ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɈȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ȼȿɇɈɄ ɂɁ ɋɄȺɁȺ: ɄɊɍȽɅɕɃ ɎȺɇɌȺɋɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɆȺɊɒɊɍɌ ɉɈ ɉɅȺɋɌȺɆ ɇȺɊɊȺɐɂɂ ɆȿɀȾɍ ɂɊɈɇɂȿɃ ɂ ɇȺɂȼɇɈɋɌɖɘ (ɉɈ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȺɆ ɂɋȺȺɄȺ ȻȺȻȿɅə, ɌȺɌɖəɇɕ ɌɈɅɋɌɈɃ
ɂ ɀɈɊɀɂ ȺɆȺȾɍ)
A GARLAND FROM SKAZ: A FANTASTIC CIRCULAR PATH ACROSS THE LEVELS OF NARRATION, BETWEEN IRONY AND NAIVENESS
(WITH EXAMPLES BY ISAAK BABEL, TAT’JANA TOLSTAJA AND JORGE AMADO)
ɋɌȿɎȺɇɈ ȺɅɈɗ
ABSTRACT. The essay tries to trace a path along some of the mechanisms of skaz following the works of very different authors: Tat’jana Tolstaja’s Kys, Isaak Babel’s tales and Jorge Amado’s
Captains of the Sand. The joining aspect between these works must be found in the writers’
common attitude of permitting the characters and the internal narrator to directly convey their own points of view, while the author eclipses him or herself in a very hidden position. The reader has to reconstruct the author’s point of view by awakening his or her presence in the text, which is hinted at implicitly by irony, nostalgy, etc. Especially irony acts as a veiled link between the author and the reader, who percives his or her self-exclusion from the hic et nunc of the narration and from the characters’ skaz: irony underlines this unreachable distance and separates the reader from the naive narrator as well as taking the author away from his or her narrator.
Stefano Aloe, Università di Verona, Verona – Italia.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ ɫ ɛɪɚɡɢɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɟɧɨɱɤɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɦ ɲɩɚɝɚɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɤɚɡ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ; ɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɜɟɧɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɵɝɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ – ɂɫɚɚɤɚ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ, ɀɨɪɠɢ Ⱥɦɚɞɭ ɢ Ɍɚ-ɬɶɹɧɵ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɜɟɧɤɚ ɜɵɛɟɪɟɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɨɣ, ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɬɟɤɫɬ. ȿɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦɴ Ⱥɥɹɧɞɟ ɢ ɩɬɢɰɚ ɝɭɤɭɤɴ, ɥɟɬɚɟɬ ɧɨɱɢ, ɚ ɤɥɢɱɟɬɶ ɝɭɤɭɤɴ, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɯɨɪɨ-ɦɢɧ ɫɞɢɬɶ, ɬɨ ɬɭɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɤɴ ɭɦɪɟɬɴ; ɚ ɤɶɬɨ ɟɹ ɯɨɱɟɬɶ ɭɛɢɬɢ, ɢɧɨ ɭ ɧɟɹ ɢɡɨ ɪɬɚ ɨɝɧɶ ɜɵɣ-ɞɟɬɶ. Ⱥ ɦɚɦɨɧɶ ɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɨɱɢ, ɞɚ ɢɦɚɸɬɶ ɤɭɪɵ, ɚ ɠɢɜɭɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɧɶɟ1. ________________ 1ɏɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɪɹ Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɢɹ ɇɢɤɢɬɢɧɚ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1986, ɫ. 22. ɋɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ A. N i -k i t i n, Il viaggio al di là dei tre mari, a cura di C. Verdiani, Firenze 1963, c. 16.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɬɢɰɵ „ɝɭɤɭɤ” (ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɜɵ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɥɢɧɚ) ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɏɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɪɹ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɜ XV ɜɟɤɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɤɭɩɰɨɦ „Ⱥɮɨɧɚ-ɫɶɟɦ, Ɇɢɤɢɬɢɧɚ ɫɵɧɨɦ”. Ⱥ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɵ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ Ʉɵɫɶ, ɜɵɲɟɞ-ɲɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XɏI ɜɟɤɚ (ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɢɡɞ.: Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2000 ɝ.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɭɡɧɚɟɬ ɫɯɨɠɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɧɚɬɵɦ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦ Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɢɟɦ, ɢ ɡɜɟ-ɪɟɦ, ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ: ɇɚ ɫɟɦɢ ɯɨɥɦɚɯ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ Ɏɟɞɨɪ-Ʉɭɡɶɦɢɱɫɤ, ɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ – ɩɨɥɹ ɧɟɨɛɨɡɪɢ-ɦɵɟ, ɡɟɦɥɢ ɧɟɜɟɞɨɦɵɟ. ɇɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ – ɞɪɟɦɭɱɢɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɛɭɪɟɥɨɦ, ɜɟɬɜɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ, ɤɨɥɸɱɢɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɬɵ ɰɟɩɥɹɸɬ, ɫɭɱɶɹ ɲɚɩɤɭ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɪɜɭɬ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ, ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɠɢɜɟɬ ɤɵɫɶ. ɋɢɞɢɬ ɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɟɬɜɹɯ ɢ ɤɪɢɱɢɬ ɬɚɤ ɞɢɤɨ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɛɧɨ: ɤɵ-ɵɫɶ! ɤɵ-ɵɫɶ! – ɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ. ɉɨɣɞɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɬɚɤ ɜɨɬ ɜ ɥɟɫ, ɚ ɨɧɚ ɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɲɟɸ-ɬɨ ɫɡɚɞɢ: ɯɨɩ! ɢ ɯɪɟɛɬɢɧɭ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ: ɯɪɭɫɶ! – ɚ ɤɨɝɬɟɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ-ɬɨ ɠɢɥɨɱɤɭ ɧɚɳɭɩɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɜɟɬ, ɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɪɚɡɭɦ ɢɡ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɣɞɟɬ2. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɯɨɠɟɫɬɶ – ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɚ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɩɪɢɛɟɠɚɥɚ ɤ – ɩɨ-ɠɚɥɭɣ – ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ – ɤ ɫɤɪɵ-ɬɨɣ ɰɢɬɚɬɟ (ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ). ɋɬɢɥɶ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɏɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɪɹ, ɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɧɨɜɨɹɡɚ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ-ɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɪɯɚɢɤɢ (ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɚɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ) ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɡ-ɲɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɞɢɚ-ɥɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɮɟɧɹ, ɫɥɟɧɝ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.). Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɪɢ-ɧɹɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɵɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ʉɵɫɶ ɡɚ ɫɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɰɢɬɚɬɭ, ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ: ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɭɠ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ. ɂɝɪɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɞɢɣɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɱɢɫ-ɥɹɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɰɟɥɟɣ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ, ɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɢɦɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ; ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ʉɵɫɶ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɚ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨ-ɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɝɪ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɦɢ: ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɢɹ ɇɢɤɢɬɢɧɚ (ɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɜ-ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹ-ɬɨ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɢ ɚɜɩɪɢɧɹ-ɬɨɪɨɦ, ɧɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ʉɵɫɶ; ɜ ɷɩɪɢɧɹ-ɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ. ȼ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɢɹ ɧɟɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ – ɜ ɩɪɟɞ-ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɇɢɤɢɬɢɧɚ – ɮɚɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ. ɉɬɢɰɚ ɝɭɤɭɤ – ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɪɟɚɥɶ-ɧɵ ɟɟ ɩɨɜɚɞɤɢ3. Ⱥ ɦɢɪ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɵ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɧ; ɟɝɨ ________________ 2Ɍ. Ɍ ɨ ɥ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɹ, Ʉɵɫɶ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2002, ɫ. 7. 3Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɫɫɵɥɚɟɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɤɟ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɀɚɤɚ Ʌɟ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ, ɢɡɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɱɭɞɟɫɧɨɝɨ, ɢ ɧɚ Ɋɨɡɦɷɪɢ Ⱦɠɷɤɫɨɧ, ɢɧ-ɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ
ɦɟɬɚ-ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ – ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɧɚɲɟɦ – ɦɢɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɦɩɥɢ-ɰɢɬɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɹɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ „ɢɫɤɪɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɢ”, „ɧɚɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ” ɪɟɱɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɫɬɶ. ɂɫɤɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɪɨɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɣɬɢ (ɯɨɬɶ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ) ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨ-ɛɨɣ. Ɉɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɱɟɫɬɧɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɭ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨ-ɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ – ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ – ɩɨɱɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɝɨɜɨɪɳɢɤɨɜ: ɜɟɞɶ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ – ɫɤɪɵɬɨ, ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ; ɨɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɬɚɣɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ, ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ – ɪɟɱɢ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɚ – ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɚ. Ɋɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɚɡ. ɋɤɚɡ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɢɪɨɧɢɢ. ɐɟɥɢ ɫɤɚɡɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɦɢ „ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ”, ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ, ɫ ɧɨɫɬɚɥɶɝɢɟɣ, ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.4 ɇɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪ-ɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɚɡɚ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɢɪɨɧɢɸ. ɋɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɹɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɰɢɬɚɬɚ, ɫɤɚɡ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɦ ɨɪɭɞɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɦɢɪɨ-ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ „ɪɚɫɫɵɩɚɟɬɫɹ” ɜ ɢɝɪɭ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɣ, ɚ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ ɤɪɭɲɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɟɣ ɢɪɨɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɤɚɡ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɱɟɪɬɚɦ ɫɤɚɡ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɥɹɬɶ ɫɤɚ-ɡɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫ-ɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɡɧɚ-ɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɦ ɢ, ɝɪɭɛɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɢɧɨ-ɝɞɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɵɦ. ɇɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ; ɬɟɦɚ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬ-ɧɚ5. ɏɨɱɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɤɨɣ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ________________
ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ: ɫɦ. J. L e G o f f, Il meraviglioso e il quotidiano nell’Occidente
medievale, Bari 1983 (ɀ. Ʌ ɟ Ƚ ɨ ɮ ɮ, ɑɭɞɟɫɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɦ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ, [ɜ:]
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟ-ɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001, ɫ. 41–65); R. J a c k s o n, Fantasy: The literature of
subversion, London–New York 1981, ɫ. 72–82. ɋɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɫɫɟ ɋɬɚɧɢɫɥɚɜɚ Ʌɟɦɚ,
ɧɚɩɪ. Ɇɚɪɤɢɡ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɟ (ɋ. Ʌ ɟ ɦ, Ɇɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2009, ɫ. 113–146 [ɜ ɨɪɢ-ɝɢɧɚɥɟ: Markiz w grafie, „Teksty” 1979, nr 1]).
