A N N A L E S
8 1 , 9 ( 5 6 , 7$7 , 6 0 $ 5 , $ ( & 8 5 , ( 6 . à 2 ' 2 : 6 . $ /8%/,1±32/21,$ 92/;;, 6(&7,2. )DFXOW\RI/DZ8QLYHUVLW\RI%LDá\VWRN3RODQG (/ĩ%,(7$.8ĩ(/(:6.$Referendum in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
ABSTRACT )RUPRUHWKDQ\HDUVWKH&]HFKVDQGWKH6ORYDNVKDYHEHHQIXQFWLRQLQJZLWKLQRQHSROLWLFDO HFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOV\VWHP9DULRXVSROLWLFDODQGHFRQRPLFFLUFXPVWDQFHVUHVXOWHGLQWKHGLYLVLRQRI &]HFKRVORYDNLDWRWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFDQG6ORYDNLD(YHUVLQFHWKHSROLWLFDOV\VWHPVRIERWKFRXQWULHV EHFDPHGLIIHUHQW7KHVHYDULRXVSROLWLFDOV\VWHPVLQVSLUHGPHWRH[DPLQHWKHSHRSOH¶VSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ WKHSROLWLFDOOLIHRIWKRVHFRXQWULHV 7KHDLPRIWKLVSDSHULVWRDQDO\VHDQGFRPSDUHWKHPRVWFRPPRQIRUPRIGLUHFWGHPRFUDF\± DUHIHUHQGXP±LQERWKWKH&]HFKDQG6ORYDNSROLWLFDOV\VWHPV,WZLOOEHFRPSDUHGRQWZROHYHOV7KH ILUVWRQHZLOOGHDOZLWKJHQHUDOFRQVWLWXWLRQDOEDFNJURXQGRIDUHIHUHQGXPDQGLWVSURFHGXUHVDVZHOODV ZLWKDFRPSDULVRQRIUHJXODWLRQVLQWKHUHVSHFWLYHFRXQWULHV7KHVHFRQGRQHZLOOFRQFHUQWKHSUDFWLFH RIUHIHUHQGXPLQWKHDQDO\VHGFRXQWULHV
Key words: WKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF6ORYDNLDUHIHUHQGXPSROLWLFDOV\VWHPVSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
,1752'8&7,21
6LQFH0DUFKWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFDQG6ORYDNLDDUHLQGHSHQGHQWVRYHUHLJQ FRXQWULHV%HWZHHQDQGWKHWZRQDWLRQV±WKH&]HFKVDQGWKH6ORYDNV± FRQVWLWXWHGDVLQJOHVWDWH±&]HFKRVORYDNLD)RUPRUHWKDQ\HDUVWKHVHWZRQDWLRQV KDYH EHHQ IXQFWLRQLQJ ZLWKLQ RQH SROLWLFDO HFRQRPLF DQG VRFLDO V\VWHP 9DULRXV SROLWLFDODQGHFRQRPLFFLUFXPVWDQFHVUHVXOWHGLQWKHGLYLVLRQRI&]HFKRVORYDNLDWR WKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFDQG6ORYDNLD(YHUVLQFHSROLWLFDOV\VWHPVRIERWKFRXQWULHVEH-'2,FXULH
98 (/ĩ%,(7$.8ĩ(/(:6.$
FDPHGLIIHUHQW)RUH[DPSOHIURPWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOYLHZSRLQWWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF RSWHGIRUDELFDPHUDOSDUOLDPHQWZKLOH6ORYDNLD±IRUDXQLFDPHUDORQH7KH6ORYDN SUHVLGHQWLVHOHFWHGLQDXQLYHUVDODQGGLUHFWVXIIUDJHZKLOHWKH&]HFKKHDGRIVWDWH WLOO UHFHQWO\ XVHG WR EH HOHFWHG E\ WKH SDUOLDPHQW WKH FKDQJH IRU GLUHFW HOHFWLRQV RFFXUUHGMXVWLQ7KHVHYDULRXVSROLWLFDOV\VWHPVLQVSLUHGPHWRH[DPLQHWKH SHRSOH¶VSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHSROLWLFDOOLIHRIWKRVHFRXQWULHV,ZRXOGOLNHWRH[SORUH WKHUROHRIDUHIHUHQGXPLQWKH6ORYDNDQG&]HFKSROLWLFDOV\VWHPV 7KHDLPRIWKLVSDSHULVWRDQDO\VHDQGFRPSDUHWKHPRVWFRPPRQIRUPRIGL-UHFWGHPRFUDF\±DUHIHUHQGXP±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±UHIHUHQ-GXP±KDVEHHQXVHGJOREDOO\WRYDU\LQJHQGV>5HLOO\@5HIHUHQGXPLVKHOG QRWRQO\LQZHVWHUQGHPRFUDFLHVEXWDOVRLQSRVWFRPPXQLVWVWDWHV,WEHFRPHVPRUH DQGPRUHFRPPRQ1RWRQO\KDVGLUHFWGHPRFUDF\SUROLIHUDWHGEXWLWKDVDOVREHFRPH DVLJQLILFDQWIRUFHLQFKDQJLQJSROLF\DQGGLUHFWLQJJRYHUQPHQWVDURXQGWKHZRUOG 7KHVXSSRUWHUVRIWKHXVHRIUHIHUHQGXPVDUJXHWKDWLQWKHFRQWH[WRILQFUHDVLQJYRWHU DSDWK\DQGGLVHQFKDQWPHQWZLWKWUDGLWLRQDOIRUPVRIGHPRFUDF\GLUHFWGHPRFUDF\ FDQKHOSWRUHHQJDJHYRWHUVZLWKSROLWLFVDQGGHPRFUDF\2QHLPSRUWDQWSURFHGXUDO DVSHFW LV SHRSOH¶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
99 5()(5(1'80,17+(&=(&+5(38%/,&$1'6/29$.,$
