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Some System Aspects Concerning Organization of Institutions and Enterprises

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A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S

______ FOLIA OECONOMICA 2 4 , 1932

* W ło d z im ie rz B o j a r s k i

SOME SYSTEM ASPECTS CONCERNING ORGANIZATION OF INSTITUTIONS AND ENTERPRISES

I n s t i t u t i o n and Ent e r p r i s e a s a Flow System o f D i f f e r e n t Q u a l i t a t i v e E le m e n ts

F o r a q u a t e r o f t h e c e n t u r y s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s te m h a v e b e e n i n t e r p r e t e d a f t e r G, F ried m an n a s "m an-m achine" c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , w i t h t h e l a t e r a d d i t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n * e l e m e n t p e r c e i v e d i n th em . However, e v e r y s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s t e m , a p a r t from th«» a c h i e v e d g o a l s o r t h e p e r f o r m e d f u n c t i o n s , a p a r t fro m i t s s t r u c t u r e and s c a l e , i s b u i l t from d i f f e r e n t e l e m e n t s w h i c h , i n g r e a t s i m p l i -f i c a t i o n s , c a n b e g ro u p e d a lw a y s i n t o t h e same 5 q u a l i t a t i v e c l a s s e s - f i g . 1t ,

1) men ( m a n a g e r s , em ployes and u s e r s - a s autonom ous w o rk in g

s u b s y s t e m s ) , . r 2) g r o u p s o f o r g a n !e w a and t h e i r p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t ( e c o -s y -s t e m -s a r e a l -s o t h e autonomou-s -s u b -s y -s t e m -s ) , 3) i n a n i m a t e o b j e c t s ( o f e n v i r o n m e n t а з w e l l a s m a t a r i a l s and e q u i p m e n t ), A) e n e r g y ( d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f e n e r g y c a r r i e r s and forms o f e n e r g y ) , 5) i n f o r m a t i o n ( i n f o r m a t i o n c a r r i e r s ) . A s ś . P r o f e s s o r , The I n s t i t u t e o f F u n d am en tal R e s e a r c h o f t h e P o l i s h Academy o f S c i e n c e s . 1 G. F r i e d m a n n , M achine e t huroaniamrae, 139J T e c h n o l o g i c a l P a r i s 1954.

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VIo d ria lo rz 5ojarak 1

F í g . 1 . S t r u c t u r e o f S o c i a l A c t i v i t y S y s te m , a f t e r W. B o j a r s k i , P r a x i o l o g i c a l Model o f T e c h n i c a l S yste m D e s i g n , "Methods, arid

T h e o r i e s " 19 7 6 , v o l . 1 0 , n r 2 0 .

The above c l a s s i f i c a t i o n Í3 not. c l e a r b e c a u s e t h e f i r s t t h r e e c l a s s e s a r e a l s o o f t e n t h e c a r r i e r s o f t h e f a c t o r s l i s t e d i n t h e o t h e r two c l a s s e s . K o r e o v e r , a l l t h e e l e m e n t s and f a c -t o r s a r e i n t h e p r o c e s s o f movement i n t h e s y s t e m and t h e y un-d e r g o c h a n g e s . They a r e o n l y t e m p o r a r i l y p r e s e n t i n t h e s y s te m and t h a t i s why t h e i r f l o w s t h r o u g h t h e s y s t e m a r e w i l l i n g l y c o n s i d e r e d . - ‘Аз a r u l e , a l l t h e l i s t e d k i n d s o f t h e e l e m e n t s e n t e r , t o some e x t e n t , i n t o t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e w o r k in g s t a n d s c r e a -t i n g a p r o c e s s i n g s y s -t e m c a l l e d p r o c e s s o r . I t i s a t t h e s e - s t a n d s t h a t t h e t r a n a f o r m a t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t o f a c t i o n i s p e r f o r m e d i n w h ich i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d i s t i n g u i s h some e r eve n a l l t h e k i n d s o f t h e above m e n tio n e d e l e m e n t s . T h u s , e v e r y l a r g e r s o c i a l a c t i -v i t y s y s t e m s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a s a com plex s y s te m ; man e n v i -ronm ent - d e v i c e - e n e m y - i n f o r m a t i o n. I t i s shown i n f i g , 1 t h a t s u c h a s y s te m i s a lw a y s s t r i c t l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e l a r g e r s y s te m a e x i s t i n g i n i t s s u r r o u n d i n g s e u c h e s s o c i a l . s y s t e m , i n f o r -m a t i o n s y s t e -m , Energy s y s te m and e n v ir o n m e n t. .

F i g u r e 2 p r e s e n t s t h e flo w i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s o c i a l a c t i -v i t y s y s t e m . Each o f t h e m ain f lo w s I n d i c a t e d i n t h e f i g u r e i s

Employees and users

Objects and device*

System Infor-mation system Social-activity system

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а) Station s ( input »tote I

Employees Equipment

Environ-Tech- Intor-ment nicol motion

S tations (output state)

b)

Equipment Emplo- Enviran-Tech - tntor-

yees ment nicol motion

Information on inflowing object Control information from wider system Social activity system

ŕ

Information on outflowing object information on the p ro cess tor the wider system

Information on outflowing elem en ts of th« sta tio n s

F i g . 2 , S o c i a l A c t i v i t y S ystem a s a T r a n s f o r m e r o f F low s: a ) Flows o f A c t i o n O b j e c t and E le m e n ts o f A c t i o n S t a t i o n s , b ) Flows o f

I n f o r m a t i o n ( E n e r g y )

a c c o m p a n ie d by some a s s o c i é t e i n f o r m a t i o n f l o w , w h ic h i s p r e s e n -t e d i n f i g , 2 b . I n s i m p l e c a s e s a c a r r i e r o f i n f o r m a t i o n o f a g i -v e n f lo w may b e t h e f lo w i t s e l f , e . g . t h e p r o p e r l y marked ma-t e r i a l , I n morę com plex c a s e s t h e m ain flo w i s ac com panied by a r e l a t e d , b u t p a r t i a l l y s e p a r a t e d , I n f o r m a t i o n f lo w ( e . g , o p i -n i o -n s , c e r t i f i c a t e s , d e s c r i p t i o -n s e t c . )

