• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Niektóre operacje technologiczne przyczyniające się do powstawania wad i nietrwałości skór wyprawionych (część 2)

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Niektóre operacje technologiczne przyczyniające się do powstawania wad i nietrwałości skór wyprawionych (część 2)"

Copied!
15
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

!"#$%&'!%()*)+

Zakład Konserwacji Papieru i Skóry UMK

Niektóre operacje technologiczne

przyczyniające się do powstawania wad

i nietrwałości skór wyprawionych (część 2)

Wprowadzenie

!

"#"$%&'()&*!+%,-+)!.$/01232!#456)#(#!/&+7(#8#9),!60$#:2!;15$0! #'! 4#4&(/2! "#%0;1.().! ;2$#6+.! '#! "#+%</1#60+7! "$#+&;56! *&*! #:$5:1)=! #':06.*<+&*! ;),! 6! /%6>! 6.$;%/.+)&! 4#1$041.

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

4#%&' 72)&*7!(.2+-' :+159;' <==! IJ+/.! K()L&$;)/./);! M)+#8.)! ?#"&$()+)>! F.:0/1#%(.6;/6#!

)!N#(;&$6./#$;/6#O=!PQHQ=!/>!!RS=!;>!PPSGPTR>

(2)

(.6&/!()&63.-+)60+7!;2:;/.(+*)=!.!()&$%.'1#!/&A!/2;%#6.(#!6.'0!;15$!G! 6;%0;/1#!/#!4).3#!(.!+&82!%6),1;%&()&!%0;12>!K'#124&(/#6.(04!"$%0@ 13.'&4! ;<! ()&1/5$&! "$.1/01)! ;/#;#6.(&! "$%&%! 9.$:.$%0! '%)&8()+0! E$.9.! 6! .$;%.6)&P=!*&'(.1!"#'#:(0+7!"$%0".'156!:03#!6),+&*>

M)&#'"#6)&'()&!6.$2(1)!"$%&+7#606.().!)!2A0/1#6.().=!6!60()12! 1/5$0+7! "$%&'4)#/0! ;15$%.(&! 28&9.*<! ();%+%&()2=! /#! );/#/(.=! .8&! ()&*&'0@ (.!9$2".!+%0(()156!();%+%<+0+7>!U$29<!9$2"<!+%0(()156=!'&+0'2*<+0+7! #!/$6.3#-+)=!*&;/!63.-()&!/&+7(#8#9).=!.!-+)-8&*!G!"$.6)'3#6#!601#(.(.!#:@ $5:1.!;15$0>!V'!*.1#-+)!60"$.6)#(&*!;15$0!%.8&A0!6!:.$'%#!'2A04!;/#"@ ()2!)(/&(;06(#-B!)!;%0:1#-B!%.+7#'%&().!"$#+&;56!;/.$%&()#60+7!6!/0+7! 4./&$).3.+7>

Wszystko zmieniło się w XIX stuleciu

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`7#4;#(=!");%<+=!A&a!I/7&!/$.')/)#(.8@4)('&'!/.(@

P >?7!"41+1".!"' $*#42' 4#%&(7",' 6/*' 0*&?*&12' 1' 6.!*' @A0(' 0&B6.!*' <ACD' &(#B=! b6ac! J>! &*(&$=!E$*&(F2$.(9+!'G*&41*72=!;&$).!P=!/>!!d=! .$;%.6.!Hefe=!;>!HHeGHHS>!g),'%0! )((04)!6;1.%06.(#=!A&:0!'8.!%6),1;%&().!4.;0!()&!1$&'#6.B!;15$!)!;"$%&'.6.B!*&! 6!;/.()&!60;2;%#(04h!1$0/01#6.(#!"$.1/01,!/2;%#6.().!+%.$(04!1#8#$&4!()&%'./@ (0+7!'#!2A0+).!)!'%)2$.60+7!;15$=!2A06.().!()&63.-+)60+7!-$#'156!(./32;%+%.*<+0+7! [/32;%+%&!)!:.$6()1)!;<!601#$%0;/06.(&!6!"$#+&;.+7!601#C+%&()#60+7!;15$\>

(3)

(&$;!6&$&!^#$+&'!/#!1&&"!"&.+&!6)/7!/7&!9&(&$.8!&+#(#4)+!+8)4./&O3

>!M)&@ %6018&! 6.A(0=! "#4#+(0! 6! "$%&4).(.+7! /&+7(#8#9)+%(0+7=! :03! $#%65*! 4&/#'01)! :.'.C! (.'! ;15$<! )! ;2:;/.(+*.4)! 2A06.(04)! '#! *&*! 60"$.60T=!

'%),1)!+%&42!"$#+&;!60"$.60!)!1#(/$#8.!*&9#!*.1#-+)!;/.30!;),!60'.*()&*@ ;%&>!i6.3/#6(0!$#%65*!"$.;0!/&+7()+%(&*=!*.1)!(.;/<")3!6!XZX!;/28&+)2=! ;"#6#'#6.3=! A&! (#6)(1)! /&+7(#8#9)+%(&! '#+)&$.30! '#! 60/65$+56! ;15$! 9.$:#6.(0+7>!E#40;30=!"./&(/0!;/.6.30!;),!"$%0+%0(1)&4!'#!'.8;%0+7!"#@ ;%21)6.C! "$#;/;%0+7=! ;%0:;%0+7! )! :.$'%)&*! ;12/&+%(0+7! 4&/#'! 60"$.60>! E$%013.'&4! )(/&(;06(0+7! "$5:! 6"$#6.'%&().! 28&";%&C! 6! 9.$:.$;/6)&! *&;/! .$/0123! %.4)&;%+%#(0! (.! 3.4.+7! +%.;#");4.! IZ%0;! E#8;1.Of>! J1+&@

