Short communication: directing Cheerleader’s Gaze Influences Motor Behaviour in Somersaults

SHORT COMMUNICATION: DIRECTING CHEERLEADER’S GAZE

INFLUENCES MOTOR BEHAVIOUR IN SOMERSAULTS

Thomas Heinen,

1, A, D

_{Hannah Vollmer}

1, B, C

1 8QLYHUVLW\RI+LOGHVKHLP,QVWLWXWHRI6SRUW6FLHQFH+LOGHVKHLP*HUPDQ\

A _{Study Design;} B _{Data Collection;} C _{Statistical Analysis;} D0DQXVFULSW3UHSDUDWLRQE _{Funds Collection}

Address for correspondence:

Thomas Heinen University of Hildesheim ,QVWLWXWHRI6SRUW6FLHQFH

Marienburger Platz 22, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany 3KRQH

(PDLOWKRPDVKHLQHQ#XQLKLOGHVKHLPGH

Abstract.

(\HKHDGDQGERG\PRYHPHQWVDUHWKRXJKWWREHIXQFWLRQDOO\FRXSOHGLQWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIFRPSOH[VNLOOVVXFKDV VRPHUVDXOWV ZLWK DQG ZLWKRXW WZLVWV 'DYOLQ HW DO  YRQ /D‰EHUJ HW DO  'LUHFWLQJ WKH JD]H WR VSHFLILF ORFDWLRQV LQ WKH HQYLURQPHQWGXULQJWKHWDNHRIISKDVHLQVRPHUVDXOWVFRXOGLQIOXHQFHWDNHRIINLQHPDWLFVDQGDVD consequence, the subsequent flight SKDVH7KHJRDORIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQJD]HGLUHFWLRQGXULQJWDNHRIIDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJPRYHPHQW NLQHPDWLFVZKHQSHUIRUPLQJEDFNZDUGVRPHUVDXOWVLQFKHHUOHDGLQJ1 FKHHUOHDGHUVSHUIRUPHGVWDQGLQJEDFNZDUGVRPHUVDXOWV LQWKUHHH[SHULPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVVWUDLJKWJD]HGLUHFWLRQHOHYDWHGJD]HGLUHFWLRQGHSUHVVHGJD]HGLUHFWLRQ5HVXOWVUHYHDOHGWKDW FKHHUOHDGHUVH[KLELWHGD ODUJHUKLSDQJOHGXULQJWDNHRIIDQGORQJHUIOLJKWGXUDWLRQRIWKHVRPHUVDXOWVZKHQWKHLUJD]HZDVHOHYDWHG GXULQJWKHWDNHRIISKDVHWKHUHE\VXSSRUWLQJWKHQRWLRQWKDWD IXQFWLRQDOFRXSOLQJVHHPVWRRSHUDWHEHWZHHQJD]HEHKDYLRXUDQGPRWRU EHKDYLRXULQFKHHUOHDGLQJ,QGDLO\SUDFWLFHFKHHUOHDGHUVFRXOGWU\WRIRFXVWKHLUJD]HRQD SRLQWRQWKHZDOOLQIURQWRIWKHPGXULQJWKH WDNHRIISKDVHLQVRPHUVDXOWVLQRUGHUWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRID IXQFWLRQDOFRXSOLQJEHWZHHQJD]HEHKDYLRUDQGPRWRUEHKDYLRU

Key words:

