ɈȻ ɍɇɂȼȿɊȻȺɌȺɏ ɋ ɎɈɊɆȺɇɌɈɆ -KA
ON THE UNIVERBISMS WITH THE FORMANT -ɄȺ
ȻȿȺɌȺ ɇɈȼɂɐɄȺ
ABSTRACT. This article is devoted to the study of Russian derivatives with suffix -ɤ(ɚ) which are the result of univerbisation, i.e. transformation of complex nominal expression into a single word with the same meaning, cf. ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɤɚ ĸ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɤɚɧɚɞɤɚ ĸ ɤɚɧɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɢɠɤɚ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɤɚ ĸ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɭɝɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ. The analysis demonstrated here is based on the material of the latest Russian lexicon.
Beata Nowicka, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, PoznaĔ – Polska.
ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɤɚ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ1, ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɭɧɢ-ɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ – ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ) ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢ-ɹɦɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ, ɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚɦɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɨɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɡɚɱɟɬɤɚ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɤɚ, ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɤɚ, ɪɚɞɭɠɤɚ, ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɤɚ, ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɸ-ɳɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɤɧɢɠɤɚ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶ-ɧɵɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ, ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɨɟ ɬɚɤɫɢ, ɪɚɞɭɠɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɚ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ -ɤɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ, ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵ-ɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɇ.Ɂ. Ʉɨɬɟɥɨɜɨɣ2. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 162 ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚ ɭɤɚ-ɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɍɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɵ ɧɚ -ɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɜ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɢɥɟɤɫɟɦɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧ-ɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ – ɚɜɚɪɢɣɤɚ, ɜɚɥɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ________________ 1 ɋɦ., ɧɚɩɪ.: Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɇ.ɘ. ɒɜɟɞɨɜɨɣ, ɬ. 1, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1980; Ɍ.Ɏ. ȿ ɮ ɪ ɟ ɦ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005. 2 ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɇ.Ɂ. Ʉɨɬɟɥɨɜɨɣ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1995.
– ɜɚɥɨɜɤɚ, ɝɢɦɚɥɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɥɚɬɤɚ – ɝɢɦɚɥɚɣɤɚ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɦɛɚ – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɤɚ, ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ – ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɥɤɚ, ɤɟɫɫɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ – ɤɟɫɫɨɧɤɚ, ɥɚɛɨ-ɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ – ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɤɚ, ɦɧɨɝɨɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ ɝɨɧɤɚ – ɦɧɨɝɨɞɧɟɜɤɚ. Ⱥɞɴɟɤ-ɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɥɹ 153 ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡ 162 ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ, ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɬ.ɟ. 9 ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɜɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɥɢɛɨ, ɱɚɳɟ, ɬɪɟɯɫɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ-ɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɤɨɩɟɟɤ – ɩɹɬɧɚɲɤɚ; ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɪɟɞɚ-ɱɢ – ɜɨɡɞɭɲɤɚ, ɩɨɪɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɢɲɭɳɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɤɚ – ɩɨɪɬɚɬɢɜɤɚ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɭɝɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ – ɫɟɤɪɟɬɤɚ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɥɟɤɫɟɦɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚ-ɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɢɧɬɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɹ-ɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɜɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ3. ɍɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɵ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɤɚ, ɫɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ, ɨɛ-ɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɢɦɟɧ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɧ-4. Ɍɚɤɨɜɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɜɭɯɫɦɟɧɤɚ ĸ ɞɜɭɯɫɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɥɤɚ ĸ ɞɨɠ-ɞɟɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɞɨɡɨɪɤɚ ĸ ɞɨɡɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ, ɡɚɩɪɟɬɤɚ ĸ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ, ɡɜɟɪɨɛɨɣɤɚ ĸ ɡɜɟɪɨɛɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɟɥ, ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɤɚ ĸ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɹɫɤɚ, ɦɚɥɨɫɟɦɟɣɤɚ ĸ ɦɚɥɨɫɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚ, ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɤɚ ĸ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ, ɪɟɥɟɣɤɚ ĸ ɪɟɥɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ 70% ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ -ɤɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 15% ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-ɛɚɬɵ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɨɜ-/-ɟɜ-, ɫɪ.: ɜɚɥɨɜɤɚ ĸ ɜɚɥɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, ɜɟɥɶɜɟɬɤɚ ĸ ɜɟɥɶɜɟɬɨɜɚɹ ɤɭɪɬɤɚ, ɝɪɭɧ-ɬɨɜɤɚ ĸ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ, ɞɸɪɚɥɶɤɚ ĸ ɞɸɪɚɥɟɜɚɹ ɥɨɞɤɚ, ɦɚɪɥɟɜɤɚ ĸ ɦɚɪ-ɥɟɜɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ, ɧɭɥɟɜɤɚ (ɫɬɪɨɢɬ.) ĸ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɰɢɤɥ, ɩɭɯɨɜɤɚ ĸ ɩɭɯɨɜɚɹ ɤɭɪɬɤɚ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ȿɳɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 10% – ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -(ɟ)ɫɤ-, ɫɪ.: ɝɢɦɚɥɚɣɤɚ ĸ ɝɢɦɚɥɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɥɚɬɤɚ, ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɱɤɚ ĸ ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɦɨɱɤɚ, ɦɚɫɫɨɜɤɚ ĸ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, ɩɪɨɪɚɛɤɚ ĸ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɚ, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɚ ĸ ɬɟɪ-ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɯ ɢ ɩɨɞ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 5% ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ -ɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ________________ 3 ɉɨɩɭɬɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ--ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ. ɋɪ., ɧɚɩɪ., ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ȼ.ȼ. Ʌɨɩɚɬɢɧɚ: „ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɩ ɪ ɢ ɥ ɚ ɝ ɚ ɬ ɟ ɥ ɶ ɧ ɨ ɝ ɨ ɫ ɫ ɭ ɳ ɟ ɫ ɬ ɜ ɢ ɬ ɟ ɥ ɶ - ɧ ɵ ɦ (ɪɚɡɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɚɲɚ – Ȼ. ɇ.) – ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ […] ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɨɜɭ […]. əɡɵɤɨɜɟɞɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚ-ɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ […] ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ „ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-ɛɚɰɢɹ” (ȼ.ȼ. Ʌ ɨ ɩ ɚ ɬ ɢ ɧ, Ɋɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1973, ɫ. 44). 4 Ʉ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɂ.Ⱥ. ɍɫɬɢɦɟɧɤɨ. ɋɦ.: ɂ.Ⱥ. ɍ ɫ ɬ ɢ -ɦ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ, əɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ-ɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞ 2007, ɫ. 88.
ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ, ɱɟɦ -ɧ-, -ɨɜ- ɢɥɢ -ɫɤ-, ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɚɦɢ, ɫɪ.: ɦɢɤɪɨɩɨɪɤɚ ĸ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɨɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɟɡɢɧɚ, ɧɚ-ɩɪɹɠɟɧɤɚ ĸ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɣɤɚ ĸ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ, ɫɱɟɬɜɟɪɟɧɤɚ ĸ ɫɱɟɬɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɵ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɟɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɦɢ. ɍɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɬɢɩɚ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɢ-ɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɤ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-ɛɚɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɨɪɭ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟ-ɜɵɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɚɫɤɨɪɛɢɧɤɚ ĸ ɚɫɤɨɪɛɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɛɟɧɡɨɡɚɩɪɚɜɤɚ ĸ ɛɟɧɡɨɡɚɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ, ɝɪɚɜɢɣɤɚ ĸ ɝɪɚɜɢɣɧɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ, ɤɚɧɚɞɤɚ ĸ ɤɚɧɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɢɠɤɚ, ɩɨɝɪɚɧɤɚ ĸ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚ, ɩɨɥɢɜɚɥɤɚ ĸ ɩɨɥɢɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɞ. Ɍɚɤɢɯ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɨɤɨɥɨ 70%. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 30% ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ. ɋɱɢɬɚɹ (ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ), ɱɬɨ ɪɨɞ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɹɜ-ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɵɦ ɜ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ, Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ʉɭɞɪɹɜɰɟɜɚ ɨɬɦɟ-ɱɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ -ɤɚ, ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫ-ɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɟ-ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ5. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ-ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬ ɫɨɡ-ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ „ɛɟɡ ɨɝɥɹɞɤɢ” ɧɚ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɞ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ6. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɚɤɬɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɚ-ɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɥɟɤɫɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɦɭ (ɫɜɟɪɯɫɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ) ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚ-ɧɢɸ7. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ -ɤɚ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɥɚɫ-ɫɚɦ ɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚ-ɥɢɡɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ -ɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɭ-________________ 5 Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ʉ ɭ ɞ ɪ ɹ ɜ ɰ ɟ ɜ ɚ, Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ʉɢɟɜ 2004, ɫ. 126. 6 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 126–127. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɛɵ-ɥɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɚ ȿ. Ʉɚɥɢɲɚɧɨɦ (ɫɦ. J. K a l i s z a n, ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨ-ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-ɛɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, PoznaĔ 1986, c. 25). 7 J. K a l i s z a n, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 25; ɇ. Ⱦ ɶ ɹ ɱ ɨ ɤ, Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɬɟɦ ɬɢɩɚ „ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ + ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛ”, „Ʌiɧɝɜɢɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɨ-ɫɬɢɱɧi ɫɬɭɞiï ”, ɜɵɩ. 17, ɫ. 160.
ɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɵɥɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 107 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ 105 ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɥɢɲɶ 2 ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɪɭɞɧɹɲɤɚ (ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ) ɢ ɲɟɫɬɢɥɟɬɤɚ (ɲɟɫɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ), ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ-ɟɦ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡ 162 ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɵɦ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: 37 ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚ-ɬɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɢɩɚ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɤɚ (ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɟ ɩɥɚ-ɜɚɧɢɟ), ɚɦɨɪɚɥɤɚ (ɚɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ), ɛɟɡɧɚɪɹɞɤɚ (ɛɟɡɧɚɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ), ɛɟɡɨɬɜɚɥɤɚ (ɛɟɡɨɬɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɬɚ), ɡɚɝɪɚɧɤɚ (ɡɚɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɣɫ), ɡɜɟɪɨɛɨɣɤɚ (ɡɜɟɪɨɛɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɟɥ), ɤɟɫɫɨɧɤɚ (ɤɟɫɫɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ), ɦɧɨɝɨɞɧɟɜɤɚ (ɦɧɨɝɨ-ɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ ɝɨɧɤɚ), ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɤɚ (ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ), ɪɟɥɟɣɤɚ (ɪɟɥɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ); 10 ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ – ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɢɩɚ ɚɫɤɨɪɛɢɧɤɚ (ɚɫɤɨɪɛɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ), ɡɟɥɟɧɤɚ (ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɦ), ɦɚɪɥɟɜɤɚ (ɦɚɪɥɟɜɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ), ɦɢɤɪɨɩɨɪɤɚ (ɦɢɤɪɨɩɨɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɟɡɢɧɚ), ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɤɚ (ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟ), ɧɟ-ɪɠɚɜɟɣɤɚ (ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ), ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɤɚ (ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɚ); 8 ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-ɛɚɬɨɜ – ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɭɱɟɜɤɚ (ɤɭɱɟɜɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɤɚ), ɦɚɥɹɪɤɚ (ɦɚɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ), ɦɚɫɫɨɜɤɚ (ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ), ɫɬɨɥɹɪɤɚ (ɫɬɨ-ɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ (ɬɢɩɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɤɚ, ɚɦɨɪɚɥɤɚ, ɛɟɡɧɚɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞ.). Ɂɚɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɜɫɩɥɟɫɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ -ɤɚ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɚɦɢ8, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɟɣ, ɢɛɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚ-ɰɢɹ ɨɩɢɪɚɥɚɫɶ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧ-ɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɹɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ -ɤɚ ɫ ɜɟɳɟɫɬ-ɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ -ɤɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɤ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚ-ɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ (ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ Ʌ.ɂ. Ɉɫɢɩɨɜɚ9, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɧɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɱɢɫ-ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɦɟɫɬ, ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɪɨɝ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɨɞɟɠɞɵ ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 30 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ – ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ: ɞɨɡɨɪɤɚ (ɞɨɡɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɨ-ɥɨɫɚ), ɡɚɩɪɟɬɤɚ (ɡɚɩɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ), ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɤɚ (ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɚɹ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚ), ________________ 8 ɋɦ., ɧɚɩɪ.: Ʌ.ɂ. Ɉ ɫ ɢ ɩ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɉ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ „ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɤɚ”, „ɤɪɭɝɨɫɜɟɬɤɚ” ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, „Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ” 1985, ʋ 5; ee ɠɟ, ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɧɢ-ɜɟɪɛɵ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, „Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ” 1991, ʋ 5. 9 Ʌ.ɂ. Ɉ ɫ ɢ ɩ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ, [ɜ:] Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ: ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɬɟɡɢɫɨɜ II Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004, ɫ. 17.