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d>!`&(!;"&+0j+%(0!$#'%.*!I60-+)@

92O=!"#8&9.*<+0!(.!4.1;04.8(04!%4()&*;%&()2!1#;%/56!"$#'21+*)![)!#'@ :)*.*<+0! ;),! (&9./06()&! (.! *.1#-+)! "$#'21/2\=! 60;/,"2*&! $56()&A! '%);).*! 6!1.A'&*!9.3,%)!"$%&40;32>!V!/04=!*.1!6)&81.!8)+%:.!%.:0/156D#:)&1/56! ;15$%.(0+7!7);/#$0+%(0+7!%(.*'2*&!;),!6!%:)#$.+7!42%&.8(0+7![/.1A&!:)@ :8)#/&+%(0+7!)!.$+7)6.8(0+7\=!-6).'+%0!()&%6013.!$5A(#$#'(#-B!6)&82!1#@ R! _>! `7#4;#(=! H-"' !."$""$-' I".$B&2' J"K(/B$!(.' !.' $-"' L"*$-"&' M.6B4$&!"4=! b6ac! k>!`7#4.;=!l>!J>!?8.$1;#(=!_>!`7#4;#(=!L"*$-"&'N*.BO*+$B&"'H-&(B0-'$-"'P0"4Q'RNMPI'

@AS'T&(+""6!.04'(O ' $-"'@A$-' R*4$'N!6/*.64' M.6B4$&!*/' P&+-"(/(02' I(.O"&".+"=!M#$/7.4"/#(=! V+/#:&$!HSeR=!;>!PT>

T! m>!l>!k&04#2$@W#(&;=!H-"'U"0!..!.04'(O 'L"*$-"&'I-"V!4$&2=!IW#2$(.8!#^ !?7&4)+.8! n'2+./)#(O=!W280!HSPo=!L#8>!T=!(#>!o=!;>!eRHGeRf>

f W/")41".!*'7'0*&?*&4$7!"=!IZ%0;!E#8;1.=!+%08)!'%)&(()1!24)&*,/(#-+)=!60(.8.%156=! 12(;%/56! )! $,1#'%)&3=! "#-6),+#(0! 1$.*#6&42! "$%&40;3#6)=! /2'%)&A! "#/$%&:)&! 6)&0@ ;1)&9#!)!4)&0;1)&9#!9#;"#'.$;/6.O=!HePd=!/>!!P=!+%>!T=!($!e=!;>!TPPGTRT>

d! F6$.+.3!(.!/#!26.9,!J>!m&)88=!E#%&2'!'OB$&*=!N$.156!HSPf=!;>!R>!k%&$&9!$5A(0+7! "$%0+%0(!%.);/()&().!$&6#82+*)!6!"$%&40-8&!;15$%.(04!6;1.%.3!_>!`7#4;#(=!#">!+)/>=! ;>!PTGRR>

(4)

8&1+*)!(.!+.304!-6)&+)&o>!V:#1!8)+%(0+7!#:)&1/56!6!HQQp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

Ciąg dalszy tzw. warsztatu mokrego

! I6.$;%/.+)&! 4#1$04O! %.+7#'%<! 182+%#6&! "$#+&;0! #:$5:1)! ;15$=! "$%&'! 9.$:#6.()&4! )! 601.C+%.()&4>! E#! 1#(;&$6.+*)! [%.:&%")&+%&()2! "$%&'! $#%6#*&4! 4)1$##$9.()%456\! )! 4#+%&()2! ;15$! [#456)#(04! 6!+%,-+)!H!.$/01232\!(.;/,"2*&!&/."!/%6>!$#%82q().().!#:;.'0!63#;.!)!$#%@ /6)&$.().!;15$0>!F.+7#'%<!/2/.*!:.$'%#!%3#A#(&!"$#+&;0!:)#+7&4)+%(&>! E$#+&;!")&$6;%0!4.!(.!+&82!$#%82q()&()&!(.;15$1.!#$.%!#:;.'0!63#;.=! /.1!.:0!'.30!;),!#(&!+.31#6)+)&!)!*.1!(.*3./6)&*!2;2(<B!6!'.8;%04!&/.")&! o! F.13.'!N#(;&$6.+*)!E.")&$2!)!k15$0!KgN!6!PQHQ!$>![PHGPR!".q'%)&$()1.\! %#$9.()%#6.3!4),'%0(.$#'#6<!1#(^&$&(+*,!"/>!IE&$9.4)(!)!;15$.=!:.'.().=!1#(;&$@ 6.+*.@$&;/.2$.+*.=!$%&4)#;3#O>!F."$&%&(/#6.(#!(.!()&*!6)&8&!$&^&$./56!+&((0+7!'8.! 1#(;&$6./#$56!'%)&3!;%/21)>

(5)

4&+7.()+%(&*!#:$5:1)!;15$0>!M./#4).;/!I$#%/6)&$.()&!;15$0O!"#8&9.!(.! %4).()&!+7&4)+%(&*!)!;/$21/2$.8(&*!/1.(1)!;15$(&*=!.:0!4#93.!#(.!;12@ /&+%()&=! "$.6)'3#6#! 6+73#(<B! 6! ;6#*<! ;/$21/2$,! )! %6)<%.B! 9.$:()1)>! 3.-+)6#-+)!;15$0!"$%&#:$.A.*<!;),!"#'!6"306&4!%6)<%156!;/#;#6.@ (0+7!'#!6."()&().>! !/1.(+&!;15$(&*!(.;/,"2*<!/.1)&!%4).(0=!*.1a!%40@ '8&()&! /32;%+%56=! 329#6.()&! :).3&1! "#%.1#8.9&(#60+7=! %4).(0! +7&@ 4)+%(&! 1#8.9&(2=! ",+%()&()&! ;15$0! "#'+%.;! 6."()&().=! "$%&4).(0! 6!;/$21/2$%&!6351)&(!1#8.9&(#60+7>!E$#+&;0!/&!4#9<!:0B!"$%&"$#6.@ '%.(&!$5A(04)!/&+7()1.4)>!W&'(<!%!()+7!*&;/!/%6>!6."()&()&!;15$!6!'#@ 3.+7! (.%06.(0+7! 6."()+.4)>! ."()&()&! "#8&9.! (.! 24)&;%+%&()2! ;15$! 6!6#'%)&!%4)&;%.(&*!%!6#'#$#/8&(1)&4!6."().!?.[Vr\P8

