Charakterystyka i pochodzenie demonów rodzaju żeńskiego w Testamencie Salomona

:RMFLHFK.DUG\Ğ1

CHARAKTERYSTYKA I POCHODZENIE DEMONÓW

52'=$-8ĩ(ē6.,(*2:7(67$0(1&,(6$/2021$

:VWĊS

7HVWDPHQW6DORPRQDWRDSRNU\¿F]QDNVLĊJDNWyUDSRZVWDáDSUDZGRSRGREQLHZ,,,ZLHNX po Chr.2=RVWDáDQDSLVDQDZMĊ]\NXJUHFNLP3

=DZLHUDRSRZLDGDQLHRW\WXáRZ\PERKD- WHU]HSU]HGNWyU\P]MDZLDMąVLĊSRNROHL]áHGXFK\SU]HGVWDZLDMąVLĊLQIRUPXMąRPLHM-VFX VZHJR SU]HE\ZDQLD R VZHM V]NRGOLZHM G]LDáDOQRĞFL RUD] R DQLRáDFK PRJąF\FK MH XQLHV]NRGOLZLü.UyOG]LĊNLRWU]\PDQHPXRG%RJDSLHUĞFLHQLRZLSRWUD¿SU]HMąüNRQ- WUROĊQDGNDĪG\P]GHPRQyZLSU]\G]LHOLüMHGRSUDF\SU]\EXGRZLHĞZLąW\QLZ-HUR]R-OLPLH$SRNU\ISUH]HQWXMHEDUG]RPRFQRUR]ZLQLĊWąGHPRQRORJLĊ3RPLĊG]\OLF]Q\PL SRVWDFLDPLGHPRQLF]Q\PLSRMDZLDMąVLĊZQLPUyZQLHĪLVWRW\URG]DMXĪHĔVNLHJR-XĪQD VDP\PSRF]ąWNXNVLĊJLGRZLDGXMHP\VLĊRLFKLVWQLHQLX6DORPRQRWU]\PDá]DSHZQLH-QLHÄ,G]LĊNLQLHPX> SLHUĞFLHQLRZL@XZLĊ]LV]ZV]\VWNLHGHPRQ\]DUyZQRĪHĔVNLHMDN LPĊVNLH´8Ī\W\WXSU]\PLRWQLNqhluka ,NWyU\R]QDF]DÄNRELHF\´ÄĪHĔVNL´4 VWD-QRZLRNUHĞOHQLHGODU]HF]RZQLNDdaimo,nion ZOLF]ELHPQRJLHM5%\üPRĪHZáDGFDQLH

SDPLĊWDá Z\ĪHM SU]\ZRáDQ\FK VáyZ OXE WHĪ LP QLH GRZLHU]Dá VNRUR SRWHP VNRU]\VWDá

1

.VGU:RMFLHFK.DUG\ĞXUGUWHRORJLLELEOLMQHMOLFQDXNELEOLMQ\FKZ\NáDGRZFDHJ]HJH]\6WDUHJRL1RZH-JR7HVWDPHQWXRUD]MĊ]\NDJUHFNLHJRZ:\ĪV]\P6HPLQDULXP'XFKRZQ\PZ3HOSOLQLHDGUHVGRNRUHVSRQGHQFML ±6NyUF]XO.RĞFLHOQDHPDLOZRNDUG#ZSSO

2 _{7DNąGDWĊSU]\MPXMHZLĊNV]RĞüXF]RQ\FKSRU&KHVWHU&0F&RZQThe Testament of Solomon, Edited from}

Manuscripts at Mount Athos, Bologna, Holkham Hall, Jerusalem, London, Milan, Paris and Vienna, with Intro-duction 8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ ]XP 1HXHQ7HVWDPHQW  /HLS]LJ -& +LQULFKV  ± 6WDQLVáDZ 0ĊGDOD :SURZDG]HQLHGROLWHUDWXU\PLĊG]\WHVWDPHQWDOQHM.UDNyZ7KH(QLJPD3UHVV±*RQ]DOR$3pUH] Ä$SRFUL¿GHOO¶$QWLFR7HVWDPHQWR´ZLetteratura giudaica

intertestamentaria,QWURGX]LRQHDOORVWXGLRGHOOD%LE-ELDUHG*RQ]DOR$3pUH])HUQiQGH]0*DUFLD)HUQiQGH]03pUH]%UHVFLD3DLGHLD-DQXV] .UĊFLGáRÄ7HVWDPHQW6DORPRQD:SURZDG]HQLH´ZPisma apokaliptyczne i testamenty$SRNU\I\6WDUHJR7H-VWDPHQWXUHG0DUHN3DUFKHP.UDNyZ±0RJLODQ\ 7KH(QLJPD3UHVV±'HQQLV&'XOLQJ Ä7HVWDPHQWRI6RORPRQ)LUVWWR7KLUG&HQWXU\$'$1HZ7UDQVODWLRQDQG,QWURGXFWLRQ´ZThe Old

Testa-ment Pseudepigrapha. Volume One. Apocalyptic Literature and TestaTesta-mentsUHG-DPHV+&KDUOHVZRUWK 3HDERG\ +HQGULFNVRQ3XEOLVKHUV±

3 _{,VWQLHMąFH IUDJPHQW\ RVLHPQDVWX UĊNRSLVyZ ]RVWDá\ XáRĪRQH SU]H] && 0F&RZQD Z WU]\ UHFHQ]MH -HJR}

RSUD-FRZDQLHSRVáXĪ\áRGRSU]HNáDGXQDMĊ]\NSROVNLNWyUHJRGRNRQDá-.UĊFLGáRWRWáXPDF]HQLHWUDNWXMHP\MDNR SROVNąZHUVMĊĨUyGáRZąSRU-DQXV].UĊFLGáRÄ7HVWDPHQW6DORPRQD7áXPDF]HQLHLQRW\´UHG0DUHN3DUFKHP .UDNyZ±0RJLODQ\7KH(QLJPD3UHVV±

4 _{2NWDZLXV]-XUHZLF]6áRZQLNJUHFNRSROVNLW:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR6]NROQH3:1} 5 _{:SHáQHMZHUVMLpa,nta ta. daimo,nia ta, te qhluka. kai. avrsenika.}

QU

2016 nr 23

32

] RND]ML DE\ ]DS\WDü %HHO]HEXOD R GHPRQ\ ĪHĔVNLH daimo,nwn qh,leia  6áRZR qh ,leiaSRFKRG]LRGU]HF]RZQLND h` qhlh,R]QDF]DMąFHJRÄVXWHN´ÄSLHUĞ´:RGSRZLHG]L

:áDGFD'HPRQyZSRND]Dá6DORPRQRZL2QRVNHOLV3yĨQLHM]MDZLá\VLĊSU]HGNUyOHPGZD LQQH GHPRQ\ URG]DMX ĪHĔVNLHJR ± QDMSLHUZ 2EL]XW SRWHP (QH¿JRV &KDUDNWHU\VW\ND W\FKWU]HFKSRVWDFLMHVWSU]HGPLRWHPQLQLHMV]HJRDUW\NXáXQDNRĔFXNWyUHJRSRMDZLVLĊ UyZQLHĪNUyWNDZ]PLDQNDRÄVLHGPLXGXFKDFK´SHUVRQL¿NXMąF\FKZDG\LQLHV]F]ĊĞFLD JG\ĪLFKÄLPLRQD´VąURG]DMXĪHĔVNLHJRLSRSU]HG]DMHURG]DMQLNh`.

1. Onoskelis

3LHUZV]\P ĪHĔVNLP GHPRQHP MDNL SRMDZLD VLĊ SU]HG REOLF]HP NUyOD 6DORPRQD MHVW GXFKRLPLHQLX2QRVNHOLVQ-HJRLPLĊVOnoskeli,jR]QDF]DÄWĊ]RĞOLPLQRJDPL´RG ]ELWNLVáyZo`h` o ;noj >ÄRVLRá´@Lto. ske ,loj>ÄQRJD´@6DPDXWRUVWZLHUG]DĪHPLDáDRQD