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c e r t a i n e n e r g y f l o w s , s p e c i f i c k i n d s - o f e n e r g y a r e b r o u g h t i n t o t h e s y s te m by e m p lo y ee s and o t h e r p e o p l e , e n v i r o n m e n t and mate-r i a l s а з w e l l a s i n f o mate-r m a t i o n i n f l o w i n g . P r e d o m i n a n t l y e n e r g y i s r e c e i v e d s e p a r a t e l y from t h e s y s te m n e i g h b o u r h o o d and g i v e n b a c k i n t h e r e a s w e l l as p a r t l y d i f f u s e d . T h u s , i t w ould be p o s -s i b l e to p r e -s e n t f i g . 2 с s i m i l a r t o f i g . 2 b , w h ic h would i n d i -c a t e e n e r g y f l o w s . a) bl Processor Processor Animate 1 1 environment

i

ft ...j *-c) d) Processor Processor Inanimate objects

[V

Processor

M

Information F i g . 3 . T y p i c a l S y ste m s o f S o c i a l A c t i v i t y : a ) I n s t i t u t i o n s and S e r v i c e P o s t « , b ) Form s, F o r e s t r i e s and S tu d - F a r m s , c ) I n d u s - 't.rb O and Crsďb P l a n t s , d ) E n e rg y P l a n t s , e ) I n f o r m a t i o n P l a n t3

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A c c o r d in g t o t h e k i n d s o f t h e e l e m e n t s d o m i n a t in g i n p r o c ea-s e d o b j e c t ea-s i n t h e ea-s y ea-s te m on e c a n d i ea-s t i n g u i ea-s h m ain k i n d s o f t h e s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s te m s - a s i n f i g . 3j

a ) i n s t i t u t i o n and s e r v i c e c e n t e r s i n w h ich t h e p r o c e s s e d and a t t e n d e d o b j e c t i s a man, b ) F a rm s , f o r e s t r i e s and s t u d í antis i n w h ic h t h e p r o c e s s e d and a t t e n d e d o b j e c t s a r e g r o u p s o f o r g a n is m b i o c e n o s e s o r a l l t h e e c o s y s t e m s , c ) I n d u s t r i a l and c r a f t p l a n t s i n w h ic h i n a n i m i a t e o b j e c t s a r e p r o c e s s e d , — П.9ГДУ p i a n t s w h ich p r o d u c e , p r o c e s s and d e l i v e r e n e r g y , ®) I n f o r m a t i o n p l a n t s w h ich c o l l e c t , p r o c e s s , s t o r a g e and d e l i v e r y e n e r g y ; O b v i o u s l y , o n l y r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s t e m s , w h ich a r e c a l l e d p l a n t s a b o v e , a p p e a r i n t h e i r p u r e fo r m s . Any l a n g e e n t e r p r i s e i s more com plex and so i n t h e o b j e c t flo w one c a n d i s t i n g u i s h с 1 а з я е з o f e l e m e n t s a s p r e s e n t e d i n f i g . A a and b . An a c t i o n o b j e c t i a h e r e t h e complex s y s te m i n i t s e l f , e v e n i f ono c o n s i d e r s o n l y t h e p r o c e s s e d m a t e r i a l f l o w . T h u s , t h e s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s te m must b e r e g a r d e d a s a mu]- t i c h a n n e ] p r o c e s s o r o f t h e d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f f l o w s . Evory s e p a -r a t e . е З а Д o f e l e m e n t s b -r i n g s i t s c h a -r a c t e -r i s t i c f e a t u r e s t o t h e s y s t e m and i s s u b j e c t t o o t h e r p r o c e s s e s a c c o r d i n g t o s e p a r a t e la w ę . M o re o v e r, t h e s y n e r g i c i n t e r a c t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t e l e m e n t s i s p r o c e e d e d t o g e t h e r w i t h some n p r e complex p r o c e s s e s o f t h e a s s o c i a t e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . I f one c o n s i d e r s t h e s m a l l e s t b u t t h e c o m p l e t e s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s te m h a v i n g two e l e m e n t s o f e a c h o f t h e k i n d s i n t h e p r o c e s s o r and two - I n t h e p r o c e s s e d o b j e c t p l u s t h e m a n a g e r, one w i l l e a s i l y o b s e r v e t h a t i n s u c h a s y s t e m t h e r e a r e more t h a n 100 q u a l i t a t i v e l y d i f f e r e n t c o n n e c t i o n s ( t a -k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e -k in d and p l a c e - r o l e - o f t h e e l e -m en ts and t h e k i n d o f c o n n e c t i o n ) , T h u s , t h i s r o u g h model i n -d i c a t e s a l l t h e com plex and d i f f i c u l t p r o b le m s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n , o r g a n i z a t i o n , r e a l i z a t i o n and management o f a s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s t e m . To s o l v e t h e above p r o b le m s a r e -s e a r c h g r o u p o f a t l e a -s t 10 p e r s o n s h a s t o be e n g a g ed ( minimum 1 e x p e r t f o r e v e r y f l o w marked f i g . 1) , du e t o t h e l i m i t s e x i s -t i n g i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s p e c i a l i s t s e d u c a t i o n . W hile c o n s i d e -r i n g s u c c e s s i v e l y e v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t s e p a r a t e k in d o f ^ n n e c t i o u

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Ol System ot stations { input s ta te )

Emplo- Environ-Equip- Organiiatianal yees ment or ment and

condi- materials technological tions and . information

energy Customers Animate environment Objects, materials and energy Orders, current information System ot stations (output state! W

Energy ond information

Energy and information Outflowing with the

tlows or dispersed

F i g . /*. Lar*;© J c e l e S o c i a l A c t i v i t y S ystem E n t e r p r i s e o r I n s t i -t u -t i o n a s a M u l -t i c h a n n e l T r a n s f o r m e r o f Flows