>!U#!/&9#!+&82! 2A06.!;),!/.1A&!;).$+%12!;#'2!G!M.Pk![;.4&!6."()+&!;).$+%1#6&!601#@ $%0;/2*&!;),!$%.'%)&*\!:<'q!/&A!4)&;%.()(0!6#'#$#/8&(12!6."().!%!;).$+%@ 1)&4! ;#'2! [6"$#6.'%#(#! 9#! "5q()&*! 6! "$%&40-8&! 9.$:.$;1)4\>! U#! +7.$.1/&$0;/0+%(0+7!+&+7!M.Pk!(.8&A0!/#=!A&!*&;/!#(!%6)<%1)&4!+7&4)+%@ (04!%(.+%()&!"$%0;")&;%.*<+04!"$#+&;!6."()&().!;15$![6!/&$4)(#8#9))! 60"$.60! ;15$! (.%06.! ;),! 9#! -$#'1)&4! I%.#;/$%.*<+04O\>! M#/#6.(#! ()&;/&/0!"$%0".'1)!()&1#$%0;/(&9#!6"3062!;).$+%12!;#'2!(.!63.-+)6#@ -+)!;15$>!W.1#!"$%013.'!4#A(.!"#'.B!"2:8)1.+*,!;"&+*.8);/56!.4&$01.C@ ;1)+7!%!_&;&.$+7!l.:#$./#$0!#^ !/7&!`.((&$;s!?#2(+)8!#$.%!K()L&$;)/0!#^ ! ?)(+)((./)![V7)#\>!F6)<%&1!/&(!'#'.6.(0!'#!6."()+0!60/6#$%#(&*!6#@ '#$#/8&(12! 6."().! "$%0+%0().3! ;),! '#! %();%+%&C! ;15$0! 63.-+)6&*! (+(&!BV\S>!E#%.!604)&()#(04!6#'#$#/8&(1)&4!6."().!)!;).$+%1)&4!;#'2! '#!6."()&().!;/#;2*&!;),!/&A!;%&$&9!)((0+7!-$#'156!+7&4)+%(0+7!#$.%! %6)<%156!6;"#4.9.*<+0+7!/&(!"$#+&;>! )&8&!%!()+7!;/.$.(#!;),!6'$#A0B! 6!XZX!6)&12>! !*&'(&*!%!"#8;1)+7!&(+018#"&'))!%!/&9#!;/28&+).!#'(.*@ '%)&40!(.;/,"2*<+<!)(^#$4.+*,!#!6."()&()2!;15$a!IF.4).;/!6."(.!'#! e! W&;/!/#!(.*;/.$;%0!-$#'&1!+7&4)+%(0!2A06.(0!6!"$#+&;.+7!6.$;%/./2!4#1$&@ 9#!'#!/%6>!6."()&().!;15$>! !*,%012!.(9)&8;1)4!#'"6)&'()1)&4!/&$4)(2!I6."()&()&O! *&;/!/!V!.0a!I`7);!);!'#(&!:0!+#44#(!;8.+1&'!8)4&!)(^2;&'!)(!6./&$=!.('!)/!);!4.'&!2"! )(!.!")/!:2)8/!6)/7!;/#(&=!#^ !.!8&(97/!;2^j+)&(/!/#!+#(/.)(!.!4)'8)(9!7)'&=!:2/!;&8'#4!

;#!:$#.'!.;!/#!.88#6!)/!/#!8)&!./!)/;!^288!:$&./7O>!F#:>!R.+2+/()"6!*'U&!$*..!+*'(&S'*'X!+-$!(.*&2'(O 'P&$4'*.6'E+!".+"4S'I(V)!/"6'B)(.'*'."7'T/*.O=!L#8>!R=!l#('#(!gU??lXXZZZ=! ;>!eef![7.;3#!;3#6()1#6&a!$*..!.0\>

S! i>! U>! g+l.2978)(=! m>! Vsm8.7&$/0=! H-"' H"+-.(/(02' (O ' H*..!.0=! IW#2$(.8! #^ ! ?7&4)+.8!n'2+./)#(O=!W2(&!HSPS=!L#8>!d=!(#>!d=!;>!HQRQGHQRH>

(6)

%'*,+).!63#;56!2A06.*<!()&1)&'0!3292!"#/.A#6&9#!82:!;#'#6&9#=!4),@ ;%.()(0!6."(.!%!$&.89.$&4=!%(.(&*!"#'!(.%6<!$;24.h!.8:#!/&A!6."(.!'#! ^.:$01.+0)! 9.%2=! %.6)&$.*<+&9#! ;).$&1! 6."(.OHQ>! ! "$%&40-8&! 9.$:.$@

;1)4!$#%$5A().!;),!(.;/,"2*<+&!$#'%.*&!6."()+a!+%0;/&!6."()+&!;).$+%1#@ 6&=!6."()+&!6#'#$#/8&(12!6."().![/%6>!:).3&\!#$.%!6."()+&!1#4:)(#@ 6.(&!G!:,'<+&!4)&;%.()(<!6#'#$#/8&(12!6."().!%!;).$+%1)&4!6."().! [/.1.!6."()+.!*&;/!(.%06.(.!;%.$<HH\>!E$%0!60"$.6)&!;/#;2*&!;),!6."()+&!

