NOMINA ACTIONIS ɋ ɇɈȼɕɆɂ ɂɇɌȿɊɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɕɆɂ ɎɈɊɆȺɇɌȺɆɂ ȼ ɊɍɋɋɄɈɆ əɁɕɄȿ ɗɉɈɏɂ ɉɈɋɌɆɈȾȿɊɇȺ (ȼ ɋɈɉɈɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂɂ ɋ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɂɆ ɂ ɑȿɒɋɄɂɆ əɁɕɄȺɆɂ)
NOMINA ACTIONIS WITH THE NEW INTERNATIONAL DERIVATE FORMANTS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE OF POSTMODERN PERIOD
(IN COMPARISON WITH POLISH AND CZECH LANGUAGES)
ȿɅȿɇȺ ɄɈɊəɄɈȼɐȿȼȺ
ABSTRACT. The article undertakes to show that in great measure the derivation of neologisms, including nomina abstracta, in Russian and in other Slavic languages links with morphological internalization and “linguistic globalization” processes. Nomina abstracta of Russian, Polish, Czech and other Slaviclanguages in the situation of the lingual contacting for some time past are used as an illustrative material. Some peculiarities stipulated by the influence of the contacting language are distinguished. This reflects on the lexical composition of international words, inter-national elements of diverse derivative activity, changes in the morphemic structure of nomina
abstracta in particular.
Elena Koriakowcewa, Akademia Podlaska, Siedlce – Polska.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɚɦɟɪɨɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜ-ɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɝɜɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜ-ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɫɹ ɩɪɢ-ɬɨɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɨɜ ɚɧɝɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ – ɬɟɪɦɢ-ɧɨɜ, ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɭɸ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɭ1. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɭɠɢɯ nomina abstracta ɧɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɚɹ, „ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ” ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɧɚɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ „ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ” ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ2. ɏɨɞ ɷɬɨɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ nomina abstracta, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ-ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ________________ 1
ɋɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, E. L o t k o, Co a jak ovlivĖuje inovaþní procesy ve slovní zasobƟ (materialu þeštiny, slovenštiny a polštiny), [w:] Procesy innowacyjne w jĊzykach słowiaĔ-skich, red. Z. Rudnik-Karwatowa, Warszawa 2003.
2
ɋɦ. ȼ.ȼ. Ʉ ɨ ɥ ɟ ɫ ɨ ɜ, Ɉ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ Ʌɨɝɨɫɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, „Ɇɢɪ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ” 2000, ʋ 2.
ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ-ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɵ – ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ ɫ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ, „ɪɚɡɦɵɬɵɦ” ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ3. ȼɵɹɫɧɹɹ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ nomina abstracta ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɧ-ɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ (-ɢɧɝ, -ɝɟɣɬ), ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɫ nomina actionis, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ c ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɪɟɤɨ-ɥɚ-ɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ cɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ -ɢɡɚɰɢj-, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ-ɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ: ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ nomina actionis ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨ-ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɡɨɮɨɧ-ɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɧɚɥɹɦɢ -izacja/-yzacja, -izace, -ing, -gate. ȼɵɛɢɪɚɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɢɟ nomina actionis, ɦɵ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ ȼ.ȼ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɨ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ4. ɉɨɥɚ-ɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨɛ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ nomina actionis. 1. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜɨ (ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ), ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɉɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨ-ɞɢɚɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ. 1.1. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ nomina actionis, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢ-ɤɨ-ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɵɦɟɧɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶ-ɧɵɯ nomina actionis, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɵɦɟɧɧɵɯ nomina actionis ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ5. Ɉɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ nomina actionis, ________________ 3 O.A. ɑ ɚ ɥ ɦ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɉɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɩɨ-ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ, [ɜ:] III Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ Ȼɨɞɭɷɧɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ: ɂ.Ⱥ. Ȼɨɞɭɷɧ ɞɟ Ʉɭɪɬɟɧɷ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ (Ʉɚ-ɡɚɧɶ, 23–25 ɦɚɹ 2006 ɝ.). Tɪɭɞɵ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ: ɜ 2-x ɬɨɦɚɯ, pɟɞ. Ʉ.Ɋ. Ƚɚɥɢɭɥɥɢɧ, Ƚ.Ⱥ. ɇɢ-ɤɨɥɚɟɜ, ɬ. 2, Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ 2006, c. 101–103. 4 B.B. ȼ ɢ ɧ ɨ ɝ ɪ ɚ ɞ ɨ ɜ, Ɉɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɦ ɮɨɧɞɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɵ. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1977, c. 45. 5
ɋɦ. ȿ.ɂ. Ʉ ɨ ɪ ɹ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɰ ɟ ɜ ɚ, ɂɦeɧa ɞeɣcɬɜɢɹ ɜ pyccɤoɦ ɹɡɵɤe: ɢcɬopɢɹ, cɥoɜooɛpa-ɡoɜaɬeɥɶɧaɹ ceɦaɧɬɢɤa, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1998, c. 181–194.