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I n s i d e t h e s y s te m a s w e l l a s o u t s i d e c o n n e c t i o n s , i t would be p o s s i b l e t h e n t o a s s i g n them more a d e q u a t e l y t o d i f f e r e n t ex-p e r t s , and t o d e t e r m i n e an i n t e g r i t y r o l e and t h e t a s k s o f o r g a -n i z a t i o -n a-nd s y s te m e x p e r t s . A g e n e r a l e v a l u a t i o n c r i t e r i o n i n d u c a t i n g t h e q u a l i t y and l e v e l o f t h e s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s t e m o r g a n i z a t i o n i s an a d e q u a t e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m t a s k o r i t s main g o a l w i t h t h e p o s s i -b l e e n t i r e i n s i d e and o u t s i d e h a r m o n i z a t i o n o f t h e s y s te m end t h e m in im al o v e r a l l s o c i a l c o s t s . C o s t m i n i m i z a t i o n i n c l u d e s h e r e t h e d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n , e x p l o i t a t i o n and e v e n t u a l r e t i r e m e n t o f t h e s y s te m a s w e l l a s a l l t h e c o s t s o f t h e u s e r s and t h e p r o c e s s e d o b j e c t . I t means e . g . t h a t t h e I n s t i t u t i o n o r s e r v i c e c e n t e r s h o u l d b e o r g a n i z e d i n a way w h ic h would m in im iz e n o t o n l y i t s own c o s t s , b u t a l s o t h e g e n e r a l i z e d c o s t s o f t h e s e r v e d c u s t o -m ers. I n s t i t u t i o n and E n t e r p r i s e E n v iro n m e n t

The flo w model p r e s e n t e d i n f i g . 2 o r 4 h a s a l s o an a d d i t i o -n a l advantage i . e . it i s r e l a t i v e l y e a s y t o s e p a r a t e and i d e n -t i f y i n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e s y s t e m some o t h e r s y s te m s o f s p e c i f i c k i n d s and f u n c t i o n s , w h ich f o r a lo n g ru n a r e o f e s s e n -t i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r t h e p r o p e r o p e r a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m . F i g u r e 5 i s a ro u g h p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e b a s i c g e n e r i c f u n c t i o n a l s t r u c -t u r e o f t h e e n v ir o n m e n t r e f e r r i n g t o f i g . 4 a and b would need t o o much s p a c e , n e v e r t h e l e s s i t s h o u l d b e done w i t h t h e f u n c -t i o n a n a l y s i s o f a d e f i n i -t e s y s -t e m . A l a r g e b l o c k i n t h e m id d le o f f i g . 5 p r e s e n t i n g t h e c o n s i d e -r e d s y s te m S ( i n s t i t u t i o n o -r e n t e -r p -r i s e ) , i a i n t e r p r e t e d h e r o as an o r g a n i z e d g r o u p o f p e o p l e , m a t e r i a l s and e q u ip m e n t i n t h e p r o -c e s s o f o p e r a t i o n o r r e a d y t o o p e r a t e , p r o v i d e d w i t h a d e q u a t e d o c u m e n t a t i o n , s u p p l i e d w i t h e n e r g y and " p lu n g e d " i n a p a r t o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . The a d o p te d g r a p h i c a l c o n v e n t i o n h e r e i a t h a t f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f m a i n t e n a n c e and r e p a i r s t h e e q u ip m e n t i s t r a n s f e r r e d fro m t h i s b l o c k t o t h e m a i 'i t e n a n c e s y s te m shown b o - lo w , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e f a c t w h e t h e r t h e i n s p e c t i o n o r r e p a i r s a r a p e r f o r m e d i n t h e w orkshop o r i n t h e p l a c e w h e re a g i v e n p i e c e o f e q u ip m e n t o p e r a t e s .

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1.1 Development system Employee training I system Irrtrastruc ture and regional deve topme system Equipment supply and project con-struction system Research and design base Environment Competing or substitu tionai supply system Considered social activity system

( Equipment in operotion and stand by with the personnel) Row mate-rials suppi; system Environment Social and vec- reationa! tac ili ties

Environ ment recul tivation system Maintenance; and vepairs; base Equipment Environment Employee dismissal

New em ployees, equipment end technologies

Cooperating butter or storage system Equipment and plant scrapping F i g . 5 . E x p l o i t a t i o n and d e v e lo p m e n t o f E n e v ir o n m e n t o f a S o c i a l A c t i v i t y S ystem ^ I n d i c a t e d , L i n e s D enote t h e Flows o f E m p lo y e e s, E n v i r o n m e n t , E q u ip m e n t, I n f o r m a t i o n , M a t e r i a l s ar>d Energy)

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V e r t i c a l l y i n t h e above d ia g r a m t h e r e a r e t h e i n p u t and o u t -p u t s y s te m s c o n c e r n i n g e m p l o y e e s , , e n v ir o n m e n t ( a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u -r e ) , e q u ip m e n t and d o c u m e n t a t i o n . The s o c i a l a c t i v i t y . ^ s y s t e m i a d i s c u s s e d h e r e i n t h e l o n g te r m h o r i z o n and t h e r e f o r e i n t h e u p p e r p a r t o f t h e d ia g r a m t h e d e v e lo p m e n t s y s te m i s shown, w h ic h b u i l d s and d e v e l o p s t h e s y s te m c o n s i d e r e d . I n t h e h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n i n f i g . 5 t h e b a s i c flo w o f a c t i o n o b j e c t i s p r e s e n t e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d flo w o f a p a r t o f e n v i r o n m e n t c u r r e n t l y u s e d i n t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s ( e . g . t h e a i r u s e d f o r c o n d i t i o n i n g and b u r n i n g ) . A t t h e o u t p u t o f t h e s y s t e m , b e s i d e c o n su m e rs and u s e r s o f t h e p r o d u c t s o r f u n c t i o n , t h e c o o p e r a t i v e b u f f e r o r s t o r a g e s y s te m i s shown as w e l l a s t h e s y s t e m o f c o m p e tin g o r s u b s t i t u t i n g s u p p l i e s ( f u n c -t i o n s ) . , I n s u c h an e n v ir o n m e n t t h e o p t i m a l c o n s t r u c t i o n , e x p l o i -t a -t i o n , r e c o n s t r u c t i o n and d e v e l o p m e n t , o f , i n f a c t , e v e r y s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s te m s h o u l d be d i s c u s s e d . The f lo w s o f e m p lo y e e s , e n v i r o n m e n t , e q u ip m e n t and i n f o r m a -t i o n form p a r -t l y c l o s e d l o o p s o f f l o w s and f e e d b a c k s i n -t h e s y s -te m s u r r o u n d i n g s w h ic h i s a l s o p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f i g u r e . The a w a r e n e s s i s n o t a lw a y s s a t i s f a c t o r y , one c a n a l s o d o u b t i f t h e p r e s e n t f l o w s a r e c l o s e d s u f f i c i e n t l y . T h e r e a r e o n l y t h e most i n t e n s i v e i n f o r m a t i o n f l o w s shown i n t h i s d i a g r a m ; a l l t h e o t h e r i n f o r m a -t i o n c o n n e c -t i o n s w h ich a l s o e x i s t b e tw e e n a l l t h e p r e s e n t e d s y a - teins h a v e b e e n o m i t t e d h e r e t o make t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n more c l e a r ,

