The Touristic Function of Toruń

Jan Stachowski

T H E T O U R I S T I C F U N C T I O N O F T O R U Ń

L A F O N C T I O N T O U R I S T I Q U E D E T O R U Ń

F U N K C J A T U R Y S T Y C Z N A T O R U N I A

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

T o ru ń is d istin gu ish ed as one o f th e e ig h t la r g e P o lis h to u rist c e n ­ tres ( P r z y b y s z e w s k a - G u d e 1 i s, I w i c k i 1973). I t is also on e o f s ix to u rist p la ces in th e fir s t c a te g o ry , i.e., to w n s w it h a h igh c o n ­ c en tra tio n o f to u rist a ttra c tio n s w it h a m a jo r it y o f those a n th ro p o g en ic q u a litie s re g a rd e d as b e in g o f in te rn a tio n a l im p o rta n c e an d o f p a ra m ou n t n a tio n a l im p o rta n c e ( L i j e w s k i , M i k u ł o w s k i , W y r z y k o ­ w s k i 1985).

T o ru ń is k n o w n as o n e o f P o lis h cities w it h a g r e a t abu n d an ce o f m on u m en ts, ¡and it is th e m o re in te re s tin g as it is th e b ir th -p la c e o f N ic h o la s C o p ern icu s — th e fa m ou s P o lis h a stro n o m e r (1473— 1543).

T o ru ń is th e p o in t o f in te rsec tio n o f som e im p o r ta n t rou tes. T h e E u ro p ea n ro u te w h ic h co n n ect S ca n d in a via n co u n trie s w it h th e a rea s o f C e n tra l E u ro p e and S o u th -E a ste rn E u ro p e cross th e c ity , and also th e ro u te le a d in g fr o m W e s te rn E u ro p e to th e M a su ria n L a k e s — th e re g io n o f tw o thou sand lakes, v e r y a ttr a c tiv e e s p e c ia lly fo r tou rists co m in g fr o m G e rm a n y , F r a n c e a n d It a ly . T h e ro u tes an d r a ilw a y s le a d in g fr o m th e P o lis h B a ltic coast and th e la k e d istricts to C e n tra l an d S ou th P o la n d , cross in T o ru ń .

P r e s e n t-d a y T o r u ń is in h a b ited b y m o re than 200,000 p eo p le. T h e c i­ t y w a s d e v e lo p in g e s p e c ia lly in te n s iv e ly fr o m th e y e a r 1960 u n til 1980. T h e in v e s tm e n ts in th e t e x tile , c lo th in g , c h em ic a l and e le c tro te c h n ic a l in d u stries stim u la te d its co n te m p o ra n e o u s ly im p o r ta n t fu n ctio n in n a ­ tio n a l eco n om y. A p a r t fr o m its in d u stria l and a d m in is tra tiv e fu n ction s, T o ru ń is th e c a p ito l o f th e cou n ty.

T o ru ń is an im p o rta n t cu ltu ra l c e n tre a n d also th e seat o f th e N ic h o ­ las C o p ern icu s U n iv e r s it y and m a n y s ec o n d a ry schools. A fu n ctio n co n ­ n e c te d w it h th e c it y fo r m a n y y e a rs is its tou rist in d u s try a ris in g fr o m c o g n itiv e q u a litie s o f T o ru ń , th e q u a litie s w h ic h a re re c o g n iz e d in P o la n d as w e ll as o th er cou n tries.

W h a t d istin gu ish es T o ru ń fr o m th e urban p o in t o f v ie w is its s p e ci­ fic sp a tia l stru ctu re. T h e o ld ce n tre o f th e c it y is e n c irc le d b y th e area w h ic h is fr e e fr o m b u ild in gs. T h is a rea w a s r e la t iv e ly r e c e n tly b u ilt o v e r w ith th e n e w b u ild in gs. O u tsid e o f this a rea th e re is th e o ld r e ­ s id e n tia l and in d u stria l a rea o f o r ig in a l suburbs. T h e la st e x te rn a l area o f th e c it y is th e n e w re s id e n tia l a re a and th e a rea o f in d u s try and com m u n ica tion . N o w a d a y s the sp a tia l g r o w t h o f th e to w n is g o in g on th ro u g h e n la rg e m e n t o f th e e x te r n a l a re a and th ro u g h the re p la c e m e n t o f su bstan dard b u ild in g s in th e a re a o f o ld suburbs. I t is a k in d o f r e ­ ju v e n a tio n o f th e c ity . A p a rtic u la r p la ce in th e p la n fo r T o ru ń is r e ­ s e r v e d fo r th e o ld c e n tre w h ic h u n til q u ite la t e ly fu lfile d a ll th e fu n c ­ tion s o f th e c ity . S o m e o f these fu n ction s w e r e p u rp o s e ly elim in a te d r e c e n tly . T h e in d u stria l fu n ctio n o f th e c it y w a s e lim in a te d a lm o st c o m ­ p le t e ly . A t p resen t its re s id e n tia l and a d m in is tra tiv e fu n ction s a re b ein g s u c c e s s iv e ly red u ced . A t th e sam e tim e on e can o b s e rv e th e esta b lish ­ m e n t o f som e lo c a l s e r v ic e w ork sh op s in the n e w re s id e n tia l units. T h e y d o n o t d is c re d it th e fo r m e r im p o rta n ce o f th e s e r v ic e fu n ctio n o f the cen tre. T h e fu n ctio n o f T o r u ń w h ic h can b e fu lfile d a lm o st e x c lu s iv e ly b y its c e n tra l p a rt is its to u ristic fu n ction .

