKOBHXB HyBCTBaXB II bT- pOBaHiaXB, HO nOCpeflCTBOMB 0,HIIHaK0BHXB HyBCTBB 2).
IIo IHeporojibe, iicKyccTBo ecTb niiiTejibHocTb, vnoBJieTBo- paroinaa: i) Hameił BpojRuemiofł .tuoObii kb oflpaoaMB (appa- iences), 2) BHocamaa bb bth odpasn iineii ii 3) nocTaBjiaroinaa Hacjia®nenie ojHOBpeMeHHo iiarauMB ayBCTBaMB, cep/my ii pa- 3j m j. KpacoTa ®e, no IHepdrojibe, ne npiicyma npeuMeTaMB,
a ecTb a itT B nauielł ;iyniit. KpacoTa—ecTb ii.Tuiroaiii. HTtbadco- JIIOTHOlł KpacoTH, HO KaJIteTCH npeKpaCHHMB TO, HTO KaJKeTCH HaMB XapaKTepHHMB II rapMOHIIHHHMB.
IIo Kocrepj, ii^eii KpacoTH, nodpa hi hctehh BpoiKneHHH.
3tii nneii npoeBrTii],aroTB HaiHB yMB u ToasecTBerniH cb BoroMB. KOTopbifl II ecTb AOÓpo, HCTiiHa II KpacoTa. ITien JKe KpacoTH BKJHOHaeTB BB ceda ejiiHCTBo cyipHocTH, pa3H00Cpa3ie cocTa- BJIHroipiIXB;9JieMeHT0BB II nopHUOKB, KOTOpbllt BHOCIITB 6.HIIHCTB0
bb pa3Hooópa3ie npoHBjiemil ikitshh 3).
HpiiBe,iy HJia itojihotmeipe iiTkotophu H3B caMHXB nocjrfł,5-
mixB iiiicaiiirt o6b ircKyccTBT.
„La psychologie du Beau et de l’Art“ par Mario Piło (1895). IIo Mario Piło, KpacoTa ecTb npon3Be;ieiiie HainiixB (|)H3
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