W hile b e g i n n i n g r e s e a r c h on t h e d e f i n i t e s y s te m o f e n t e r p r i s e o r i n s t i t u t i o n I t i s n e c e s s a r y t o t r e a t i t a s s y s te m $ i n t h e m id d le o f f i g . 5 and t o s t u d y s u c c e s s i v e l y a l l i t s c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h t h e r e a l s y s te m s e x i s t i n g i n i t s e n v i r o n m e n t , w h ic h p e r f o r m t h e same f u n c t i o n s a s t h e e n v ir o n m e n t s y s te m s marked i n t h e f i g u -r e . E very i n p u t and o u t p u t o f t h e s y s te m 5 can b e , t o some d e g r e e , l i m i t e d and c a u s e t h e l i m i t a t i o n o f i t s a c t i o n p o s s i b i -l i t i e s and s o -l u t i o n s .

The p r o p e r s o l u t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m n e e d s t h e a p p r o p r i a t e eva-l u a t i o n and t h e a d e q u a t e q u a l i t a t i v e and q u a n t i t a t i v e c o m p o s i t i o n o f a l l t h e above c o n n e c t i o n s p e r fo r m e d i n t h e o p t i m a l and harmo-n i o u s wpy aharmo-nd t h a t d e p e n d s a l s o on t h e a d e q u a t e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t s y s t e m s , i p & more d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n t h e r e I s s u c h a s y s t e m , w h ich l a c k s some s i g n i f i c a n t c o o p e r a t i n g s y s te m s lh J t s e n v iro n m e n t and p a r t l y h a s t o t a k e o v e r t h e i r f u n c t i o n s .

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O r g a n i z a t i o n and D i s o r g a n i z a t i o n The te r m " o r g a n i z a t i o n " h a s s e v e r a l m e a n in g s . H ere we s h a l l u n d e r s t a n d ( i n an a d j e o t i v e s e n s e ) , t h e m u tu a l s e t t l e m e n t o f e l e -m ents i n t h e s y s te -m t o p e r f o r -m a d e f i n i t e f u n c t i o n o r t o a c h i e v e some d e f i n i t e g o a l o f t h e s y s t e m . H e nce, t h e s y s te m o r g a n i z a t i o n i s a c e r t a i n d i r e c t e d and r e l a t i v e f e a t u r e . A h i g h l y o r g a n i z e d s y s te m w i t h r e g a r d t o some o f i t s a s p e c t s c a n b e low o r g a n i z e d w i t h r e g a r d t o o t h e r s . R e f e r r i n g t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f a c t i v i t y s y s te m one c a n s a y t h a t a s y s te m o r g a n i z e d t o p e r f o r m a d e f i n i t e f u n c t i o n o r t o a c h i e v e a g i v e n g o a l i s b u i l t w i t h t h e e l e m e n t s c o o p e r a t i n g i n p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h i s f u n c t i o n o r g o a l a s w e l l a s w i t h „ th e fo rm s o f i n t e r a c t i o n s o c c u r r i n g b e tw e e n t h e e l e m e n t s . T h i s s t a t e m e n t c a n be t r e a t e d a s a d e f i n i t i o n o f o r g a n i z a t i o n i n a m a t e r i a l s e n s e . The s y s te m o r g a n i z a t i o n c o n s i s t s i n c o m p o s i t i o n and s e t t -le m e n t o f s t a t i c e l e m e n t s i n s p a c e , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r ma-t e r i a l , f o r m , f u n c t i o n e t c . I t i n t r o d u c e s a l s o an a d d i t i o n a l d o u b l e t i m e o r d e r c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e a c ti o n » - g e n e a l o g i e o r d e r r e s u l t i n g from t h e r e a s o n - r e s u l t s u c -c e s s i o n i n t h e p a s t , - g o a l o r d e r ( t e c h n o l o g i c ) r e s u l t i n g from d i r e c t i n g t h e s y s -tem to w a r d s t h e f u n c t i o n s p e r f o r m e d and r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e s y s -tem g o a l s i n t h e p a s t and i n t h e f u t u r e . • In a n i m a t e s y s t e m s , p e r f e c t l y o r g a n i z e d , i n t h e s t a t i c c o n d i -t i o n s b o -t h o f -t h e above r u l e s o f s e t t l e m e n t g i v e t h e same r e -s u l t o f -s e t t l e m e n t w h ic h i -s , a d d i t i o n a l l y , i n a c c o r d a n c e w,ith t h e a c t u a l s t a t i c s e t t l e m e n t , • Some s u f f i c i e n t l y h i g h l e v e l o f s t a t i c s e t t l e m e n t i s n e e d e d f o r t h e p r o p e r and e f f e c t i v e f u n c t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m . However, an . e x c e s s i v e , t o o s t i f f s e t t l e m e n t l e a d s t o d e t e r m i n i s m , i s . t h r e a -t e n s w i t h f o s s i l i z a t i o n , and i t i s an o b s t a c l e f o r an e l a s t i c , e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n i n em ergency a s w e l l a s f o r t h e a d a p t a t i o n ° f t h e a y s t e a t o t h e c h a n g in g e n v i r o n m e n t. K. B o g d a ń s k i t r i e d t o 2 K . .0,0 g d a á a к 1, F r dba d e f i n i c j i żyw ej m a t e r i i ' z e s t e -powi я k á b i o f i z y k i , “Kosmos'1 1971» s e r . A, 2 0 . n r 1 .