FRPSOH[VNLOOZKROHERG\URWDWLRQYLVXDOSHUFHSWLRQ

Introduction

,WLVWKRXJKWWKDWH\HKHDGDQGERG\PRYHPHQWVDUHIXQFWLRQDOO\FRXSOHGLQWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIFRPSOH[ VNLOOVYRQ/D‰EHUJHWDO3HUIRUPHUVDWWHPSWWRGLUHFWWKHLUJD]HWRWDVNUHOHYDQWORFDWLRQVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQW DQGXVHWKDWLQIRUPDWLRQZKHQSHUIRUPLQJVNLOOVVXFKDVVRPHUVDXOWVZLWKRUZLWKRXWWZLVWV'DYOLQHWDO 'H0HUV)RULQVWDQFHGLUHFWLQJWKHJD]HWRZDUGVWKHIORRUGXULQJWKHVHFRQGSDUWRIWKHIOLJKWSKDVHRI a EDFNZDUGVRPHUVDXOWPD\KHOSWKHSHUIRUPHUDQWLFLSDWLQJWKHWRXFKGRZQRQWKHIORRU'DYOLQHWDO/XLV DQG7UHPEOD\*LYHQWKHDQWLFLSDWRU\DQGIXQFWLRQDOFKDUDFWHURIJD]HEHKDYLRXURQHFRXOGIXUWKHUPRUH VSHFXODWHWKDWGLUHFWLQJWKHJD]HWRVSHFLILFORFDWLRQVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWGXULQJWKHWDNHRIISKDVHFRXOGLQIOXHQFH

takeoff kinematics and, as a FRQVHTXHQFHWKHVXEVHTXHQWIOLJKWSKDVHZKHQSHUIRUPLQJD somersault. The goal RIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQJD]HGLUHFWLRQGXULQJWDNHRIIDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJPRWRU EHKDYLRXUZKHQSHUIRUPLQJEDFNZDUGVRPHUVDXOWVLQFKHHUOHDGLQJ

5HFHQW WKHRUHWLFDO DSSURDFKHV DUJXH WKDW SHUIRUPHUV SRVVHVV SDUWLFXODU FRQWLQJHQFLHV EHWZHHQ VHQVRU\ LQIRUPDWLRQDQGWKHLUFRUUHVSRQGLQJPRWRUDFWLRQVZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHWDVNWREHH[HFXWHG,WFDQ EHDVVXPHGWKDWWKHVHFRQWLQJHQFLHVDUHPRGDOLW\VSHFLILFDQGWKDWWKH\GHYHORSGXULQJVNLOODFTXLVLWLRQ'DYLGV HWDO2¶5HJDQDQG1Rs*LYHQILUVWWKDWD SDUWLFXODUJD]HEHKDYLRXULVUHODWHGWRSDUWLFXODUPRWRU behaviour in light of the skill requirements, and second, that there is a V\QHUJLVWLFLQWHUVHJPHQWDOFRXSOLQJZKHQ SHUIRUPLQJVRPHUVDXOWVRQHFRXOGDVVXPHWKDWFKDQJHVLQJD]HEHKDYLRXUVKRXOGOHDGWRSUHGLFWDEOHFKDQJHVLQ PRWRUEHKDYLRXUYRQ/D‰EHUJHWDO

+HLQHQHWDOKDGIRULQVWDQFHIHPDOHJ\PQDVWVSHUIRUPVRPHUVDXOWVDVD dismount on the uneven bars. Gymnasts gaze behaviour was triggered by means of a OLJKWVSRWGXULQJWKHGRZQVZLQJSKDVH7KHSRVLWLRQRIWKH OLJKWVSRWRQWKHODQGLQJPDWZDVV\VWHPDWLFDOO\YDULHGUHODWLYHWRJ\PQDVW¶VLQGLYLGXDOODQGLQJSRVLWLRQ.LQHPDWLF SDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVWKHKLSDQJOHGXULQJGRZQVZLQJRUWKHODQGLQJSRVLWLRQRIWKHGLVPRXQWVYDULHGDVD function RIWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHOLJKWVSRW7KHDXWKRUVFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHGD IXQFWLRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ JD]HGLUHFWLRQDQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJPRWRUEHKDYLRXUGXULQJD backward somersault.