2. T H E B A S IS O F T H E T O U R IS T IC F U N C T I O N O F T O R U Ń

T h e basis o f the tou ristic fu n ctio n o f T o ru ń is th e u n iq u e to w n ce n tre w h ic h is u n iq u e in e v e r y resp ect. T h is ce n tre consists o f th e O ld T o w n , esta b lish ed in 1233, and th e N e w T o w n , esta b lish ed in 1264, in te g ra te d in 1454 a n d p r e s e r v e d to the p resen t d a y ; w it h in n e a r ly the sam e area an d in th e sam e urban c o n fig u ra tio n . T h e p e c u lia r ity o f th e in te g ra te d u rban c o n fig u ra tio n o f th e o ld T o ru ń an d th e n e w T o ru ń is its d istin ct iso la tio n fr o m th e o th e r p a rts o f th e p r e s e n t-d a y c ity . T h e spaces s itu a ­ ted ou tsid e th e c it y -w a lls , w h ic h w e r e fr e e fr o m b u ild in g s fo r ages, a re n o w g re e n a reas fo r re c re a tio n and p ra c tic in g sports. S o m e to u ris t-s e rv i- c e a c tiv itie s a re lo c a liz e d in th ese spaces and som e m o re places a re d e ­ s ig n a ted to b e b u ilt w it h s im ila r fu n ction s.

A m o n g th e b u ild in g s o f th e O ld T o w n a re m a n y w e ll-p r e s e r v e d G o ­ thic, R en aissan ce, B a ro q u e an d Secession stru ctu res. T h e y a re v a lu a b le

n o t o n ly becau se o f th e ir fo r m and e x t e r io r decoratio n s, b u t also because o f th e e v e n ts co n n ected w it h th e l i f e o f fo r m e r in h a b ita n ts o f th e city . O n the A r c h ite c tu r a l R e c o r d o f M o n u m en ts and B u ild in g s o f T o ru ń , or ra th e r its m e d ie v a l p a rt, 344 m o n u m en ts a re m e n tio n e d . F iv e o f th em a re classed a m o n g th e m o n u m en ts o f th e „ O ” c a te g o ry , 33 in th e fir s t c a te g o r y an d th e o th ers a m o n g th e m o n u m en ts o f th e th ird c a te g o ry . A b o u t o n e h u n d red o f these b u ild in g s a re re c o g n iz e d as stru ctu res w h ich a r e a ttr a c tiv e fo r th e a v e r a g e tou rist, t w e lv e o f th e m a re classed as v e r y a t tr a c t iv e and a lon e th e y s tim u la te th e to u rist t r a ffic to T o ru ń — F ig . 1.

T o u ris ts co m in g to T o ru ń p a y a tte n tio n fir s t o f a ll to th e m o n u m en ­ ta l G o th ic b u ild in g s o f th e O ld T o w n : th e T o w n H a ll and th e ch u rch es: V ir g in M a r y ’s, St. J o h n ’s and St. J a m es’ . T h e s e stru ctu res d o m in a te the p a n oram a o f th e tow n . T h e fr a g m e n ts o f fo r tific a tio n s in c lu d in g d e fe n s i­ v e to w e r s an d the gates: S w . D ucha, M o s to w a and Ż e g la rs k a , a re also v a lu a b le an d v is u a lly a ttr a c tiv e . T h e m ost fa m o u s d e fe n s iv e to w e r is th e so -c a lle d L e a n in g T o w e r . T h e o th er stru ctu res o f h ig h a rc h ite c tu ra l a n d h istoric q u a litie s a re: th e house in w h ic h N ic h o la s C o p ern icu s w a s j b o m in 1473 and th e ru in s o f T e u to n ic fo rtre s s d e s tr o y e d b y th e b u r g ­ h ers in 1454. T h e w e ll p r e s e r v e d m e rch a n ts’ houses and th e g r e a t n u m - | b er o f gra n a rie s a re th e o ld est b u ild in g s in P o la n d , and th e y a re also th e ij re lic s o f the eco n om ic sp len d o u r o f th e c ity . T h e a rc h ite c tu re o f o ld T o - ; ru ń is d o m in a te d b y G o th ic b ric k -b u ild in g s . O w in g to this the p a n oram a o'f t h e c it y , e s p e c ia lly seen fr o m th e o th er sid e o f th e V is tu la R iv e r , ¡ o ffe r s a r e a lly unusual v ie w .