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F i g . 6. O r i e n t a t i o n Diagram o f D ependence B etw een L e v e l o f Orga-n i z a t i o Orga-n aOrga-nd S e t t l e m e Orga-n t C o Orga-n t r a r y C o m p le x ity o f S y ste m , a f t e r K. B o g d a ń s k i , P ró b a d e f i n i c j i żywej m a t e r i i z e s t a n o w i s k a

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i l l u s t r a t e t h i s p r o b le m c o m p a rin g t h e n a t u r a l s y s te m s o f a s i g -n i f i c a -n t l y d i f f e r e -n t s c a l e - s e e f i g . 6 . I t was i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e id e a l, form a o f t h e a n i m a t e m a t t e r o r g a n i z a t i o n w e re d e v e lo p e d i n л v e r y n a r ro w p a r t i t i o n o f th e s y s te m s e t t l e m e n t d e g r e e , i n -d e p e n -d e n t l y o f t h e s y s te m s c a l e . T h e r e a r e some o p t i m a l s c a l e s o f s y s t e m s and s e t t l e m e n t s , w h ic h i n d u c e d t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e o f s e t t l e m e n t - a human o r g a n is m . I n e v e r y m odem o r g a n i z a t i o n i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o m a i n t a i n c o n t i n u a l " ! у an a p p r o p r i a t e b a l a n c e b e tw e e n t h e two o p p o s i t e b u t e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t g r o u p s o f f e a t u r e s : o r d e r ( o f a s t a t i c n a t u r e ) ' and c r e a t i o n , a d a p t a t i v i t y and i n n o v a t o r y a c t i o n ( o f a dynamic n a t u r e ) . F o r m a l i z a t i o n and c e n t r a l i z a t i o n l e a d t o o r d e r , b u t on t h e o t h e r h a n d , t o s t a g n a t i o n and i n a d a p t a b i l i t y o f t h e s y s t e m . The r e a l im pro v em en t o f o r g a n i z a t i o n c o n s i s t s i n t h e o p t i m a l and harrftotiious j o i n i n g o f t h e s e g r o u p s o f f e a t u r e s . I t s h o u l d mean t h e c r e a t i o n o f ' t h e s u f f i c i e n t d e g r e e o f o r d e r and. c o o r d i n a t i o n ' w i t h t h e maximum d e g r e e o f fre e d o m and t h e g e n e r a l p o s s i b i l i t y o f a c t i o n .

I n f a c t , a l e v e l o f o r g a n i z a t i o n i s s u c h a s y s t e m f e a t u r e w h ic h c a n ,be g r a d a t e d b u t w h ic h we a r e h o t a b l e t o m e a s u r e . I t It* a l s o d i f f i c u l t t o com pare t h e l e v e l o f o r g a n i z a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e l a r g e s y s t e m s and t h e s m a l l o n e s , w h ic h p e r f o r m d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n s . The l e v e l o f o r g a n i z a t i o n .is a d y n a m ic f e a t u r e o f t h e s y s t e m , w h ic h o c c u rs" i n t h e v e r y a c t i o n , n o t i n a s t a t i c s i t u a -t i o n . • The o r g a n i z a t i o n f u n c t i o n a l c o n n e c t i o n s i n t h e s y s t e m and t h e c o n t r o l a c t i o n s h a v i n g a p r o t e c t i v e and s t a b i l i z i n g e f f e c t on t h e s t a t e o f i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h e p r o p e r p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e e l e m e n t s , b u t t h e y a r e rio t . q b le t o l e a d to t h e f u l l d e t e r m i n i s m . M o re o v e r, „ t h e c o n t r o l s u b s y s -tem s ■ and t h e c o n n e c t i o n s b e tw e e n t h e e l e m e n t s become l a x and d i s a r r a n g e d ; I n e f f e c t , e v e r y a c t i o n s y s t e m i s s u b j e c t to . t h e r u t h l e s s law o f d e c o m p o s i t i o n , f o l l o w i n g t h e s e c o n d law o f t h e i w moctynamics. I t means t h a t i f o n l y t h e s y s t e m i s s u f f i c i e n t l y I s o l a t e d and l e f t a l o n e o r d o e s n o t u n d e r t a k e i t s e l f t h e n e c e s -s a r y c o m p e n s a t io n a c t i o n s consum ing i t s i n t e r n a l e n e r g y ( a s a n i -m a te o r g a n is -m s d o ) , t h e d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n and c h a o s i n c r e a s e i n i t . I n e f f e c t , t h e s y s t e m o p e r a t e s w o r s e and w o r s e .

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One c a n o b s e r v e t h e n t h a t t h e p r o c e s s o f w e a r and t e a r g r o -w ing o l d , d e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e s y s te m t a k e s p l a c e .

I f t h e i n c r e a s i n g d e f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e s y s t e m f u n c t i o n i n g o f an e n t e r p r i s e o r an i n s t i t u t i o n c a u s e s t h e g ro w in g d i s s a t i s -f a c t i o n o -f u s e r s and I t i n c r e a s e s t h e number and i n t e n s e n e s s o f t h e i r c o m p l a i n t s , t h e e n e r g y t h u s f l o w i n g i n from t h e o u t s i d e can t e m p o r a r i l y s t o p t h e f u r t h e r d e c a y o f t h e s y s t e m , and i t may even r e s u l t i n im p ro v in g i t s l e v e l o f o r g a n i z a t i o n and f u n c t i o n . The p r e s s u r e ' o f a u t h o r i t i e s , c o m p e t i t i o n e t c . may a c t - i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n . G e n e r a l l y and r o u g h l y s p e a k i n g , e v e r y I n d u s t r i a l arid i n s t i t u t i o n a l s y s t e m a f t e r a s u f f i c i e n t l y l o n g p e r i o d o f tirue o p e r a t e s a s b a d l y a s p o s s i b l e , t h a t , i s - i n t h e v e r y way i t i s a l l o w e d t o o p e r a t e . I f a f t e r some t i m e t h e e n e r g y o f t h e s y s -tem e n v i r o n m e n t i s e x h a u s t e d i n t h e " s t r u g g l e " w i t h t h e d e c a y -in g s y s te m and t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n becomes w e a k e r , t h e f u r t h e r d e -c a y o f t h e s y s te m w i l l p r o r e e d more r a p i d l y . T h i s n a t u r a l , i n e r t i a l d e s t r u c t i o n r e f e r s t o a h i g h e r d e g r e e and more i n t e n s i v e l y o c c u r s i n t h e s y s te m o f a h i g h e r l e v e l o f o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a n i n t h e s y s t e m s o f a s i m p l e r and more p r i m i t i -v e o r g a n i z a t i o n . ( T h e h i g h e r t h e d e g r e e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n t h e l e a s p r o b a b l e i t i s , c o m p a rin g t h e t o t a l c h a o s , a s t h e h i g h sand whip i n t h e d e s e r t i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e a s p r o b a b l e t h a n a low h i l l ) . A p a r t i a l s u p p r e s s i o n o f t h e d e s t r u c t i v e p r o c e s s a f f e c t i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e s y s te m f u n c t i o n i n g i s a c h i e v e d by means o f t h e r e s e r v e e l e m e n t s ( e x c e s s i v e and by p a s s i n g ), w h ic h a r e u s u a l l y l o -c a t e d i n t h e l a r g e s -c a l e s y s t e m s . They a r e p o s s e s s e d by t h e a n i -m ate o r g a n is -m s (‘e . g . d o u b l e o r g a n s o f k i d n e y s , l u n g s , p a r t l y s i g h t and h e a r i n g ) a s w e l l a s t h e large* s c a l e t e c h n o l o g i c a l s y s -te m s . However, t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f r e s e r v a t i o n a r e l i m i t e d be-c a u s e o f t h e i r d i f f e r e n t f e a t u r e s and f u n be-c t i o n s . I t i s o n l y p o s s i b l e i n t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l t h e o r y o f r e l i a b i l i -t y -t h a -t l a r g e and h i g h l y r e l i a b l e s y s -t e m s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d from u n r e l i a b l e e l e m e n t s ; if. f a c t , t h e s e p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e h i g h l y l i m i t e d . H e n ce, ev e n t h e i t o s t i d e a l o r g a n is m s arc- t h e s y s te m s w h ic h grow o l d and l i v e о r e l a t i v e l y S h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e , I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e n a t u r e h a s d e c i d e d t h a t i t i s more p r o p e r f u r d e v e lo p m e n t and b i o l o g i c a l e x p a n s i o n t o c r e a t e c o n t i n u a l l y new g e n e r a t i o n s and i n t h i s way t o p r e s e r v e t h e s p e c i e s and e c o s y s -tem s t h a n t o p r o l o n g l i f e o f i n d i v i d u a l o r g a n i s m s .