-6)&A&! #$.%! /%6>! ;/.$&=! +%08)! %2A0/&=! .8&! (.8&A0! "#'1$&-8)B=! A&! #:0'6)&! "&3()<! :.$'%#! 6.A(&! ^2(1+*&! "$%0! &/."#6&*! #:$5:+&! ;15$! [;15$0! (.*@ ")&$6!24)&;%+%.!;),!6!6."()+.+7!;/.$0+7!G!%.6)&$.*<+0+7!:.$'%#!'2A#! %6)<%156!#$9.()+%(0+7!$#%"2;%+%#(0+7!"#!6."()&()2!6+%&-()&*;%0+7! ;15$=!.!(.;/,"()&!6!-6)&A0+7\>!E$#+&;!6."()&().=!.:0!4593!:0B!"$%&"$#@ 6.'%#(0! '#13.'()&=! 42;).3! "$%&:)&9.B! ;/#"()#6#! G! /*>! 6! 6."()+.+7! ;3.:;%0+7=!.!'#")&$#!"5q()&*!6!6."()+.+7!#!)(/&(;06()&*;%04!#''%).30@ 6.()2! (.! ;15$,HP>! ! +&82! 8&";%&9#! 6()1(),+).! -$#'1.! .81.8)+%(&9#!

6!;/$21/2$,!;15$0!1#()&+%(&!:03#!%.);/()&()&!+%0(()1.!4&+7.()+%(&9#! [4)&;%.()&=! "$%&13.'.()&! ;15$\>! M)&%6018&! 6.A(0! ".$.4&/$! 6."()+! 6"306.*<+0!(.!63.-+)6#-+)!;15$!;/.(#6)3#!)+7!"r!#$.%!2'%).3!"$#+&(@ /#60!+7&4)1.8)56![6!6."()+.+7!#!;13.'%)&!4)&;%.(04\>!M.!"$%013.'%)&! /$.1/#6.().! ;15$! 6."()+.4)! 6#'#$#/8&(1#604)! [I%.#;/$%#(04)O! ;).$+%1.4)\!"$%&';/.6)#(04)!6!"2:8)1.+*)! )1/#$.!l.;1.!6)'.B!60$.q@ ()&=!A&!6!4).$,!6%$#;/2!%.6.$/#-+)!M.Pk!6!6."()+0!;".'.!/%6>!/&4"&$.@ /2$.!;12$+%2!1#8.9&(2![*&'(.!%!(.*6.A()&*;%0+7!+&+7!1#8.9&(2=!-6).'@ +%<+.! #! *&9#! #'"#$(#-+)! (.! /&4"&$./2$,h! *&;/! /#! *&'(#+%&-()&! *&'&(! %!60%(.+%()156!/$6.3#-+)!;15$\>! ."()&()&!6!6."()+.+7!#!6.$/#-+)!"r! "#60A&*!6.$/#-+)!HPGHR!"#6#'#6.3#!;)8(&!;",+%()&()&!;15$=!;".'&1!1#@

HQ! J>! _#9.8&6)+%=! `>! ?)+7#+1)=! Y*&?*&4$7(=! b6ac! R.+2#/()"62,*' )(741"+-.*=! />! ! S=! (.13.'=!'$21!)!63.;(#-B!k>!V$9&8:$.('.=! .$;%.6.!HedP=!;>!dHR> HH! >!l.;&1=!Z(/*0".Q'I-"V!*'!'72#(&124$*.!"=! .$;%.6.!HSoe=!;>!PQe> HP! M.!/&4./!&/."#6&9#!6."()&().!;15$!4#A(.!#'(.8&qB!)(^#$4.+*&!6!*&'(&*! %!XYZZZ@6)&+%(0+7!&(+018#"&'))>!_#%$5A().!;),!6!()&*!6."()+&!I#!;3.:&*!1#(;0;/&(@ +*)O![(O '*'7"*#'(&'4/*+#'+(.4!4$".+"\=!6!1/5$&*!(.*")&$6!24)&;%+%.!;),!;15$0!(.!"),B!'()=! .!(.;/,"()&!6!6."()+0!I4#+()&*;%&*O![/!V"'(O '*'4$&(.0"&'[B*/!$2\!(.!#1$&;!HQGHT!'()>! E5q()&*!;15$.!4#A&!:0B!"$%&()&;)#(.!'#!*&;%+%&!4#+()&*;%&*!6."()+0=!.A!'#!+.31#@ 6)/&9#!%6."()&().![82:!/&A!4#A&!:0B!%6),1;%#(.!I4#+O!6."()+0\h!%#:>!R.+2+/()"6!*' U&!$*..!+*=!;>!eef>

(7)

7&%*)!6351)&(!1#8.9&(#60+7!)!'&9$.'.+*,!1#8.9&(2>!M./#4).;/!6."()&@ ()&!6!1<")&8)!#!"r!"#()A&*!6.$/#-+)!"r!t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`.'&2;%!E&$;%!G!%6)<%&1!/&(!4#A&!:#6)&4! ;"#6#'#6.B!#;3.:)&()&!8)+.!;15$0!%&!;15$<!63.-+)6<![+(&!BV=!+B$!4=!(.%0@ 6.(.!/&A!'&$4<\Hf>!F.+7#'%<!/2/.*!$56()&A!"#'#:(&!4#'0j1.+*&!/1.(1)! ;15$(&*!#$.%!$#%82q().()&!(.;15$1.!)!#1$060!63#;#6&*!*.1!"#'+%.;!"$#@ +&;2! 6."()&().>! E."1#6.()&! 4#A(.! "$%&"$#6.'%)B! #'! ;/$#(0! 8)+#6&*! ;15$0=!6/&'0!4#A(.!2%0;1.B!;15$0!#!93.'1)4!)!I-+);304O!8)+2Hd>!M./#@