SLĊNQ\NRELHF\Z\JOąGOHF]QRJLRVáDOXEPXáDSRU2QRVNHOLVZ\]QDáDĪH]DVD-G]DVLĊZUR]VWĊSDFK]LHPVNLFKPLHV]NDZJURWDFKSRUDOHQDMF]ĊĞFLHMSU]HE\ZD QDXUZLVW\FKEU]HJDFKZMDVNLQLDFKLZZąZR]DFKSRU:\MDĞQLáDWHĪQDF]\P SROHJDMHM]áRZURJDLV]NRGOLZDG]LDáDOQRĞüGUĊF]\OXG]LRUD]RGZRG]LLFKRGLFKSUDZ- G]LZHMQDWXU\SRU&]ĊVWRVSRXIDODVLĊ]PĊĪF]\]QDPL]ZáDV]F]D]W\PLRPLRGR-Z\PNRORU]HVNyU\RQLXZDĪDMąMą]DNRELHWĊERVą]WHJRVDPHJRJZLD]GR]ELRUXFR RQDLMDZQLHOXEVNU\FLHRGGDMąF]HĞüMHMJZLHĨG]LH:WHQVSRVyEQLHĞZLDGRPLHUDQLą VLHELHD2QRVNHOLVSRS\FKDMąNXZLĊNV]HPX]áXSRU0ĊĪF]\ĨQLFLZVSRPLQDMąF MąZUDPDFKVZHJRURG]DMXNXOWXSUDJQą]GRE\ü]áRWRDOHZU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLRWU]\PXMą QLHZLHOHSRU'HPRQ]DS\WDQ\RDQLRáDNWyU\JRXQLHV]NRGOLZLDRGU]HNáZáDGF\ Ä7HQVDPNWyU\MHVWUyZQLHĪZWRELHNUyOX´2QRVNHOLVPRĪHE\üXGDUHPQLDQD ÄSU]H] PąGURĞü %RĪą´ NWyUD ]RVWDáD GDQD 6DORPRQRZL SRU  7DN MDN ZLĊNV]RĞü SR]RVWDá\FK]á\FKGXFKyZUyZQLHĪRQDRWU]\PDáDVZyMSU]\G]LDáSU]\EXGRZLHĞZLą-W\QL0LDáDVNUĊFDüNRQRSLHQDOLQ\SRWU]HEQHGRZ]QRV]HQLDJPDFKX3UDFDWDQLHE\áD ]E\WFLĊĪNDE\üPRĪHFHORZRSU]HZLG]LDQDLRGSRZLHGQLDGODÄNRELHW\´",VWRWDGHPR-QLF]QD]RVWDáDZWHQVSRVyERSLHF]ĊWRZDQDLSR]EDZLRQDPRF\VWDMąFVLĊÄQRFąLGQLHP´ /HNWXUDDSRNU\IXGRVWDUF]DQDPMHV]F]HNLONXLQQ\FKLQIRUPDFMLQDWHPDW2QR-VNHOLVGRW\F]ąF\FKQDSU]\NáDGVSRVREXMHMSU]\MĞFLDQDĞZLDW6DPDZWDMHPQLF]\FK VáRZDFKZVSRPLQDÄ=RVWDáDP]URG]RQD]EH]F]DVRZHJRJáRVXQD]\ZDQHJRHFKHPEH]-RáRZLDQHJRQLHEDNWyU\]RVWDáZ\GDQ\ZOHVLH´'XFKMHVWV]F]HJyOQLH]ZLą]DQ\ ]NVLĊĪ\FHPZSHáQLZUD]]QLPSRUXV]DVLĊLSRGUyĪXMHSRU6DORPRQUR]ND]Dá ĪRáQLHU]RZLXGHU]\üGHPRQDVąG]ąFĪHWHQVWURLVRELH]QLHJRĪDUW\SRU=WHM Z]PLDQNLPRĪHP\Z\FLąJQąüZQLRVHNĪH2QRVNHOLVSU]\EUDáDMDNąĞSRVWDüPDWHULDOQą 'RZLDGXMHP\VLĊUyZQLHĪĪHGXFK\PDMąE\üPRĪHXPLHMĊWQRĞüĪDUWRZDQLD=NROHLMHM UHDNFMDF]\OLNU]\NĞZLDGF]\RPRĪOLZRĞFLRGF]XZDQLD¿]\F]QHJREyOXPLPRGXFKR-ZHMQDWXU\E\WX 3UyEXMąFRNUHĞOLüWRĪVDPRĞüLSRFKRG]HQLH2QRVNHOLVZDUWRQDMSLHUZSU]\MU]HüVLĊ MHMG]LDáDOQRĞFL'HPRQVDPVWZLHUG]LáĪHGUĊF]\OXG]LDSRWHPRGZRG]LLFKRGSUDZ- _{-XUHZLF]6áRZQLNJUHFNRSROVNLW}  _{:DSRNU\¿HZSRMDZLDVLĊWHUPLQJUHFNLh`mio,nojNWyU\R]QDF]DÄSyáRVLRá´}

33

G]LZHMQDWXU\a vpo. th /j fu ,sewj skolia ,zw au vtou ,j&]DVRZQLNskolia ,zw R]QDF]D ÄE\üNUĊW\P´DZSRáąF]HQLX]U]HF]RZQLNLHPÄGURJD´±ÄFKDG]DüNUĊW\PLGURJDPL´_. 2QRVNHOLVVSUDZLD]DWHPĪHOXG]LHVFKRG]ą]ZáDĞFLZHMGURJLFR]GDQLHPQLHNWyU\FK EDGDF]\PRĪHR]QDF]DüQDNáDQLDQLHGRUHODFMLKRPRVHNVXDOQ\FKPLĊG]\QLPLOXEQDZHW GR]RR¿OLL:VNXWHNWDNLHJRZáDĞQLHDNWXPLDáDVLĊSRF]ąüVDPD2QRVNHOLV3OXWDUFK ZParallela minoraRSLVDáSU]\SDGHN$U\VWRQ\PRVD](IH]XNWyU\RGF]XZDáDZHU-VMĊZ]JOĊGHPNRELHWGODWHJRRGE\áVWRVXQHNVHNVXDOQ\]RVáHP:yZF]DVSRF]ĊáDVLĊ DSRWHPSU]\V]áDQDĞZLDWLVWRWDEĊGąFDZSRáRZLHF]áRZLHNLHPZSRáRZLHRVáHP7DNLH PLDá\E\ E\ü SRF]ąWNL 2QRVNHOLV = 7HVWDPHQWX 6DORPRQD GRZLDGXMHP\ VLĊ MHGQDN

RLQQ\PMHMSRFKRG]HQLX&RSUDZGD]URG]HQLH]ÄEH]F]DVRZHJRJáRVX´a vpo. fwnh /j a vkai,rou  NRMDU]RQHJR ] ]DFKPXU]RQ\P QLHEHP ] HFKD RáRZLDQHJR QLHED >h ;cou ou vranou / molu ,bdou fwnh ,n@Z\GDQHJRZOHVLHa vfe ,ntoj e vn u [lh |WRRSLVSRHW\FNL LPHWDIRU\F]Q\SU]H]FRQLHZLHOHQDPMHVWZVWDQLHSRZLHG]LHüRU]HF]\ZLVW\PVWDQLH U]HF]\WRMHGQDNQLHZLGDüZDSRNU\¿HĪDGQHMDOX]MLNWyUDPRJáDE\SRWZLHUG]LüRSR-ZLDGDQLH3OXWDUFKD

'UXJLP WáHP GOD GHPRQLF]QHM WUDG\FML R 2QRVNHOLV PRJáR E\ü VDW\U\F]QH G]LHáR /XNLDQD]6DPRVDWX,,ZLHNSR&KU±Vera historiaSRUQ3RMDZLDVLĊZQLP WDMHPQLF]\JDWXQHNLVWRWRNUHĞODQ\FKMDNR2QRVNHOLG\=DPLHV]NLZDá\RQHMHGQą]Z\VS :SDWU\ZDá\VLĊZPRU]HD]DXZDĪ\ZV]\QDGSá\ZDMąF\RNUĊWGąĪ\á\GRMHJRUR]ELFLD 0DU\QDU]\NWyU]\]GRáDOLSU]HĪ\üXSLMDá\LZLNáDá\ZVLGáDDE\QDVWĊSQLHLFK]MHĞü11_. 0DP\WXGRF]\QLHQLD]IDQWDVW\F]QąRSRZLHĞFLąDXWRUDNWyUD±SR]DLPLHQLHPPLHV]-NDĔFyZZ\VS\±PDQLHZLHOHZVSyOQHJR]SRVWDFLąGHPRQD]7HVWDPHQWX6DORPRQD ,PLĊGHPRQD2QRVNHOLVVOnoskeli,jSRMDZLDVLĊZPLWRORJLF]Q\FKSU]HND]DFKJUHF-NLFKZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSyáERJLQL(PSXV\12EXG]ąFHMVWUDFKSRGZáDGQHMERJLQL+HNDW\ ]DPLHV]NXMąFHMREV]DU+DGHVX&RMDNLĞF]DVRSXV]F]DáDNUDLQĊSRG]LHPQąDE\V]NR-G]LüOXG]LRP3U]\ELHUDáDZyZF]DVUyĪQHIRUP\PLQSLĊNQHMNRELHW\NWyUD]ZDELDáD GRáyĪNDL]DELMDáDPáRG\FKPĊĪF]\]QZ\V\VDMąF]QLFKNUHZ:V]WXFHSU]HGVWDZLDQR MąMDNRK\EU\GĊ]MHGQąRĞOąQRJąL]EUą]RZąSURWH]ą]DVWĊSXMąFąGUXJą13/XELHĪQRĞü LSRĪąGOLZRĞüFHFKXMąFH2QRVNHOLVZ7HVWDPHQFLH6DORPRQDU]HF]\ZLĞFLHXSRGDEQLDMą MąZGXĪ\PVWRSQLXGRJUHFNLHM(PSXV\ 3yáOXG]NLLSyá]ZLHU]ĊF\Z\JOąGGHPRQDVSUDZLáĪHQLHNWyU]\XF]HQLSRV]XNXMą DQDORJLLSRPLĊG]\2QRVNHOLVDLQQ\PLSRVWDFLDPLPLWRORJLF]Q\PL0F&RZQQDSU]\- _{-XUHZLF]6áRZQLNJUHFNRSROVNLW:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR6]NROQH3:1}

 _{:LOOLDP/RDGHUThe Pseudepigrapha on Sexuality. Attitudes towards Sexuality in Apocalypses, Testaments,}

Le-gends, Wisdom, and Related Literature*UDQG5DSLGV±&DPEULGJH:LOOLDP%(HUGPDQV3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\ 

 _{3HWHU%XVFKDas Testament Salomos. Die älteste christlische Dämonologie, kommentiert und in deutscher}

Er-stübersetzung 7H[WHXQG8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ]XU*HVFKLFKWHGHUDOWFKULVWOLFKHQ/LWHUDWXU%HUOLQ:DOWHUGH*UX\-WHU3HWHU%XVFKÄ6RORPRQDVD7UXH([RUFLVW7KH7HVWDPHQWRI6RORPRQLQ,WV&XOWXUDO6HWWLQJ´ Z The Figure of Solomon in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Tradition. King, Sage and Architect UHG -RVHSK 9HUKH\GHQ/HLGHQ0RKU6LHEHFN/RDGHUThe Pseudepigrapha on Sexuality

11 _{%XVFKDas Testament Salomos±%XVFKÄ6RORPRQ´±} 12 _{'XOLQJÄ7HVWDPHQWRI6RORPRQ´}

13 _{,PLĊ(PSXVDSRFKRG]LRGSRáąF]HQLDGZyFKJUHFNLFKVáyZe[n}

34 NáDGZLG]LZQLHMĪHĔVNLRGSRZLHGQLNJUHFNLHJRVDW\UD6DW\URZLHIDXQ\WRZSRáRZLH OXG]LHZSRáRZLH]ZLHU]ĊWD0LHOLQRJLNR]áDSRURĞQLĊWHVLHUĞFLąDĪGRSDVDRUD]NRS\WD 'DOHMRGSDVDZJyUĊSU]\ELHUDOLIRUPĊF]áRZLHNDFKRFLDĪV]SLF]DVWHXV]\LNR]LDEURGD SU]\SRPLQDá\EDUG]LHMSRVWDü]ZLHU]ĊFą6DW\URZLHWRZDU]\V]\OLERJXZLQD'LRQL]R-VRZLZFKRG]ąFZVNáDGMHJRRUV]DNX1LHU]DGNRXSLMDOLVLĊLEáąNDOLSROHVLH&RMHVW V]F]HJyOQLHZDĪQHXJDQLDOLVLĊOXELHĪQLH]DQLPIDPLRUD]V]NRG]LOLOXG]LRPDQDZHW ERJLQLRP.UDGOL]ZLHU]ĊWDSDVWHU]RPZLHGOLOXG]LQDPDQRZFHLVWUDV]\OLLFK14,FK G]LDáDOQRĞüSU]\ELHUDáD]DWHPZSHZQHMPLHU]HFKDUDNWHUV]NRGOLZ\L]áRĞOLZ\ -HGQ\P]IDXQyZE\áERĪHN3DQSUDZGRSRGREQLHV\Q+HUPHVD3RURĞQLĊWDNR]LąVLHU-ĞFLąGROQDSDUWLDFLDáDUR]V]F]HSLRQHNRS\WDRUD]URJLQDJáRZLHVSUDZLDá\ĪHERĪHN VND]DQ\ E\á QD SRUDĪNĊ Z VZ\FK UHODFMDFK ] NRELHWDPL D SUyERZDá ]ZLą]Dü VLĊ QDM-SLHUZ]6\ULQNVSRWHP]QLPIą3LW\V15:ĞUHGQLRZLHF]X]NROHL]HZ]JOĊGXQDMHJR

RGS\FKDMąF\Z\JOąG]DF]ĊWRXND]\ZDüJRMDNRGHPRQDLZ\NRU]\VWDQRGRQDNUHĞOHQLD OXGRZHJRZL]HUXQNXGLDEáD

-HĞOLQDWRPLDVWFKRG]LRPRĪOLZHSRZLą]DQLHKLVWRULLQLH-V]F]ĊĞOLZHJRERĪND]2QRVNHOLV]7HVWDPHQWX6DORPRQDHOHPHQWHPZVSyOQ\PPRĪH E\üZLDGRPRĞü]DZDUWDZPyZLąFRPĊĪF]\]QDFKNWyU]\VSRXIDODMąVLĊ]QLą2QR-VNHOLVVWZLHUG]DĪHMHVWWDNDMDNRQLÄ]WHJRVDPHJRJZLD]GR]ELRUX´ou -toi sunastroi, mou , eivsin%DGDF]HZLG]ąWXDOX]MĊGRJZLD]GR]ELRUX.R]LRURĪFDG]LHVLąWHJR]QDNX ]RGLDNX:VWDURĪ\WQRĞFLE\áRQXWRĪVDPLDQ\ZáDĞQLH]3DQHP_. 3RV]XNXMąFPLWRORJLF]QHJRWáDGODSRVWDFL2QRVNHOLVMHV]F]HLQQ\PWURSHPSRGąĪD /DUVRQ:VND]XMHQDSURFHVV\QNUHW\]PXZUDPDFKNWyUHJRZRNUHVLHEL]DQW\MVNLP GRV]áRGRXWRĪVDPLHQLDNODV\F]Q\FKJUHFNLFKQLPI]H]á\PLGXFKDPL]DUyZQR]QDQ\PL ]WUDG\FMLMXGHRFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLHMXSDGá\PLDQLRáDPLMDNUyZQLHĪ]H]áRZURJLPLPLW\F]-Q\PLGHPRQDPLJUHFNLPLGODWHJRWHĪZ2QRVHNHOLVPRĪQD]GDQLHPDXWRUNLGRVWU]HF U\V\QLPI\DNRQNUHWQLHMPLDáDE\RQDE\üMHGQą]QHUHLGF]\OLLVWRWPRUVNLFKFyUHN 1HUHXVDL'RULV_. =XSHáQLH JG]LH LQG]LHM ER Z 0H]RSRWDPLL SRV]XNXMH SRFKRG]HQLD 2QRVNHOLV 6FKZDU] NWyU\ ZLG]L Z GHPRQLH ¿JXUĊ /LOLW $XWRU SRGNUHĞOD MHGQRF]HĞQLH UyĪQLFH PLĊG]\ RERPD GXFKDPL Z ¿]\F]Q\P Z\JOąG]LH /LOLW RG]QDF]DáD VLĊ Z FDáRĞFL XZR-G]LFLHOVNLPSLĊNQHPSRGF]DVJG\2QRVNHOLVW\ONRSRáRZLF]QLHRGSDVDZGyáPLDáD ERZLHPSRZLHU]FKRZQRĞüRĞOą2ELHQDWRPLDVWFRMHVWLFKSRGRELHĔVWZHP]DMPRZDá\ VLĊXZRG]HQLHPPĊĪF]\]QNWyU]\XOHJDMąFLPE\OLSU]HNRQDQLĪHPDMąGRF]\QLHQLD ]SLĊNQąNRELHWą'RSLHURSyĨQLHMSU]HNRQ\ZDOLVLĊĪHE\áDWRLVWRWDGHPRQLF]QDVSUR-ZDG]DMąFDQDQLFKSRZDĪQH]DJURĪHQLH 'HPRQ/LOLWZVSRPQLDQ\MHVWZ.VLĊG]H,]D-MDV]DZ,]JG]LHF]\WDP\Ä=G]LF]DáHSV\VSRWNDMąVLĊ]KLHQDPLLNR]á\EĊGą VLĊSU]\]\ZDüZ]DMHPQLHFRZLĊFHMWDP/LOLWSU]\FXSQLHL]QDMG]LHVRELH]DFLV]HQD

14 _{-DQ 3DUDQGRZVNL Mitologia. Wierzenia i podania Greków i Rzymian /RQG\Q 3XOV  ± 'XOLQJ}

Ä7HVWDPHQWRI6RORPRQ´±

15 _{3DUDQGRZVNLMitologia±}  _{3DUDQGRZVNLMitologia}

 _{.UĊFLGáRÄ7HVWDPHQW6DORPRQD7áXPDF]HQLH´'XOLQJÄ7HVWDPHQWRI6RORPRQ´}  _{-HQQLIHU/DUVRQGreek Nymphs. Myth, Cult, Lore2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV±}  _{+RZDUG6FKZDUW]Tree of Souls. The Mythology of Judaism2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV}

35 VSRF]\QHN´:6HSWXDJLQFLHKHEUDMVNLHVáRZRtyliyLi _llîlîtRGGDQRJUHFNLPWHUPLQHP ZOLF]ELHPQRJLHM±ovnokentauroi2]QDF]DRQÄRQRFHQWDXU\´±PLW\F]QHLVWRW\VSR-NUHZQLRQH]FHQWDXUDPLF]\OLSyáOXGĨPLLSyáNRĔPL2GSDVDZGyáRQRFHQWDXU\PLDá\ V\OZHWNĊRVáDDRGSDVDZJyUĊSRZLHU]FKRZQRĞüLWZDU]F]áRZLHNDMDNNROZLHNSRNU\Wą JĊVW\PLZáRVDPL%\á\WR]DWHPSyáOXG]LHLSyáRVá\&HFKRZDáDMHJZDáWRZQDQDWXUD E\üPRĪHGODWHJRSU]\SLV\ZDQRLPQLV]F]\FLHOVNąG]LDáDOQRĞüLWUDNWRZDQRMDNRSRPRF-QLNyZV\UHQDWDNXMąF\FK]DáRJLRNUĊWyZSU]HSá\ZDMąF\FKZSREOLĪXZ\VS\6WDURĪ\WQL *UHF\E\OLSU]HNRQDQLĪHRQRFHQWDXU\Ī\á\Z$IU\FH,FKZ\JOąGLQDWXUDVSUDZLá\ĪH ]DF]ĊWRMHSRVWU]HJDüMDNRV\PEROKLSRNU\]ML21ĩHĔVNLPRGSRZLHGQLNLHPRQRFHQWDXUD PRJáDE\ü2QRVNHOLV

