ISSN 1509-1619
Joanna Mianowska
Instytut Neofilologii i Lingwistyki Stosowanej Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy
ɉɈɅɖɋɄɂȿ ɄɊɈɏɈɌɄɂ Ⱦɂ-ɉɂɃɐȿȼ
Key words: refugees, Polish traces, campers, a colourful figure, forced labor camps, autobiographi- cal prose
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɬɟɯ ɥɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1945 ɝɨɞɚ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɚɠ- ɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ (Ⱦɢ-ɉɢ – Displaced Persons), ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 80-ɵɯ – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 90-ɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨ- ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɢɯɨɞ ɜɨɲɥɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ XX ɜɟɤɚ,ɦɚɥɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ. Ⱦɠɨɧ Ƚɥɷɞ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɢɫɚɥ: «ɏɨɬɹ ɜɨ „ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɟ” ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ, ɨɧɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɚ „ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ”, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ» [Ƚɥɷɞ 1991, 14].
ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ 1998 ɝɨɞɭ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɟ ɫ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ [Ⱥɝɟ- ɧɨɫɨɜ1998, 383-456]. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɚ XX – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XXI ɜɟɤɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɟ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɤɧɢ- ɝɟ Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜɨɣ [Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2006]
ɢɥɢ ɜ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ (1920 – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ 1990-ɯ ɝɝ.) ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.ɉ. Ⱥɜɪɚɦɟɧɤɨ [Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2011]. ȼ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɟ Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ ɢ ɫ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹɦɢ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ Ʌ. Ɋɠɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ȼ. ɋɢɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɢ ɂ. ɑɢɧɧɨɜɚ [Mianowska2007, 213-237].
ȼ 2008 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞ- ɦɟɬɨɦ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɇ. Ȼɚɛɢɱɟɜɨɣ, ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɇɂɈ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟ- ɤɢ [Ȼɚɛɢɱɟɜɚ 2005]. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɢ 14 ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɨɜ ɞɢ-ɩɢɣɰɟɜ, ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɢɯ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɭɞɶɛɟ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɇ. Ɋɭɛɥɟɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɭ Ȼɚɛɢɱɟɜɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ:
«Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɦɢɪɨɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ-ɢɡɝɧɚɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɧɵɦ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɜɵɟɯɚɥ ɜ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ: ɜ ɞɭɲɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɱɭɜɫ- ɬɜɨ ɭɬɪɚɬɵ, ɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɯ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢɡɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ „ɱɟɬɟ ɛɟɥɟɸɳɢɯ ɛɟɪɟɡ” ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɭɛɥɟɧɧɵɦ „ɜɢɲɧɟɜɵɦ ɫɚɞɚɦ”, ɚ ɠɝɭɱɚɹ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɬɚɥɢɧɢɡɦɭ» [Ɋɭɛɥɟɜɚ2005].
ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ, ɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɊɎ, ɚɤɚ- ɞɟɦɢɤ ɊȺȿɇ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɨɡɚɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ȼɨɫɫɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɛɵɬɢɹ. Ⱥɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ Ⱦɢ-ɉɢ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ [Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ2014].
Ⱥɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ. ȼ ɧɟɣ 44 ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ-ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɜ, ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɟ, ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɧɢɝ ɨ ɧɟɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ, ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɛ- ɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɬɪɵɜɤɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɜɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɢ-ɩɢɣɰɟɜ, ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɤɧɢɝɭ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
ȼ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜɨɲɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʌ. ɋɭɯɚɧɟɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ XX ɜɟɤɚ ȼ. Ʉɚɡɚɤɚ, ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ Ȼ. Ʉɨɞɡɢɫɨɦ, ɢ ɜ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɛɵɞɝɨɳɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ [Emigracja… 1993, 16; Kasack1996;
Mianowska 2007]. ȼ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɨɥɶɲɬɵɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ „Acta Polono- -Ruthenica” ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɡɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɢ- ɩɢɣɰɟɜ Ʌɟɨɧɢɞɚ Ɋɠɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɪɨɦɚɧ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɜɟɡɞ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɦɢɧɢɫɰɟɧɰɢɣ [Mianowska 2055, 51-58].
ɋɥɭɩɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ Ƚ. ɇɟɮɚɝɢɧɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɟ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɭ «ɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɡɚɬɨɧɭɜɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɚɛ- ɥɟɣ» ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ [ɇɟɮɚɝɢɧɚ 2012, 241]. Ɉɧɚ ɡɧɚ- ɤɨɦɢɬ ɫ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɚɥɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɥɨɜɚ – Ⱥ. ɇɟɣɦɢɪɨɤɚ, Ɇ. Ʉɨɪɹɤɨɜɚ, ɂ. ȿɥɚɝɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞ- ɥɢɜɵ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ: «(…) ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ (…) ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɡɚɬɨɧɭɥɢ, ɜɵɩɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, – ɷɬɨ ɬɟ „ɤɨɪɚɛɥɢ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫ- ɬɜɨ» [ɇɟɮɚɝɢɧɚ 2012, 242]. ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ ȼɢɬɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜɲɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ: ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɜɨɲɟɞɲɭɸ ɜ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɭɸ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ ȼ. Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜɚ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ, ɧɨ «ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ» [ȼɢɬɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ2014, 10]. Ɋɟɧɷ Ƚɟɪɪɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ „ɇɨɜɨɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ”, ɩɨɥɟɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ȼ. Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɜ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ [Ƚɟɪɪɚ2015]. ɇɟ ɜɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɥɢ- ɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ Ⱦɢ-ɉɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ, ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ȼ. Ⱥɝɟɧɨ- ɫɨɜɚ ȼɨɫɫɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɛɵɬɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɨɲɥɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɢ-ɩɢɣ- ɰɟɜ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɨɯɨɬɤɢ, ɢɛɨ ɨ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɯ, ɫɸɠɟɬɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɷɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ XX ɜɟɤɚ – Ʉ. Ȼɚɥɶɦɨɧɬ, Ⱦ. Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ, Ⱦ. Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ Ɂ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, Ɋ. Ƚɭɥɶ, Ⱥ. Ʉɭɩɪɢɧ, Ɇ. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ, Ȼ. Ɂɚɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɉɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ (ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ) ɢɥɢ ɫɸɠɟɬɚɦɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɨ- ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɢ-ɩɢɣɰɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ (ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɦɚɥɱɢɜɚɥɢ), ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɥɢ ɤɪɨɯɨɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɵ. Ɇɚɥɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ Ƚɥɟɛɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱɚ Ƚɥɢɧɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɬɢɯɚɦɢ ɟɳɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɢɦɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜɚ.
ɉɨɩɚɜ ɜ ɩɥɟɧ ɜ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟ 1941 ɝɨɞɚ, ɨɧ ɜɫɸ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɥ ɜ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɠɟɧɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɤɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɞɨɦɵɫɥɚɯ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɨɬ- ɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɂɫɩɟɩɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ:
ɇɚɫ ɦɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɜɚɥɢ, ɧɚɫ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɦ ɠɝɥɢ, ɇɨ ɦɵ ɭɫɬɨɹɥɢ, ɤɨɫɬɶɦɢ ɧɟ ɥɟɝɥɢ.
ȿɞɜɚ ɭɰɟɥɟɥɢ ɜ ɛɨɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɩɥɟɧɭ. ɉɪɢɩɥɵɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɰɟɥɢ ɜ ɱɭɠɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ.
Ɋɨɠɞɟɧɶɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ (…) [Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ2014, 225].
ɋɟɦɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɭɡɚɦɢ ɫ ɉɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ Ⱦɢɦɟɪ (ɭɪɨɠɞ. Ȼɨɣɤɨ) ȿɜɝɟ- ɧɢɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɧɚ, ɩɨɷɬɟɫɫɚ, ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤ ɢ ɷɫɫɟɢɫɬ. Ɋɨɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɟ, ɨɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɟ 1943 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɟɦɰɚɦɢ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ, ɝɞɟ ɜɵɲɥɚ ɡɚɦɭɠ ɡɚ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɹ, ɩɟɪɟɛɪɨɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɸ [Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ2014, 252]. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ Ⱦɢɦɟɪ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɤɭ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɤɭ (ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɪɟɩɚɬɪɢɚɰɢɢ). ɍɠɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɠɟɧɤɨɣ ɜ 1945 ɝɨɞɭ, ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɤɨɣ Ɇɸɧɫɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɠɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɜɟ- ɞɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ ɛɟɠɟɧɰɟɜ Ƚɪɟɜɟɧ (ɟɟ ɦɚɬɶ – ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɢ-ɩɢɣɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ, Ɋɚɣɧɟ ɢ ɗɫɫɟɧ-Ʉɪɚɣ). ȼ 1947 ɝɨɞɭ, ɟɳɟ ɞɨ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ (ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ) [Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ2014, 256-257]. Ɇɨɬɬɨ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɯɭ Ⱦɢɦɟɪ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɂɝɨɪɹ Ɇɢɯɚɥɟɜɢɱɚ – Ʉɚɩɥɚɧɚ «ɒɨɩɟɧ, ɤɚɤ ɲɟɩɨɬ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ».
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɹɧ ɢɡ- ɞɚɜɧɚ. ɇɟ ɜɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɷɡɢɸ əɧɚ Ȼɟɪɧɚɪɞɚ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɰɚ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɟ, ɪɨɞɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ȼɚɪ- ɲɚɜɟ. əɧ Ɉɪɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ əɧɚ Ȼɟɪɧɚɪɞɚ, ɩɢɲɟɬ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ Ȼɟɪɧɚɪɞ ɧɚɡɵ- ɜɚɟɬ «ɇɚɲ ȼɟɱɧɵɣ Ȼɚɫɬɢɨɧ Ʌɸɛɜɢ» [Oráowski 2015]. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ Ȼɟɪɧɚɪɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɢɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɦ ȿ. Ⱦɢɦɟɪ ɨ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɷɬɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ «ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɭɬɨɩɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɦɭɬɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɦ» [Ⱦɢɦɟɪ 2014, 256].