In 1861 m u seu m c o lle c tio n s b eg a n in T o ru ń . T h e g r e a t n u m b er o f ! th e m a tic ex h ib itio n s in th e seven m u seu m s p re s e n t th e m o st v a lu a b le o f th e 100,000 e x h ib its a ccu m u la ted in a ll th e co llectio n s. P a r t ic u la r ly v a lu a b le and a t tr a c t iv e is th e c o lle c tio n o f w o r k s o f a r t and a rtistic h an - > d ic r a ft o f th e X H I t h , X l V t h , an d th e X V t h cen tu ries. T h e 'm ost im p o r ­ ta n t p la ce a m o n g th em is r e s e r v e d fo r scu lp tu re, p a in tin g, and gla ss / ¡j

-p a in tin g. j

T h e h is to r ic a lly o ld e s t p a rt o f T o ru ń has been s u cce ssively rénova-* j ted, in c lu d in g a p p ro p ria te co n s erva tio n , fo r m a n y yea rs. T h e m a in p u r- j

poses o f th e re n o v a tio n w e r e : • "I

— im p r o v e m e n t o f th e u rban p r o file o f this p a rt o f th e c it y in o r - j

d er to e x p o se its o rig in a l a ttrib u tes; .

[I

— re s to ra tio n o f th e a rc h ite c tu r a lly and h is to r ic a lly p r o p e r c h a ra cter .

o f th e m on u m en ts; '-H

— fo rm a tio n o f th e fu n c tio n a l s tru ctu re o f th e d o w n -to w n area w h ic h w o u ld lin k w ith tra d itio n , b u t w h ic h w o u ld b e also c o n v e n ie n t fo r th e in h a b ita n ts o f T o ru ń and also fo r tourists.

F ig . 1. T h e m o s t v a lu a b le a r c h ite c tu r a l an d h is t o r ic a l m o n u - D e s s in 1. M o n u m e n ts h is to riq u e s e t d 'a r c h it e c tu r e d e T o r u n

m e n ts o f T o r u n a y a n t la p lu s g r a n d e v a le u r

1 — muséums; 2 — art galleries; 3 — the main rouies taken b y tourist 1 — musées; 2 — galeries d'art, 3 — principaux itinéraires touristiques

T o r u ii’s h is to r y m a rk ed th e p a rtic u la r stages o f this re n o v a tio n . T h e 500th a n n iv e r s a ry o f the P e a c e o f T o ru ń , w h ic h en d ed th e v ic to rio u s 1 3 -y e a r-w a r b e tw e e n th e C r o w n and T e u to n ic sta te to w h ic h th e tow n b e lo n g e d , w a s c e le b ra te d in 1966. O n th e s tre n g h t o f th a t p ea ce T o ­ ru ń w a s in c o rp o ra te d in to th e K in g d o m o f P o la n d ; it w as the b e g in n in g o f th e c it y ’s eco n om ic p rogress. T h e m ost im p o rta n t d a te in th e process o f th e re n o v a tio n o f th e c it y w a s th e y e a r 1973, w h e n th e 500th a n n i­ v e r s a r y o f th e b irth o f N ic h o la s C opern icu s, th e m ost fa m o u s citizen o f T o ru ń , w a s c e le b ra te d . A n e q u a lly im p o r ta n t e v e n t in this process w a s th e y e a r 1983 — the 750th a n n iv e r s a ry o f th e esta b lish m e n t o f T o ­ r u ń as a tow n (1233).

T h e w o r k o f re n o v a tio n s ta rte d in 1957 and it co m p rised a m o n g o th e r th in gs th e co n s erva tio n and th e r e fu rb is h in g o f th e m ost v a lu a ­ b le m on u m en ts. In m a n y cases th e y w e r e a d a p ted to th e ir n e w , m a in ly cu ltu ra l, fu n ction s and w e r e also o p en ed fo r sig h tseein g . M a n y q u a r ­ ters o f th e O ld C it y w e r e re n o v a te d . A f t e r re n o v a tio n m a n y b u ild in gs ch a n ged th e ir fo r m e r fu n ction s, w h ic h w e r e m a in ly re s id e n tia l, and r e c e iv e d n e w tenants. In d u stria l esta b lish m en ts w e r e a lm o st e n tir e ly w e r e r e m o v e d fr o m th e d o w n -to w n area. T h e re s id e n tia l u tilisa tio n o f th e o ld b u ild in g s is b ein g p r o g r e s s iv e ly red u ced . A t th e sam e tim e the sta n d ard o f th e fla ts in these b u ild in g s is im p ro v in g . T h e m e d ie v a l stru c tu re o f th e m a jo r it y o f th e b u ild in g s o c c u p y in g th e O ld C it y has re s u lte d in th e process o f re n o v a tio n b ein g te c h n o lo g ic a lly co m p lic a ted , e x p e n s iv e and p ro lo n g ed . B u t at th e sam e tim e th is process has b ro u g h t to lig h t th e to u ristic q u a litie s o f th e c ity . T h e m o r p h o lo g y o f T o ru ń m a d e it p o ssib le fo r a rin g -r o a d to b e b u ilt ro u n d the O ld C ity . T h is a llo w e d the r e m o v a l o f th e tra m lin es fr o m th e c e n tre and also b ro u g h t a re d u c tio n in car t r a ffic , th e m o d e rn iz a tio n o f th e stre ets and th e ir o p en in g fo r p ed estria n tr a ffic . T h e south p a rt o f th e rin g -r o a d w a s b u ilt on th e r iv e r s id e o f th e R iv e r V is tu la . A t th e sam e tim e th e r iv e r side a rea w a s r e b u ilt an d re c re a tio n areas cre a te d th ere. S im ila r re c re a tio n areas (so m e parks, a rea s fo r p ra c tic in g sports and gam es, som e tou ristic fa c ilitie s and an e tn o g ra p h ic a l p a rk ) w e r e set out to th e n o rth and w e s t o f th e O ld C it y — F ig . 2.