$NZLOD Z VZ\P JUHFNLP SU]HNáDG]LH 6WDUHJR 7HVWDPHQWX SR]RVWDZLá Z ,]  KHEUDMVNąWUDQVNU\SFMĊMDNRLiliq]NROHL6\PPDFKXĪ\áVáRZD La ,mia=DQLPSRV]HGá ĞZ+LHURQLPNWyU\]ODW\QL]RZDáQD]ZĊZáDVQąQDGDMąFMHMIRUPĊLamia2QWRXWRĪ-VDPLDá/DPLĊ]/LOLW*UHFNLHLPLĊ/DPLDPRĪHSRFKRG]LüRGDNDG\MVNLHJR/DPDV]WX 7HQ ]QDQ\ Z 0H]RSRWDPLL ĪHĔVNL GHPRQ SU]HGVWDZLDQ\ E\á QLHNLHG\ Z SRZLą]DQLX ]RVáHP22 $QDORJLDPLĊG]\2QRVNHOLVDGHPRQHP/LOLWMHVWFLHNDZ\PWURSHPRGV]XNL-ZDQLDSRFKRG]HQLDLWRĪVDPRĞFL]áHJRGXFKDMHGQDNWRZSU]\SDGNXNROHMQHJRGXFKD 2EL]XWPRĪHP\PyZLüRGXĪRZLĊNV]\PSRGRELHĔVWZLHGODWHJRWHĪGR/LOLWMHV]F]H SRZUyFLP\SRQLĪHM 2. Obizut

'HPRQ R LPLHQLX 2EL]XW VObuzou ,q SU]\EUDá Z\JOąG NRELHW\ PDMąFHM UR]F]RFKUDQH ZáRV\SRU3RMDNLPĞF]DVLH6DORPRQ]DXZDĪ\áĪHÄMHMFLDáRE\áRFLHPQRĞFLąDMHM ZáRV\ZQLHáDG]LH´:SU]HFLZLHĔVWZLHGRZLĊNV]RĞFL]á\FKGXFKyZNWyUHSRMD-ZLDá\VLĊQDNDUWDFKNVLĊJLEUDNXMHLQIRUPDFMLRPLHMVFX]DPLHV]NDQLDOXESU]HE\ZDQLD 2EL]XW:\JOąGDQDWRĪHSR]RVWDMHRQDFDá\F]DVZUXFKXLSRMDZLDVLĊZUyĪQ\FKPLHM- VFDFKSU]HPLHU]DMąFQLHXVWDQQLHĞZLDWSRUL]DSXV]F]DMąFVLĊÄQDZHWZQDMEDU-G]LHMQLH]QDQHVWURQ\´-HĞOLFKRG]LRMHM]áRZURJąG]LDáDOQRĞüGRZLDGXMHP\VLĊ ĪHQLHĞSLRQDZQRF\DOHSRV]XNXMHNRELHW]QRZRQDURG]RQ\PLG]LHüPLJG\Ī]DMPXMH VLĊPRUGRZDQLHPQLHPRZOąW:\ND]XMHVLĊGXĪąDNW\ZQRĞFLąQDW\PSROXLQLHPDUQXMH F]DVX1LNW]OXG]LQLHSRWUD¿MHMSRZVWU]\PDü'HPRQUDQLRF]\]DP\NDXVWDZ\QLV]-F]DXP\Vá\SRZRGXMH¿]\F]QHFLHUSLHQLDSRU±8QLHV]NRGOLZLüPRĪHJRW\ONR DQLRá5DIDá.RELHW\NWyUHXURG]Lá\G]LHFNRFKFąFDE\2EL]XWRGQLFKXFLHNáD]DSLVXMą MHMLPLĊQDSDSLUXVLH&]\QQRĞüWDPLDáDZ\UDĨQLHFKDUDNWHUPDJLF]Q\1LHFRLQDF]HM QLĪPDWRPLHMVFHZSU]\SDGNXSR]RVWDá\FK]á\FKGXFKyZGHPRQQLHRWU]\PDáĪDGQHJR

 _{,PLĊWRPLDáRE\SRFKRG]LüRGKHEUhl’y>l: laylâÄQRF´DOHde factoMHVWWR]DSRĪ\F]HQLHRGDNDG\MVNLHJRlilitu}

DRQRRVWDWHF]QLHSRFKRG]LRGVXPHU\MVNLHJRlilSRU0DQIUHG+XWWHUÄ/LOLWKtylyl´ZDictionary of Deities and Demons in the BibleUHG.DUHOYDQGHU7RRUQ%RE%HFNLQJ3LHWHU:YDQGHU+RUVW/HLGHQ±%RVWRQ±.|OQ%ULOO ±.U]\V]WRI.RĞFLHOQLDN=áRRVRERZHZ%LEOLL Egzegetyczne, historyczne, religioznawcze i kultu-URZHDVSHNW\GHPRQRORJLLELEOLMQHM.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZRÄ0´

21 _{0LFKDHO$OODE\Animals. From Mythology to Zoology'LVFRYHULQJWKH(DUWK1HZ<RUN)DFWVRI)LOH} 22

 ÄSU]\G]LDáX´GRSUDF\SU]\EXGRZLHĞZLąW\QLMHUR]ROLPVNLHM3RZLHV]RQRJR]DZáRV\ SU]HGZ]QRV]RQ\PJPDFKHPWDNDE\ZV]\VF\SU]HFKRGQLHPRJOLJRZLG]LHüLMHGQR-F]HĞQLHZ\FKZDODü%RJDNWyU\GDáNUyORZLPRFXQLHV]NRGOLZLDQLD]á\FKGXFKyZSRU $XWRUDSRNU\IX]DQRWRZDáQLHW\SRZH]DFKRZDQLH2EL]XWQLHFKFLDáDRQDRGUD]X ]GUDG]Lü6DORPRQRZLVZHMWRĪVDPRĞFLDOH]DS\WDQDRQLąND]DáDNUyORZLXGDüVLĊGR NRPQDWNUyOHZVNLFKLXP\üUĊFHQDVWĊSQLHZUyFLüXVLąĞüQDWURQLHLSRQRZLü pytanie SRU:áDGFDXF]\QLáWRSRF]\PX]\VNDáRGUR]PyZF]\QLZV]\VWNLHSRWU]HEQH PXLQIRUPDFMHSRU 3UyEXMąFRGNU\üSRFKRG]HQLH2EL]XWQLHNWyU]\XF]HQLZVND]XMąQD]QDQą]PLWRORJLL JUHFNLHM0HGX]ĊMHGQą]WU]HFK*RUJRQNWyUDVSRMU]HQLHP]DPLHQLDáDZV]HONLHLVWRW\ Ī\ZH Z NDPLHQLH -HM UR]F]RFKUDQH ZáRV\ SRGREQH GR ZáRVyZ 2EL]XW SRU  WR ZLVWRFLHZLMąFHVLĊMDGRZLWHZĊĪH237DSU]HVáDQNDZ\GDMHVLĊMHGQDN]E\WVáDEDDE\

GRSDWU\ZDü VLĊ SRGRELHĔVWZ PLĊG]\ RELHPD LVWRWDPL : U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL ĪDGHQ LQQ\ V]F]HJyáGRW\F]ąF\]DUyZQRZ\JOąGXMDNLG]LDáDOQRĞFL0HGX]\QLHSRNU\ZDVLĊ]FKD-UDNWHU\VW\Ną2EL]XW24_. 2ZLHOHZLĊNV]HSRGRELHĔVWZRPRĪHP\]DXZDĪ\üPLĊG]\2EL]XWDZVSRPQLDQąMXĪ Z\ĪHM/LOLW1LHW\ONRFKRG]LRVDPąIRUPĊ]HZQĊWU]QąRELHPLDá\UR]F]RFKUDQHZáRV\ DOHUyZQLHĪ±ZSHZQ\P]DNUHVLH±RV]NRGOLZąG]LDáDOQRĞü0H]RSRWDPVND/LOLW]DM-PRZDáDVLĊSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPXZRG]HQLHPPĊĪF]\]Q:ĊGURZDáDSRĞZLHFLHDE\LFK áDSDüZVZHVLGáD:FKRG]LáDXNUDGNLHPGRLFKGRPyZZUD]]SRZLHZHPSRZLHWU]D =ZLą]DQDE\áDERZLHP]ZLDWUDPLEXU]RZ\PLVWąGMHMUR]F]RFKUDQHSU]H]ZLFKHUZáR-V\251LHFRZWOHSR]RVWDMHGUXJDIRUPD]áRZURJLHMG]LDáDOQRĞFLGHPRQDSU]HMDZLDMąFD VLĊZV]NRG]HQLXQLHPRZOĊWRP:SU]\SDGNX2EL]XWWHDNFHQW\UR]áRĪ\á\VLĊRGZURWQLH W]QDVSHNWVHNVXDOQ\SRĪąGOLZRĞüLXVLGODQLHPĊĪF]\]QXVWąSLáQDU]HF]GRNXF]DQLD QRZRURGNRPNWyUHGHPRQXVLáRZDáXGXVLü

,PLĊ2EL]XWVObuzou ,qZ\VWĊSXMHZUyĪQ\FKIRUPDFKDOWHUQDW\ZQ\FKWDNLFKMDN a vbu -zou ,q buzou ,q ivdou ,qLE\üPRĪHa vbuzou /:SyĨQLHMV]HMJUHFNREL]DQW\MVNLHMWUDG\FML

QDDPXOHWDFKXPLHV]F]DQRSRVWDüGHPRQDRLPLHQLX%\]DOXE$ERX]RXNWyU\Z\NUDGDá G]LHFLLMH]DELMDá=QDQRJRUyZQLHĪMDNR*\OOXDWR]NROHLMHVWMHGQR]PLVW\F]Q\FK LPLRQ/LOLWZWUDG\FMLNDEDOLVW\F]QHM:WHQVSRVyE2EL]XWPLDáRE\E\üWDMHPQ\PRNUH-ĞOHQLHP/LOLW 6WąGZ]LĊáRVLĊSU]HNRQDQLHRSRGRELHĔVWZLHREXGHPRQyZ:7HVWDPHQ-FLH6DORPRQDLPLĊ/LOLWQLHSRMDZLDVLĊFRSUDZGDDOHZLĊNV]RĞüNRPHQWDWRUyZQLHPD 23 _{.UĊFLGáRÄ7HVWDPHQW6DORPRQD7áXPDF]HQLH´'XOLQJÄ7HVWDPHQWRI6RORPRQ´}