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Ī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±de facto±WKHIRUPHULVDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHODWWHU $PRQJWKHGLUHFWGHPRFUDF\LQVWUXPHQWVERWKFRQVWLWXWLRQVSURYLGHIRUDUHI-HUHQGXP 7KH QRWLRQ RI UHIHUHQGXP LV RI VLPLODU QDWXUH ZKHQ FRPSDULQJ LWV OHJDO EDVHVKRZHYHUWKHUHDUHVRPHVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHV)LUVWRIDOOWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQ RIWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFODFRQLFDOO\UHJXODWHVWKHOHJDOEDVLVIRUDUHIHUHQGXP *HQHUDOO\ LW DFFHSWV WKH SULQFLSOH RI UHSUHVHQWDWLYH GHPRFUDF\ $UW FUHDWHV WKH SRVVLELOLW\RIUHFRXUVHWRDUHIHUHQGXPVHWWLQJXSDOHJDOEDVLVJLYHQWRWKHOHJLVOD-WLYHEUDQFK±³FRQVWLWXWLRQDODFWPD\GHILQHZKHQWKHSHRSOHH[HUFLVHVWDWHSRZHU GLUHFWO\´ 7KH FRQVWLWXWLRQDO SULQFLSOH RI SDUOLDPHQWDU\ VRYHUHLJQW\ H[SUHVVHV WKH EHOLHIWKDWWKH3DUOLDPHQWUHSUHVHQWVWKHLQWHUHVWVRIKRPRJHQHRXVDQGXQLWHG³&]HFK QDWLRQ´>6PLWK@,QFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF WKHFRQVWLWXWLRQRI6ORYDNLDLQFOXGHVDVHSDUDWHDUWLFOHFRQFHUQLQJUHIHUHQGXP,WDOVR $UWRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRI&]HFK5HSXEOLFVWDWHVWKDWWKHSHRSOHLVWKHVRXUFHRI SXEOLFSRZHU $UWRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRI6ORYDNLDSURYLGHVWKDWWKHVWDWHSRZHUFRPHIURPSHRSOH ZKRGRLWWKURXJKWKHLUHOHFWHGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRUGLUHFWO\
(/ĩ%,(7$.8ĩ(/(:6.$ PHQWLRQVWKHLVVXHVH[FOXGHGIURPQDWLRQDOUHIHUHQGXP6HFRQGO\WKHFRQVWLWXWLRQRI 6ORYDNLD$UWGHVFULEHVVLWXDWLRQVZKHQUHIHUHQGXPLVELQGLQJ 7+(&=(&+5(38%/,& $VEULHIO\VWDWHGDERYHWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFDFFHSWVWKHSULQFLSOH RIUHSUHVHQWDWLYHGHPRFUDF\+RZHYHU$UWRIWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQFUHDWHVDSRVVLELOLW\ WRUHFRXUVHWRDUHIHUHQGXPVHWWLQJXSDOHJDOEDVLVJLYHQWRWKHOHJLVODWLYHEUDQFK 7KURXJK WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDO DPHQGPHQW DQ ³LQWHJUDWLRQ FODXVH´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iGD ýHVNp5HSXEOLN\@ZLWKRXWVXFFHVV>3RVODQHFNi6QČPRYQD3DUODPHQWXýHVNp 5HSXEOLN\@'HVSLWHHDUOLHULQLWLDWLYHVWKHUHLVQRDFWRQXQLYHUVHUHIHUHQGXPLQ WKH&]HFKFRQVWLWXWLRQDORUGHU>-LUiVNRYi6NRWQLFNL@$V6NRWQLFNLZURWHWKH LQVWLWXWLRQRIDUHIHUHQGXPPHWZLWKVWURQJRSSRVLWLRQIURPWKHSROLWLFLDQV>6NRWQLFNL @1RZDGD\VWKHVLWXDWLRQFDQEHFKDQJHGEHFDXVHRIDQHZSROLWLFDOSDUW\ ,Q0D\MXVWEHIRUHWKHSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQVDQHZSDUW\ÒVYLW3ĜtPp'H-PRNUDFLH'DZQRI'LUHFW'HPRFUDF\ZDVHVWDEOLVKHG7KHOHDGHU7RPLR2NDPXUD ZDQWVWRVSUHDGWKHUHIHUHQGXPQRWRQO\LQWKHQDPHRIKLVSDUW\+HLVLQWHUHVWHG LQXVLQJDUHIHUHQGXPLQWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFRQWKHEDVLVRIWKH6ZLVVPRGHO,WLV WRRHDUO\WRMXGJHWKHVXFFHVVRIWKLVSDUW\2QHLVVXUH±WKHGHEDWHRQLQFUHDVLQJ GLUHFWGHPRFUDF\LQWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFILQDOO\ZDVLQLWLDWHGKRZHYHUWKHLQLWLDWRU ZDVD\RXQJSRSXOLVWSDUW\ 6/29$.,$
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH $UW RI WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQ RI 6ORYDNLD LW LV SRVVLEOH WR KROG D UHIHUHQGXP RQ WKH EDVLV RI UHVROXWLRQ RI WKH 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLO DV ZHOO DV E\ WKH SRSXODU LQLWLDWLYH VXSSRUWHG E\ FLWL]HQV HQWLWOHG WR YRWH $ UHIHUHQGXP LV RUJDQL]HGE\WKH3UHVLGHQWDQGLWFDQQRWWDNHSODFHGXULQJWKHGD\VSUHFHGLQJWKH SDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQV5HIHUHQGXPPD\EHKHOGRQWKHGD\RISDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHF-WLRQV$UW5HIHUHQGXPLVELQGLQJLIWKHYRWHKDVEHHQDWWHQGHGE\PRUHWKDQKDOI