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɹɞɪɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨ-ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚ-ɱɚɸɬ „ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ”, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ. ɇɟ-ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ (ɨɬɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ) ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹ-ɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨ-ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina actionis, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ ɜ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɟ (ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬ-ɫɬɜɨ, ɢɡɝɧɚɧɧɢɱɟ(ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬ-ɫɬɜɨ, ɫɯɢɦɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɢɧɤɪɟɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ-ɤɚ-ɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ-ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɛɟɡɭɦɫɬɜɨ, ɠɟɦɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶ). ɋɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ nomina actionis ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ--ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɸ -ɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɝɪɟɤɨ-ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ-ɟɬ 5 ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ: 1) ɢɧɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɵɱɥɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɨɜ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɢ; 2) ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɹɡɵɤɚ-ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤ-ɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ; 3) ɨɬ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ ɫ ɢɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ – ɨɤɤɚɡɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɵ; 4) ɢɧɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɢ; 5) ɢɧɬɟɧ-ɫɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨ-ɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɟɦ6. ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ -isaci(o)/-izaci-, ɩɪɨɣɞɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɞɥɢɥɚɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 250 ɥɟɬ (ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨ 60-ɯ ɝɝ. XX ɜɟɤɚ). ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ -ɢɡɚɰɢj- ɫ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XX ɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɵɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ nomina actionis7 . Ʉɪɭɝ ɢɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤ. ɗɬɨ: 1) ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ-ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ, ɫɚɭɧɚ); 2) ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɞɟɫɢɤɚɧɬ); 3) ɧɚɡɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɤ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɢɛɟɪɧɟɬɢɤɚ); 4) ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚɡɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ (ɦɭɫɭɥɶɦɚɧɢɧ, ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚ-ɧɢɧ); 5) ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ (Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ); 6) ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ (ɲɢɡɨɮɪɟ-ɧɢɹ), 7) ɨɬɵɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚ -ɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɫɪ. ɚɮɪɢ-ɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ – ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ – ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ). ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɛɳɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɟɬ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 90-ɯ ɝɝ. ɏɏ ɜ. ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɵɦɟɧ-ɧɵɟ nomina actionis ɬɢɩɚ ɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ („Ɍɪɭɞ” 1992, ʋ 14), ɜɚɭɱɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ („ɂɡ-ɜɟɫɬɢɹ”1992, ʋ 30), ɞɨɥɥɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ („Ʉɨɦɫ. ɩɪɚɜɞɚ” 21.04.1997 ɝ.), ɫɪ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɏɏ – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɏɏI ɜɟɤɚ: ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɛɚɧɞɢɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɛɚɪɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɜɢɬɪɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɝɚɣɞɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɞɟɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɢɧɬɟɪ-ɧɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɢɬɚɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɦɚɭɝɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɦɨɢɧɬɟɪ-ɧɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɧɚɪɤɨ-________________ 6 Cp. O.ɉ. ɋ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɝ ɭ ɛ, ɍɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ 2002, [ɜ:] http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/sologub-02.html 7 ȿ.ɂ. Ʉ ɨ ɪ ɹ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɰ ɟ ɜ ɚ, ɂɦeɧa ɞeɣcɬɜɢɹ…, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 70–74, 177–181.
ɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɚɪɚɧɨɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɟɣɞɠɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɢ-ɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɩɫɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɭɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɫɟɪɜɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɯɚɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɱɟɱɟɧɢɡɚ-ɰɢɹ, ɱɭɛɚɣɫɢɡɚɱɟɱɟɧɢɡɚ-ɰɢɹ, ɲɢɡɨɢɡɚɱɟɱɟɧɢɡɚ-ɰɢɹ, ɷɫɬɪɚɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɦɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɨɣ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɵɦɟɧ-ɧɵɯ nomina actionis ɧɚ -ɢɡɚɰɢj(ɚ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ „ɭɡɚɤɨɧɟɧɧɭɸ” ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-ɧɵɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
1.2. ȼ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɹɦɢ -acja, -izacja /-yzacja, ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɡ ɥɚɬɵɧɢ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XV – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XVI ɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɮɢɧɚɥɢ -acja, -izacja ɟɳe ɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɤɨɧ-ɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɹɦɢ -acja, -izacja, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɞ-ɧɨɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɱɥɟɧɢɦɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ8. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ pielĊgnacja ɨɬ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ -acj(a) ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ: ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1945 ɩɨ 2000 ɝ. ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10 ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɫɭɮ-ɮɢɤɫɨɦ -acj(a)9. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɲɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɩɨ-ɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ -izacj-/-yzacj(a). ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 300 ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɸ -izacja, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ – ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ-ɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ: aktualizacja, amerykanizacja, aromatyzacja, biurokratyzacja,
fina-lizacja, harmonizacja, humanitaryzacja, prymitywizacja, radykafina-lizacja, rejoniza-cja, stabilizarejoniza-cja, symbolizarejoniza-cja, synchronizarejoniza-cja, wulgaryzacja ɢ ɞɪ.10
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ nomina actionis ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɸ -izacja/-yzacja ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ: ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ -izacja /-yzacja ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
este-tyzacja, hitleryzacja, hormonizacja, judaizacja, mitologizacja, spirytualizacja, styg-matyzacja, substantywizacja), ɥɢɛɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ (jarowizacja, ko-munalizacja, politechnizacja). ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɵɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ -izacja ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɵɦɟɧɧɵɟ nomina actionis ɫ ɢɡɨɮɨɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ: 1) „ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɜɪɚ-ɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ” (biurokratyzacja, ________________ 8
K. D ł u g o s z - K u r c z a b o w a, S. D u b i s z, Gramatyka historyczna jĊzyka pol-skiego, Warszawa 2001, c. 368–369.
9
H. J a d a c k a, System słowotwórczy polszczyzny (1945–2000), Warszawa 2001, c. 43, 77.
10
T. S m ó ł k o w a, Nowe słownictwo polskie. Badania rzeczowników. Wrocław 1976, c. 85.
ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ); 2) „ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɦɨ-ɬɢɜɢɪɭɳɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ” (mitologizacja, ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢɹ); 3) „ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɳɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ (estetyzacja, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ); 4) „ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ (ɦɟɬɨɞɭ) ɥɢɰɚ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɳɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ” (hitleryzacja, ɝɢɬɥɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ); 5) „ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ” (banalizacja, wulgaryzacja; ɛɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɜɭɥɶɝɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ). 1.3. ȼ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ Ⱥɇ ɑɊ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 244 ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɸ -izace (ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɯ ɮɢɤɫɚ-ɰɢɢ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɸ -isace ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪ.