While it may be intuitive that directing gaze towards the landing area is functionally related to the landing SRVLWLRQ LQ VRPHUVDXOW GLVPRXQWV RQ WKH XQHYHQ EDUV WKHUH PD\ EH RWKHU IXQFWLRQDO UHODWLRQVKLSV ZKHQ VRPHUVDXOWVDUHSHUIRUPHGXQGHUGLIIHULQJWDVNUHTXLUHPHQWV5DDEHWDO)RULQVWDQFHZKHQSHUIRUPLQJ a VWDQGLQJEDFNZDUGVRPHUVDXOWWKHSHUIRUPHUGRHVQRWVHHWKHODQGLQJDUHDGXULQJWDNHRIIEXWUDWKHUGLUHFWV one’s gaze in front of him/her. Assuming that a V\QHUJLVWLFLQWHUVHJPHQWDOFRXSOLQJLVRSHUDQWZKHQSHUIRUPLQJ VRPHUVDXOWVYRQ/D‰EHUJFKDQJHVLQJD]HGLUHFWLRQGXULQJWDNHRIIVKRXOGGLUHFWO\LQIOXHQFHERG\SRVWXUH GXULQJWDNHRIIDQGWKXVOHDGWRSUHGLFWDEOHFKDQJHVLQPRYHPHQWEHKDYLRXULQVXEVHTXHQWPRYHPHQWSKDVHV 7RH[DPLQHWKLVDVVXPSWLRQH[SHUWFKHHUOHDGHUVZHUHDVNHGWRSHUIRUPVWDQGLQJEDFNVRPHUVDXOWZKLOVWWKHLU JD]HGLUHFWLRQZDVPDQLSXODWHGGXULQJWKHWDNHRIISKDVHRIWKHVRPHUVDXOW,WZDVH[SHFWHGWKDWFKDQJHVLQJD]H direction would directly influence segmental coordination during the takeoff and should thus lead to changes in PRYHPHQWNLQHPDWLFVGXULQJWKHIOLJKWSKDVH

Methods

Participants

1 FKHHUOHDGHUV0age 6' \HDUVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKLVVWXG\7KH\UHSRUWHGWRKDYHKDGUHJLRQDODQG

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Task and Measures

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Figure 1.

6WLFNILJXUHVHTXHQFHDQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJPRYHPHQWSKDVHVRIWKHEDFNZDUGVRPHUVDXOWDVZHOODVLQVWUXPHQWVXVHGLQWKLV H[SHULPHQW1RWH7KHUHGODVHUGRWZDVSURMHFWHGRQWKHVHPLWUDQVSDUHQWVFUHHQ7KHFKHHUOHDGHUZDVLQVWUXFWHGWRIL[DWHKLVKHUJD]H RQWKHUHGODVHUGRWDVORQJDVSRVVLEOHGXULQJWKHWDNHRIISKDVHRIHDFKVRPHUVDXOW