ɩɨɥɹɪɤɚ (ɩɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ), ɩɪɨɪɚɛɤɚ (ɩɪɨɪɚɛɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɚ), ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɚ (ɬɟɪ-ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɯ) ɢ ɩɪ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ., ɤ ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɚɤ: ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɤɚ (ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɟ), ɛɟɡɨɬ-ɜɚɥɤɚ (ɛɟɡɨɬɜɚɥɧɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɬɚ), ɡɜɟɪɨɛɨɣɤɚ (ɡɜɟɪɨɛɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɟɥ), ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɤɚ (ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ), ɤɟɫɫɨɧɤɚ (ɤɟɫɫɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ), ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɤɚ (ɥɚɛɨ-ɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ), ɫɚɦɨɜɨɥɤɚ (ɫɚɦɨɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɬɥɭɱɤɚ) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢ-ɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚ-ɬɨɜ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ 20 ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ: ɚɜɚɪɢɣɤɚ (ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ), ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɤɚ (ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ ɛɪɢɬɜɚ), ɩɨɥɢɜɚɥɤɚ (ɩɨɥɢɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ), ɩɨɪɬɚɬɢɜɤɚ (ɩɨɪɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɢɲɭɳɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɤɚ), ɫɟɤɪɟɬɤɚ (ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ-ɭɝɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ), ɫɬɢɪɚɥɤɚ (ɫɬɢɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ), ɫɱɟɬɜɟɪɟɧɤɚ (ɫɱɟɬɜɟɪɟɧ-ɧɵɣ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬ). Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 15 ɫɥɨɜ – ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ: ɜɨɞɨɥɚɡɤɚ (ɜɨɞɨɥɚɡɧɵɣ ɫɜɢɬɟɪ), ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɤɚ (ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɪɚɠɤɚ), ɤɪɨɫɫɨɜɤɢ (ɤɪɨɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɬɭɮɥɢ), ɩɭɯɨɜɤɚ (ɩɭɯɨɜɚɹ ɤɭɪɬ-ɤɚ), ɰɟɥɢɧɤɚ (ɰɟɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ) ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ – ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɪɨɝ, ɬɪɚɫɫ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ: ɛɟɬɨɧɤɚ (ɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ), ɜɨɡɞɭɲɤɚ (ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ), ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɞɶɬɤɚ (ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ), ɩɨɞɡɟɦɤɚ (ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɫɫɚ); ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ: ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɤɚ (ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɹɫɤɚ), ɞɸɪɚɥɶɤɚ (ɞɸɪɚɥɟɜɚɹ ɥɨɞɤɚ), ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɤɚ (ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɨɟ ɬɚɤɫɢ), ɦɢɤɪɨɥɢɬɪɚɠɤɚ (ɦɢɤɪɨɥɢɬɪɚɠɧɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɨ-ɛɢɥɶ); ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ: ɚɫɤɨɪɛɢɧɤɚ (ɚɫɤɨɪɛɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ), ɡɟɥɟɧɤɚ (ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɦ), ɦɚɪɥɟɜɤɚ (ɦɚɪɥɟɜɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ), ɧɟɬɤɚɧɤɚ (ɧɟɬɤɚɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ), ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɤɚ (ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɚ). ɂɬɚɤ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɵ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ10. ɂɯ ɢɧ-ɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨ-ɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ11. Ʉ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɨɬɧɨ-ɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ Ʌ.ȼ. ɓɟɪɛɵ: „Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɦɟ-ɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ, ɤɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɭɡɧɢɰɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ […]. ə ɞɭɦɚɸ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɬɟ-ɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɚɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ, ɱɟɦ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ, ɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɛɶɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɢɩɢɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɨɤ”12. ________________ 10 ɂ.Ⱥ. ɍ ɫ ɬ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 86. 11 J. K a l i s z a n, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 88. 12 Ʌ.ȼ. ɓ ɟ ɪ ɛ ɚ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1957, ɫ. 126.