aklima-tisace, 1867 ɝ.): absurdizace, albanizace, bananizace, bruselizace, bulvarizace, bun-kerizace, dolarizace, ekologizace, eurizace, globalizace, hamburgerizace, holly-woodizace, izraelizace, jelcinizace, kanibalizace, komputerizace, kriminalizace, lepenizace, macdonaldizace, planetarizace, regionalizace, satanizace, tabloidizace, vietnamizace, virtualizace, vapizace ɢ ɞɪ.11
ɉɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɧɚ -ovat, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ – ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚ-ɮɢɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɉ. Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɰɨɜɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɚ alkoholizace, tabuizace, etapizace ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɝɪɟɤɨ-ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɦɢ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɱɟɲ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, „ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ”12. ɑɟɲɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɵɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ -izace ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ-ɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɵɦɟɧɧɵɟ nomina actionis ɫ ɢɡɨɮɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚɦɢ, ɫɪ.: 1) „ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨ (ɬɨɝɨ), ɱɬɨ (ɤɬɨ) ɧɚɡɜɚɧ(ɨ) ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ” (ɫɪ. debilizace, ɞɟɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ,
de-bilizacjɚ, satanizace, ɫɚɬɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, szatanizacja); 2) „ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɳɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ” (tabloidizace, ɬɚɛ-ɥɨɢɡɚɰɢɹ, tabloizacja); 3) „ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɳɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ” (medikalizace, ɦɟɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, medykalizacja); 4) „ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ (ɦɟɬɨɞɭ) ɥɢɰɚ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɳɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ” (zemanizace, ɟɥɶɰɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, lepperyzacja); 5) „ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɞɟ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ” (virtualizace, ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, wirtualizacja). ɂɬɚɤ, ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɜ -ɢɧɝ /-ing, -ɝɟɣɬ /-gate ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɭɠɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨ-ɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ -ɢɡɚɰɢɹ, -izacja /-yzacja, -izace, ɝɪɟɤɨ-ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ________________
11Databáze hesláĜĤ slovníkĤ „Ústavɚ pro jazyk þeský Akademie vČd ýeské republiky”, 2005–2009, [ɜ:] http://lexiko.ujc.cas.cz
12
O. M a r t i n c o v á, Problematika neologismĤ v souþasné spisovné þeštinƟ, Praha 1983, c. 78.
ɨɬɵɦɟɧɧɵɯ nomina actionis ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. 2. Ɇɨɪɮɟɦɚ -ing(-ɢɧɝ) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɮɢɧɚɥɶ -ing ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɱɥɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɧɝɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧ-ɫɬɜɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ13. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɝɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ -ing ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɱɟɲ-ɫɤɢɣ. 2.1. ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɚɧɝɥɢɰɢɡɦɵ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɸ -ing ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɧ-ɰɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɦɢɬɢɧɝ). ȼ 40-ɟ ɝɝ. ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɸ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɦɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɮɢɤ-ɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚ -ɢɧɝ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨ-ɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ). ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ „ɫɩɨɪɬ” (ɚɣɫɢɧɝ, ɞɨɩɢɧɝ, ɞɠɨɝɝɢɧɝ), „ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɦɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ” (ɛɚɮɬɢɧɝ, ɛɪɚɭɧɢɧɝ), „ɬɟɯ-ɧɢɤɚ” (ɚɧɬɢɮɢɞɢɧɝ, ɪɢɫɚɣɤɥɢɧɝ), „ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ” (ɞɟɦɩɢɧɝ, ɥɢɡɢɧɝ, ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ), „ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ” (ɚɭɬɛɪɢɞɢɧɝ, ɚɭɬɤɪɨɫɫɢɧɝ), „ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ” (ɚɭɬɨɬɪɟɧɢɧɝ, ɫɤɪɢɧɧɢɧɝ) ɢ ɬ.ɞ.14
. ɇɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XX–XXI ɜɜ. ɪɟɱɟɜɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ nomina abstracta c ɮɢɧɚɥɶɸ -ɢɧɝ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɧɝɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 300 ɫɥɨɜ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɋɋɂɋ15), ɫɪ.: ɛɨɞɢɛɢɥɞɢɧɝ, ɛɨɭɥɢɧɝ, ɛɪɢɮɢɧɝ, (ɜɢɧɞ)ɫɺɪɮɢɧɝ, ɞɚɣɜɢɧɝ, ɞɪɚɣɜɢɧɝ, ɡɚɩɩɢɧɝ, ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝ, ɤɚɫɬɢɧɝ, ɤɢɤɛɨɤɫɢɧɝ, ɤɥɢɪɢɧɝ, ɤɨɧɫɚɥɬɢɧɝ, ɥɢɡɢɧɝ, ɥɢɮɬɢɧɝ, ɦɚɪ-ɤɟɬɢɧɝ, ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ, ɩɚɪɤɢɧɝ, ɩɢɪɫɢɧɝ, ɩɢɥɢɧɝ, ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝ, ɪɨɭɦɢɧɝ, ɫɤɚɣɬɢɧɝ, ɬɭɪɢɧɝ, ɬɶɸɧɢɧɝ, ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝ, ɯɨɫɬɢɧɝ, ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ, ɲɨɩɩɢɧɝ ɢ ɞɪ. „ɂɧɝɨɜɨɟ ɰɭɧɚɦɢ” ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ16ɢ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɨɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɋɆɂ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɭɧɞɢɹ -ing ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-ɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ (ɩɹɬɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɪɢ-ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫ-ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɚɥɚɦɛɭɪɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ-nomina actionis ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɋɆɂ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɩɥɢɤɚɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɮɨɪɭɦɨɜ, ɫɪ.: ɛɚɛɢɧɝ, ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɢɧɝ, ɛɥɟɜɨɬɸɧɢɧɝ, ɛɥɸɞɨɥɢɡɢɧɝ, ɜɟɞɶɦɢɧɝ, ɥɢɡɨɛɥɸɞɢɧɝ, ɦɭɠɢɤɢɧɝ, ɩɨɞɥɢɡɢɧɝ, ɩɥɹ-________________ 13
Cɦ. M. G ö r l a c h, The Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Selected European languages: a report on progress, problems and prospects, “Barcelona: links and letters” 1998, vol. 5. 14 Cɦ. A.B. Ȼ ɨ ɛ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚ „-ɢɧɝ” ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, „Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ” 1980, ʋ 3. 15 Ʌ.Ɇ. Ȼ ɚ ɲ, A.B. Ȼ ɨ ɛ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005. 16 ȼ.ɉ. Ƚ ɪ ɢ ɝ ɨ ɪ ɶ ɟ ɜ, ɋɜɟɬɥɨɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ „ɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ” ɜ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ „ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɧɚɦɢ-ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 19–22 ɦɚɹ 2005, [ɜ:] //http://ifi.rsuh.ru/ print.html? id=54839
ɠɢɧɝ, ɩɥɹɫɢɧɝ, ɫɟɤɫɢɧɝ, ɲɚɤɚɥɢɧɝ ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-ɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ -ɢɧɝ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɧɝɜɨɤɭɥɶ-ɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɚ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɫɨɮɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ-ɤɚɥɚɦɛɭɪɨɜ, ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɟ. 2.2. ɂɦɟɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɸ -ing ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɚɧɝɥɢɰɢɡɦɨɜ (110), ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 16 ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɪ.: menedĪering – menedĪer,
snowboarding – snowboard, rapping – rap, banking – bank, kanioning – kanion, monitoring – monitor, sponsoring – sponsor, spaming – spam ɢ ɞɪ. ɏɨɬɹ
ɚɧɝɥɢ-ɰɢɡɦɵ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɸ -ing ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢ-ɧɵ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɫɟɪɟɞɢ-ɧɵɦ Ʉ. ȼɚɲɚɤɨɜɨɣ17, ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɏɏI ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ -ing. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɪɮɟ-ɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɭɧɞɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ. 2.3. ȼ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɝɥɢɰɢɡɦɵ ɬɢɩɚ dispatching (‘ústĜední Ĝízení železniþní dopravy’, [1930]), trening (1926), yachting (1936)18, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ – ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɥɚɧɬɚɧɬɵ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɪɟɞɤɨ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ -ing ɜ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ -ing ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦ-ɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɦ ɠɚɪɝɨɧɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟ-ɥɹɰɢɹ ɬ.ɧ. „ing-forem” ɢ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ -ání, ɧɚɩɪ., rendering – renderování, streaming – streamování, trening – trenování19. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɚɪ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɸɸ ɚɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ „ɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ”, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɵ -ing. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɩɥɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ restyling, holding, paragliding, peeling, rafting, rating ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛ-ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ -ink: marketink, mítink, šejpink,
šopink, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɯ ɛɟɡ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɬ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬ -ɢɧɝ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɢɡɨɮɨɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɲɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ -ink ɩɪɨɹɜ-ɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɬ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɨ ɱɟɲɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ nomina actionis ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ – ɨɤɤɚɡɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɵ ɬɢɩɚ ležink (ɫɪ. ɪɭɫ. ɥɺɠɢɧɝ), pivink (ɫɪ. ɪɭɫ. ɩɢ-________________ 17
K. W a s z a k o w a, Przejawy internacjonalizacji w słowotwórstwie współczesnej polszczyzny, Warszawa 2005, c. 116.
18Databáze hesláĜĤ slovníkĤ…, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ. 19
Cɦ. R. P í s k o v á, Utvárenost lexikálních jednotek v komunikacní oblasti infor-macních technologií, Brno 2007.