5()(5(1'80,17+(&=(&+5(38%/,&$1'6/29$.,$ RIHOLJLEOHFLWL]HQVDQGPRUHWKDQKDOIRISDUWLFLSDWLQJKDYHEHHQLQIDYRXU$UW $UWDOVRGHFODUHVWKDWDQRWKHUUHIHUHQGXPRQWKHVDPHVXEMHFWPD\EHKHOGDW OHDVWWKUHH\HDUVDIWHUWKHILUVWRQH7KHFRQVWLWXWLRQJXDUDQWHHVWKHVWDELOLW\RIWKH UHIHUHQGXP¶VGHFLVLRQWKH3DUOLDPHQWFDQDPHQGRUUHSHDOWKHUHVXOWRIUHIHUHQGXP E\FRQVWLWXWLRQDOVWDWXHDIWHUWKUHH\HDUVRILWVOHJLWLPDF\ $FFRUGLQJWR$UWVDQGDUHIHUHQGXPDSSURYHVFRQVWLWXWLRQDODFWRIHQ-WUDQFHWRRUZLWKGUDZDOIURPDXQLRQVWDWH$FFRUGLQJWR$UWRWKHUVLJQLILFDQW LVVXHVRISXEOLFLQWHUHVWFRXOGEHGHFLGHGLQUHIHUHQGXP$WWKHVDPHWLPH$UW LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHVXEMHFWRIYRWHLQUHIHUHQGXPFRXOGQRWUHIHUWRIXQGDPHQWDOULJKWV DQGIUHHGRPVWD[HVFRQVFULSWLRQDQGWKHVWDWHEXGJHW
7KH PDLQ SUREOHP ZLWK WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDO SURYLVLRQV RQ WKH UHIHUHQGXP LV WKH OHJDOLPSDFWRIWKHUHIHUHQGXPRXWFRPH7KHFRQVWLWXWLRQLWVHOIRIIHUVVHYHUDOOHJDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV,WVWDWHVWKDWWKHYDOLGUHVXOWRIDUHIHUHQGXPLVWREHSXEOLVKHGDV DODZ+RZHYHUWKLVGHDOVRQO\ZLWKWKHSURFHGXUDODVSHFWRIDUHIHUHQGXPRXWFRPH EXWQRWZLWKKLVOHJDOHIIHFW>/iãWLN@$UWVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHUHIHUHQ-GXPRXWFRPHLVVXSUDOHJDOEHFDXVHLWDOORZVWKHSDUOLDPHQWWRFKDQJHRUUHYRNHWKH UHIHUHQGXPUHVXOWE\SDVVLQJDFRQVWLWXWLRQDOODZQRWHDUOLHUWKDQ\HDUVDIWHUWKH UHIHUHQGXPGDWH,IRQO\FRQVWLWXWLRQDOODZFDQFKDQJHWKHRXWFRPHRIDUHIHUHQGXP GRHVLWPHDQWKDWWKHUHVXOWLVRIWKHVDPHOHJDOVWDWXV"2UPD\EHE\DOORZLQJWKH SDUOLDPHQW WR FKDQJH WKH UHIHUHQGXP RXWFRPH E\ PHDQV RI FRQVWLWXWLRQDO ODZ WKH VXSUHPDF\RIUHSUHVHQWDWLYHGHPRFUDF\LVGHFODUHGDQGWKHUHIHUHQGXPLVLQWHQGHG WRSOD\RQO\DPLQRUUROH>/iãWLN@ 7DEOH9ROXQWDU\DQGFRPSXOVRU\UHIHUHQGDLQWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFDQG6ORYDNLD 5HIHUHQGXP 7KH&]HFK 5HSXEOLF 6ORYDNLD &RPSXOVRU\ UHIHUHQGXP 1R &RQVWLWXWLRQDOUHIHUHQGXP $UW±DUHIHUHQGXPRQHQWU\RUOHDYLQJWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOXQLRQ 1RQFRPSXOVRU\ UHIHUHQGXP $FFHVVLRQ UHIHUHQGXP $UWD ,VVXHUHIHUHQGXP$UW±FRQFHUQLQJWKHVROHPQPDWWHUVRI SXEOLFOLIHH[FHSWIURPOLPLWDWLRQVPHQWLRQHGE\WKH&RQVWLWXWLRQ $UELWUDJHUHIHUHQGXP$UW±LQLWLDWHGE\WKHSDUOLDPHQWDQGLWV VXEMHFWFDQEHDQLPSHDFKPHQWRIWKH3UHVLGHQWLIWKHUHVXOWRIWKH YRWHLVSRVLWLYHIRUWKH3UHVLGHQWWKH3DUOLDPHQWLVGLVVROYHG 6RXUFH:DU]RFKD5\WHO 7KH6ORYDNFRQVWLWXWLRQFRQWDLQVERWKW\SHVRIUHIHUHQGXP±FRPSXOVRU\RE-OLJDWRU\DQGQRQFRPSXOVRU\IDFXOWDWLYH&RPSXOVRU\UHIHUHQGXPLVKHOGLQFDVH RIGHFLVLRQPDNLQJRQDFFHVVLRQVWRWKHVWDWHXQLRQVRUWKHLUVHFHVVLRQ7KLVW\SHRI UHIHUHQGXPZDVLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQLQIRUWKHUHDVRQRIGHDOLQJ ZLWK&]HFK6ORYDNUHODWLRQV>%HONR.RSHþHN@
(/ĩ%,(7$.8ĩ(/(:6.$
7DEOH5HIHUHQGXPIUDPHZRUNLQ&]HFK5HSXEOLFDQG6ORYDNLD
5HIHUHQGXP 6ORYDNLD 7KH&]HFK5HSXEOLF