&KHHUOHDGHU¶V JD]H GLUHFWLRQ ZDV PDQLSXODWHG LQ WKUHH H[SHULPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV 7KH ILUVW H[SHULPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQUHIOHFWHGFKHHUOHDGHU¶VVWUDLJKWJD]HGLUHFWLRQLQXSULJKWVWDQFHRQWKHVSULQJIORRU7KHUHIRUHD red ODVHUGRWZDVSURMHFWHGRQWKHVHPLWUDQVSDUHQWVFUHHQDWD KHLJKWWKDWPDWFKHGFKHHUOHDGHU¶VLQGLYLGXDOH\HKHLJKW ZKHQVWDQGLQJXSULJKWRQWKHVSULQJIORRU6WUDLJKW*D]H&RQGLWLRQ6&,QWKHVHFRQGH[SHULPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQWKH SRVLWLRQRIWKHODVHUGRWZDVHOHYDWHGGHJUHHVUHODWLYHWRFKHHUOHDGHU¶VLQGLYLGXDOH\HKHLJKWLQXSULJKWVWDQFH RQWKHVSULQJIORRU(OHYDWHG'RW&RQGLWLRQ(&,QWKHWKLUGH[SHULPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHODVHUGRW ZDVGHSUHVVHGGHJUHHVUHODWLYHWRFKHHUOHDGHU¶VLQGLYLGXDOH\HKHLJKWLQXSULJKWVWDQFHRQWKHVSULQJIORRU 'HSUHVVHG'RW&RQGLWLRQ'&:KHQSHUIRUPLQJD VRPHUVDXOWLQRQHRIWKHWKUHHH[SHULPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVWKH cheerleader was instructed to direct her gaze to the red laser dot trying to maintain her gaze on the dot during the WDNHRIISKDVHRIWKHVRPHUVDXOW7KHFKHHUOHDGHUZDVIXUWKHUPRUHLQVWUXFWHGWRSHUIRUPD UXOHDGHTXDWHODQGLQJDW the end of the somersault, stabilizing her landing for at least three seconds. A trained research assistant activated WKHSURMHFWLRQRIWKHUHGODVHUGRWZKHQWKHFKHHUOHDGHUJRWLQIURQWRIWKHVFUHHQ7KHSURMHFWLRQRIWKHODVHUGRWZDV PDQXDOO\GHDFWLYDWHGZKHQWKHFKHHUOHDGHUDFKLHYHGWKHWXFNHGERG\SRVLWLRQGXULQJWKHVRPHUVDXOW ,QRUGHUWRDVVHVVNLQHPDWLFSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHVRPHUVDXOWVD GLJLWDOYLGHRFDPHUDZDVSODFHGPDZD\ IURPDQGRUWKRJRQDOWRWKHPRYHPHQWGLUHFWLRQRIWKHFKHHUOHDGHUVDPSOLQJUDWH+]UHVROXWLRQî SL[HOV7KHKRUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDOFRRUGLQDWHVRIWKHIROORZLQJERG\ODQGPDUNVZHUHWUDFNHGLQD VHPLDXWRPDWLF PDQQHUXVLQJWKHPRYHPHQWDQDO\VLVVRIWZDUH6LPL0RWLRQ‹YHUVLRQ6LPL5HDOLW\0RWLRQ6\VWHPVOHIW WRHOHIWDQNOHOHIWNQHHOHIWKLSOHIWVKRXOGHUOHIWHOERZOHIWZULVWDQGOHIWHDU)URPWKHSRVLWLRQ GDWDRIWKHPDUNHUVQLQHWLPHGLVFUHWHNLQHPDWLFSDUDPHWHUVZHUHFDOFXODWHGUHSUHVHQWLQJWDVNUHOHYDQWFULWHULD

$UNDHYDQG6XFKLOLQ(QRND7KHWLPLQJRIWKHVRPHUVDXOWVZDVGHILQHGE\WKHUHODWLYHGXUDWLRQVRI WKHPRYHPHQWSKDVHVWDNHRIISKDVHDQGIOLJKWSKDVH&KDQJHVLQERG\FRQILJXUDWLRQZHUHH[SUHVVHGE\WKH YDOXHVRIWKHVKRXOGHUDQJOHWKHKLSDQJOHDQGWKHDQJOHEHWZHHQWKHWUXQNDQGWKHKRUL]RQWDOSODQHGXULQJWDNHRII IURPWKHIORRUDQGZKHQDFKLHYLQJWKHWXFNHGSRVLWLRQ)LQDOO\ODQGLQJSHUIRUPDQFHZDVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DQDO\]LQJ WKHDEVROXWHODQGLQJGLVWDQFHGHILQHGDVWKHRUWKRJRQDOGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHWRHVGXULQJWDNHRII from the floor and during touchdown on the floor.