4).;/!"."1#6.()&!;15$!#'!;/$#(0!I4)%'$0O!606#32*&!();%+%&()&!/081#! +&:28&1!63#;#60+7Ho=!+#!24#A8)6).!#'%0;1.()&!#1$060!63#;#6&*!6!'#@

:$04!;/.()&>!V1$06.!63#;#6.!4#93.!:0B!601#$%0;/.(.!'#!/.1)+7!+&@ 856=! *.1a! 60/6.$%.()&! ",'%8)=! j8+56=! $5A(0+7! 4./&$).356! /&1;/08(0+7>! k15$0! "#1$0/&! "."1<! 213.'.(#! #'"#6)&'()#! 6! ;/#;0! ["."1#6.(&! #'! ;/$#(0!4)%'$0!213.'.(#!4)%'$<!'#!4)%'$0=!.!63#;&4!'#!63#;.\He=!1#@

$%0;/.(#! /&A! %! 2$%<'%&C! 4&+7.()+%(0+7>! `.1<! 4#A8)6#-B! /$.1/#6.().! ;15$!%6)<%1.4)!%.;.'#604)!(.!;1.8,!4.;#6<!;/6#$%030!:,:(0!#:$#/#@ 6&>!W&;/!/#!;"#;5:!;/#;#6.(0!#:&+()&!"#6;%&+7()&!6!"$%&40-8&!9.$:.$@ ;1)4>! ],:(0! 23./6).*<! $56(#4)&$(<! "&(&/$.+*,! %6)<%12! %.;.'#6&9#! 6!93<:!/1.(1)!;15$(&*![*&;/!/#!:.$'%#!;12/&+%(0!+%0(()1!4&+7.()+%(0\>! k15$0! "#''.6.(&! "$#+&;#6)! 6."()&().! 6! 6."()+.+7! 82:! "."1#6.().!

HR! >!l.;&1=!#">!+)/>=!;>!PQT>

HT! J>! .//=! L"*$-"&' N*.BO*+$B&"Q' P' T&*+$!+*/' \*.6?((#' (O ' H*..!.0S' IB&&2!.0S' *.6'

I-&(V"'L"*$-"&'X&"44!.0=!T/7!&'>=!M&6!u#$1Gl#('#(!HSQd=!;>!HRR> Hf! `>!E&$;%=!H"+-.(/(0!*'72)&*72'4#%&=! .$;%.6.!HSeR=!;>!feGfS> Hd! Z:)'&4=!;>!PQe>

Ho! Z:)'&4=!;>!HSQ> He! Z:)'&4=!;>!fe>

(8)

42;%<!%#;/.B!"$%&;0+#(&!6!*&'(.1#604!;/#"()2!;2:;/.(+*<!%.;.'#6<=! 6!"$%&+)6(04!$.%)&!%:,'(&!;13.'()1)!;15$0!%#;/.(<!2;2(),/&!()&$56(#@ 4)&$()&!)!"#6;/.(<!"#6.A(&!"$#:8&40!"$%0!'.8;%&*!#:$5:+&!;15$>!V:#1! 6."()&().!)!"."1#6.().!*&;%+%&!)((<!4&/#'<!$#%82q().().!#:;.'0!63#;.! )!I$#%/6)&$.().!;15$0O!*&;/!/%6>!"#+&()&!;15$=!+%08)!(./2$.8(0=!.8&!1#(/$#@ 8#6.(0!"$#+&;!9()8(0!;15$>!K4)&;%+%.!;),!*&!6!;/#;.+7!6!"#4)&;%+%&()2! 6)89#/(04!#!"#'60A;%#(&*!/&4"&$./2$%&![(">!PRGPfv?\=!.!*&-8)!I"#+&@ ()&O!*&;/!"$%&"$#6.'%.(&!6!6.$2(1.+7!+73#'(0+7=!"$#+&;!/$6.!#!6)&8&! '32A&*>!n(%040!60'%)&8.(&!"$%&%!(.4(.A.*<+&!;),!#9$#4(&!)8#-+)!:.1@ /&$))!(.!;15$.+7!)!"#6#'2*<+&!"#6;/.6.()&!%*.6);1.!I"#+&().O!;),!;15$! %.;/<")#(#!%!+%.;&4!"$&".$./.4)!&(%04./0+%(04)>!F.+%,/#!)+7!2A06.B! 6!HSHQ!$#12HS>!Z;/#/(<!%.8&/<!4&/#'!&(%04./0+%(&9#!/$.1/#6.().!;15$! 6!;"#;5:!(./2$.8(0!82:!%!%.;/#;#6.()&4!"$&".$./56!&(%04./0+%(0+7! :03#!#'%0;1)6.()&!#1$060!63#;#6&*!%6)&$%,+).!6!:.$'%#!'#:$04!;/.@ ()&![(">!+&((&*!6&3(0!#6+%&*h!6;".().3&!%.8&/0!60$#:56!6&3().(0+7=!;<! "#6;%&+7()&!%(.(&!)!'#+&().(&w\>!E#!&/.")&!I"#+&().O!;15$.!"#6)((.! :0B! '#'./1#6#! "#''.(.! '#6."().()2>! 01#$%0;/2*&! ;),! $5A(&! )((&! -$#'1)! +7&4)+%(&! )! 1#4:)(.+*&! /&+7(#8#9)+%(&=! .:0! 2%0;1.B! A<'.(&! &^&1/0!$#%82q()&().!#:;.'0!63#;.=!$#%82q()&().!(.;15$1.!#$.%!&^&1/!/%6>! $#%/6)&$.().!;15$0PQ>!IE#+&()&O!;15$!(.8&A.3#!'#!#"&$.+*)!/&+7(#8#9)+%@