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U n d o u b te d ly , t h e p r o c e s s e s o f a g e in g t a k e p l a c e 4 a l s o i n a l l t h e e n t e r p r i s e s and i n š t i t ú t l o n e . I f no e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d o f i n -f l o w i n g from t h e O u t s i d e s t i m u l a t e s o r r e j u v e n e s c e s th e m , t h e y o p e r a t e lew s and l e s s p r o d u c t i v e l y and e f f e c t i v e l y . T h u s , one o f t h e c r u c i a l p r o b le m s o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n t h e o r y Д а s e a r c h i n g f o r t h e .-mr.wer t o t h e q u e s t i o n - how t o i n c i t e and r e j u v e n e s c e t h e s e sy ste rn a and a l s o when and how t o l i q u i d a t e them ( a f t e r r e a c h i n g t h e l i m i t a r y d e g r e e o f n e o c r o s i a and d e s t r u c t i o n ) ? No-wadays o n e s h o u l d a l s o s e a r c h i n t h e s c a l e l a r g e r t h a n up t i l l now ♦ th e " p o s s i b l e a n a l o g i e s b etw e en t h e l a r g e s c a l e s o c i a l a c -t i v i -t y s y s -t e m s and t h e e c o s y s t e m s , n o t c o n f i n i n g o n e s e l f o n l y t o t h e a n a lo g y w i t h t h e o r g a n is m o f an i n d i v i d u a l b e i n g . D i r e c t i o n and Management As d i r e c t i o n we s h a l l u n d e r s t a n d t h e s e t o f r e l a t i o n s j o i n i n g t h e p e r s o n o f t h e l e a d e r o r t h e l e a d i n g g r o u p w i t h s u b o r d i n a t e e m p lo y e e s . I n t h i s s e n s e o n l y p e o p l e a r e d i r e c t e d ( e x c e p t i o -n a l l y a n i m a l s , b u t n o t e q u i p m e n t ) . To d i s t i n g u i s h , a s c o n t r o l we s h a l l u n d e r s t a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a Mah on equipment; ( i t i s e q u ip m e n t w h ic h l a t o be c o n t r o l l e d o n l y ) . T h u s , management e n - com pases b o t h Of t h e above p r o c e s s e s , i . e . d i r e c t i o n and c o n t r o l .

The f o r m a l i z e d ' and m a th e m a tiz e d c o n t r o l t h e o r y i n i t s - b a s i c p a r t r e f e r s , f i r s t o f a l l , t o t h e m a c h in e s and o t h e r w o rk in g d e v i c e s s a t y s f y i r i g s e v e r a l q u i t e r i g o r o u s f o r m a l a s s u m p t i o n s ( w h ic h a r e g e n e r a l l y n o t e x p l i c i t l y f o r m u l a t e d ) . I n s o c i a l a c -t i v i -t y s y s -t e m s , du e to v e r s a t i l i t y and m u l t i f u n c t i o n a l i t y o f eve-ry ť.a n , t h e s t r i c t f o r m a l d e s c r i p t i o n i s n o t f u l l y p o s s i b l e . I n p a r t i c u l a r - a o n e - s i d e d ' ( from . t h e a s s u m p t i o n ) c o n t r o l r e l a t i o n i n .. i : .. c o n t a c t s w i t h a man o f t e n c h a n g e s i n t o t h e t w o s i d e d c o n t r o l g a -r e , * when t h e c o n t r o l l i n g o b j e c t ' c o n t r o l s : t h e c o n t r o l l e d o n e and v i c e v e r s a . I f ' t h i s , d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n i n d i r e c t i o n i s n o t t a -ken i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n w h ic h i s t y p i c a l f o r thťf t e c h n o c r a t i c way o f t h i n k i n g , i t w i l l l e a d t o many f a i l u r e s rind l o s s e s w h i l e a p p l y i n g t h e á a t h e n á t 1 c a l c o n t r o ] t h e o r y i n s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s - t e n s . T h u s , d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e t e r m s : d i r e c t i o n and c o n t r o l r e f e r s to .- a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e ab o v e t e r m s .

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In s o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s te m one s h o u l d s e e , a t l e a s t , t h e thret* k i n d s o f d i r e c t i o n a l c o n t r o l i n t e r a c t i o n s : 1) f o r m a l , r e l a t i v e l y w e l l c o o r d i n a t e d and d i r e c t e d l o a d i n g i n t e r a c t i o n s o f t h e d i r e c t i n g s t a f f as w e l l a s c o n t r o l a c t i o n s o f em ployee s and r e g u l a t o r s , 2) s e m if o r m a l and i n f o r m a l i n t e r a c t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i -z a t i o n and s o c i a l g r o u p s , w e a k ly c o o r d i n a t e d , b u t so m etim e s c r e a -t i n g a l s o -t h e I n f o r m a l d i r e c -t i o n c e n -t r e s , 3 ) i n f o r m a l , i n g e n e r a l n o t c o o r d i n a t e d and d i s s i p a t e d i n t e -r a c t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l e m p lo y e e s .