T h e m ain p u rp ose o f th e re n o v a tio n o f th e O ld C it y is th e p r e s e r ­ v a tio n o f its cu ltu ra l h e rita g e . I t in creases th e c o g n itiv e v a lu e o f the c it y and crea tes th e basis o f its tou ristic fu n ction s. T h e m o st im p o rta n t e le m e n t o f this basis is tou rist fa c ilitie s . T h e g r o w in g c o g n itiv e v a lu e o f the c it y and also the fa c t th a t m a n y gu ests w e r e e x p e c te d to com e d u rin g th e y e a r o f th e 500th a n n iv e r s a ry o f N ic h o la s C o p ern ic u s’ birth , sh o w ed th e n ec e s s ity o f th e n e w in v e s tm e n ts in th e to u rist fa c ilitie s . N e w h o tels w h ic h n e e d co n s id era b le space w e r e lo c a liz e d im m e d ia te ly

F ig . 2. T o u r is tic s e r v ic e s in th e c e n tr a l p a rt o f T o r u n 1 — hotels; 2 — gastronomic services; 3 — theatres and cinemas; 4 — en­

tertainments; 5 — car parking; 6 — built-up areas; 7 — open areas

D e s s in 2. S e r v ic e s to u ris tiq u e s au c e n tr e d e T o r u n 1 — hôtels; 2 — services gastronomiques; 4 — théâtres et cinémas» 4 — divertissements; 5 — parkings pour automobiles; 6 — espaces bâtis;

7 — espace non-bâti» t o Ja n S ta c h o w s k i

n e x t to the o ld cen tre. M a n y to u rist fa c ilitie s (in fo r m a tio n cen tres, sou- ven ir-s h o p s, restau ran ts, ca f6 -room s, m useum s etc.) w e r e situ a ted in th e b u ild in g s o f the O ld C ity . A lth o u g h in th e past m a n y a c tiv itie s d i ­ r e c t ly con n ected w it h th e s e r v ic e in g o f to u rist t r a ffic w e r e u n d e rta ­ ken , th e c it y w a s v e r y o fte n in s u ffic ie n t ly p r e p a re d to r e c e iv e a ll t h o ­ se tou rists w h o a rr iv e d . P r o b le m s co n n ected w it h th e to u rist in fr a ­ s tru ctu re and associated se rv ic e s w a s th e m ain fa c to r w h ic h re s tric te d th e tou ristic fu n ctio n o f T o ru n .

3. T O U R IS T T R A F F I C I N T O R U N

V is ito rs w e r e a lr e a d y co m in g to g e t to k n o w T o ru ń in th e la tte r p a rt o f X I X c en tu ry . A f t e r 127 y e a rs o f P ru ssia n a n n ex a tio n , w h en th e c it y re tu r n e d to th e P o lis h R e p u b lic and b ec a m e th e ca p ita l o f P o m e ra n ia , an in crea se o f in te re s t in T o r u ń to o k place. A lth o u g h no statistics o f the to u rist t r a ffic fr o m th a t p e rio d a re k n o w n 1, it is p o ssi­ b le to co n clu d e on m a n y grou n d s th a t it ex isted . In th e cu ltu ra l and to u ristic jo u rn a ls a p p e a rin g at th a t tim e o n e can fin d m u ch in fo r m a tio n abou t th e c ity . P la n s o f th e c it y and g u id e -b o o k s w e r e pu blished. T o ­ ru ń w a s v is ite d b y a g r e a t n u m b e r o f grou p s o f ch ild re n and y o u n g p e o p le and also b y grou p s o f p e o p le tr a v e llin g a lo n g th e V is tu la R i ­ v e r . F o r these grou p s th e c it y w a s an im p o r ta n t sta g in g poin t. V is ito rs a r r iv in g at T o ru ń co u ld b e e n te rta in e d in 19 h o tels ( W i l g a t 1939).