Procedure

7KHVWXG\ZDVFDUULHGRXWLQWKUHHSKDVHV,QWKHILUVWSKDVHWKHSDUWLFLSDWLQJFKHHUOHDGHUDUULYHGDWWKHJ\P and signed the informed consent form. The cheerleader was given a PLQXWHZDUPXSSKDVHWRHQVXUHWKDW KHVKHZDVSK\VLFDOO\SUHSDUHG,QWKHVHFRQGSKDVHWKHSDUWLFLSDWLQJFKHHUOHDGHUZDVDVNHGWRSHUIRUPWKUHH tucked backward somersaults from a VWDQGLQJXSULJKWSRVLWLRQRQD VSULQJIORRULQHDFKRIWKHWKUHHH[SHULPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV6WUDLJKW*D]H&RQGLWLRQ6&(OHYDWHG'RW&RQGLWLRQ(&'HSUHVVHG'RW&RQGLWLRQ'&VHH 7DVNDQG0HDVXUHV6HFWLRQ)LJXUH7KHSHUIRUPDQFHVRIWKHVRPHUVDXOWVZHUHYLGHRWDSHGIRUODWHUDQDO\VHV 7KHWKUHHH[SHULPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVZHUHSUHVHQWHGLQD random order for each cheerleader. There was no time SUHVVXUHLQWKLVVWXG\DQGWKHFKHHUOHDGHUZDVDOORZHGWRWDNHEUHDNVDVUHTXHVWHG,QWKHWKLUGSKDVHRIWKH H[SHULPHQWWKHFKHHUOHDGHUZDVGHEULHIHG

Data Analysis

A VLJQLILFDQFHFULWHULRQRIĮ ZDVGHILQHGIRUDOOUHSRUWHGUHVXOWV,QRUGHUWRDVVHVVGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ WKHWKUHHH[SHULPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVVHSDUDWH:LOFR[RQ0DWFKHG3DLUV7HVWVZHUHFDOFXODWHGEHWZHHQWKHVWUDLJKW JD]H FRQGLWLRQ DQG WKH RWKHU WZR H[SHULPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV WDNLQJ WKH DERYH OLVWHG NLQHPDWLF SDUDPHWHUV DV GHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV

Results

0DQLSXODWLQJ JD]H GLUHFWLRQ UHYHDOHG VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFWV RQ NLQHPDWLF SDUDPHWHUV RI WKH VRPHUVDXOWV ,QSDUWLFXODUFKHHUOHDGHUVH[KLELWHGD longer flight duration in the EC condition, Z S D ODUJHUKLS angle during takeoff in the EC condition, Z S DQGD larger angle between the trunk and the horizontal in the EC condition, Z S ZKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKH6&FRQGLWLRQ7DNHQWRJHWKHUWKHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDW FKHHUOHDGHUVDSSHDUWRRSWLPL]HWKHLUVRPHUVDXOWSHUIRUPDQFHLQWKH(&FRQGLWLRQ7KHUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ Table 1.

Table 1.

&KHHUOHDGHU¶V NLQHPDWLF SDUDPHWHUV 0HDQV “ 6WDQGDUG (UURUV RI WKH EDFNZDUG VRPHUVDXOWV LQ WKH WKUHH H[SHULPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQVDVZHOODVDVVWDWLVWLFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIWKH:LOFR[RQ0DWFKHG3DLUV7HVWV ([SHULPHQWDO&RQGLWLRQ :LOFR[RQ037HVW6WDWLVWLF Kinematic Parameters Straight Gaze (SC) 'HSUHVVHGGRW (DC) Elevated dot (EC) SC vs. DC SC vs. EC Z S Z S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Timing of the somersaults

Takeoff duration “ “ “     Flight duration “ “ “   2.34 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Body configuration during takeoff

+LSDQJOH “ “ “ 1.22    Shoulder angle “ “ “ 1.54    7UXQNKRUL]RQWDODQJOH “ “ “     %RG\FRQILJXUDWLRQZKHQDFKLHYLQJWKHWXFNHGSRVLWLRQ +LS$QJOH “ “ “   1.16  Shoulder angle “ “ “     7UXQNKRUL]RQWDODQJOH “ “ “   2.11  /DQGLQJSHUIRUPDQFH Landing distance “ “ “ 1.24  1.77  VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJH[SHULPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV

Discussion and Conclusion

,W EHFRPHV DSSDUHQW WKDW FKHHUOHDGHU¶V JD]H EHKDYLRXU LV FORVHO\ UHODWHG WR WKHLU PRWRU EHKDYLRXU ZKHQ SHUIRUPLQJVWDQGLQJEDFNZDUGVRPHUVDXOWVRQWKHIORRU&KHHUOHDGHUVH[KLELWHGIRULQVWDQFHODUJHUKLSDQJOHV GXULQJWKHWDNHRIISKDVHRIWKHVRPHUVDXOWVZKHQWKH\HOHYDWHGWKHLUJD]HGLUHFWLRQDVFRPSDUHGWRD straight gaze direction. A ODUJHUKLSDQJOHDWWDNHRIILQGLFDWHVD PRUHXSULJKWERG\SRVLWLRQZKLFKLQWXUQPD\DFFRXQWIRUWKH longer flight duration that was found in the EC condition. Assuming that contingencies between (visual) information DQGWKHLUFRUUHVSRQGLQJPRWRUDFWLRQVGHYHORSDQGFKDQJHGXULQJVNLOODFTXLVLWLRQ'DYLGVHWDO2¶5HJDQ DQG1RsWKHTXHVWLRQUHPDLQVKRZHYHUWRZKLFKGHJUHHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQJD]HGLUHFWLRQDQGPRYHPHQW EHKDYLRUPD\GHSHQGRQRUFRYDU\ZLWKFKHHUOHDGHU¶VH[SHUWLVHOHYHO&XUUHQWUHVHDUFKLQVSRUWVVFLHQFHVDQG SV\FKRORJ\KLJKOLJKWVIRULQVWDQFHH[SHUWLVHGHSHQGHQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQJD]HEHKDYLRULQGLIIHUHQWVSRUWV0DQQ HWDO$GGLWLRQDOO\LWFDQEHVKRZQIURPUHVHDUFKRQHYHU\GD\DFWLRQVWKDWJD]HLVGLUHFWHGWRZDUGVORFDWLRQV that are relevant for a VSHFLILFWDVN/DQG(YLGHQFHIURPUHVHDUFKRQFRPSOH[VNLOOVLQJ\PQDVWLFVILQDOO\ shows that a ZHOOFRRUGLQDWHGFRXSOLQJVHHPVWRRSHUDWHEHWZHHQJD]HGLUHFWLRQDQGWKHPRYHPHQWRIVHYHUDOERG\ VHJPHQWVYRQ/D‰EHUJHWDO%DVHGRQWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGDVSHFWVRQHFRXOGDUJXHWKDWLQFKHHUOHDGLQJ a SDUWLFXODUJD]HEHKDYLRULVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKD SDUWLFXODUVHWRIPRWRUVNLOOVDQGH[SHUWVGLUHFWWKHLUJD]HLQD way WKDWEHVWVHUYHVWKHH[HFXWLRQRIWKHWDVNDWKDQG5DDEHWDO

There may, however, be a defined range in which a FRXSOLQJEHWZHHQJD]HDQGPRWRUEHKDYLRULVIXQFWLRQDO for the demands of the task at hand. For instance, in the current study, there were no influences on kinematic SDUDPHWHUVZKHQJD]HGLUHFWLRQZDVGHSUHVVHGDVFRPSDUHGWRD straight gaze direction. This could either indicate WKDWJD]HGLUHFWLRQLQWKHGHSUHVVHGGRWFRQGLWLRQZDVRXWVLGHWKHIXQFWLRQDOUDQJHRIWKHFRXSOLQJEHWZHHQJD]H GLUHFWLRQDQGPRWRUEHKDYLRXUZKHQSHUIRUPLQJVWDQGLQJEDFNZDUGVRPHUVDXOWVRUHYHQKDPSHUHGWKHHPHUJHQFH RIDQRSWLPDOPRWRUEHKDYLRXULQVRPHUVDXOWV&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHVWUDLJKWJD]HFRQGLWLRQ and the elevated gaze condition could have been stronger if gaze direction would have been elevated to a larger degree. Thus, a VXEVHTXHQWVWXG\FRXOGH[SORUHWKHOLPLWVWRZKLFKWKHFRXSOLQJEHWZHHQJD]HEHKDYLRXUDQGPRWRU EHKDYLRXULVVWLOOIXQFWLRQDOIRUWKHH[HFXWLRQRIEDFNZDUGVRPHUVDXOWVLQFKHHUOHDGLQJ