ɜɢɧɝ)20 . ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ -ing/-ink ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ. 3. ȼ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɋɆɂ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚ-ɸɳɢɯ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɤɥɢɤ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɚɫɫ-ɦɟɞɢɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢe ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɜ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɚɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɋɆɂ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɫ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ -ɝɟɣɬ/-gate, ɜɵɱɥɟɧɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɜ 70-ɟ ɝɝ. ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ Watergate, Irangate ɢ ɫɬɚɜɲɢɦ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɨɦ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɚ,
ɫɪ.: „Rywingate” – czyli przyszedł Rywin do Michnika21; „Ⱥɡɟɪɝɟɣɬ” ɧɚɛɢɪɚɟɬ
ɨɛɨɪɨɬɵ22 . ɋɥɨɜɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɨɜ-ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ-ɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ -gate(-ɝɟɣɬ), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɟ-ɦɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɋɆɂ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ23, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ -gate ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ-ɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ – ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɦ – ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ. 3.1. ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɢɞ -ɝɟɣɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɇɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ: ɚ) ɫ ɢɡ-ɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɦɢ (Ȼɭɲɝɟɣɬ, Ɇɨɧɢɤɚɝɟɣɬ, ɉɭɬɢɧɝɟɣɬ, Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜɝɟɣɬ); ɛ) ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɚ (ɩɨɪɧɨɝɟɣɬ ‘ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ’); ɜ) ɫ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ (ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ, ɝɨɪɨɞɨɦ, ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ: ȿɜɪɨɝɟɣɬ, ɂɪɚɤɝɟɣɬ, ɂɪɚɧɝɟɣɬ, Ʉɚɡɚɯɝɟɣɬ, Ʉɪɟɦɥɶɝɟɣɬ, ɉɟɪɦɶɝɟɣɬ). Cp.: ɉɨɪɧɨɝɟɣɬ ɪɚɫɫɨɪɢɥ Ʌɚɬɜɢɸ ɫ „ɞɢɤɬɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ” (02.08.2006)24; „ɉɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɤɫɨɝɟɣɬ”25; ɉɭɬɢɧ ɢ Ȼɭɲ – „Ⱦɟɥɨ Ɋɚɡɜɟɞɝɟɣɬɚ”26. ȼ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ-ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɚɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ -ɝɟɣɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ‘ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥ’, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ: ‘ɫɤɚɧ-ɞɚɥ’ – ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ (ɤɪɢɡɢɫɝɟɣɬ), ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (ɉɭɬɢɧɝɟɣɬ), ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (ɧɟɮɬɟɝɟɣɬ), ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɫɟɤɫɨɝɟɣɬ). ȼ ɫɥɨɜɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɢ-ɞɚ -ɝɟɣɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ (ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ), ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɧɚ-________________ 20Databáze heslá ĜĤ slovníkĤ…, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ. 21 www.aferyprawa.com/rywin-gate.html 22 www.newizv.ru/news/2006-10-05/55422 23 ȿ.ɂ. Ʉ ɨ ɪ ɹ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɰ ɟ ɜ ɚ, ɂɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ vs. ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ (ɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ), [ɜ:] Przejawy internacjonalizacji w jĊzykach słowiaĔskich, red. E. Koriakowcewa, Siedlce 2009.