A f t e r W o r ld W a r I I th e n u m b er o f tou rists a r r iv in g in T o ru ń su c­ c e s s iv e ly in creased. T h e g r e a te s t n u m b er o f tou rists a r r iv e d in th e se­ v e n tie s — • 400,000— 500,000 tou rists a y e a r. In 1973, th e y e a r o f 500th a n n iv e r s a ry o f N ic h o la s C o p ern ic u s’ birth , T o ru ń w a s v is ite d b y 700,000 tou rists. In th e eig h ties, u n d er th e circu m sta n ces o f so cia l and ec o n o ­ m ic crisis, th e n u m b e r o f tou rists a r r iv in g in T o ru ń w a s re d u ced to 150,000— 200,000 persons a ye a r.

T o u ris ts t r a ffic in T o ru ń is m a rk ed b y som e s p e cific ch aracteristics. T h e y a rise on th e o n e h an d fr o m th e p a rtic u la r to u ristic q u a litie s o f this city, on th e o th er fr o m its to u ristic a rra n g e m en t. T h e m a in p u rp o ­ se o f tou rists’ v is its to T o ru ń is the s tu d y o f th e cu ltu ra l h e rita g e o f th e fo r m e r in h a b ita n ts o f T o ru ń and P o m e ra n ia . T h e y co m e to see the p la ces co n n ected w ith im p o rta n t e ve n ts o f P o lis h h is to r y — fo r e x a m ­ ple, the p la ce o f b irth o f N ic h o la s C o p ern icu s — th e au th o r o f an im ­ p o rta n t ch a n ge in E u ro p ea n cu ltu re. T h e k in d o f to u ristic q u a lities

1 D ata e x is ts on v is it o r s c o m in g to th e h e a lth -re s o rts and fo r h o lid a y ( L e s z - c z y c k a 1939).

w h ic h is m e n tio n e d a b o v e is o f g r e a t im p o rta n ce in the edu cation p r o ­ cess o f ch ild re n and y o u n g p eo p le, an d this is the reason w h y m a n y grou p s o f y o u n g tou rists v is it T o ru ń .

M o st tou rists co m in g to T o ru ń sta y in th e c it y o n ly fo r a f e w hours. T h e y n e e d such a tim e to v is it th e m ost v a lu a b le m on u m en ts o f the to w n . T o ru ń is v e r y o fte n v is ite d b y tou rists en ro u te to the o th e r places. T h is m akes it d iff ic u lt to estim a te th e re a l sca le o f to u rists’ v i ­ sits. A n estim a te is p o ssib le o n ly b y u sin g in fo r m a tio n a b ou t th e n u m ­ b e r o f tou rists u sin g th e s e r v ic e o f tou rist o ffic e s , th e n u m b er o f to u ­ ris ts con d u cted b y gu id es etc. T h e re c o rd o f p e o p le co m in g and sp en ­ d in g som e tim e in h o tels is n o t su ita b le fo r this k in d o f estim ate. M o st tou rists v is itin g T o ru ń t r a v e l in grou ps. I t is estim a ted th a t th e n u m ­ b e r o f tou rists w h o t r a v e l in d iv id u a lly co m p rises o n ly 20— 25 p e r cen t o f th e to ta l n u m b er o f tourists.

T h e k in d o f to u ristic a ttra c tio n s o f T o ru ń — th e q u a litie s o f its a rc h ite c tu re and u rban p r o file and also its g e o g ra p h ic a l situ ation — d eterm in es th e seasonal c h a ra cter o f th e to u rist tr a ffic . T h e to u rist sea­ son in T o ru ń starts u s u a lly in M a y and ends in S e p te m b e r. O u tsid e this p e r io d tou rist t r a ffic is d is tin c ly less and in th e w in t e r p e rio d it n e a r ly disappears.

T o u ris t t r a ffic in T o ru ń is t y p ifie d b y a d istin ct sp a tia l co n c e n tra ­ tion in th e c ity . I t co n c en tra tes m a in ly in th e streets o f th e o ld c en tre w h e r e th e m ost v a lu a b le m o n u m en ts and m useum s, v is ite d b y tou rists d u rin g s h o rt stays, a re situ a ted — F ig . 1. T h e p la c e w h ic h is situ a ted o u tsid e o f th e O ld C ity , b u t w h ic h is v e r y o fte n v is ite d b y tou rists, is th e c o m p le x o f b u ild in g s o f th e N ic h o la s C o p ern icu s U n iv e r s ity . It w a s b u ilt on th e occasion o f th e 500th a n n iv e r s a ry o f the b irth o f N i ­ ch olas C o p ern ic u s’ , th e p a tro n o f the u n iv e rs ity .

4. T H E E C O N O M IC A S P E C T O F T H E T O U R IS T IC F U N C T I O N O F T O R U N

T h e to u ristic a ttra ctio n o f T o ru ń and th e size o f to u rist t r a ffic seem to s h o w th at th e eco n om ic e ff e c t o f th e to u ristic fu n c tio n o f the; c it y is con sid era b le, and it is an im p o rta n t sou rce o f th e t o w n ’s in co m e and a lso a sou rce o f its in h a b ita n ts’ , earn in gs. T h e g e n e r a l a n a ly sis o f this p r o b le m sh ow s th at these ea rn in gs a re less than co u ld b e ex p e c te d . T h e fu n d a m e n ta l reason fo r th e lo w re c e ip ts fr o m th e s e r v ic in g o f tou rist t r a ffic is th e in s u ffic ie n t d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e to u ris t s e r v ic e b oth in re s p e c t o f its lim ite d sca le and its stan d ard. B ecau se o f th e m o d es t to u ­ ris t s e r v ic e a la r g e n u m b e r o f tou rists do n o t s ta y in T o ru ń fo r m o re than a f e w hours. T h e n u m b e r o f h o tels in th e c it y is in s u ffic ie n t, and

it is n o t p o ssib le to r e la x a ft e r v is itin g a ll th e m o n u m en ts and m u se­ ums, becau se th e re a re in s u ffic ie n t v en u es lik e n igh t-c lu b s, cinem as, pubs, c o ffe e -g a r d e n s etc. T o ru ń n eeds m a n y n e w fa c ilitie s , e s p e c ia lly sm a ll fa c ilitie s — fo r e x a m p le s m a ll h otels, b o a rd in g houses, v a r ie d c a te rin g businesses w h ic h w o u ld o f f e r th e ir s e rv ic e s to w e a lt h y and less w e a lt h y tou rists. T h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e to u rist in fra s tru c tu re e s p e c ia lly in th e o ld cen tre, w o u ld p r o lo n g th e to u rist season, ch an ge th e tra n sit c h a ra cter o f to u rist tr a ffic , and ch a n g e its h ith e rto e x is tin g stru ctu re, i.e., it w o u ld in crea se th e n u m b e r o f in d iv id u a l tou rists. I t is ju s tifia b le to e x p e c t th a t the d e v e lo p in g s u p p ly o f s e r v ic e s w ill b rin g du e eco n om ic p r o fits . U p to p resen t th e eco n om ic e ffe c t s o f T o r u ń ’s to u ristic fu n ctio n seem to b e h ig h ly d is p ro p o rtio n a te to th e e ffe c ts in th e sp h ere o f cu ltu ra l and ed u ca tio n a l in flu e n c e on so ciety.

5. F I N A L R E M A R K S

T h e urban, a rc h ite c tu ra l, h is to ric a n d o th er q u a litie s o f T o ru ń p la ­ ce th e c it y a m o n g those to w n s v e r y w e ll eq u ip p e d to fu lf il tou ristic fu n ction s. T o ru ń fu lfils this fu n c tio n and as such it is m e n tio n e d a m on g th e o th er fu n ction s o f th e c ity . S o m etim es it is e v e n d istin gu ish ed as th e fu n ctio n o f th e fir s t ran k. C o n s id e rin g such d e te rm in a n ts o f this fu n ctio n as th e g e n e r a l to u ristic a ttra c tiv e n e s s and th e s ize o f th e to u ­ ris t tr a ffic , it is p o ssib le to co m p a re T o ru ń w it h th e m o st im p o rta n t P o lis h cities as C ra c o w , G dań sk, P o z n a ń , W r o c la w etc. In a sense the to u ristic fu n ctio n o f T o ru ń can b e ta k en as a d e te rm in a n t o f the h igh p osition o f this c it y in aspect o f o th e r P o lis h cities. A t the sam e tim e this fu n ctio n is a t p resen t th e s ec o n d a ry fu n ctio n an d it does n o t b rin g a n y s ig n ific a n t b e n efits, e s p e c ia lly e c o n o m ic a lly . I t is a p a ra d o x th a t th e la r g e sum s o f m o n e y sp en t on th e r e n o v a tio n o f o ld T o ru ń , w h ic h c o n s id e ra b ly a d d to th e c it y ’s a ttra ctiven ess, a re r e fu n d e d b y tou rism o n ly on a lim ite d scale. T h e essen tia l d e v e lo p m e n t o f to u rist s e r v ic e in T o ru ń sh ou ld b e s tr o n g ly co n n ected w it h th e fu r th e r re n o v a tio n o f th e o ld cen tre. A clo se in te g ra tio n o f th e in te re s ts o f to u rism and n a ­ tio n a l c u ltu re is in this in stan ce th e d e s ira b le and th e best solu tion .

REFERENCES

L e s z c z y c k a W ., 1939, R u c h u z d r o w i s k o w o - l e t n i s k o w y w w o j e w ó d z t w i e p o m o r s k i m ( w s e z o n i e l e t n i m 1938 r.), „K o m u n ik a ty Stu diu m T u r y z m u U n iw e r s y t e t u J a g ie l­

L i j e w s k i T. , M i k u ł o w s k i B., W y r z y k o w s k i J., 1985, G e o g r a i i a t u r y s ­ t y k i P o l s k i , P W E , W a r s z a w a . P r z y b y s z e w s k a - G u d e l i s R., I w i c k i S., 1973, T u r y s t y c z n e z a g o s p o d a r o ­ w a n ie p r z e s t r z e n n e T o r u n i a j a k o w i e l k i e g o c e n t r u m k r a j o z n a w c z e g o , In s ty tu t T u ­ ry s ty k i, W a r s z a w a . Spi s z a b y t k ó w a r c h i t e k t u r y i b u d o w n i c t w a . M i a s t o T o r u ń , W y d . M in . K u lt. i Szt., W a r s z a w a 1964. W i i g a t T., 1939, R o z m i e s z c z e n i e p r z e m y s ł u p e n s j o n a t o w o - h o t e i o w e g o w P o l s c e , „ K o m u n ik a ty Stu diu m T u ry z m u U n iw e r s y t e t u J a g ie llo ń s k ie g o ” , n r 22, K r a k ó w .

D r Jan S ta c h o w s k i W p ł y n ę ło : Z a k ła d G e o g r a f ii E k o n o m ic z n e j 30 p a ź d z ie r n ik a 1991 r. In s ty tu t G e o g r a fii U n iw e r s y t e t M ik o ł a ja K o p e r n ik a w T o r u n iu ul. D a n ie le w s k ie g o 6 87-100 T o ru ń R É S U M É

D ans l'e s p a c e to u ris tiq u e d e la P o lo g n e , la v i l l e d e T o r u ń est p e rç u e c o m m e un c e n tr e c h o r o g r a p h iq u e ( P r z y b y s z e w s k a - G u d e l i s , I w i c k i 1973) ou c o m ­ m e u n e v i l l e c h o r o g r a p h iq u e à l'im p o r ta n c e in te rn a tio n a le , s u p rêm e dans le c a d re du p a y s ( L i j e w s k i , M i k u ł o w s k i , W y r z y k o w s k i 1985). T o r u ń est l'u n o d es v ille s le s plus ric h es en m on u m en ts d 'u rb a n ism e e t d 'a rc h ite c tu re . C 'e s t aussi la v i l l e n a ta le d e N ic o la s C o p e r n ic (1473— 1543). T o r u ń d 'a u jo u r d ’ hui c om p te 200 000 h a b ita n ts e n v ir o n . C 'e s t la c a p ita le d e la v o ïv o d ie , le c e n tr e in d u s trie l e t c u ltu re l du p ays.

L e c e n tre d e la v ille , u n iq u e en son g e n re , c o n s titu e la b a s e d e la fo n c tio n to u ris tiq u e de* T oru ń . I l se c o m p o s e d e la V i e i l l e V i l l e m o y e n â g e u s e , fo n d é e en 1233 et d e la v i l l e N e u v e , fo n d é e en 1264, m a in ten u es ju s q u 'à nos jo u r s dans le s lim ite s et le s d is p o s itio n s u rb a in e s p re s q u e in c h a n g é e s . L 'a m é n a g e m e n t du v ie u x c e n tr e g a r d e p lu sieu rs m on u m en ts de l'a r c h ite c tu r e g o th iq u e , d e re n a is sa n c e , b a r o ­ q u e e t d 'a rt n o u v e a u . P a rtic u liè re m e n t a ttra y a n ts du p o in t d e v u e du to u rism e sont: l'h ô t e l d e la v i e i l l e v ille , tr o is é g lis e s , le s m urs, le s b e ffr o is et le s p o r te s d e v ille , le s ru in es du ch â teau d es c h e v a lie r s te u to n iq u e s , le s m a ison s d es c ita d in s, le s g r e ­ n ie rs à b lé . D ans le s m u sées, le s e x p o s itio n s d es c o lle c tio n s am assées d ep u is 1861 on t u n e g ra n d e v a le u r to u ris tiq u e . P a rtic u liè re m e n t in té re s s a n te s son t le s e x p o s i­ tio n s d e la s cu lp tu re m o y e n â g e u s e , d e la p e in tu re e t d e l ’artisan at.

L e m o u v e m e n t to u ris tiq u e à T o r u ń a ses tra its spécifiqu esi. C est un m o u v e m e n t c h o r o g r a p h iq u e d e c o u rte d u rée, s a is o n n ie r et o r g a n is é en g ro u p e s . D ans le s a n n ées s o ix a n t e -d ix il e m b ra s sa it 400— 500 m ille to u ris te s p ar an; dans le s a n n ées d e la c ris e s o c ia le et é c o n o m iq u e 150— 200 m ille to u ris te s a r r iv a ie n t c h a q u e a n n é e à T o ­ ruń. La g ra n d e u r et les tra its d e c e m o u v e m e n t son t d é te rm in é s p ar le s p o s s ib ilité s d es s e r v ic e s to u ris tiq u e s . L a b a s e d e c o u c h a g e , l'o f f r e g a s tr o n o m iq u e et l'in fr a s t r u c ­ tu re d e c u ltu re et d e d iv e r tis s e m e n t son t b ie n m o d es te s. J u s q u ’à p résen t, le s e ffe ts

é c o n o m iq u e s d e la fo n c tio n to u ris tiq u e d e T o r u n son t m in im es. L 'a m é n a g e m e n t to u ­ ris tiq u e d e la v i l l e d o it ê tr e lié au p rocessu s' d e la re s ta u ra tio n a r c h ite c to n iq u e et u rb a n is te d e la p a rtie m o y e n â g e u s e d o la v ille , p ro ce ss u s c ré a n t dans u n e g ra n d e m esu re le s b ases d e la fo n c tio n to u ris tiq u e d e T oru n .

T r a d u it p a r L u c ja n K o w a ls k i S T R E S Z C Z E N IE W p r z e s trz e n i tu r y s ty c z n e j P o ls k i T o r u ń w y r ó ż n ia n y je s t ja k o w ie lk ie cen tru m k r a jo z n a w c z e ( P r z y b y s z e w s k a - G u d e l i s , I w i c k i 1973) b ą d ź ja k o m ie js c o ­ w o ś ć k r a jo z n a w c z a o z n a c z e n iu m ię d z y n a r o d o w y m i n a jw y ż s z y m z n a c z e n iu k r a jo ­ w y m ( L i j e w s k i , M i k u ł o w s k i , W y r z y k o w s k i 1985). M ia s to je s t j e d ­ n y m z n a jz a s o b n ie js z y c h w z a b y tk i u r b a n is ty k i i a r c h ite k tu r y , je s t r o d z in n y m m ia s ­ tem M ik o ł a ja K o p e r n ik a . D z is ie js z y T o r u ń z a m ie s z k u je o k o ło 200 ty s. m ie s z k a ń c ó w . Jest on z n a c z ą c y m w k r a ju o ś r o d k ie m p r z e m y s ło w y m , k u ltu ra ln y m , s to lic ą w o j e ­ w ó d z t w a .

P o d s ta w ą fu n k c ji tu r y s ty c z n e j T o r u n ia je s t u n ik a ln e p o d w z g lą d e m p o z n a w c z y m je g o ś ró d m ie ś c ie . S ta n o w ią j e ś r e d n io w ie c z n e S ta re M ia s to — z a ło ż o n e w 1233 r. i N o w e M ia s to — z a ło ż o n e w 1264 r., z a c h o w a n e d o c z a s ó w w s p ó łc z e s n y c h w n ie ­ m a lż e n ie z m ie n io n y c h g r a n ic a c h i u k ła d a c h u r b a n is ty c z n y c h . W z a b u d o w ie s ta r e g o cen tru m z a c h o w a ły s ię lic z n e o b ie k t y a r c h ite k tu r y g o t y c k ie j, r e n e s a n s o w e j, b a r o k o ­ w e j, a ta k ż e s e c e s y jn e j. S z c z e g ó ln ie a t r a k c y jn e p o d w z g lę d e m tu r y s ty c z n y m są: r a ­ tu sz s ta r o m ie js k i, t r z y k o ś c io ły , m u ry, b a s z ty i b ra m y m ie js k ie , r u in y za m k u k r z y ­ ż a c k ie g o , d o m y k u p ie c k ie , k a m ie n ic e m ie s z c z a ń s k ie , s p ic h le rz e . W a lo r e m t u r y s ty c z ­ n y m są ta k ż e e k s p o z y c je m u ze a ln e k o le k c ji g r o m a d z o n y c h w T o r u n iu od 1861 r. S z c z e g ó ln ie a t r a k c y jn e są e k s p o z y c je ś r e d n io w ie c z n e j r z e ź b y , m a la rs tw a i rz e m io s ła .

R u ch tu r y s t y c z n y d o T o r u n ia o d z n a c z a się s p e c y fic z n y m i c ec h a m i. Jest to g ł ó w ­ n ie ru ch k r a jo z n a w c z y , k r ó t k o p o b y t o w y , s e z o n o w y i z o r g a n iz o w a n y w g ru p a c h tu ­ r y s ty c z n y c h . J e g o r o z m ia r y w la ta c h s ie d e m d z ie s ią t y c h s z a c o w a n o na 400— 500 tys., a w la ta c h k r y z y s u s p o łe c z n o - g o s p o d a r c z e g o na 150— 200 tys. tu r y s tó w ro c z n ie . O b e c ­ ne c e c h y i r o z m ia r y ruchu d e te r m in u je s fe ra u słu g tu ry s ty c z n y c h . N ie w y s t a r c z a ją c a je s t b a z a n o c le g o w a , sk ro m n a je s t o fe r t a g a s tro n o m ic z n a j in fra s tru k tu ra k u ltu ra ln o -ro z - r y w k o w a m iasta. E k o n o m ic z n a e fe k t y w n o ś ć fu n k c ji tu r y s ty c z n e j T o r u n ia je s t, ja k d o ­ tąd, n ie w ie lk a . T u r y s t y c z n e z a g o s p o d a r o w a n ie m ia sta w in n o b y ć s k o ja r z o n e z p r o c e ­ sem a r c h ite k to n ic z n o -u r b a n is ty c z n e j r e s ta u ra c ji je g o ś r e d n io w ie c z n e j c zę ś c i, p ro c e s e m w z n a c z n e j m ie r z e k r e u ją c y m p o d s ta w y fu n k c ji tu r y s ty c z n e j T oru n ia .