24 _{:V]\VWNLH *RUJRQ\ Z\JOąGDá\ RGUDĪDMąFR RSUyF] ZVSRPQLDQ\FK ZáRVyZ ] ZLMąF\FK VLĊ ZĊĪ\ PLDá\ Ná\ MDN}

XG]LNDUĊFH]EUą]XVNU]\GáD]H]áRWD0HGX]DQDMPáRGV]D]QLFKE\áDQDMVWUDV]QLHMV]D-HMWR3HUVHXV]RGFLąá JáRZĊ]NWyUHMSyĨQLHMZ\VNRF]\á3HJD]3DUDQGRZVNLMitologia

25 _{+XWWHUÄ/LOLWK´±}

 _{0F&RZQThe Testament of Solomon}

 _{6LHJPXQG+XUZLW]Lilith – The First Eve. Historical and Psychological Aspects of the Dark Feminine(LQVLHGHOQ}

 ZąWSOLZRĞFLĪHMHVWRQDEOLVNR]ZLą]DQD]¿JXUą2EL]XWDPRĪHQDZHW]QLąWRĪVDPD_. 3URFHVZ]DMHPQ\FKUHODFMLPLĊG]\RELHPDLVWRWDPLPRĪQDZZLHONLPXSURV]F]HQLXVWUH- ĞFLüQDVWĊSXMąFRGHPRQRLPLHQLX/LOLWVWDáVLĊSRSXODUQ\QDWHUHQDFKVWDURĪ\WQHM6\UR-3DOHVW\Q\LGODWHJRWUD¿áGR%LEOLLKHEUDMVNLHMSRU,]DSRWHPSRMDZLáVLĊWDNĪH Z7HVWDPHQFLH6DORPRQDSRGLPLHQLHP2EL]XW3yĨQLHMMHGQDNLPLĊWR]DQLNáRD]DVWą-SLRQRMHE\üPRĪHV\QRQLPLF]Q\P/LOLWDOHZ]QDF]HQLXMDNLHQDGDáDMHMSyĨQLHMV]D OLWHUDWXUDĪ\GRZVND]DEDUZLRQDNDEDOLVW\F]QLH_. .DUDMDNLHMZHGáXJDSRNU\IX]RVWDáSRGGDQ\GHPRQMHVWGRĞüQLHW\SRZD3RGF]DV JG\ZLĊNV]RĞü]á\FKGXFKyZ6DORPRQ]PXVLáGRNRQNUHWQ\FKSUDFQDU]HF]Z]QRV]HQLD ĞZLąW\QLMHUR]ROLPVNLHM2EL]XWPLDáDE\üMHG\QLHSRZLHV]RQD]DZáRV\ZZLGRF]Q\P PLHMVFX=GDQLHP6DU\6FKZDUW]WDNDNDUDĞZLDGF]\RZLHONLP]KDĔELHQLXGHPRQDNWy-UHJRGRNRQDQR]HZ]JOĊGXQDMHJRSáHü7DNDQLHXĪ\WHF]QDF]\QQRĞüMDNLHM]RVWDáRQ SRGGDQ\ĞZLDGF]\RQLVNLPVWDWXVLHLG\VNU\PLQDFMLNRELHWRUD]MHVWSRWZLHUG]HQLHP SDWULDUFKDOQHMGRPLQDFMLZKLHUDUFKLLVSRáHF]QHMW\PEDUG]LHMĪHZVSRPQLDQLZNVLĊG]H ,]UDHOLFLNWyU]\SU]HFKRG]ąFLVSRJOąGDMąFQD2EL]XWPLHOLFKZDOLü%RJDLSRG]LZLDü VNXWHF]QRĞüNUyODWRPĊĪF]\ĨQL 2SLQLĊ6FKZDUW]QDOHĪ\MHGQDNX]QDü]DZLHOFHSU]H-VDG]RQąJG\ĪIRUPDNDU\PLDáDZ\UDĨQ\]ZLą]HN]UR]F]RFKUDQ\PLZáRVDPLNWyUH ZWHQVSRVyE]RVWDá\QLHMDNRÄXMDU]PLRQH´DQLH]QLVNLPVWDWXVHPNRELHW\LQQHPX GHPRQRZL2QRVNHOLVSU]\G]LHORQRNRQNUHWQąSUDFĊPLPRĪHE\áLVWRWąĪHĔVNąD(QH-¿JRV]ZLą]DQRDOHQLFQLHZVND]XMHQDWRĪHFKFLDQRMą]KDĔELüF]\G\VNU\PLQRZDü ]HZ]JOĊGXQDSáHü2EL]XWMDZLVLĊ]DWHPQDLFKWOHMDNRZ\MąWHN:QLRVNL6FKZDUW] ED]XMąQDIHPLQLVW\F]QHMLQWHUSUHWDFMLHSL]RGXNWyUDZ\GDMHVLĊQLHX]DVDGQLRQDLREFD LQWHQFMRPDXWRUDDSRNU\IX (QH¿JRV .ROHMQ\PGHPRQHPĪHĔVNLPMDNLSR]QDMHP\]OHNWXU\7HVWDPHQWX6DORPRQDMHVW(QH- ¿JRVVEnh,figoj±GXFKNWyU\WDNQDSUDZGĊSRVLDGDEDUG]RZLHOHUyĪQ\FKLPLRQLRNUH-ĞOHĔSRU3U]\MPXMHZ\JOąGSRGREQ\GRNRELHW\DOHQDUDPLRQDFKPDGRGDWNRZH GZLHLQQHJáRZ\]UĊNDPLSRU(QH¿JRVPRĪHMHGQDN]PLHQLDüVZyMZL]HUXQHN VWDMHVLĊQSSRGREQDGRERJLQLSRU:VZ\PZ\JOąG]LH]DVDGQLF]RSU]\ELHUD jedną ] WU]HFK IRUP  F]DVHP ÄZ\F]DURZ\ZDQD SU]H] PĊGUFyZ´ VWDMH VLĊ .URQR-VHPZĞUyGOXG]LNWyU]\MąVSURZDG]DMąZGyáXND]XMHVLĊZLQQHMSRVWDFLFKRü

 _{+XUZLW]LilithRXWRĪVDPLHQLXREXGHPRQyZSRU-XGLW0%ODLUDe±Demonising the Old Testament. An}

Investigation of Azazel, Lilith, Deber, Qeteb and Reshef in the Hebrew Bible. )RUVFKXQJHQ]XP$OWHQ7HVWDPHQW 5HLKH7ELQJHQ0RKU6LHEHFN±/RDGHUThe Pseudepigrapha on Sexuality=NROHL6FKZDU] XZDĪDĪH2EL]XWMHV]F]HREHFQDZ7HVWDPHQFLH6DORPRQDSRWHP]DQLNDDMHMUROĊSU]HMPXMHZáDĞQLH/LOLW$XWRU QD]\ZDWHQSURFHVÄP\WKLFDEVRUSWLRQ´SRU6FKZDUW]Tree of Souls  _{:HGáXJOHJHQG\Ī\GRZVNLHM/LOLWE\áDSLHUZV]ąĪRQą$GDPDOHF]SRNáyWQL]PĊĪHPRGIUXQĊáDRGQLHJR2GWHM} SRU\VWDQRZL]DJURĪHQLHGODPDá\FKG]LHFLLQDOHĪ\FKURQLüVLĊSU]HGQLą]DSRPRFąDPXOHWyZ,QQ\SU]HND]PyZL RW\PĪH/LOLWE\áDMHGQą]ĪRQ6DORPRQD=D/LOLWQLHNWyU]\XZDĪDOLUyZQLHĪNUyORZą6DE\SRU+XWWHUÄ/LOLWK´ 1DWHPDWREHFQRĞFLLWRĪVDPRĞFL/LOLWZWUDG\FMLĪ\GRZVNLHMSRUZ6FKZDUW]Tree of Souls±

 _{6DUDK/6FKZDU]Ä+HU6KDUHRIWKH&XUVLQJ*ULGDQG*URXS*HQGHUDQG'HPRQV´ZA Most Reliable Witness.}

Essays in Honor of Ross Shepard KraemerUHG6XVDQ$+DUYH\1DWKDQLHO'HV5RVLHUV6KLUD//DQGHU-DFTX-HOLQH=3DVWLQ'DQLHO8OOXFFL%URZQ-XGDLF6WXGLHV3URYLGHQFH %URZQ8QLYHUVLW\±

 ZWHNĞFLHQLHSRGDQRZMDNLHMMHV]F]HLQQ\NV]WDáWSU]\EUDáDZREHFQRĞFL6DORPRQD SRU±-HĞOLFKRG]LRPLHMVFH]DPLHV]NDQLDOXESU]HE\ZDQLD±(QH¿JRV]DVLDGD ZSREOLĪXNVLĊĪ\FDSRU:WHNĞFLHEUDNXMHLQIRUPDFMLQDWHPDWMHMV]NRGOLZHMG]LD-áDOQRĞFL'RZLDGXMHP\VLĊQDWRPLDVWĪHSRWUD¿SU]HSRZLDGDüSU]\V]áRĞüÄSURURNRZDü´ :LHĞFLáD6DORPRQRZLUR]áDPMHJRNUyOHVWZDSRWHP]EXU]HQLHĞZLąW\QLSU]HMĊFLH -HUR]ROLP\SU]H]3HUVyZ0HGyZL&KDOGHMF]\NyZ]EH]F]HV]F]HQLHQDF]\ĔĞZLĊW\FK NWyUH]RVWDQąZ\NRU]\VWDQHGRNXOWXSRJDĔVNLFKEyVWZDSRWHPWDNĪHLFKUR]ELFLHQD NDZDáNLSU]H]OXG]L.LHG\WRQDVWąSLGHPRQ\DZUD]]QLPL(QH¿JRVERRGWąG]DF]ĊáD VLĊZ\SRZLDGDüZSLHUZV]HMRVRELHOLF]E\PQRJLHMZ\MGą]FDáąPRFąUR]SURV]ąVLĊ SRĞZLHFLH]ZLRGąOXG]NRĞüQDGáXJLF]DV±DĪGRPRPHQWXĞPLHUFLQDNU]\ĪXÄ6\QD %RĪHJR´SRU±'DOHM]á\GXFKRSLVXMHPRF&KU\VWXVDEĊG]LH2QZ\MąWNRZ\ MHG\Q\WDNLVSRĞUyGZV]\VWNLFKOXG]LQLHSRNRQDOQ\]URG]RQ\EH]VHNVXDOQ\FKUHODFML -HJR0DWNL]PĊĪF]\]QąPDMąF\ZáDG]ĊQDGGXFKDPLZW\PWDNĪHQDGGLDEáHPNWyU\ EĊG]LH SUyERZDá *R EH]VNXWHF]QLH ]ZLHĞü NXV]HQLHP SRU ± 'RZLDGXMHP\ VLĊGDOHMĪH-H]XVFKRüWRLPLĊSRGREQLHMDNRNUHĞOHQLH&KU\VWXVZWHNĞFLHQLHSDGD EĊG]LHÄ(PPDQXHOHP´RUD]ĪH-HJRÄHOHPHQW\LPLHQLDVXPXMąVLĊZV]HĞüVHWF]WHUG]LH-ĞFLF]WHU\´ (QH¿JRVPRĪHE\üXQLHV]NRGOLZLRQDSU]H]DQLRáD5DWDQDHOD:DSRNU\¿HF]\WDP\ ĪHDQLRáQDáRĪ\áQDGHPRQDÄSLHF]ĊüSRWUyMQHJRáDĔFXFKD´D6DORPRQQDáRĪ\áQDQLHJR ÄSLHF]Ċü%RJD´3RWHPUD]MHV]F]HDXWRUDSRNU\IXZ]PLDQNXMHĪHNUyOQDND]Dá ]ZLą]Dü(QH¿JRVÄQLHUR]HUZDOQ\PLZLĊ]DPL´&RMHVWFLHNDZHL]DUD]HPQLHW\-SRZHGHPRQQLHRWU]\PDáĪDGQHJR]DGDQLDSU]\Z]QRV]HQLXĞZLąW\QL (QH¿JRVWRQDMSUDZGRSRGREQLHMRGSRZLHGQLNJUHFNLHMERJLQLNVLĊĪ\FD+HNDWHNWyUD UyZQLHĪSU]\ELHUDáDWU]\UyĪQHIRUP\Z\JOąGX31 W\PEDUG]LHMĪHGHPRQFKĊWQLHSRMD- ZLDáVLĊZSREOLĪXNVLĊĪ\FD1LHNWyU]\SRQDGWRXWRĪVDPLDMą(QH¿JRV]F]F]RQąZ.ROR-VDFKERJLQLą6HOHQHNWyUDZUD]]+HNDWHL$UWHPLGąZFKRG]LáDZVNáDGWULDG\EyVWZ NVLĊĪ\FRZ\FK FKĊWQLH SU]\ZRá\ZDQ\FK Z UDPDFK SUDNW\N PDJLF]Q\FK 6WDURĪ\WQL *UHF\ZLHU]\OLĪHZ\PLHQLRQHZ\ĪHMERJLQLHPRJąRFKURQLüVZ\FKZ\]QDZFyZSU]HG ZURJLPLGXFKDPL]DPLHV]NXMąF\PLQLHELRVD]LHPLĊLĞZLDWSRG]LHPQ\32_{. W tym}

miej-VFXQDSRW\NDP\MHGQDNQDSRZDĪQąWUXGQRĞüMHĞOLFKRG]LRXND]DQLHDQDORJLLPLĊG]\ ZVND]DQ\PL Z\ĪHM JUHFNLPL EyVWZDPL D LQWHUHVXMąF\P QDV GXFKHP : 7HVWDPHQFLH 6DORPRQD(QH¿JRVF]\WRMDNR+HNDWHF]\WHĪMDNR6HOHQHQLHW\ONRQLHPDQDWXU\ GREURF]\QQHM DOH ZUĊF] RGZURWQLH MDZL VLĊ MDNR LVWRWD ZURJD Z]JOĊGHP OXG]L MDNR

31 _{0F&RZQThe Testament of}

Solomon2G9ZLHNXSU]HG&KUZ\REUDĪDQRVRELH+HNDWHQDZ]yUU]HĨE\$OND-PHQHVD:\NRQDáRQSRVąJERJLQLSU]HGVWDZLDMąF\WU]\NRELHFHSRVWDFLH]ZUyFRQHGRVLHELHW\áHPWU]\PDMąFH ZUĊNDFKSRFKRGQLHLG]EDQNLZF]HĞQLHMPLDáDSRVWDüGRMU]DáHMNRELHW\ZSHáQLXEUDQHM]GZLHPDSRFKRGQLDPL ZGáRQLDFK3DUDQGRZVNLMitologia

32 _{&OLQWRQ($UQROGThe Colossian Syncretism. The Interface Between Christianity and Folk Belief at Colossae.}

 demon33 1DF]\PMHMV]NRGOLZHG]LDáDQLHPLDáRE\SROHJDüWHJR]NVLĊJLVLĊQLHGRZLDGX-MHP\DOHQLHXOHJDZąWSOLZRĞFLMHM]áRZURJRĞü'HPRQQLHZ\ND]XMHUyZQLHĪLQDF]HMQLĪ WRE\áRZSU]\SDGNX2QRVNHOLVĪDGQ\FKVNáRQQRĞFLGRZ\NRQ\ZDQLDF]\QQRĞFLQDWXU\ VHNVXDOQHM 4. Siedem duchów 2PDZLDMąFNZHVWLH]ZLą]DQH]ĪHĔVNLPLGHPRQDPLREHFQ\PLZ7HVWDPHQFLH6DORPRQD QLH PRĪQD QLH ZVSRPQLHü WDMHPQLF]HM JUXS\ VLHGPLX GXFKyZ pneu ,mata e `pta ,  SU]\E\á\FKSU]HGREOLF]HNUyOD34:VHQVLHĞFLVá\PQLHPDP\WXGRF]\QLHQLD]LPLRQDPL

LVWRWGHPRQLF]Q\FKOHF]]LFKSHUVRQL¿NDFMDPL3RV]F]HJyOQHGHPRQ\RWU]\PXMąSLVDQH ZLHONąOLWHUąQD]Z\RNUHĞODMąFHMDNLĞVWDQOXEZDGĊNWyUHSRSU]HG]RQHVąURG]DMQLNLHP RNUHĞORQ\PURG]DMXĪHĔVNLHJRh`1DOHĪąGRQLFK)DáV]h` VApa ,th6SyU 1LH]JRGDh` ;Erij3U]H]QDF]HQLHh` Klwqw,5R]SDF]h` Za ,lh %áąGh` Pla ,nh0RFh` Du ,namij1DMJRUV]\h` Kaki,sth35_.

/LF]EDVLHGHPPDWXV]F]HJyOQH]QDF]HQLH-XĪZQDMVWDUV]\FKZLHU]HQLDFKPH]RSRWDP-VNLFKVSRW\NDP\]áHGXFK\]JUXSRZDQHZVLyGHPNLQSassaku VLHGHPVXPHU\MVNLFK GXFKyZĞPLHUFLVWZRU]RQ\FKSU]H]$QXF]\Sebbiti VLHGHPGHPRQyZ_{. W tradycji}

QRZRWHVWDPHQWDOQHMQLHVSRVyEQLHSU]\ZRá\ZDüZW\PPLHMVFXVLHGPLX]á\FKGXFKyZ NWyUHZUD]]Z\U]XFRQ\PXSU]HGQLRGHPRQHP]DPLHV]NDá\ZHZQĊWU]XF]áRZLHNDRSĊ-WDQHJRSRUàN±MDNWHĪVLHGPLXGHPRQyZNWyUHRSXĞFLá\0DULĊ0DJGDOHQĊ SRUàN0RW\ZVLHGPLX]á\FKGXFKyZQLHMHVWWHĪREF\OLWHUDWXU]HDSRNU\¿F]QHM W Testamencie Rubena F]\WDP\ R VLHGPLX GXFKDFK IDáV]X MDNLH XND]Dá\ VLĊ

5XEH-33 _{:PLWRORJLLJUHFNLHM+HNDWHWRMHGHQ]SU]\GRPNyZ$UWHPLG\DZSRH]ML+H]MRGD±GREURF]\QQHLĪ\F]OLZH}

OXG]LRPEyVWZR=GUXJLHMVWURQ\MHĞOLSU]\MPLHP\MDNRZ]yUZL]HUXQHN+HNDWHF]F]RQHMQDWHUHQDFK$]ML0QLHM-V]HMWREĊG]LHP\PLHOLGRF]\QLHQLD]ERJLQLąĞPLHUFLFKRG]ąFąSRJUREDFKPDMąFąXSLRUQ\Z\JOąG=MDZLDáDVLĊ ZWDNLHMSRVWDFLZQRFHNVLĊĪ\FRZHQDUR]VWDMDFKGUyJZWRZDU]\VWZLHGXFKyZLSVyZ6WDQRZLáD]DJURĪHQLHGOD OXG]LDOHPRĪQDE\áRMąVNXWHF]QLHSU]HEáDJDüZ\QRV]ąFQDUR]GURĪDUHV]WNLR¿DUVNáDGDQ\FK]PDUá\P+HNDWH E\áD F]F]RQD UyZQLHĪ MDNR ERJLQL F]DUyZ L F]DURZQLF 3DUDQGRZVNL Mitologia ± 'HPRQLF]Q\FK FHFK QLHSU]\SLV\ZDQRQDWRPLDVWERJLQL6HOHQHZUĊF]RGZURWQLH]HZ]JOĊGXQDMHMPLáRĞüGRSDVWHU]D(QG\PLRQD SRVWU]HJDQRMąQDZHWMDNRSRVWDüURPDQW\F]Qą3DUDQGRZVNLMitologia 34 _{6ąRQHUyZQLHĪRNUHĞORQHMDNRÄFLDáDQLHELHVNLH´stoicei/aLÄZáDGF\ĞZLDWDFLHPQRĞFL´kosmokra,toreij tou/} sko,touj 35 _{:ZLĊNV]RĞFLSU]\SDGNyZRNUHĞOHQLDLÄLPLRQD´GHPRQyZPDMąJUHFNLHSRFKRG]HQLH,WDNQDSU]\NáDG)DáV]} h` VApa,thSU]\ZRáXMHQDP\ĞOPLWRORJLF]Qą$SDWH±ERJLQLĊXRVDELDMąFą]GUDGĊLRV]XVWZD:\GRVWDáDVLĊQD ĞZLDWZUD]]LQQ\PLQLHV]F]ĊĞFLDPLSRRWZDUFLXSXV]NL3DQGRU\6SyU1LH]JRGDh` ;ErijWR(ULV(U\GD±ERJLQL QLH]JRG\LFKDRVXMHMU]\PVNLRGSRZLHGQLNWR'\VNRUGLD3U]H]QDF]HQLHh` Klwqw,.ORWRWRMHGQD]PLWRORJLF]-Q\FK0RMUSU]HGVWDZLDQRMą]ZU]HFLRQHPZGáRQLDFKJG\Ī]DMPRZDáDVLĊSU]ĊG]HQLHPQLFLOXG]NLHJRĪ\FLD ] NROHL QD]ZD 5R]SDF] h Za,lh SRFKRG]L RG VáRZD QDZLą]XMąFHJR GR Z]EXU]RQ\FK IDO PRUVNLFK .UĊFLGáR Ä7HVWDPHQW6DORPRQD7áXPDF]HQLH´:SU]\SDGNXGHPRQDRNUHĞORQHJRMDNR0RFh` Du,namijPRĪHP\ PLHüGRF]\QLHQLD]QDZLą]DQLHPGRQRZRWHVWDPHQWDOQ\FKLVWRWQD]\ZDQ\FKÄ0RFDPL´duna,meijNWyUHZUD] ]Ä:áDG]DPL´Ä7URQDPL´LÄ3RWĊJDPL´.RORGQRV]ąVLĊSUDZGRSRGREQLHGRGHPRQyZ.ZHVWLĊWĊDQDOL-]XMH.RĞFLHOQLDN=áRRVRERZHZ%LEOLL±  _{:RMFLHFK.DUG\Ğ6]DWDQZ6WDU\P7HVWDPHQFLHRUD]ZMXGDL]PLH'UXJLHMĝZLąW\QL6WXGLXP]KLVWRULLWUDG\FML.} 6WXGLD%LEOLFD/XEOLQHQVLD/XEOLQ:\GDZQLFWZR.8/±

 _{-HVWWRMHGHQ]XWZRUyZVNáDGDMąF\FKVLĊQDDSRNU\ITestamenty dwunastu Patriarchów3ROVNLSU]HNáDG$QWRQL}

3DFLRUHNÄ7HVWDPHQW\GZXQDVWX3DWULDUFKyZ±V\QyZ-DNXED´ZApokryfy Starego Testamentu3U\PDVRZVND 6HULD%LEOLMQDUHG5\V]DUG5XELQNLHZLF]:DUV]DZD9RFDWLR±

 QRZLZMHJRZLG]HQLX=RVWDá\RQHSU]\G]LHORQHOXG]LRPSU]H]%HOLDUD.DĪGHPX]QLFK PRĪQDSU]\SLVDüMDNLĞJU]HFKOXEZDGĊPRUDOQąSRU=NROHLF]\WHOQLN]D]QDMR-PLRQ\]NXOWXUąKHOOHQLVW\F]QąPyJáPLHüVNRMDU]HQLD]ZLą]DQH]DVWURORJLą_. =DNRĔF]HQLH :DSRNU\¿F]Q\P7HVWDPHQFLH6DORPRQDSRMDZLDMąVLĊWU]\GHPRQ\ĪHĔVNLH±2QRVNH-OLV2EL]XWL(QH¿JRV:V]\VWNLHRQHPDMąQLHW\SRZ\Z\JOąGRGSRZLHGQLRSyáNRELHWD L Syá RVLRá LVWRWD ] UR]F]RFKUDQ\PL ZáRVDPL RUD] SRVWDü ] WU]HPD JáRZDPL PRJąFD SU]\ELHUDüUyĪQHIRUP\2QRVNHOLV]DPLHV]NXMHUR]VWĊS\LMDVNLQLH2EL]XWSR]RVWDMH ZFLąJá\PUXFKXD(QH¿JRV]DVLDGDZSREOLĪXNVLĊĪ\FD'ZDSLHUZV]HGXFK\V]NRG]ą OXG]LRPQDNáDQLDMąFLFKGRF]\QyZRFKDUDNWHU]HVHNVXDOQ\P]ZRG]HQLHPĊĪF]\]Q KRPRVHNVXDOL]PE\üPRĪHQDZHW]RR¿OLDOXEGXV]ąFQRZRQDURG]RQHG]LHFL:V]\VW-NLH SRVWDFLH PRĪQD Z MDNLHMĞ PLHU]H VNRMDU]\ü ] PLWRORJLą JUHFNą 2QRVNHOLV SU]\SR-PLQD(PSXVĊĪHĔVNLRGSRZLHGQLNVDW\UDRQRFHQWDXUDOXEQLPIĊQHUHLGĊ=ZLą]DQD MHVWE\üPRĪH]ERĪNLHP3DQHP]HZ]JOĊGXQDJZLD]GR]ELyU.R]LRURĪFDRUD]]OHJHQGą R2QRVNHOLGDFK2EL]XWQLHNWyU]\LGHQW\¿NXMą]JUHFNą0HGX]ąD(QH¿JRV]ERJLQLDPL +HNDWHL6HOHQH7áRKHOOHQLVW\F]QHZ\GDMHVLĊPLHüQDMZLĊNV]\ZSá\ZQDNV]WDáWRZD-QLH ZL]HUXQNX L QD SRFKRG]H+HNDWHL6HOHQH7áRKHOOHQLVW\F]QHZ\GDMHVLĊPLHüQDMZLĊNV]\ZSá\ZQDNV]WDáWRZD-QLH Z\PLHQLRQ\FK Z\ĪHM GHPRQyZ FKRü UyZQLHĪ VLOQH SR]RVWDMąSRZLą]DQLD]ZLHU]HQLDPL0H]RSRWDPLLL6\UR3DOHVW\Q\DWR]HZ]JOĊGXQD Z\UDĨQHSRGRELHĔVWZDPLĊG]\GHPRQHP/LOLWD2QRVNHOLVDMHV]F]HEDUG]LHMPLĊG]\ /LOLWD2EL]XWFRSRWHPSRGFKZ\FLáDWUDG\FMDĪ\GRZVNDXNLHUXQNRZDQDNDEDOLVW\F]QLH -HĞOLFKRG]LRQDZLą]DQLDELEOLMQHWRRSUyF]REHFQRĞFLNUyOD6DORPRQDPRĪQDZVND]Dü QDDQLRá\ZW\PQD]QDQHJR].VLĊJL7RELDV]D5DIDáDRUD]QD0ąGURĞü%RĪąNWyUH G]LDáDMą XQLHV]NRGOLZLDMąFR QD ]áH GXFK\ 3UDZLH ZV]\VWNLP GHPRQRP Z]PLDQNRZD- Q\PZNVLĊG]HNUyO]OHFLáMDNLHĞ]DGDQLHSU]\EXGRZLHĞZLąW\QLMHUR]ROLPVNLHMQDWR-PLDVW Z SU]\SDGNX GHPRQyZ ĪHĔVNLFK ]DXZDĪDP\ QLHUHJXODUQRĞü 2QRVNHOLV PLDáD VNUĊFDüOLQ\NRQRSLSUDFDGHOLNDWQDRGSRZLHGQLDGODÄNRELHW\´2EL]XWQLFQLHURELáD MHG\QLHZLVLDáDZZLGRF]Q\PGODSU]HFKRGQLyZPLHMVFXD(QH¿JRVSR]RVWDáDÄEH]SU]\-G]LDáX´ : DSRNU\¿H SRMDZLDMą VLĊ WHĪ PRW\Z\ QRZRWHVWDPHQWDOQH ]ZLą]DQH ] -H]X-VHP&KU\VWXVHPL-HJR0DWNą-DNZLGDüQDREUD]ĪHĔVNLFKGHPRQyZ]áRĪ\á\VLĊUyĪQH PRW\Z\LQDZLą]DQLDGODWHJRPRĪHP\PyZLüRLFKV\QNUHW\F]Q\PFKDUDNWHU]H'RW\-F]\WRUyZQLHĪJUXS\VLHGPLXGXFKyZSHUVRQL¿NXMąF\FKZDG\QD]ZDQ\FKÄLPLRQDPL´ URG]DMXĪHĔVNLHJR

 _{0yJáVNRMDU]\üVLyGHPNĊGHPRQyZ]HVLHGPLRPD3OHMDGDPLFyUNDPL$WODVD0F&RZQThe Testament of}

So-lomon'XOLQJÄ7HVWDPHQWRI6RORPRQ´±OXEWHĪ]HVWDZLüSRV]F]HJyOQHGHPRQ\]NRQNUHWQ\PL SODQHWDPL'RULDQ**UHHQEDXP7KH'DLPRQLQ+HOOHQLVWLF$VWURORJ\2ULJLQVDQG,QÀXHQFHV>/HLGHQ%ULOO @±

41

%LEOLRJUD¿D

$OODE\0LFKDHOAnimals. From Mythology to Zoology'LVFRYHULQJWKH(DUWK1HZ<RUN )DFWVRI)LOH

$UQROG&OLQWRQ(The Colossian Syncretism. The Interface Between Christianity and Folk Belief at Colossae. :LVVHQVFKDIWOLVFKH8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ]XP1HXHQ7HVWDPHQW5HLKH 7ELQJHQ0RKU6LHEHFN

%ODLU-XGLW0De–Demonising the Old Testament. An Investigation of Azazel, Lilith, Deber, Qeteb and Reshef in the Hebrew Bible. )RUVFKXQJHQ]XP$OWHQ7HVWDPHQW5HLKH 7ELQJHQ0RKU6LHEHFN

%XVFK3HWHUDas Testament Salomos. Die älteste christlische Dämonologie, kommentiert und in deutscher Erstübersetzung 7H[WHXQG8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ]XU*HVFKLFKWHGHUDOW-FKULVWOLFKHQ/LWHUDWXU%HUOLQ:DOWHUGH*UX\WHU

%XVFK3HWHUÄ6RORPRQDVD7UXH([RUFLVW7KH7HVWDPHQWRI6RORPRQLQ,WV&XOWXUDO6HWWLQJ´ W: The Figure of Solomon in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Tradition. King, Sage and ArchitectUHG-RVHSK9HUKH\GHQ±/HLGHQ%ULOO

'XOLQJ'HQQLV&Ä7HVWDPHQWRI6RORPRQ)LUVWWR7KLUG&HQWXU\$'$1HZ7UDQVODWLRQ DQG,QWURGXFWLRQ´:The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Volume One. Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments UHG-DPHV+&KDUOHVZRUWK±3HDERG\+HQGULFN-VRQ3XEOLVKHUV

*UHHQEDXP'RULDQ*The Daimon in Hellenistic Astrology. 2ULJLQVDQG,QÀXHQFHV/HLGHQ %ULOO

+XUZLW]6LHJPXQGLilith ±The First Eve. Historical and Psychological Aspects of the Dark Feminine(LQVLHGHOQ'DLPRQ9HUODJ

+XWWHU0DQIUHGÄ/LOLWKt y l y l ´:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the BibleUHG .DUHOYDQGHU7RRUQ%RE%HFNLQJ3LHWHU:YDQGHU+RUVW±/HLGHQ±%RVWRQ± .|OQ%ULOO

-XUHZLF] 2NWDZLXV] 6áRZQLN JUHFNRSROVNL 7 ± :DUV]DZD :\GDZQLFWZR 6]NROQH 3:1±

.DUG\Ğ:RMFLHFK6]DWDQZ6WDU\P7HVWDPHQFLHRUD]ZMXGDL]PLH'UXJLHMĝZLąW\QL6WXGLXP ]KLVWRULLWUDG\FML6WXGLD%LEOLFD/XEOLQHQVLD/XEOLQ:\GDZQLFWZR.8/ .RĞFLHOQLDN .U]\V]WRI =áR RVRERZH Z %LEOLL Egzegetyczne, historyczne, religioznawcze

LNXOWXURZHDVSHNW\GHPRQRORJLLELEOLMQHM.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZRÄ0´

.UĊFLGáR-DQXV]Ä7HVWDPHQW6DORPRQD:SURZDG]HQLH´:Pisma apokaliptyczne i

testa-mentyUHG0DUHN3DUFKHP.

$SRNU\I\6WDUHJR7HVWDPHQWX±.UDNyZ±0RJL-ODQ\7KH(QLJPD3UHVV

.UĊFLGáR -DQXV] Ä7HVWDPHQW 6DORPRQD 7áXPDF]HQLH L QRW\´ : Pisma apokaliptyczne

i testamentyUHG0DUHN3DUFKHP$SRNU\I\6WDUHJR7HVWDPHQWX±.UDNyZ±

0RJLODQ\7KH(QLJPD3UHVV

/DUVRQ-HQQLIHUGreek Nymphs. Myth, Cult, Lore2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV /RDGHU:LOOLDPThe Pseudepigrapha on Sexuality. Attitudes towards Sexuality in

Apocalyp-ses, Testaments, Legends, Wisdom, and Related Literature*UDQG5DSLGV±&DPEULGJH :LOOLDP%(HUGPDQV3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\

42

0F&RZQ&KHVWHU&The Testament of Solomon, Edited from Manuscripts at Mount Athos, Bologna, Holkham Hall, Jerusalem, London, Milan, Paris and Vienna, with Introduc-tion. 8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ]XP1HXHQ7HVWDPHQW/HLS]LJ-&+LQULFKV

0ĊGDOD6WDQLVáDZ:SURZDG]HQLHGROLWHUDWXU\PLĊG]\WHVWDPHQWDOQHM.UDNyZ7KH(QLJPD 3UHVV

3DFLRUHN$QWRQLÄ7HVWDPHQW\GZXQDVWX3DWULDUFKyZ±V\QyZ-DNXED´:Apokryfy Sta-rego Testamentu UHG 5\V]DUG 5XELQNLHZLF] 3U\PDVRZVND 6HULD %LEOLMQD ± :DUV]DZD9RFDWLR

3DUDQGRZVNL-DQMitologia. Wierzenia i podania Greków i Rzymian. /RQG\Q3XOV 3pUH] *RQ]DOR $ „$SRFUL¿ GHOO¶$QWLFR 7HVWDPHQWR´ : Letteratura giudaica

intertesta-mentaria

UHG*RQ]DOR$3pUH])HUQiQGH]0*DUFLD)HUQiQGH]03pUH],QWURGX-]LRQHDOORVWXGLRGHOOD%LEELD±%UHVFLD3DLGHLD

6FKZDUW] +RZDUG Tree of Souls. The Mythology of Judaism 2[IRUG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV

6FKZDU] 6DUDK / Ä+HU 6KDUH RI WKH &XUVLQJ *ULG DQG *URXS *HQGHU DQG 'HPRQV´ W: A Most Reliable Witness. Essays in Honor of Ross Shepard KraemerUHG6XVDQ $+DUYH\1DWKDQLHO'HV5RVLHUV6KLUD//DQGHU-DFTXHOLQH=3DVWLQ'DQLHO8OOXFFL

%URZQ-XGDLF6WXGLHV±3URYLGHQFH%URZQ8QLYHUVLW\

6WUHV]F]HQLH

$SRNU\¿F]Q\7HVWDPHQW6DORPRQDSUH]HQWXMHPRFQRUR]EXGRZDQąGHPRQRORJLĊ3RPLĊG]\ ]á\PLGXFKDPLNWyUHSU]\E\ZDMąSU]HGREOLF]HNUyOD6DORPRQDVąUyZQLHĪGHPRQ\URG]DMX ĪHĔVNLHJR 2QRVNHOLV 2EL]XW L (QH¿JRV 2VREQą NDWHJRULĊ VWDQRZL JUXSD VLHGPLX ]á\FK GXFKyZ NWyU\P DXWRU QDGDMH RNUHĞOHQLD URG]DMX ĪHĔVNLHJR &KDUDNWHU\VW\ND L SRFKRG]H- QLHGHPRQyZURG]DMXĪHĔVNLHJRZ]PLDQNRZDQ\FKZDSRNU\¿HVWDQRZLSU]HGPLRWQLQLHM-V]HJRDUW\NXáX 6áRZDNOXF]RZHGHPRQ\GHPRQ\URG]DMXĪHĔVNLHJR]áHGXFK\GHPRQRORJLDSR]DELEOLMQD Testament Salomona $EVWUDFW &+$5$&7(5,=$7,21$1'3529(1$1&(2)7+()(0$/('(0216 ,17+(7(67$0(172)62/2021

7KH SVHXGRHSLJUDSKLFDO 7HVWDPHQW RI 6RORPRQ SUHVHQWV KLJKO\ GHYHORSHG GHPRQRORJ\ $PRQJWKHHYLOVSLULWVZKRDUULYHDQGDSSHDULQWKHSUHVHQFHRINLQJ6RORPRQWKHUHDUHDOVR WKHIHPDOHGHPRQV2QRVNHOLV2E\]RXWKDQG(QHSVLJRV7KHFDWHJRU\E\LWVHOILVWKHJURXS RIVHYHQHYLOVSLULWVZKRKDYHIHPLQLQHGHVLJQDWLRQV7KHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQDQGSURYHQDQFHRI WKHIHPDOHGHPRQVPHQWLRQHGLQRXUSVHXGRHSLJUDJKLFZULWLQJ±WKLVLVDVXEMHFWRIWKHDUWLFOH .H\ZRUGVGHPRQVIHPDOHGHPRQVHYLOVSLULWVH[WUDELEOLFDOGHPRQRORJ\WKH7HVWDPHQWRI Solomon