24 www.utro.ru/articles/2006/08/02/571056.html 25 www.vremya.ru/2006/225/5/166727.html 26 ɂɧɨɋɆɂ.Ru//www.gr-sila.ru/document_id89.html
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ: ɚɪɦɹɧɝɟɣɬ, ɛɚɲɤɢɪɝɟɣɬ, ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɝɟɣɬ, ɝɪɭɡɢɧɝɟɣɬ, ɂɡ-ɪɚɢɥɶɝɟɣɬ, Ʉɚɡɚɯɝɟɣɬ, ɤɢɪɝɢɡɝɟɣɬ, ɨɫɟɬɢɧɝɟɣɬ, ɬɚɤɠɢɤɝɟɣɬ, ɬɭɪɤɦɟɧɝɟɣɬ, ɭɤɪɚɢɧɝɟɣɬ. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɢɞɨɦ -ɝɟɣɬ ɜɜɢɞɭ „ɪɚɡɦɵɬɨɫɬɢ” ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ – ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɠ-ɧɵɯ ɚɥɥɸɡɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɦɭ – ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫɟ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɨɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɚ Ʉɚɡɚɯɝɟɣɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ-ɤɚɡɚɯɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɢɡɦɚ, ɲɨɜɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɫ-ɫɢɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɋɆɂ. ɋɪ. ɨɬɜɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ: Ⱦɨɪɨɝɢɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ, ɞɨɪɨɝɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɫɟ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɩɪɨɲɭ ɜɚɫ, ɧɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɣɬɟ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɨ „Ʉɚɡɚɯɝɟɣɬɨɦ”. Ɇɟɧɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɡɚɯɚ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɪɚɧɢɬ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɦɵ ɡɚɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ27 . 3.2. ȼ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɢɞ -gate ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɢɡɨɮɨɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɧ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɫɹ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɤɨ-ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɢ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ „ɬɪɚɧɫɩɥɚɧ-ɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ” ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɢɞɚ -gate ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ (ɬɪɟ-ɬɶɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ), ɫɪ., ɧɚɩɪ.: ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. ropagate, telegate (ɨɤɨɥɨ 30 ɫɥɨɜ – ɩɨ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚɦ Ʉ. ȼɚɲɚɤɨɜɨɣ), ɱɟɲɫɤ. Judrgate, ropagate, sexgate/sexygate,
Wallisgate, Zipgate, Zippergate(ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ 10 ɫɥɨɜ)28.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ Monicagate (ɫɪ. Monika-gate), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɢ-ɞɨɦ -gate ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɦɚɫɫ-ɦɟɞɢɚ, ɷɬɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɭɠɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟ-ɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɨ-ɥɨɱɤɭ29. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɥɚɧɬɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɥɹɦɢ -ing, -gate, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨ-ɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɢɟɬɟɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɱɟɯɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ „ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ” ɧɨɜɟɣ-ɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɋɒȺ. 4. ɉɨɞɜɨɞɹ ɢɬɨɝɢ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ nomina actionis ɫ ɩɨɦɨ-ɳɶɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɜ -ɢɧɝ, -ɝɟɣɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨ-ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɟɣ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɜɲɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɟɦɚɧ-ɬɢɤɨ-ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina actionis, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɬɫɭɬ-ɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭ-ɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɟɤɨ-ɥɚɬɢɧ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ -ɢɡɚɰɢj(a). ɂɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɭɠɞɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɵɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚɦɢ -ɢɧɝ, -ɝɟɣɬ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ________________ 27 Ȼ. Ⱥ ɛ ɢ ɥ ɨ ɜ, ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɝɚɡɟɬɚ „ZONAKZ” 22 ɚɩpɟɥɹ 2004 ɝ., [ɜ:] www.zonakz.net /articles/4print.php?artid=6082
28Databáze hesláĜĤ slovníkĤ…, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ. 29
ɢɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ – ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɧɝɜɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ „ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ” ɜ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɟɨɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚɦɢ -ɢɧɝ, -ɝɟɣɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚ-ɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨ-ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina actionis, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢ-ɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɵ -ɢɧɝ, -ɝɟɣɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜ-ɤɚ-ɥɚɦɛɭɪɨɜ (-ɢɧɝ) ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɚɬɨɜ, ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ (-ɝɟɣɬ). ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɷɬɢ-ɦɢ ɢɧɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɷɬɢ-ɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚɷɬɢ-ɦɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: 1) ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ; 2) ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚ-ɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɜ -ɢɧɝ, -ɝɟɣɬ; 3) ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɯ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɡɜɭɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɥɨɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɧɟ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ. Ɉ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɜ -ɢɧɝ, -ɝɟɣɬ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɢ-ɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɵ -ing, -gate, ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚ-ɧɢɹ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ „ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɤɚɪɨɧɢɡɦɨɜ” – ɨɤɤɚɡɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ nomina actionis. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɧɟɨɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɢɧɝ ɩɨɹɜ-ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɨɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɨɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɝɟɣɬ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɤɚɧ-ɞɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɋɆɂ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɧɫɚɰɢɣ.