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±WKH&]HFKVYRWHGRQWKHDFFHVVLRQWRWKH(8>5HSRUW @+RZHYHU ORFDOUHIHUHQGDDUHLQTXLWHFRPPRQXVH>âSRNHWDOII@ 6LQFHWKH&]HFKUHIHUHQGXPSUDFWLFHZDVOLPLWHGWRRQHVSHFLILFFDVHWKH03VGLG QRWHVWDEOLVKDQ\VSHFLDOFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHYDOLGLW\RIWKHUHVXOWV3ROLWLFLDQVDJUHHGLQ WKLVSDUWLFXODUFDVHWKDWWKH\ZRXOGUHVSHFWWKHYRLFHRISHRSOH7KHUHIHUHQGXPZDVWKXV DFNQRZOHGJHGDVELQGLQJKDGWKHYRWHUVUHMHFWHGWKHDFFHVVLRQWRWKH(8WKH03VFRXOG QRWKDYHLJQRUHGWKHLUGHFLVLRQ$VHFRQGUHIHUHQGXPRQWKHVDPHLVVXHFRXOGWDNHSODFH
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¶VWXUQHGDJDLQVW%UXVVHOVEXUHDXFUDF\DQG LWVWHPSWDWLRQRI³FUHHSLQJVRFLDOLVP´>3HURWWLQR@$VIDUDVWKH&RPPXQLVW 3DUW\LWKDGVKRZQWKHQHJDWLYHHIIHFWVRIWKH(8DFFHVVLRQKRZHYHUWKHILQDOFKRLFH ZDVOHIWWRYRWHUV7RFRQFOXGHZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIWKH&RPPXQLVWVDOORIWKHPDMRU SDUWLHVHQGRUVHG(8PHPEHUVKLSLQFOXGLQJWKHPRUHHXURVFHSWLFDO&LYLO'HPRFUDWV $VULJKWO\%DXQDQGRWKHUQRWH³WKLVVWURQJFURVVSDUW\VXSSRUWIRU(8PHPEHUVKLS SOD\HGDNH\UROHLQWKHSRVLWLYHUHIHUHQGXPRXWFRPHVLQFHWKHVXSSRUWHUVRIWKHPDMRU SDUWLHVYRWHGKHDYLO\LQIDYRXURI(8PHPEHUVKLS´>%DXQHWDO@ 2Q±-XQHIRUWKHILUVWWLPHLQWKHLUKLVWRU\WKH&]HFKVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQ DUHIHUHQGXP0RUHWKDQRIWKHSRSXODWLRQWRRNDSDUWWKHUHLQDQGPRUHWKDQ YRWHGIRUWKHDFFHVVLRQ7KLVUHIHUHQGXPFDQEHUHJDUGHGDVDVXFFHVVIXOVWHSWRZDUGV DPRUHGHPRFUDWLFVRFLHW\LQDFRXQWU\ZKRVHFLWL]HQVKDYHQRH[SHULHQFHRIGLUHFWSDUWLF-LSDWLRQLQSXEOLFDIIDLUV$V/RQJZULWHVWKHUHIHUHQGXP¶VUHVXOWVZHUHDOVRWKHYLFWRU\IRU WKH&]HFKVZKRYLHZHG(8PHPEHUVKLSDVDQLQFRQWURYHUWLEOHVLJQRIWKHFRXQWU\¶VUHLQ-WHJUDWLRQLQWR:HVWHUQ(XURSHDQGWKHEUHDNZLWKLWVLVRODWLRQLQWKHSDVW>/RQJ@ +RZHYHUDUHODWLYHO\ORZWXUQRXWFDQEHVXUSULVLQJ$FFRUGLQJWR9HþHUQLNRQH RIWKHUHDVRQVRIUHODWLYHO\ORZWXUQRXWFRXOGEHWKHIDFWWKDWPDQ\(XURVFHSWLFYRWHUV GLGQRWSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHUHIHUHQGXPDVWKH\ZHUHFHUWDLQRILWVRXWFRPHLQIDYRXURI DFFHVVLRQ>9Hþ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¶V RSLQLRQ3XEOLFWHOHYLVLRQEURDGFDVWHGQXPHURXVHGXFDWLRQDOSURJUDPVFRQFHUQLQJWKH (8>.XVD@7KH(8PHPEHUVKLSREWDLQHGHTXDOVXSSRUWRIDOOVHJPHQWVRI
(/ĩ%,(7$.8ĩ(/(:6.$ SRSXODWLRQLQKDELWDQWVRIFRXQWU\DQGWRZQVVHQLRUVDQGILUVWWLPHYRWHUVDFDGHP-LFVDQGSHRSOHZLWKDEDVLFHGXFDWLRQ2QO\YRWHUVRIWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\ODUJHO\ YRWHGDJDLQVWWKH(8PHPEHUVKLS/HEHGDVKRZVVWURQJFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQYRWLQJ LQDUHIHUHQGXPDQGWKHSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQVLQ,QUHJLRQVZLWKKLJKVXSSRUW IRUFRDOLWLRQLQWKHKLJKVXSSRUWIRUWKH(8ZDVD\HDUODWHU>/HEHGD@ 6/29$.,$ 6ORYDNLDFDUULHGRXWVHYHQQDWLRQDOUHIHUHQGDLQ± 7DEOH5HIHUHQGDLQ6ORYDNLD
'DWHRIYRWH 6XEMHFWRIUHIHUHQGXP Turnout % For % Against % Result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
5()(5(1'80,17+(&=(&+5(38%/,&$1'6/29$.,$ 7KHILUVWUHIHUHQGXPZDVKHOGLQDQGFRQFHUQHGWKHUHWURVSHFWLYHGLVFORVXUH RIILQDQFLDOWUDQVDFWLRQVUHJDUGLQJSULYDWLVDWLRQV7KHLGHDZDV±EDVHGRQWKHODZ DQGDFFHSWDQFHRIWKHUHIHUHQGXP±WRIRUFHWKHLQYHVWRUVWRUHYHDOWKHVRXUFHRIWKHLU DVVHWV7KHLQLWLDWRURIUHIHUHQGXPZDV-DQ/XSWDNVXSSRUWHGE\9ODGLPLU0HþLDU ±WKHOHDGHURIWKHH[WUHPHOHIWZLQJDVVRFLDWLRQ±8QLRQRI6ORYDN:RUNHUV=56 'XHWRDORZWXUQRXWWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHYRWHZHUHQRWELQGLQJ+RZHYHUWKHVXFFHVV-IXOSHWLWLRQSUHFHGLQJWKHUHIHUHQGXPKHOSHGWRPDNHWKH=56RIISDUOLDPHQWDU\DW WKDWWLPHPRUHYLVLEOHLQWKHSUHHOHFWLRQSHULRGDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\OHGWRLWVVXFFHVV LQ>%HONR.RSHþHN@ ,QWKH6ORYDNLDQVYRWHGLQUHIHUHQGXPRQVHYHUDOLVVXHV7KHFUXFLDORQHV FRQFHUQHGDFFHVVLRQWRWKH1$72DQGGLUHFWSUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQV7KHUHIHUHQGXP ZDVKHOGLQDQDWPRVSKHUHRIGLVSXWHVEHWZHHQWKHJRYHUQPHQWDOFRDOLWLRQDOOWKH DWWHQWLRQZDVIRFXVHGRQWKHLVVXHRI6ORYDNLD¶VDFFHVVLRQWRWKH1$727KHLGHD RIGLUHFWSUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQVFDPHIURPRSSRVLWLRQSDUWLHV7KLVUHIHUHQGXPZDV KHOGLQWKHDWPRVSKHUHRIDVFDQGDO>3RGRODN@ZKLFKUHVXOWHGLQORZYRWH WXUQRXW 7KH VFDQGDO RYHU WKH UHIHUHQGXP LVVXH FDXVHG UHDO KDUP WR WKH FRXQWU\¶V LQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDQGLQJDQGDVVXUHGWKDW6ORYDNLDZRXOGQRWEHLQFOXGHGLQWKHILUVW JURXSRIFRXQWULHVLQYLWHGWRMRLQWKH1$72>+DFNHU@7KHXQVXFFHVVIXO UHIHUHQGXP EHFDPH WKH VXEMHFW RI WKH &RQVWLWXWLRQDO &RXUW¶V GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ DQG WKH&&FHUWLILHGWKDWWKH0LQLVWU\RIWKH,QWHULRUKDGUHDOO\YLRODWHGWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDO ULJKWRIWKHFLWL]HQV$IWHUWKHGHFLVLRQRIWKH&&WKHSUHVLGHQW.RYiþSURFODLPHG WKHUHSHWLWLRQRIWKHUHIHUHQGXPLQ$SULO)LQDOO\WKH3ULPH0LQLVWHU0HþLDU FDQFHOOHGWKHUHIHUHQGXPDQGWKHGLUHFWSUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQZDVHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH DPHQGPHQWWRWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQLQ>%HONR.RSHþHN±@8QFOHDUUXOHV RIUHIHUHQGXPWKXVEHFDPHUHSHWLWLYHGLVSXWHEHWZHHQSROLWLFDODFWRUVLQDQG 7KHGLVFXVVLRQZKHWKHULWLVSRVVLEOHWRFKDQJHWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQE\UHIHUHQGXP VKRZHG WKDW WKH IRUPDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH UXOHV DOVR GHSHQGV RQ WKH SRVLWLRQ RI SROLWLFDODFWRUV>/iãWLN@
,QDQRWKHUUHIHUHQGXPZDVKHOG±RQWKHSULYDWLVDWLRQRIVWUDWHJLFDOO\LP-SRUWDQWHQWHUSULVHVLHHQHUJ\DQGJDVZDVKHOG7KHUHIHUHQGXPZDVLQLWLDWHGE\ WKH+='6,WFRQFHUQHGDEDQRQSULYDWL]DWLRQRIWKHODUJHVWDQGPDMRUVWDWHRZQHG FRPSDQLHV LQ 6ORYDNLD 7KH PRWLYDWLRQ RI WKH SURSRVHU PRVW SUREDEO\ ZDV WKH HI-IRUWWRLQFUHDVHWKHVXSSRUWIURPYRWHUV2WKHUSDUOLDPHQWDU\SDUWLHVGLGQRWVXSSRUW 0HþLDU¶VSURSRVDO7KH\DSSHDOHGWRDSSURDFKWKHFDVHRIVWDWHHQWHUSULVHVSULYDWLVD-WLRQRQLQGLYLGXDOEDVLV/RZWXUQRXWUHVXOWHGLQWKHLQYDOLGLW\RIWKHUHIHUHQGXP ,QDUHIHUHQGXPRQHDUO\HOHFWLRQVRIWKH1DWLRQDO&RXQFLOZDVKHOG7KH RSSRVLWLRQSDUWLHVGLVVDWLVILHGZLWKWKH']XULQD¶VJRYHUQPHQWEODPHGWKHSULPHPLQ-LVWHUIRUWKHLQIODWLRQDQGXQHPSOR\PHQW7KH\JDLQHGVRPHVLJQDWXUHVLQ IDYRXURIDSURSRVDOWRVKRUWHQWKHFXUUHQWSDUOLDPHQWDU\WHUP$JDLQWKHORZWXUQRXW UHVXOWHGLQWKHLQYDOLGLW\RIWKHUHIHUHQGXP:HVKRXOGPHQWLRQWKDWWKH+='60RYH-PHQWIRU'HPRFUDWLF6ORYDNLDDQGWKH6166ORYDN1DWLRQDO3DUW\PDGHDQHIIRUW WRKROGDUHIHUHQGXPRQODQJXDJHXVDJHRIQDWLRQDOPLQRULWLHVLQRIILFLDOSURFHGXUHV
(/ĩ%,(7$.8ĩ(/(:6.$ DQGQRQSULYDWLVDWLRQRIWKHVWUDWHJLFFRPSDQLHV7KH\ZHUHVXFFHVVIXORQFHDJDLQ LQFROOHFWLQJWKHVXIILFLHQWQXPEHUVRIVLJQDWXUHV3UHVLGHQW6FKXVWHUGHFLGHGQRWWR SURFODLPWKHUHIHUHQGXPEHFDXVHRILWVXQFRQVWLWXWLRQDOLW\>%HONR.RSHþHN@ 7KHVDPHVXEMHFWPDWWHURIDUHIHUHQGXPFDPHEDFNLQ7KHUHIHUHQGXPSHWL-WLRQZDVLQLWLDWHGE\WKH7UDGH8QLRQ&RQIHGHUDWLRQ.2=DQGWKHRSSRVLWLRQSDUW\ 6PHU'XULQJWKHSUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQVSUHVLGHQW6FKXVWHURUJDQL]HGDUHIHUHQGXP LQ ZKLFK KH DVNHG SHRSOH ZKHWKHU WKH\ ZDQWHG WR VKRUWHQ WKH SDUOLDPHQWDU\ WHUP VRWKDWSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQVZRXOGWDNHSODFHLQ3ROLWLFDOGLVSXWHVUHVXOWHG LQORZWXUQRXWDQGLQYDOLGLW\RIUHIHUHQGXP<HWWKHRSSRVLWLRQPDQDJHGWRJHWLWV WZRFDQGLGDWHVLQWRWKHVHFRQGURXQGRIWKHSUHVLGHQWLDOFRQWHVW>/iãWLN@ 2QO\RQHUHIHUHQGXPZDVVXFFHVVIXO±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³IUR]HQSXEOLFGLVFRXUVH´LQKHULWHGIURPWKHFRPPXQLVW SHULRGDQGIURPWKHLQWHUQDO6ORYDNSROLWLFV>.XVD@7KH6ORYDNVZHUHWUXO\ DIUDLGRIQDWLRQDOLVPRIWKH0HþLDU¶VSROLF\VRWKH\KDGQRWLPHWRWKLQNDERXWWKH 6ORYDN¶VSODFHLQ(XURSH7KHWXUQRXWLQWKHUHIHUHQGXPRQ(8PHPEHUVKLSZDV 2WKHUH[SODQDWLRQRIUHODWLYHO\ORZWXUQRXWZDVWKHER\FRWWLQJWKHUHIHUHQGXPE\WKH PDMRULW\RIYRWHUVEHFDXVHLQWKDWZD\WKH\ZDQWHGWRH[SUHVVWKHLUGLVVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWK WKHUHVWULFWLYHVRFLDOSROLF\RIWKHJRYHUQPHQWRI']XULQGD>%HONR.RSHþHN @,QVSLWHRIUHODWLYHO\ORZWXUQRXWWKHRXWFRPHRIWKHUHIHUHQGXPFRQILUPHGWKDW WKH6ORYDNVKDGDSRVLWLYHSLFWXUHRIWKH(8DQGWRRNDOHDSRIIDLWKLQWKH(8EHIRUH WKHDFFHVVLRQ>:DJQHU±@ 7KHPRVWUHFHQW6ORYDNLDQUHIHUHQGXPZDVKHOGLQDQGFRQFHUQHGVHYHUDO LVVXHV VXFK DV OLPLWDWLRQ RI SDUOLDPHQWDU\ LPPXQLW\ UHGXFWLRQ RI WKH QXPEHU RI SDUOLDPHQWDU\VHDWVHOHFWLRQVYLD,QWHUQHW/RZSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQYRWLQJUHVXOWHGLQDV XVXDOWKHLQYDOLGLW\RIWKHUHIHUHQGXP+RZHYHUWKLVUHIHUHQGXPFDPSDLJQSURPRWHG )UHHGRPDQG6ROLGDULW\6D6SROLF\VWDWHPHQWVDQGFDQEHUHJDUGHGDVLWVVXFFHVV >+XGiþNRYi(LEO@ ,17(5,0&21&/86,216 6HYHQUHIHUHQGDZHUHKHOGLQ6ORYDNLDDQGRQO\RQHZDVVXFFHVVIXO7KHYRWHUVGLG QRWZDQWWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV¶GLVSXWHVZKLFKWULHGWRPDNHDUHIHUHQGXP DQLIW\WRROWRHOLPLQDWHSROLWLFDORSSRQHQWV,Q6ORYDNLDUHIHUHQGXPKDVEHFRPHRQH
RIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWLQVWUXPHQWVPLVXVHGE\SROLWLFDOSDUWLHVLQSROLWLFDOFRPSHWL- 5()(5(1'80,17+(&=(&+5(38%/,&$1'6/29$.,$ WLRQ7KH&]HFKVYRWHGRQO\RQFHDQGWKHUHVXOWZDVSRVLWLYH7XUQRXWZDV KLJKHULQFRPSDULVRQZLWK6ORYDNRQ(8PHPEHUVKLS6HYHQW\VHYHQSHUFHQWRIWKH &]HFKVYRWHGIRUOHVVFRPSDULQJWKH6ORYDNV ),1$/&21&/86,216
$V IDU DV WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDO EDFNJURXQG LV FRQFHUQHG WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQ RI WKH &]HFK 5HSXEOLF GRHV QRW IDYRXU GLUHFW GHPRFUDF\ ,W UHJXODWHV WKH LQVWLWXWLRQ RI UHIHUHQGXP YHU\ ODFRQLFDOO\ 7KH &]HFK FRQVWLWXWLRQ RQO\ KLQWV DW D SRVVLELOLW\ RI QDWLRQDOUHIHUHQGD,QFRQWUDVWWRWKH&]HFKFRQVWLWXWLRQWKH6ORYDNLDQFRQVWLWXWLRQ GRHV FRQWDLQ FOHDU UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH UHIHUHQGXP 7KH 6ORYDN FRQVWLWXWLRQ LQFOXGHV VHSDUDWH GHWDLOHG DUWLFOH RQ WKH UHIHUHQGXP ,W DOVR PHQWLRQV WKH LVVXHV H[FOXGHG IURPQDWLRQDOUHIHUHQGXP
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
:H VKRXOG DGG WKDW WKH 6ORYDN SROLF\PDNHUV UHPLQG WKHPVHOYHV WR XVH UHIHU-HQGXPLQDFRQYHQLHQWWLPHIRUWKHPVHOYHV0HDQZKLOHWKH6ORYDNYRWHUVSHUFHLYH UHIHUHQGXP QRW DV DQ LPSRUWDQW LQVWUXPHQW WR H[SUHVV WKH SHRSOH¶V UHDO YLHZV EXW UDWKHUDVDVLJQLILFDQWWRROLQWKHSROLWLFDOVWUXJJOH
)LQDOO\YRWHUV¶EHKDYLRXULQQDWLRQDOUHIHUHQGDLVFRPSDUDEOHWRWKH(8DFFHVVLRQ UHIHUHQGXP3HRSOHYRWLQJ³IRU´RU³DJDLQVW´IROORZWKHDWWLWXGHVRISROLWLFDOSDUWLHV 5HIHUHQGDUHVXOWVIURPWKHOHJDODQGFRQVWLWXWLRQDOYLHZSRLQWKDYHSURYLGHGZLWK
DVXIILFLHQWEDVLVIRUSROLWLFDOUHIRUPVRUWKH(8PHPEHUVKLS7KH(XURSHDQLQWHJUD- (/ĩ%,(7$.8ĩ(/(:6.$ WLRQLVVXHLVQRWTXLWHLQGHSHQGHQWIURPGRPHVWLFSROLWLFVDQGWKLVDWWLWXGHGULYHVWKH UHIHUHQGXPYRWHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKJRYHUQPHQW¶VSRSXODULW\>GH9UHHVHDQG6HPHWNR @:HVKRXOGUHPHPEHUWKDWWKLVORZWXUQRXWFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKWKHSDUWLFLSD-WLRQLQWKHQDWLRQDOHOHFWLRQVDQGLQWKHHOHFWLRQVWRWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQWLQPRVW RIWKH(8PHPEHUVWDWHV>,OQHUýHUQi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ÒVYLW3ĜtPp'HPRNUDFLHRSHQHGWKH GLVFXVVLRQRQZLGHUXVDJHRIDUHIHUHQGXPLQWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF
%,%/,2*5$3+<
%DOLN 6 1ČNROLN SR]QiPHN N UHIHUHQGX R YVWXSX ý5 GR (8 Ä5HYXH 3ROLWLND´ KWWSZZZ UHYXHSROLWLNDF]FODQN\QHNROLNSR]QDPHNNUHIHUHQGXRYVWXSXFUGRHX >/DVW DFFHVVHG @
%DXQ0'ĦUU-0DUHN'âDUDGtQ3The Europeanization of the Czech Politics: The Political
Parties and the EU Referendum. ³-RXUQDORI&RPPRQ0DUNHW6WXGLHV´YROSS±
%HONR0.RSHþHN/Referendum in theory and practice: the history of the Slovak referendums
and their consequences. ³&HQWUDO(XURSHDQ3ROLWLFDO6WXGLHV5HYLHZ´YROSS±
%HQ] $ 6WXW]HU $ Direct Democracy and Citizens’ Information about Politics >LQ@ = 7 3iOOLQJHU % .DXIPDQQ : 0DU[HU 7 6FKLOOHU HGV Direct Democracy in Europe.
Developments and Prospects969HUODJIU6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ :LHVEDGHQSS±
%ORNNHU3New Democracies in Crisis?: A Comparative Constitutional of the Czech Republic,
Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia5RXWOHGJH/RQGRQ Constitution of the Czech Republic 1992.
Constitution of Slovakia 1992.
*DUU\-7LOOH\-Public Support for Integration in the Newly Enlarged EU: Exploring
Differ-ences Between Former Communist Countries and Established Member States>LQ@00DUVK
60LNKD\ORY+6FKPLWWHGVEuropean Elections after Eastern Enlargement. Preliminary
Results from the European Election Study 20040=(68QLYHUVLW\RI0DQQKHLP0DQQKHLP
SS ± KWWSZZZP]HVXQLPDQQKHLPGHSURMHNWHW\SRVLWHILOHDGPLQ%RRN6HULHV 9ROXPHB2QH&KBFKDSWHUBILQDOSGI>/DVWDFFHVVHG@
+DFNHU3Slovakia on the Road to Independence: An American Diplomat’s Eyewitness Account 7KH3HQQV\OYDQLD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV8QLYHUVLW\3DUN3HQQV\OYDQLD
+XGiþNRYi6(LEO26ORYHQVNpUHIHUHQGXPVWUXþQêNRPHQWiUNYêVOHGNRPKODVRYDQLD Ä6WĜHGRHYURSVNpSROLWLFNpVWXGLH&HQWUDO(XURSHDQ3ROLWLFDO6WXGLHV5HYLHZ³þYROKWWS ZZZFHSVUFRPFODQHNSKS",' >/DVWDFFHVVHG@
,OOQHU0ýHUPiN'.RVWHOHFNê76WDFKRYi- EU accession and the public sphere in new
5()(5(1'80,17+(&=(&+5(38%/,&$1'6/29$.,$
the Emergence of the Public Sphere/*LRUJL,YRQ+RPH\HU:3DUVRQVHGV7D\ORUDQG
)UDQFLV/RQGRQHWDOSS±
-LUiVNRYi96NRWQLFNL.Parlament Republiki Czeskiej :\GDZQLFWZR6HMPRZH:DUV]DZD
.RQVW\WXFMD5HSXEOLNL6áRZDFNLHM :VWĊSLWáXP.6NRWQLFNL:\GDZQLFWZR6HMPRZH:DUV]DZD
.XVD=The accession referendum in Slovakia >LQ@ European Union Accession Referendums -0GH:DHOHHG&HYLSRO%UXVVHOVSS±
.XĪHOHZVND ( Pros and cons of referendum in western Europe ³3ROLVK 3ROLWLFDO 6FLHQFH <HDUERRN´YRO;;;SS±
/iãWLN ( 5HIHUHQGXP Y SROLWLFNRP V\VWpPH 65 ,GHQWLILNiFLD SUREOpPRY D QiYUK\ ULHãHQt &(6,8.3ROLF\3DSHUYROSS±KWWSZZZISKLOXQLEDVNILOHDGPLQXVHUBXSORDGHGLWRUV YHGDFHVLXNWHDPVSROLWRORJRYLD3ROLF\BSDSHUB&(6,8.B/DVWLFSGI>/DVWDFFHVVHG@ /iãWLN(Referendum experience in Slovakia: a long and winding road>LQ@Direct Democracy
in Europe. Developments and Prospects=73iOOLQJHU%.DXIPDQQ:0DU[HU76FKLOOHU
HGV969HUODJIU6RFLDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ:LHVEDGHQSS±
/HEHGD75HIHUHQGXPRSĜLVWRXSHQtý5N(YURSVNpXQLL1ČNROLNUĤ]QêFKSRKOHGĤQDSUYQt
YãHOLGRYpKODVRYiQtYýHVNXÄ3ROLWRORJLFNêDVRSLV´YROSS±
/H'XF / Referendums and Initiatives. The Politics of Direct Democracy >LQ@ Comparing
Democracies 2. New Challenges in the Study of Elections of Voting//H'XF5*1LHPL
31RUULVHGV6$*(3XEOLFDWLRQV/RQGRQ7KRXVDQG2DNV1HZ'HOKLSS± /RQJ0Making History: Czech Voices of Dissent and the Revolution of 1989/DQKDP 3HURWWLQR0The Czech accession referendum: “yes”, but no passion>LQ@European Union
Accession Referendums-0GH:DHOHHG&HYLSRO%UXVVHOVSS±
3RGRODN05HIHUHQGDQD6áRZDFML>LQ@3ROVND(XURSDĝZLDW6%.UDMHZVNLHG:\G 80&6/XEOLQSS±
3RVODQHFNi 6QČPRYQD 3DUODPHQWX ýHVNp 5HSXEOLN\ KWWSZZZSVSF]VTZKLVWRULHVTZ"R W >/DVWDFFHVVHG@
5HLOO\6Design, Meaning and Choice in Direct Democracy$VKJDWH)DUQKDP%XUOLQJWRQ 5HSRUWRQ)RUHLJQ3ROLF\RIWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFEHWZHHQ-DQXDU\DQG'HFHPEHU
0LQLVWU\RI)RUHLJQ$IIDLUVRIWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF3UDJXH
5RXUNH-+LVNHV5=LUDN]DGHK(&Direct Democracy and International Politics. Deciding
International Issues through Referendums%RXOGHU±/RQGRQ
5\WHO:DU]HFKD$5HIHUHQGXPRJyOQRNUDMRZHZSDĔVWZDFK(XURS\ĝURGNRZR:VFKRGQLHM :\GDZQLFWZR6HMPRZH :DUV]DZD
6NRWQLFNL . 'HPRNUDW\F]QH SDĔVWZR SUDZQH Z WHRULL L Z SUDNW\FH Z SDĔVWZDFK (XURS\
ĝURGNRZHML:VFKRGQLHMàyG]NLH7RZDU]\VWZR1DXNRZHàyGĨ
6NRWQLFNL.System konstytucyjny Czech:\GDZQLFWZR6HMPRZH:DUV]DZD
6PLWK0/The uneasy balance between participation and representation: local direct
de-mocracy in the Czech Republic>LQ@76FKLOOHUHGLocal Direct Dede-mocracy in Europe96
9HUODJIU6RFLDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ:LHVEDGHQ SS±
âSRN5ěLKiþNRYi9:HLVV7%DUWRYLF9'URPDUG-0tVWQtUHIHUHQGDYýHVNpUHSXEOLFH
DYHY\EUDQêFK=DPFK(YURSVNpXQLH,QVWLWXW(8523(803UDKDSS±
7KH $&( (OHFWRUDO .QRZOHGJH 1HWZRUN DFHSURMHFWRUJDFHHQWRSLFVHVHVHHVHHVHD HVHD>/DVWDFFHVVHG@
9DODFK 0 Czech Republic >LQ@ % .DXIPDQQ 0 ' :DWHUV HGV Direct Democracy in
Europe. A Comprehensive Reference Guide to the Initiative and Referendum Process in Europe
'XUKDPSS±
9HþHUQLN-Czech Society in the 2000s: A Report on Socio-economic Policies and Structures 3UDJXH
9OiGDýHVNp5HSXEOLN\KWWSZZZYODGDF]F]PHGLDFHQWUXPDNWXDOQHYODGDSURMHGQD]DNRQ RUHIHUHQGX>/DVWDFFHVVHG@
(/ĩ%,(7$.8ĩ(/(:6.$
9UHHVH&+GH6HPHWNR+$Political Campaigning in Referendums. Framing the Referendum
Issue5RXWOHGJH/RQGRQ1HZ<RUN
:DJQHU%When Central and Eastern Europeans became EU Citizens: Support for the EU
before and after EU Accession in post-communist
EuropeKWWSZZZMKXEFLWHFSUSRUWRYLUWX-DOSDSHUURRPSGI>/DVWDFFHVVHG@
%,2*5$3+<
(OĪELHWD .XĪHOHZVND 'U RI SROLWLFDO VFLHQFH 6KH ZRUNV DW WKH )DFXOW\ RI /DZ
8QLYHUVLW\RI%LDá\VWRN3RODQG+HDGRIWKH&HQWUHIRU'LUHFW'HPRFUDF\6WXGLHV +HUDFDGHPLFZRUNLQYROYHVSUREOHPVRIGLUHFWGHPRFUDF\(XURSHDQLQWHJUDWLRQDQG FRQWHPSRUDU\SROLWLFDOV\VWHPVLQDFRPSDUDWLYHSHUVSHFWLYH7KHDXWKRURIWZRERRNV LQ3ROLVKReferendum in the Process of European Integration,
:DUV]DZDRati-fication of the Treaty Establishing Constitution for Europe and Its Results:DUV]DZD