4ɋɪɟɞɢ ɨɛɳɢɪɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨ ɫɤɚɡɟ ɫɦ. ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ȼ.ȼ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ Ȼ.Ɇ. ɗɣɯɟɧɛɚɭɦɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Cz. A n d r u s z k o, ɋɤɚɡ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ 20-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ (Ʌ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɇɟɜɟɪɨɜ, ɂ. Ȼɚɛɟɥɶ), PoznaĔ 1987.
5Ɉ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɦ.: R. C e s e r a n i, Raccontare il postmoderno, Torino 1997; Ɇ. Ʌ ɢ ɩ ɨ ɜ ɟ ɰ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ: ɨɱɟɪɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɢ, ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧ-ɛɭɪɝ 1997; D. P o s s a m a i, Che cos’è il postmodernismo russo? Cinque percorsi interpretativi,
ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɵ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɲɥɚ ɪɟɱɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨ, ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɰɢɬɚɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɚɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɏɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɪɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ, ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɢɬɚɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɢɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɚɫɫɨ-ɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɢɝɪɭ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫ ɪɨɦɚɧɨɦ Ʉɵɫɶ ɫɩɨɪɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɂɫɚɚɤɚ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ ɂɢɫɭɫɨɜ ɝɪɟɯ (1921). ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɟ-ɦɭ ɫɤɚɡɚ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫ-ɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɧɢɳɟɣ ɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ; ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɣ, ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɧɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ, ɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ „ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ” ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɚɡ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɚ-ɰɢɟɣ (ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɶɹ ɢ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɚ), ɚ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ, ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ „ɛɵɥɢ” ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɟɳɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɠɢɡ-ɧɢ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ: ɀɢɥɚ Ⱥɪɢɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɟ ɚ ɋɟɪɟɝɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ – ɦɥɚɞɲɢɦ ɞɜɨɪ-ɧɢɤɨɦ. Ȼɵɥ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɵɞ. Ɋɨɞɢɥɚ Ⱥɪɢɧɚ ɋɟɪɟɝɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɳɟɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɸ. ȼɨɞɚ ɬɟɱɟɬ, ɡɜɟɡɞɚ ɫɢɹɟɬ, ɦɭɠɢɤ ɹɪɢɬɫɹ. ɉɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ Ⱥɪɢɧɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɟ ɩɨ-ɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɲɟɫɬɨɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɤɚɬɢɬɫɹ, ɨɧɢ, ɛɚɛɶɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ, ɤɚɬɸɱɢɟ. ɋɟɪɟɝɟ ɜ ɫɨɥɞɚɬɵ ɢɞɬɢɬɶ, ɜɨɬ ɢ ɡɚɩɹɬɚɹ. Ⱥɪɢɧɚ ɜɨɡɶɦɢ ɢ ɫɤɚɠɢ: – Ⱦɨɠɢɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɛɹ ɦɧɟ, ɋɟɪɝɭɧɹ, ɧɟɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ. ɑɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɭɤɟ, ɡɚ ɱɟɬɵ-ɪɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɦɚɥɨ-ɦɚɥɨ, ɹ ɬɪɨɢɯ ɪɨɠɭ. ȼ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ – ɩɨɞɨɥ ɡɚɜɨɪɨɬɢɬɶ. Ʉɬɨ ɩɪɨɲɟɥ – ɬɨɬ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ, ɯɭɱɶ ɟɜɪɟɣ, ɯɭɱɶ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ. ɉɪɢɞɟɲɶ ɬɵ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ – ɭɬɪɨɛɚ ɭ ɦɢɧɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɧɚɹ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɹ ɛɭɞɭ ɫɧɨɲɟɧɧɚɹ, ɪɚɡɢ ɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɛɹ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɭ? – Ⱦɢɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, – ɤɚɱɧɭɥ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɋɟɪɟɝɚ6. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ „ɤɚɤ ɭɦɟɸɬ”, ɫɤɚɡ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɧɟɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ: „ɧɚɢɜɧɨ-ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ” ɤɧɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɪ-ɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɟɝɨ „ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ” – ɨɬɝɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧ-ɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧ-ɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɣ ɤ ɩɨ-ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ „ɚɝɢɨɝɪɚ-ɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ” ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ: „Ȼɵɥ ɩɪɨɦɟɠ-ɞɭ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɵɞ. Ɋɨɞɢɥɚ Ⱥɪɢɧɚ ɋɟɪɟɝɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɳɟɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɸ...”; „Ȼɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɥ ɫɟɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɶ...”; „ȼɵɩɚɥɨ ɬɟɛɟ, Ⱥɪɢɧɚ, ɧɟɫɥɵɯɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɛɢɬɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɧɚ ɬɵ ɜ ɠɟɧɚɯ!...” ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ȼɢɛɥɟɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɚɪɯɚɢɡɦɵ, ɬɚɤɨɣ „ɹɡɵɤ ɩɚɩɟɪɬɢ”, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ________________
Padova 2000; S. A l b e r t a z z i, D. P o s s a m a i (edited by), Postmodernism and postcolonialism, Padova 2002.
ɫɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɝɪɭɛɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɶɟɦ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɹ ɟɦɭ ɧɚɢɜɧɭɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɟɪɫɨ-ɧɚɠɟɣ, ɨɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɧɚɛɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɷɬɨ – ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ. Ɉɩɹɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɸɦɨɪɚ ɢ ɢɪɨɧɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɱɢ-ɬɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ ɢ ɪɨɦɚɧ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ (ɢ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ) ɨɛɨɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɣ ɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ, ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ, ɞɥɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ: Ʉɚɤ ɡɚɫɧɭɥɢ – ɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɶɮɪɟɞɚ ɛɪɸɯɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɲɟɫɬɢɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɦ, ɋɟɪɟɝɢɧɵɦ, ɜɨɡɶɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ. Ɇɚɥɨ ɟɣ ɫ ɚɧɝɟɥɨɦ ɫɩɚɬɶ, ɦɚɥɨ ɟɣ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɧɟ ɩɥɸɟɬ, ɧɟ ɯɪɚɩɢɬ, ɧɟ ɫɨɩɢɬ, ɦɚɥɨ ɟɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɠɟɣ ɛɚɛɟ, ɹɪɨɫɬɧɨɣ, – ɬɚɤ ɧɟɬ, ɟɳɟ ɛɵ ɩɭɡɨ ɝɪɟɬɶ ɜɫɩɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɟ7. ȼɨɬ, ɞɭɦɚɟɲɶ, ɛɚɛɚ: ɧɭ ɡɚɱɟɦ ɨɧɚ, ɛɚɛɚ? ɓɟɤɢ, ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɦɵɪɝɚɟɬ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɢɬ, ɝɭɛɚɦɢ ɲɥɟɩɚɟɬ, ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɭ ɟɣ ɱɬɨ? Ɍɟɦɧɨɬɚ ɦɹɫɧɚɹ, ɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɪɢ-ɩɭɱɢɟ, ɤɢɲɤɢ ɤɨɥɟɱɤɨɦ, ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ. ɋɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɩɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɪɨɜɢ ɯɦɭɪɢɬ – ɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɭ ɟɣ ɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɞɭ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ? Ɇɵɫɥɢ? Ⱥ ɧɭ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɛɨɣ, ɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɨɛɨ-ɪɨɬɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ?8 Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɪɨɧɢɹ (ɚ ɭ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ – ɸɦɨɪ) ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɢ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ Ȼɚɛɟ-ɥɹ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɦɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɭɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɟɪɨɹɦ ɢ ɩɨ-ɥɟɦɢɤɭ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɫɬɢ9; ɚ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɝɥɭɯɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɟɦ „ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ”, ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ 90-ɯ ɝɝ., ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ. ɂɪɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɸɦɨɪ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɨɪɭɞɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨ-ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɚ ɫɤɚɡ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɧ-ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɟɟ „Ɍɪɨɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɟɦ”. ɉɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ ɫɤɚɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɦ ɭɯɢɳɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɚɦɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɟɩɨ-ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɧɟɤɧɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɫɤɚɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ, „ɡɚɬɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ”, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ________________ 7Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 191–192. 8Ɍ. Ɍ ɨ ɥ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɹ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 53. 9 ɂɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɭ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɜɢ-ɞɟɥ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ ȼɹɱɟɫɥɚɜ ɉɨɥɨɧɫɤɢɣ (Ȼɚɛɟɥɶ. Ɉ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1988; ɚ ɨ „ɧɟɝɚ-ɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ”, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ, ɩɢɲɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨ-ɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟ ɑɟɫɥɚɜ Ⱥɧɞɪɭɲɤɨ (Cz. A n d r u s z k o, ɀɢɡɧɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ ɂɫɚɚɤɚ ɗɦɦɚɧɭɢɥɨɜɢɱɚ, PoznaĔ 1993, ɫ. 35).
„ɝɨɥɭɸ” ɪɟɱɶ ɝɟɪɨɹ (ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ-ɦɟɪɨɜ); ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɢɪɨɧɢɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɩɨɱɬɢ ɦɢɮɢ-ɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫ ɧɨɫɬɚɥɶɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɦ) ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɬɨɩɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɫɫɨɡ-ɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ-ɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɥɭɱɚɣ „ɧɨɫɬɚɥɶɝɢɡɚɰɢɢ” ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɤɚɡ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ ɧɟ ɪɟɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɤɚɡ-ɢɪɨɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɤɚɡɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɟɧ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸ-ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ), ɞɥɹ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ, ɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɪɚɫ-ɫɤɚɡɵ Ʉɨɧɚɪɦɢɢ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɢɪɨɧɢɹ ɭ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. Ɉɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɢɥɹ Ʉɨɧɚɪɦɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɝɚɞɵ-ɜɚɬɶ ɭ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ (ɢɪɨɧɢɹ, ɧɨɫɬɚɥɶɝɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɠɚɫ ɢ ɫɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟ) ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ, ɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤ-ɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɯɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɢ-ɞɟɬɟɥɟɦ-ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ: ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩ-ɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ, ɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ – ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ – ɫɚɦɨɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɨɬ ɤɚɠɭɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ/ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ (ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɚ) ɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ: ɜɟɞɶ ɫɚɦ ɫɤɚɡ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɟɣ ɭɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɹ ɢɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡ-ɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ „ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ”, ɷɬɢɦ ɠɟ ɢ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɧɢɦ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ; ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɹ ɟɝɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟ-ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɨɥɨɫɧɵɣ ɫɤɚɡ – ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɣ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ. Ɉɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɩɨɫ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ Ʉɨɧɚɪɦɢɢ, ɨɳɭ-ɳɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ. ȼɨɥɹ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɧɹ ɩɨɥɟɝɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹ, ɬɪɚɜɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɯɪɭɫɬɢɬ, ɧɟɛɟɫɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɦɧɨɣ ɪɚɡ-ɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɶ, ɚ ɧɟɛɟɫɚ, ɪɟɛɹɬɚ, ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɝɭɛɟɪ-ɧɢɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɧɢɟ. ɂ ɩɚɫɭ ɹ ɷɬɚɤɢɦ ɦɚɧɟɪɨɦ, ɫ ɜɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɱɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɭɞɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɢɝɪɵ-ɜɚɸɫɶ, ɩɨɤɟɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɬɚɪɟɰ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɦɧɟ: – əɜɢɫɶ, – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, – Ɇɚɬɜɟɣ, ɤ ɇɚɫɬɟ. – Ɂɚɱɟɦ, – ɝɨɜɨɪɸ. – ɂɥɢ ɜɵ, ɫɬɚɪɟɰ, ɧɚɞɨ ɦɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɫɦɟɯɚɟɬɟɫɶ? – əɜɢɫɶ, – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, – ɨɧɚ ɠɟɥɚɟɬ. ɂ ɜɨɬ ɹɜɥɹɸɫɶ. (ɀɢɡɧɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɉɚɜɥɢɱɟɧɤɢ, Ɇɚɬɜɟɹ Ɋɨɞɢɨɧɵɱɚ)10. ________________ 10ɂ. Ȼ ɚ ɛ ɟ ɥ ɶ, Ʉɨɧɚɪɦɢɹ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 61–62.
– ɉɪɚɜɞɚ ɜɫɹɤɭɸ ɧɨɡɞɪɸ ɳɟɤɨɱɟɬ, – ɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɋɭɪɨɜɤɨɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɤɨɧɱɢɥ, – ɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɢɡ ɤɭɱɢ ɜɵɬɚɳɢɬɶ, ɚ ɨɧ ɛɶɟɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ, ɤɚɤ ɤɭɪɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɡɟɪɧɭ. ɗɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɨ Ʌɟɧɢɧɟ ɋɭɪɨɜɤɨɜ, ɜɡɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɷɫɤɚɞɪɨɧɚ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɦɵ ɩɨɲɥɢ ɫɩɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɧɨɜɚɥ. Ɇɵ ɫɩɚɥɢ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɨ ɬɚɦ, ɫɨɝɪɟɜɚɹɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɫ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɨ-ɝɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞ ɞɵɪɹɜɨɣ ɤɪɵɲɟɣ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɜɲɟɣ ɡɜɟɡɞɵ. ə ɜɢɞɟɥ ɫɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜɨ ɫɧɟ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɦɨɟ, ɨɛɚɝɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɤɪɢɩɟɥɨ ɢ ɬɟɤɥɨ. (Ɇɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɭɫɶ)11. ɗɩɨɫ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ʉɨɧɚɪɦɢɹ – ɧɟ ɝɟɪɨɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜ ɬɪɚ-ɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ. ȿɝɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɩɟ-ɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɚɡɚ, ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ-ɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɚ – ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɧɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɨɬ ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɝɨɥɨɫɨɤ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɱɭɠ-ɞɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚ-ɡɨɦ, ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɢɮ – ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬ. ə ɫɤɨɪɛɥɸ ɨ ɩɱɟɥɚɯ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɫɬɟɪɡɚɧɵ ɜɪɚɠɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɚɪɦɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚ ȼɨɥɵɧɢ ɧɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɱɟɥ. Ɇɵ ɨɫɤɜɟɪɧɢɥɢ ɭɥɶɢ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɪɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɪɨɣ ɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɪɨɯɨɦ. ɑɚɞɢɜɲɟɟ ɬɪɹɩɶɟ ɢɡ-ɞɚɜɚɥɨ ɡɥɨɜɨɧɶɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɯ ɩɱɟɥ. ɍɦɢɪɚɹ, ɨɧɢ ɥɟɬɚɥɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɠɭɠɠɚɥɢ ɱɭɬɶ ɫɥɵɲɧɨ. Ʌɢɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɥɟɛɚ, ɦɵ ɫɚɛɥɹɦɢ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɞ. ɇɚ ȼɨɥɵɧɢ ɧɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɱɟɥ. Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ ɛɭɞɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɥɨɞɟɹɧɢɣ ɬɟɫɧɢɬ ɦɟɧɹ ɧɟɭɬɨɦɢɦɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɪɨɤ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ȼɱɟɪɚ ɛɵɥ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɛɨɢɳɚ ɩɨɞ Ȼɪɨɞɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɛɥɭɞɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɥɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ – ɧɢ ɹ, ɧɢ Ⱥɮɨɧɶɤɚ Ȼɢɞɚ, ɦɨɣ ɞɪɭɝ. Ʌɨɲɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫ ɭɬɪɚ ɡɟɪɧɨ. Ɋɨɠɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵ-ɫɨɤɚ, ɫɨɥɧɰɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ, ɢ ɞɭɲɚ, ɧɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɚɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɭɥɟɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɛɟɫ, ɠɚɠɞɚɥɚ ɧɟɬɨɪɨɩɥɢɜɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɣ. (ɉɭɬɶ ɜ Ȼɪɨɞɵ)12. ȼ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɝɪɭɛɵɟ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɢɟ ɧɪɚɜɵ ɤɚɡɚɤɨɜ, ɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦ-ɥɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬ, ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɷɬɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɫ-ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢ-ɦɨɫɬɶ, ɦɢɮ13. ________________ 11Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 41. 12Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 45. 13ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɦɤɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɑɟɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɭɲɤɨ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ: […] ɫɬɚɜɲɭɸ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, Ȼɚɛɟɥɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɲɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɭɸ ɛɢɨɥɨ-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ, ɢɳɭɳɭɸ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɦ ɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɚɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ
Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɚ, ɦɢ-ɪɨɤ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɥɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɜ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɜɭɫɦɵɫɥɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, – ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ „ɩɪɢɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɬɶ” ɧɨ-ɫɬɚɥɶɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɭ, – ɦɢɪ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚ-ɡɨɜ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɨɬ ɛɟɫɩɨ-ɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɚɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɚ. ɂɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹ-ɸɳɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɞ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ. Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ: ɂ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɭɬɪɨ. Ɉ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɬɟ ɭ ɤɥɚɞɛɢɳɟɧ-ɫɤɢɯ ɧɢɳɢɯ. ɋɩɪɨɫɢɬɟ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɭ ɲɚɦɟɫɨɜ ɢɡ ɫɢɧɚɝɨɝɢ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɰɟɜ ɤɨɲɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɬɢɰɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɬɚ-ɪɭɯ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɨɝɚɞɟɥɶɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧ Ɉɞɟɫɫɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɚɥɚ, ɚ ɦɢɪ ɧɟ ɭɜɢɞɢɬ. (Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ Ɉɞɟɫɫɟ)14. ɋɨɥɨɦɨɧɱɢɤ Ʉɚɩɥɭɧ, ɫɵɧ ɛɚɤɚɥɟɣɳɢɤɚ, ɢ Ɇɨɧɹ Ⱥɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɫɬ, ɫɵɧ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɚ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɩɵɬɚɥɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɫɬɢ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɛɥɟɫɤɚ ɱɭɠɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɢ. Ɉɛɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɦɢɦɨ ɧɟɟ, ɪɚɫɤɚɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ, ɭɡɧɚɜɲɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɲɟɩɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶ ɪɭɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɧɢɦɚɥɢ Ȼɚɫɶɤɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛ ɨɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɨɬɟɥɚ. (Ɉɬɟɰ)15. ɋɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɢɮɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɥɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɦɢɪɚ ɚɭɬɫɚɣɞɟɪɨɜ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦ ɜ ɪɨ-ɦɚɧɟ ɀɨɪɠɢ Ⱥɦɚɞɭ Capitães da areia (Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɧɵ ɩɟɫɤɚ, 1937), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɢ-ɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɛɟɫɩɪɢɡɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɛɪɚɡɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ȼɚɢɹ (ɋɚɥɶɜɚ-ɞɨɪ-ɞɟ-Ȼɚɢɹ). Ⱥɦɚɞɭ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɚɧɝɚɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɜ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ; ɟɝɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɣ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɦɚɥɟɧɶ-ɤɢɯ malandros, ɭɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɛɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢ-ɬɭɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɚ Ɇɚɤɚɪɟɧɤɨ ɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɟɫɩɪɢɡɨɪɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɷɦɚ (1933–1935). ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ 1972 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɚɦ Ⱥɦɚɞɭ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥ ɢɦɹ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɬɟɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɪɚ-ɡɢɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ: Ɇɨɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ… ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɚ – ɛɥɨɤɚɞɚ ɤɥɟɜɟɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɪɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ ɨɛ ɋɋɋɊ. ȼ ɬɭ ɩɨɪɭ ɜ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ə ɝɨɜɨɪɸ ɨ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ ɋɟɪɚɮɢɦɨɜɢɱɚ (ɀɟɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ), Ɏɚɞɟɟɜɚ (Ɋɚɡɝɪɨɦ), Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ (Ʉɨɧɚɪɦɢɹ)… ɟɫɥɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɩɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɬɪɟɯ ɚɜ-ɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɬɤɥɢɤ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɚɣ-ɲɟɦ, ɧɟɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚ Ƚɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ, ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ________________ ɫɤɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ Ʉɨɧɚɪɦɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɫɤɚɡɚ ɪɚɞɢ „ɱɭɠɨɝɨ” ɝɨɥɨɫɚ, ɧɟ-ɫɭɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Cz. A n d r u s z k o, ɀɢɡɧɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ…, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 13. 14ɂ. Ȼ ɚ ɛ ɟ ɥ ɶ, Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 156. 15Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 160.
ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɬɟɯ ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɯ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɝɞɚɲɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɛɪɚɡɢɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ, ɬɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɩɭɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɟ-ɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɤ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ȼɫɟ ɦɵ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵ-ɬɢɣ, ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ, – ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɥɨɬɢ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɠɢɜɨɣ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ, ɛɟɫɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɣ16. ɋɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ⱥɦɚɞɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɦɭ – ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɦɨɳɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɭ – ɛɵɥɢ ɱɭɠɞɵ ɭɡɤɢɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɰɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɫ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɫ-ɫɤɚɡɚɦɢ Ȼɚɛɟɥɹ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɧɨɜ ɩɟɫɤɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ – Ɉɞɟɫɫɚ ɢ Ȼɚɢɹ, ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɵɟ, ɩɟɫɬɪɵɟ ɢ ɲɭɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ-ɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɚɧɞɢɬɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦɢ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɞɚɦɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ-ɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ. Ⱥ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ⱥɦɚɞɭ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢ-ɧɭ ɦɢɪɤɚ „ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɨɜ ɩɟɫɤɚ”, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɢɯ ɹɡɵɤ, ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɥɨ-ɜɨɦ, ɫɤɚɡ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɥɤɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɰɟɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ – ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ȼɟɫɩɪɢɡɨɪɧɢɤɢ Ⱥɦɚɞɭ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɢɢ: ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɝɨɧɹɬɶ, ɢɯ ɩɪɢ-ɦɟɬ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. ɇɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ Ⱥɦɚɞɭ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɢ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɡɚ, – ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, – ɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɯ ɠɢɡɧɶ „ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɨɜ ɩɟɫɤɚ”, – ɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ, ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɚɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ, – ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɨɷɬɢɱ-ɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɚɦ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪ, ɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶ, ɦɢɧɭɬɚɦɢ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɬɨ ɜ ɩɨ-ɪɵɜɟ ɥɢɪɢɡɦɚ, ɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɞɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɦɵɫɥɟɣ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɪɚ-ɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɞɟɬɟɣ17.
Os Capitães da Areia olham a mãezinha Dora, a irmãzinha Dora, Dora noiva, Professor vê Dora, sua amada. Os Capitães da Areia olham em silêncio. A mãe-de-santo Don’Aninha reza oração forte para a febre que consome Dora desaparecer. Com um galho de sabugueiro manda que a febre se vá. Os olhos febris de Dora sorriem. Parece que a grande paz da noite da Bahia está também nos seus olhos18.
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16ɘ. Ⱦ ɚ ɲ ɤ ɟ ɜ ɢ ɱ, ɉɟɜɟɰ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, „Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ”, 23 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1972 ɝ., ɫ. 15. 17ɇɚɪɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɦɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɟɬɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɛɟɫɩɪɢɡɨɪɧɢɤɚ.
18 J. A m a d o, Capitães da areia, Alfragide 2010, ɫ. 225. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ȿɥɟɧɵ Ȼɟɥɹɤɨ-ɜɨɣ (ɀ. Ⱥ ɦ ɚ ɞ ɭ, Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɧɵ ɩɟɫɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2002):
Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɧɵ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɢɞɹɬ Ⱦɨɪɭ – ɦɚɬɶ, ɫɟɫɬɪɭ ɢ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɭ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɜɢɞɢɬ Ⱦɨɪɭ – ɫɜɨɸ ɥɸ-ɛɢɦɭɸ. Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɧɵ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɫɦɨɬɪɹɬ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɪɨɧɢɜ ɧɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ. Ɇɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɧ’Ⱥɧɢɧɶɹ ɦɨɥɢɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɱɟɪ-ɇɚɪɪɚɬɨɪ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɮɪɨɚɦɟ-ɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɚɡɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɫ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɭɟɜɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɫ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ-ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɤɨɣ:
Contam no cais da Bahia que quando morre um homem valente vira estrela no céu. Assim foi com Zumbi, com Lucas da Feira, com Besouro, todos os negros valentes. Mas nunca se viu um caso de uma mulher, por mais valente que fosse, virar estrela depois de morta. Algumas, como Rosa Palmeirão, como Maria Cabaçu, viraram santas nos candomblés de caboclo. Nunca nenhuma virou estrela19.
Omolu mandou a bexiga negra para a cidade. Mas lá em cima os homens ricos se vacinaram, e Omolu era um deus das florestas da África, não sabia destas coisas de vacina. E a varíola desceu para a cidade dos pobres e botou gente doente, botou negro cheio de chaga em cima da cama [...]. Mas como Omolu tinha pena dos seus filhinhos pobres, tirou a força da bexiga negra, virou em alastrim, que é uma bexiga branca e tola, quase um sarampo20.
ȼ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɫɟɡɧɚɸɳɢɦ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɝɟ-ɪɨɟɜ, ɛɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ɋɤɚɡ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɜɥɚ-ɞɟɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɤɚɡɚ – ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ „ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ” ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɜ ɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɟ, ɜɨɣɬɢ „ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɣ” ɜ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚ-ɠɟɣ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ, ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɟ, ɯɪɨ-ɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ɏɢɤɫɢɪɭɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɤɚɡ ɨɛɵɱ-ɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɚɢ ɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɱɭɜ-ɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɫɬɚɥɶɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɢɦɨɦɭ, ɞɚɠɟ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɷɩɨɯɚɯ ɢ ɨ ɧɢɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɢɡɧɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ. Ⱥ ɤɨ-ɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɡɥɨɛɟ ɞɧɹ, ɫɤɚɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚ-ɥɟɧɬ ɫɤɚɡɚ – ɷɤɪɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ reality show, ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɛɥɚɝɨ-________________ ɧɵɯ ɛɨɝɨɜ ɨɬɨɝɧɚɬɶ ɥɢɯɨɪɚɞɤɭ, ɩɨɠɢɪɚɸɳɭɸ Ⱦɨɪɭ. ȼɟɬɤɨɣ ɛɭɡɢɧɵ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɭɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɶ. Ʌɢɯɨɪɚɞɨɱɧɨ ɛɥɟɫɬɟɜɲɢɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ Ⱦɨɪɵ ɭɥɵɛɚɸɬɫɹ. Ʉɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɨɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɛɚɣɹɧ-ɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɱɢ. 19Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, c. 231. ȼ ɛɚɣɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɪɬɭ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɜɟɡɞɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫ Ɂɭɦɛɢ, Ʌɭɤɚɫɨɦ ɞɚ Ɏɟɣɪɚ, Ȼɟɡɨɭɪɨ, ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɯɪɚɛɪɟɰɚɦɢ. ɇɨ ɧɢ ɪɚɡɭ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɛɵ ɯɪɚɛɪɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɚ, ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɡɜɟɡɞɨɣ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɫɦɟɥɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Ɋɨɡɚ ɉɚɥɦɟɣɪɚɨ ɢɥɢ Ɇɚɪɢɹ Ʉɚɛɚɫɭ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɜɹɬɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɞɨɦɛɥɷ ɤɚɛɨɤɥɨ. ɇɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢ-ɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɡɜɟɡɞɨɣ. 20Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, c. 149. Ɉɦɭɥɭ ɧɚɫɥɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɱɟɪɧɭɸ ɨɫɩɭ. ɇɨ ɬɚɦ, ɜ ȼɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ, ɛɨɝɚɱɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɜɤɢ, ɚ Ɉɦɭɥɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɝɢɧɟɣ ɞɢɤɢɯ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɢ ɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɵɲɚɥɚ. ɂ ɨɫɩɚ ɫɩɭɫɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɛɟɞɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɚɥɢɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɧɨɝ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɦɢ ɹɡɜɚɦɢ […]. ɇɨ Ɉɦɭɥɭ ɠɚɥɟɥɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɵɧɨɜɟɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɧɹɥɚ ɫɢɥɭ ɭ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɩɵ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɜ ɟɟ ɜ ɝɥɭɩɭɸ ɛɟɥɭɸ ɨɫɩɭ, ɨɩɚɫɧɭɸ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɨɪɶ.
ɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ, ɜ ɬɟɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɦɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚ-ɝɚɟɬɫɹ „ɜɧɭɬɪɢ” ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɣɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ-ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ: ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ. ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ „ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɨ-ɫɬɢ”, „ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ” ɢ „ɧɚɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ” – ɷɬɨ candid cameras, ɫ ɢɯ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ „ɧɚɹɜɭ” ɩɟ-ɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɝɥɚɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ, „ɫ ɢɪɨɧɢɟɣ”, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɡɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɢɯ „ɠɟɪɬɜɚɦɢ”; ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɚɦɨɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫ ɚɝɟɧ-ɬɨɦ, ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɯɨɞɨɦ: ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɫɨ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɨɬ ɨɫɬɚ-ɜɢɥ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ „ɧɟɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ” ɝɨɥɨɫɭ – ɫɤɚɡɭ – ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɫɤɚɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɛɥɢ-ɠɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ʉɬɨ ɢɫɤɚɥ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɫɬɢ – ɬɨɬ ɟɟ, ɜɟɪɧɨ, ɧɟ ɧɚɲɟɥ. ɇɚɲɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛ ɨɧ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫɤɚɡɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɫɩɥɟɬɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ, ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɷɤɥɟɤɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɨɤ ɫ ɏɨɠɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɢɹ ɇɢɤɢɬɢ-ɧɚ, ɬɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ, ɜɟɪɧɭɜɲɢɫɶ ɤ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɚɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɫɦɨ-ɠɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦ. Ⱥ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɬɪɚɝɢɤɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɦ? Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ; ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼɟɞɶ, ɤ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɚɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ; ɭɠɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɛɵɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ (ɢ ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɟ, ɢɦ ɨɬɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ ɩɟɪɜɨɛɵɬɧɨɫɬɢ). Ɍɭɬ ɪɟɱɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚɲɥɚ ɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɦ ɭɩɪɨ-ɳɟɧɢɢ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨ ɬɨɦ ɬɪɟ-ɜɨɠɚɳɟɦ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɚɤ ɭɞɚɱɧɨ, ɢ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɧɚɢɜɧɨ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɚ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪ-ɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɬɱɟ.