(0+7=! 1/5$&! 4#930! ;"#6#'#6.B! '.8&1#! "#;2(),/&! "$#+&;0! $#%13.'2! ;15$0>!F6$.+.(#!26.9,=!A&!I;15$.!/$.+)!(.!4#+0!"$%&%!%9()8)%(,=!1/5$&0! 6"$.6'%)&! ;/.$.)<! ;),! %."#:)&'q! 8&11)&4! ;15$0! (.;#8&()&4=! %9()8)%(.! 6;%&8.1#!42;)!6!"&6(04!;/#"()2!(.;/<")B=!)(.+%&0!"#+&()&!()&!;"$.6)@ 3#:0!A<'.(&9#!;12/12OPH>!F:)9()&6!N#6.8;1)!%6$.+.3!26.9,!(.!"#6;/.@

6.()&!+7.$.1/&$0;/0+%(&*!6.'0!/%6>!82q(&9#!8)+.!;15$0>!F*.6);1#!/#!*&;/! 606#3.(&! $5A(04)! :3,'.4)! /&+7(#8#9)+%(04)=! .! *&'(04! %! ()+7! *&;/! 6"306!:.1/&$))!9()8(0+7!(.!;15$,>!V''%).32*<!#(&!(.!/1.(1,!%6)&$%,+<! "#'+%.;!$5A(0+7!"$#+&;56!/&+7(#8#9)+%(0+7=!/.1)+7!*.1a!1#(;&$6.+*.=! 4#+%&()&=! 6."()&()&=! 60/$.6).()&! &(%04./0+%(&! [#! 1/5$04! :,'%)&! 4#6.!6!'.8;%&*!+%,-+)!.$/01232\>!n^&1/!I82q(&9#!8)+.O!#:*.6).!;),!:$.@ 1)&4!;"5*(#-+)!"#4),'%0!8)+&4=!6.$;/6<!:$#'.61#6<!;15$0!.!6.$;/6.@

HS! Z:)'&4=!;>!PQo> PQ! Z:)'&4=!;>!PQHGPQR>

(9)

4)!-$#'1#604)!;15$0>!K6)'.+%().!;),!#(!"#'+%.;!%9)(.().!;15$0=!1)&'0! 4#A&!'#*-B!(.6&/!'#!%2"&3(&9#!*&*!$#%'6#*&().PP>!E#!"$#+&;)&!$#%82q@

().().!#:;.'0!63#;.!)!(.;15$1.!#$.%!I$#%/6)&$.().!;15$0O!*&;/!#(.!"#'@ '.6.(.!#:$5:+&!4&+7.()+%(&*!6!+&82!2;2(),+).!G!*2A!/&$.%!3./6#!'.*<@ +0+7! ;),! %&;1$#:.B! G! ;13.'()156a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`.1)&!;15$0!;/.6.30!;),!*2A!*&'(.1!6.'8)@ 604! .;#$/04&(/&4>! V:#1! #'63#;).().! )! 4)%'$#6.().! "#''.6.(#! *&! %.:)&9#6)!60$56(06.().!9$2:#-+)![+%.;&4!'6#*&().!(.!'6.=!.!(.6&/! 6),+&*! 6.$;/6! G! 6! %.8&A(#-+)! #'! "#/$%&:\PR>! Z;/().3.! /.1A&! 4#A8)6#-B!

%4()&*;%&().!9$2:#-+)!+.3&*!;15$0>!E#(.'/#!2;26.(#![4&/#'<!60+);1.@ ().\! /&A! $&;%/1)! "#%#;/.30+7! ;13.'()156! ;15$0! [+&:28&1! 63#;#60+7=!

PP! F>! N#6.8;1)=! W41#(61".!*' !' 7*62' 4#%&' 0($(72+-Q' T&12+12.2' )(74$*7*.!*' !' 4)(4(?2'

1*)(?!"0*.!*=! .$;%.6.!HSfR=!;>!HTe>

PR! k15$.!#!60$56(.(&*!9$2:#-+)!28&9.3.!$56(#4)&$(&*!"&(&/$.+*)!"$%&%!;/#;#@ 6.(&!6!(.;/,"(0+7!&/.".+7!-$#'1)!;32A<+&!'#!#'6."().().!)!60/$.6).().=!.!"5q()&*! /.1A&!'#!6()1.().!9.$:()156!6!"$#+&;)&!9.$:#6.().>

(10)

/32;%+%56=!")94&(/56\!(.%06.(0+7!I:$2'&4OPT>!U#:$%&!#+%0;%+%#(.!

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r!16.-(04=!/.1)&!*.1a!16.@ ;0!#$9.()+%(&!)!()&#$9.()+%(&=!;#8&!.4#(#6&=!16.-(&!$#%/6#$0!"#6;/.@ 3&!6!60()12!^&$4&(/.+*)!()&1/5$0+7!"$#'21/56!(./2$.8(0+7>!J(/#()!m&@ )88! ");.3=! A&! I;15$,! %.(2$%.! ;),! '#! (#6&*! 1<")&8)=! %.16.;%#(&*! 8&11#! %.16.;1<!4<+%(<=!16.;&4!#+/#604=!82:!6$&;%+)&=!+#!4.!:0B!(.*8&";%&=! ;/.$<! %2A0/<! 9.$:()+<OPf>! n(+018#"&').! k>! V$9&8:$.('.! "#'.*&=! A&!