2QH FRPPRQ FRDFKLQJ WHFKQLTXH LQ FKHHUOHDGLQJ DV ZHOO DV LQ VSRUWV ZLWK VLPLODU GHPDQGV RQ PRWRU FRRUGLQDWLRQLVWRWHDFKSHUIRUPHUVWRIRFXVRQD SRLQWRQWKHZDOOLQIURQWRIWKHPDVORQJDVSRVVLEOHGXULQJWDNHRII DQGGXULQJWKHILUVWSDUWRIWKHIOLJKWSKDVH*HRUJH,WFDQEHDVVXPHGWKDWVXFKD coaching technique IDFLOLWDWHVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRID IXQFWLRQDOFRXSOLQJEHWZHHQJD]HEHKDYLRXUDQGPRWRUEHKDYLRXULQFKHHUOHDGLQJ

Acknowledgements

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References

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Davlin C.D., Sands W.A., Shultz B.B. The role of vision in control of orientation in a EDFNWXFNVRPHUVDXOW0RWRU&RQWURO 337–346.

'DYOLQ&'6DQGV:$6KXOW]%%'RJ\PQDVWV³VSRW´GXULQJD EDFNWXFNVRPHUVDXOW,QW6SRUWV-± Davids K., Button C., Bennett, S. Dynamics of skill acquisition: a FRQVWUDLQWVOHGDSSURDFK+XPDQ.LQHWLFV&KDPSDLJQ 'H0HUV*(8WLOL]LQJYLVXDOUHIHUHQFHSRLQWVLQVSULQJERDUGGLYLQJ6ZLPPLQJ:RUOGDQG-XQLRU6ZLPPHU± (QRND501HXURPHFKDQLFVRIKXPDQPRYHPHQWUGHG+XPDQ.LQHWLFV&KDPSDLJQ *HRUJH*6&KDPSLRQVKLSJ\PQDVWLFV%LRPHFKDQLFDOWHFKQLTXHVIRUVKDSLQJZLQQHUV'HVLJQVIRU:HOOQHVV3UHVV&DUOVEDG +HLQHQ7-HUDM'9LQNHQ309HOHQW]DV./DQGZKHUH\RXORRN"±)XQFWLRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQJD]HDQGPRYHPHQWEHKDYLRXU in a EDFNZDUGVDOWR%LRO6SRUW± 6LPL5HDOLW\0RWLRQ6\VWHPV6LPL0RWLRQYHUVLRQ*HUPDQ\ /DQG0)7KHFRRUGLQDWLRQRIURWDWLRQVRIWKHH\HVKHDGDQGWUXQNLQVDFFDGLFWXUQVSURGXFHGLQQDWXUDOVLWXDWLRQV([S%UDLQ5HV ± /D‰EHUJYRQ&%H\NLUFK.$0RKOHU%-%OWKRII++,QWHUVHJPHQWDOH\HKHDGERG\LQWHUDFWLRQVGXULQJFRPSOH[ZKROHERG\ PRYHPHQWV3ORV2QH±/XLV07UHPEOD\/9LVXDOIHHGEDFNXVHGXULQJD back tuck somersault: evidence for RSWLPDOYLVXDOIHHGEDFNXWLOL]DWLRQ0RWRU&RQWURO±

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Cite this article as:

Heinen T., Vollmer H. Short Communication: directing cheerleader‘s gaze influences motor behavior in somersaults. &HQWU(XU-6SRUW6FL0HG23–28.