Control centre (CCI of wider system s

~M--- Control

—*— - Information

CC - Control centre

F i g , 7 . An JExeople o f Formal and i n f o r o a l C o n t r o l Stiu<?tur4> o f S o c i a l A c t i v i t y System

I t r e s u l t s from t h e s u b j e c t i v e c h a r a c t e r o f man t h a t e v e r y e m p lo y e e , who h a s an i n f l u e n c e on r e a l i z a t i o n o f a g i v e n p r e c a s t ;

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in t h e s y s t e m , ' 4'Jtv«í.* t h i s .-system d n some way f o r m a l l y o r i n -f o r m a l l y , p o s i t i v e l y o r n e g a t i v e l y , a c t u a l l y o r p o t e n t i a l l y . The c a s e тоги, d i s c u s s e d i n l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n i n g t h e c e n t r a l i z e d c o n t r o l o r d i r e c t i o n from on e c e n t r e , . i s o n j y a s p e c i a l c a s e , a d e q u a t e t o t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e e q u ip m e n t s y s t e m . However, i n a l~ n o a t e v e r y s o c i a l e c t i v i t y s y s te m a s i m u l t a n e o u s d i r e c t i o n from •many f o r m a l msd i n f o m a l c e n t r e s i a i n f a c t p e r f o r m e d w h ich i s p r e s e n t e d i n f i g . .7. An exa m ple o f s u c h a s y s te m may be a c i t y t r a d e e n t e r p r i s e w i t h num erous s t o r e s , c o n t r o l l e d from above by t h e management o f t n e e n t e r p r i s e , and from below by shop a s s i s - ’ t s n t s and c u s t o m e r s . a » w e l l a s by t h e s a n i t a r y , f i n a n c i a l and o t h e r a u t h o r i t i e s . I t i s a v e r y s e r i o u s p ro b le m o f e v e r y d i r e c -t i o n -to a c h i e v e -t h e s a t i s f a c t o r y c o o r d i n a t i o n o f a l l t h e s e d i -r e c t i o n an d c o n t -r o l a c t i o n s ( a t l e a s t i n o r d e r t o a v o id t h e con-t r a d i c con-t i o n ) a s w e l l a s t o s t r e n g h t e n p r o p e r l y t h e f o r m a l i n t e -r a c t i o n s end t o w eaken t h e i n f o -r m a l o n e s .

The s k i l l f u l o r g a n i z a t i o n and d i r e c t i o n n e e d s know ledge and i n t e l l i g e n c e , n o t t h e c a p i t a l and m a t e r i a l s and f o r t h i s r e a s o n i t 1*3 one o r t h e most e f f e c t i v e form s o f human a c t i v i t y .

As i t was m e n tio n e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s p a r t o f t h e work a con-t i n u o u s e n con-t r o p i e p r o c e s s o f s e l d - a c t i n g slo w d e c a y and d i s o r g a -n i s a t i o -n t a k e s p l a c e i -n e v e r y dy-nam ic s y s t e m . I n t h e s o c i a l a c t i -v i t y s y s te m t h e p r o c e s s m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f w i t h a g r a d u a l l y 1е з з r i g o r o u s a b i d a n c e by' t h e f u n d a m e n t a l r u l e s and w i t h an i n c r e a -s i n g number of- d e v i a t i o n -s from t h e r u l e s , i n . t h e l o o s o n e s s o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l bonds a s w e l l as a u t o n o m l z a t i o n and a b s o l u - t i z a t i o n o f s e p a r a t e c e l l s a c t i o n s , i n t h e c o n t i n u a l i s s u e i n g o f new u n c o o r d i n a t e d ąnd c o n t r a d i t o r y r e g u l a t i o n s e t c . A l l t h e s e f a c t o r s t o g e t h e r r e s u l t i n t h e l o w e r and l o w e r e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e s y s te m a c t i v i t y and i n o t h e r m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f a g e i n g . H e n ce, p r e s e r v i n g t h e s y s te m o r g a n i z a t i o n o n t h e same c o n s t a n t l e v e l and im p r o v in g t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n i s t h e c o n t i n u o u s and d i f -f i c u l t t a s k o -f an e x e c u t i v e . The p r o p e r s o l u t i o n o f t h i s p r o b le m , i s s t r i c t l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h f i n d i n g t h e o p t i m a l b a l a n c e b e tw e e n o r d e r ana. e l a s t i c i t y i n t h e s y s t é m , J w i . e . i t i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e o p t i m a l a s s i g n m e n t o f« r s u b j e c t and o b j e c t r o l e s f o r t h e e m p lo y e e s and u s e r s o f t h e s y s -tem. Hon i s o n e o f t h e more 1 a c t i v e s o u r c e s o f t h e i n c r e a s i n g

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d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t h e s y s t e m , b u t i t i s a l s o t h e 'only s o u r c e o f t h e p o s s i b l e r e j u v e n e s c e n c e , a d o p t i o n and d e v e lo p m e n t o f s u c h a c l a s s o f t h e s y s te m s a s i n s t i t u t i o n o r e n t e r p r i s e r I t seams t h a t t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n t h e o r y ha3 n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y c o n s i d e r e d t h i s c r u c i a l p r o b le m s o f g r .

Human n a t u r e i s t h e m ost c r e a t i v e , i n n o v a t o r y , a d a p t a b l e and e l a s t i c e l e m e n t o f t h e s y s t e m an d i t t r a n s f e r s t h e s e f e a t u r e s i n t o t h e w h o le modem e o c i a l a c t i v i t y s y s t e m , i n w h ic h m a n 's su b -j e c t r o l e i s r e s p e c t e d and u s e d . However, t h e same p o s i t i v e f e a t u r e s o f man seem t o b e u n d e r a i r a b l e and d e t r i m e n t a l i n t h e p r i m i t i v e l y and d e s p o t i c l y managed s y s te m s w h ic h a s s i g n o n l y t h e / o b j e c t t a s k s o f an a n t o r a r o b o t t o a man. In d o i n g so s u c h s y s t e m s condemn t h e m s e l v e s t o become f o s s i l i z e d , ag e d and de-g e n e r a t e d ,

r o o r v i l n a t l o n and D i s s o c i a t i o n o f G o a ls and T a s k s i n t h e S ystem