I6!/04!+&82!2A06.*<!;),!82:#!$%.'1#!;3.:&!$#%/6#$0!16.;56!4)(&$.8@ (0+7=! *.1! ;).$+%.(&9#=! .! 8&")&*! ;#8(&9#=! "#()&6.A! 16.;! ;).$+%.(0! '.*&! %! 6."(&4! 9)";=! +%08)! ;).$+%.(! 6."(.=! %6)<%&1! /$2'(#! $#%"2;%+%.8(0h! .8:#!1<")&8&!16.-(&!"$%0$%<'%#(&!%!#/$<:!4<1)!)!-$5/0!%!*,+%4)&((&9#! ;3#'2h!.8:#!(.!1#()&+!1<")&8&!%!9(#*2!12$%&9#!)!9#3,:)&9#=!1/5$&!$56@ ()&A!%.:)&$.*<!6."(#OPd>!k2:;/.(+*&!16.-(&!;/#;#6.(&!'#!#'6."().().! 606)&$.*<!:.$'%#!$5A(0!6"306!(.!63.-+)6#-+)!;15$0=!;<!/&A!;12/&+%(&! 6!$5A(04!;/#"()2>!M.*1#$%0;/()&*;%&!'8.!;15$0!*&;/!;/#"()#6&!"$%&"$#@ 6.'%.()&!"$#+&;2!#'6."().().=!.!()&!:.$'%#!;%0:1)!1#(/.1/!%!4#+(04)! -$#'1.4)! #'6."().*<+04)>! 01#$%0;/.()&! ;)8()&! #'6."().*<+0+7! 16.@ ;56![1/5$0+7!;/.3.!'0;#+*.+*)!*&;/!6),1;%.!()A!;/.3.!'0;#+*.+*)!1#8.9&(2\! 4#A&! :0B! "$%0+%0(<! 60;/<")&().! ;%1#'8)60+7! %4).(! ;"#6#'#6.(0+7! ",+%()&()&4! 16.;#604! ;15$0>! g#+(&! 16.;0! ;",+%().*<! ;15$,! %! %&@ 6(</$%! )! "$%&%! /#! ()&! "$%&'#;/.*<! ;),! '#! 6&6(,/$%(0+7! 6.$;/6! ;15$0! [6(,/$%&!*&;/!;)8()&!%.81.8)%#6.(&w\>!U8./&9#!/&A!#'6."()&()&!%.!)+7!"#@ 4#+<!#9$.()+%.!;),!*&'0()&!'#!6.$;/6!%&6(,/$%(0+7>!N6.;0!#$9.()+%(&! 601.%2*<! '%).3.()&! ;",+%().*<+&! '#")&$#! 6! 6),1;%0+7! ;/,A&().+7>! x8&!

PT! >!l.;&1=!#">!+)/>=!;>!PHHGPHf> Pf! J>!m&)88=!#">!+)/>=!;>!f>

(11)

#'6."()#(.!;15$.!;/6.$%.!"$#:8&40!6!'.8;%0+7!#"&$.+*.+7!/&+7(#8#@ 9)+%(0+7=!4>)(>!()&$56(#4)&$()&!28&9.!60/$.6).()2!)!9.$:#6.()2>!M)&@ +.31#6)/&!2;2(),+)&!%&!;15$0!%6)<%156!2A06.(0+7!'#!6."()&().!606#@ 32*&! *&*! ;%/06(#-B! )! %6),1;%&()&! *&*! 9$2:#-+)>! g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o>!F.()4!*&'(.1!;15$.!%#;/.()&!609.$:#6.(.=!*&;/!#(.! "#''.6.(.!60/$.6).()2>!E$#+&;!/&(!"#8&9.!(.!&(%04./0+%(04!/$.1/#@ 6.()2!#'6."()#(&*!;15$0>!]03!/#!()&9'0-!&/."!60*</1#6#!()&"$%0*&4(0! %&!6%98,'2!(.!4#+%&()&!;15$!6!;^&$4&(/#6.(0+7!#'+7#'.+7!%6)&$%</=! (">!"/.;)+7Pe>!k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q()&*!6!"2:8)1.+*.+7!XZX@6)&+%(0+7!%!/&+7(#8#9))! 9.$:.$;/6.\=! 4#A(.! ;/6)&$'%)B=! A&! 2%0;1)6.(#! 6! /04! "$%0".'12! +%,@

Po! F>!N#6.8;1)=!#">!+)/>=!;>!fRGff>

Pe H-"'P&$'(O 'H*..!.0S'*.6'(O 'IB&&2!.0'L"*$-"&Q'G!$-'$-"'T&(+"44"4'O(&'X2!.0'L"*$-"&'

J"6'*.6']"//(7S'*4'T&*+$!4"6'!.'HB&#"2Q'I(//"+$"6'O&(V'$-"'^&".+-'(O 'N(.4!"B&'X"'L*'L*.6"'*.6' >$-"&4=!U2:8)(!gU??lXXZZZ=!;>!HT!)!(>

PS! >!l.;&1=!#">!+)/>=!;>!PHS>

(12)

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q()&()&!$&;%/&1!"#';15$(&*!/1.(1)!3<+%(&*\=!.!/.1A&!606#3.B! %4).(0!6351)&(!&8.;/08#60+7!6!;15$%&>!M)&!'#!1#C+.!60/$.6)#(.!;15$.! ;/.*&!;),!()&"$%0'./(.!'#!"$%&"$#6.'%&().!"$#+&;2!9.$:#6.().=!"#()&@ 6.A!*&;/!()&'#;/./&+%()&!#+%0;%+%#(.!%!60A&*!604)&()#(0+7!$&;%/&1!"#@ 9.$;%.*<+0+7!&^&1/06(#-B!9.$:#6.().>!k15$0!()&"$.6)'3#6#!60/$.6)#@ (&! +7.$.1/&$0%2*&! /%6>! "30((&! 8)+#! [%();%+%&()&! /#! ;+7.$.1/&$0%#6.(#! 60A&*\RH>

***

M.1$&-8#(0! 6! ()()&*;%&*! +%,-+)! .$/01232! %.$0;! 60:$.(0+7! "$#:8&456! %6)<%.(0+7!%!60"$.6<!;15$!#$.%!)+7!/$6.3#-+)<!:,'%)&!1#(/0(2#6.(0>!E#@ %#;/.*<!'#!#456)&().!'6.!6)&81)&!&/."0!60"$.60!;15$a!9.$:#6.()&!#$.%! ;%&$&9!"$#+&;56!601.C+%.8()+%0+7!;15$>

(13)

Z8>! H>! E$#+&;! #'4),-().().! )! #'63#;).().! ;15$! $,+%()&! (.! /%6>! 13#'.+7=! %.a! l>! m)92)&$! [HeHSGHeST\=!L"4'N"&K"!//"4'6"'/_!.6B4$&!"'(B'6"4+&!)$!(.'6"4')&!.+!)*/"4'!.6B4$&!"4'V(6"&."4Q'M.6B4$&!"4'

I-!V![B"4`'/"'4B+&"'a'/"')*)!"&'a'/"4')*)!"&4')"!.$4'a'/"4'+B!&4'"$'/"4')"*Bb'a'/"'+*B$+-(B+'"$'/*'0B$$*c )"&+-*'a'/*'$"!.$B&"=!E.$);!HeoRGHeoo=!W#2L&/!&/!?ie=!;>!Roo

Z8>!P>!g.;%0(.!'#!#'4),-().().!;15$=!%.a!r>!_>!E$#+/&$=!H-"'T&!.+!)/"4'(O 'L"*$-"&'N*.BO*+$B&"=! l#('#(GM&6!u#$1!HSQR=!;>!HTS

(14)

Z8>!R>!V''%)&8.()&!;),!8)+.!;15$0!;"#6#'#6.(&!%:0/!)(/&(;06(04!"$#+&;&4!60/$.6).().! ;15$0=!%.a!F>!N#6.8;1)=!W41#(61".!*'!'7*62'4#%&'0($(72+-Q'T&12+12.2')(74$*7*.!*'!'4)(4(?2'1*)(-?!"0*.!*=! .$;%.6.!HSfR=!;>!HoT Z8>!T>!IE$%&A.$+)&O!;15$0!:0'8,+&*!;"#6#'#6.(&!"$%&%!:.1/&$)&!9()8@ (&!#:&+(&!6!/%6>!;/.$&*!6."()+0![;15$.!*&;/!6!()&*!24)&;%+%.(.!"#'@ +%.;!"$#+&;2!/%6>!6."()&().\=!%.a!F>!N#6.8;1)=!#">!+)/>=!;>!HoT

(15)

Summary

Some technological procedures that may contribute to the failures and imperfection of tanner leather (part 2)

Z(!/7&!;&+#('!".$/!#^ !/7&!.$/)+8&!.2/7#$!^#+2;&'!#(!'&;+$)"/)#(;!#^ !;2+7!"$#+&;;&;! #^ !7)'&!+#(L&$/)(9!/#!8&./7&$!.;a!8)4)(9![/$&./)(9!7)'&!:0!+.8+)24!70'$#y)'&=!.('! ;#')24! ;28"7)'&! )(! /7&! ^#$4! #^ ! ;2;"&(;)#(! #$! 4.;7\=! 2(7.)$)(9! .('! z&;7)(9! [:0!7.('!.('!4.+7)(&\=!$&4#L)(9!;#!+.88&'!{')$/;O!^$#4!7)'&!;/$2+/2$&![(.4&80! $&4.)(;!#^ !^#88)+8&;!.('!7.)$;=!")94&(/;=!^./;!&/+\!67)+7!$&4.)(&'!.^/&$!"$&L)#2;80! 4&(/)#(&'! "$#+&;;&;=! '&8)4)(9! [$&4#L)(9! #^ ! .81.8)(&! +#4"#2(';! .^/&$! /7&! 8)4)(9!"$#+&;;!:0!2;)(9!#^ !#$9.()+=!4)(&$.8!.+)';=!#$!.+)')+!^&$4&(/&'!"$#'2+/;\=! .('!:./)(9![/$&./)(9!.!7)'&!:0!.()4.8!'2(9;!#$!&(%04./)+!"$&".$./&;\>!`7&!:./)(9! );!/7&!8.;/!"$#+&;;!:&^#$&!/.(()(9>!J'L.(/.9&;!.('!');.'L.(/.9&;!#^ !/7&!"$#+&;;&;! 6&$&!&4"7.;)%&'>

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

nia importu skór futrzanych wyprawionych i iar- bowanych i do przedstawienia się na import suro­. wych, nie

Godnym uznania jest również fakt, że profesorowie wileńscy nic ograniczali się tylko do wykładania nauk przyrodniczych na Wszechnicy, lecz popularyzowali wiedzę przyrodniczą

Zrozumienie działania faktora jest trudne nawet dla doświadczonych użytkowników R, jednak nie jest w pełni konieczne do korzystania z zalet, jakie one

• kontrola jakości skrętu pokazuje jakość skrętu i decyduje o zakończeniu czasu działania płynu ondulującego (Producenci preparatów ondulujących zachowują margines

nowego filtru z obrazem uzyskanym w dwuetapowym przebiegu piksli do arkusza kalkulacyjnego Excel (prawe menu, wybrać ramkę i zaznaczyć fragment obrazu o określonym położeniu

Po odnalezieniu „pożeraczy” zaproponujcie w ich miejsce czynności właściwe (środki), które powinny waszym zdaniem tam się

So, it would be more consistent to use either the suggested procedure by the ITTC Specialist Committee on Waterjets (ITTC 1996) or the waterjet control volume employed in this

Nie chciałbym być pesymistą, ale realistą być muszę, najlepszy nawet legislacyjnie akt nie rozetnie gordyj­ skiego węzła problemów rewaloryzacji Krakowa,