I n f i g . 8 t h e i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s b e tw e e n g o o l a , r o l e s and t a s k s i n t h e s o c i a l s y s t e m o f a t y p i c a l h i e r a r c h i o s t r u c t u r e a r e p r e s e n t e d . B oth h e a d s a s w e l l а з e m p lo y ee s on e v e r y l e v e l o f t h e h i e r a r c h y p e r f o r m t h e r o l e s o f d o u b l e c h a r a c t e r s a s s u b j e c t s and o b j e c t s ( o p e r a t i o n a l ) . As p e r s o n a t h e y i n t r o d u c e i n t o t h e s y s te m t h e i r own g o a l s p a r t l y m o d i f i e d w i t h t h e m o t i v e s , c o n d i -t i o n s and i n f l u e n c e o f some o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n f a c t o r s . Among t h e s e f a c t o r s t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e ; t h e a s s i g -ned r o l e o r t h e a p p o i n t e d f u n c t i o n , t h e l e v e l o f o t h e r p e o p l e 's s u b o r d i n a t i o n and t h e r e a l o r g a n i z a t i o n r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . The o r g a -n i z a t i o -n a l i n f l u e n c e aims a t n e u t r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e d i s s o c i a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e e m p l o y e e s ' p e r s o n a l g o a l s and t h e a p p o i n t e d r o l e s o r f u n c t i o n s ( i t a l s o aim s a t t h e e n t i r e c o o r d i n a t i o n o f employ-e r s ' d u t i employ-e s w i t h t h e t a s k s a c t u a l l y a s s i g n e d and p e r f o r m e d by them w h ic h a r e c a l l e d i n f i g . 0 p e r s o n a l tatek« o f an e m p lo y e e ) . However, i t i s a n i d e a l s t a t e , w h ic h i s u s u a l l y n o t a c h i e -v e d , One s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d f o r some d i s s o c i a t i o n s o f t h e h e a d s ' a n d em ployee*/ p e r s o n a l t a s k s and t h e i r d u t i e s . The d i s s o -c i a t i o n o f t h e s e t a s k s p e r f o r m e d by h e a d s f a l s i f i e s t h e a s -s ig n m e n t o f r o l e -s and t a -s k -s t o t h e s u b o r d i n a t e e m p lo y e e s and t o

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Actual stete ot knowledge and technology Existing conditions and solutions Personal neecJs and preferences

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t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n c e l l s o f a l o w e r r a n k and t h e i r e x e c u t i v e s . I n t h e m u l t i l e v e l h i e r a r c h i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n t h i s f a l s i f i c a t i o n i s m u l t i p l i e d on t h e way b e tw e e n t h e c h i e f m a n a g e r and t h ę . o r g a n i z a - t i o n c e l l s o f a l o w e r r a n k and t h e i r e x e c u t i v e s . F o r t u n a t e . ! у , many em ployees'com m on s e n s e o p p o s e s t h i s f a l s i f i c a t i o n . F i g u r e 8 p r e s e n t s a l s o t h a t t h e t a s k s o f i n s t i t u t i o n and e m p lo y e e s a r e s p r e a d b e tw e e n t h e lo n g t e r m s o c i a l g o a l and t h e i n s t i t u t i o n g o a l s and b e tw e e n t h e c o n d i t i o n s and n e e d s among w h ic h t h e s h o r t t e r m f a c t o r s a r e d o m i n a t i n g . I t seems t h a t f o r e v e r y o r g a n i z a t i o n and f u n c t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e o f an i n s t i t u t i o n and e n t e r p r i s e t h e a n a l o g i c a l s t u d i e d t o t h o -s e p r e -s e n t e d i n f i g . 8 s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d . More a t t e n t i o n t h a n t o d a y s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e ' p r o b le m o f g o a l s , r o l e s and t a s k s c o o r d i n a t i o n . The e f f e c t i v e ways o f r e a l r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e p r i m a r y s o c i a l g o a l s s h o u l d b e s t i l l s e a r c h e d f o r i n e v e r y d a y a c t i v i t y o f i n s t i t u t i o n s and e n t e r p r i s e s . W ło d z im ie rz B o j a r s k i

PEWNE ASPEKTY SYSTEMOWE ORGANIZACJI INSTYTUCJI I P RZEDSI f B IORSTW

^ f 8 t P ^ i ę c o n y p r a w i d ło w e j o r g a n i z a o j i i n s t y t u c j i .1

p i / . c d o i ę b i o r s t w w u j ę c i u systemowym. P ra w id ło w a o r g a n i z a c j a s y s -temu p o l e g a na o p t y m a l n e j równowadze pom iędzy s t a t y c z n y m prawem i p o r z ą d k i e m a d y n a m ic z n ą d z i a ł a l n o ś c i ą , e l a s t y c z n o ś c i ą i i n n o w a c j a - mi. J e ś l i t a równowago z o s t a n i e z a c h w i a n a , k a ž d ý s y s t e m o s i a / r - riie s t a n , w k tó ry m b ę d z i e d z i a ł a ł z u p e ł n i e n i e p r a w i d ł o w o , Í f í ľ ? . 8 ? 1® 2f S a d n l c ? Q J 6żV X a i 4 od s t e r o w a n i a . S t e r o w a n i e j e3i, j e d n o k i o m tikową r e l a c j ą , a k i e r o w a n i e - r e l a c j ą d w u s t r o n n ą . o t ą d te,, t e o r i a s t e r o w a n i a j e s t mało p r z y d a t n a w z a r z ą d z a n i u . W r z e c z y w i s t o ś c i odbywa s i ę w i e l o o ś r o d k o w e , a u t o r y t a t y w n e i p r z e c h o -d z ą c e j e -d n o c z e ś n i e o-d p r z e ł o ż o n y c h do p o d w ła d n y c h k i e r o w a n i e i z a r a d z a n i e system em . Ważne j e s t r o z s z e r z e n i e z a k r e s u p o d m io to -wej r o l i w s z y s t k i c h l u d z i z w ią z a n y c h z syste m e m , p o n ie w a ż d e s p o -t y c z n i e k i e r o w a n e s y s -t e m y , k t ó r e z a k ł a d a j ą w y ł ą c z n i e p r z e d m i o t o -wą r o l ę wykonawcow, s ą s k a z a n e na s k a m i e n i e n i e , z e s t a r z e n i e s i e i

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