ɍɥɢɰɭ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɤɨɜɫɤɚ Ⱦɢɦɟɪ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ «ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ Ȼɪɨɞɜɟɟɦ». Ʉɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɱɬɨ
ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ «ɛɪɚɜɭɪɧɵɣ ȼɚɝɧɟɪ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɥ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɒɨɩɟɧɚ», ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɷɬɟɫɫɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɪɢɩɤɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɨɠɢɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɚɹɧɶɹ ɫɤɪɢɩɚɱ, ɢɝɪɚɟɬ «ɢɫɤɭɫɧɨ», «ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ» ɩɨɥɨɧɟɡ ɒɨɩɟɧɚ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɨɝɨ əɧɚ Ȼɟɪɧɚɪɞɚ [Ȼɟɪɧɚɪɞ2008].
ȼ ɦɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɡɜɭɤɟ ɫɤɪɢɩɤɢ ɫɥɵɲɟɧ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɧ. ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼ. Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ, ɜɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɧɟɣ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɦ «Ⱦɚɥɟɤɚɹ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɤɚɡɤɚ», ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡ ȼɚɫɢ-ɩɨɥɹɤɚ, ɫɵɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ- ɫɤɢɯ ɫɫɵɥɶɧɵɯ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɤɪɢɩɤɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɠɚɠɞɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ɍ Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜɚ ɦɭɡɵɤɚ «(…) ɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɪɥɨ (…) ɡɜɚɥɚ ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɬɭɯɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɥɸɞɢ ɧɟ ɸɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɹɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɚɯ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟɛɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɥɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɚɦɢ» [Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜ1978, 97].
ȼ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ⱦɢɦɟɪ ɦɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɜɭɤ ɫɤɪɢɩɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɚɬ ɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ «ɪɨɡɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɜɟɬɨɦ». Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɭ Ⱥɫɬɚɮɶɟɜɚ, ɭ Ⱦɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɪɭɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɫɤɪɢɩɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɧɚɛɚɬɧɨ-ɩɪɢɡɵɜɧɵɣ ɦɨɬɢɜ. ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɚɜ ȼ. ɉɢɥɚɬ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɝɪɚ ȼɚɫɢ-ɩɨɥɹɤɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɦ ɨɬ ɫɟɛɹ, ɜɧɭɲɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɭ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɚ [Piáat 1981, 202]. ȼɨɣɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬ- ɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ Ⱦɢɦɟɪ. ȼ ɟɟ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ȼɚɝɨɧ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɤɟ ɩɨɷɬɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɹɟɬ ɨ ɜɚɝɨɧɟ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɟɸ ɫ ɤɧɢɝɨɣ «ɫ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɟɡɟɬ ɟɜɪɟɟɜ ɜ Ⱥɭɲɜɢɰ ɢɡ Ʌɶɜɨɜɚ, Ʉɪɚɤɨɜɚ ɢ Ɋɢɝɢ [Ⱦɢɦɟɪ2014, 256]. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ ɩɨɷɬɟɫɫɵ, ɬɨɧɤɨ ɜɢɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ – «ɜɚɝɨɧ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɣ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɥɟɫ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ «ɜɚɝɨɧ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɣ, ɝɪɹɡɧɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɝɞɟ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɝɞɟ – ɝɪɹɡɶ» [Ⱦɢɦɟɪ2014, 256].
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɡɟ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɢɱɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ, ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɢ-ɩɢɣɰɟɜ, ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɨɧ – Ɏɢɥɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɷɬɟɫɫɚ ȼ. ɋɢɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ «ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ»
[ɋɢɧɤɟɜɢɱ2002]. ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɣ Ɋ. Ƚɟɪɪɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦɵ ɩɨ- ɷɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ Ȼ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ: «ȼɫɟ ɦɵ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦɚɦɢ, ɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɭɥɨɜɤɨɣ. ɇɟɬ, ɧɚɫ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɚɥɚ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɝɨɪɶɤɚɹ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɨɛɪɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɞɚɱɭ ɩɨ əɥɬɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɝɪɚɲɟɧɢɸ (…) ȼɨɬ ɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɥ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɵɦ. Ɏɚɦɢɥɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ» [ɐɢɬ. ɡɚ: Ƚɟɪɪɚ 2015]. Ⱦɜɚɠɞɵ ɚɪɟɫɬɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ, ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ (1927) ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɭɠɤɟ ɋ. Ⱥɫɤɨɥɶɞɨɜɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ 1936 ɝɨɞɭ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ 1941 ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɍɯɬɨ-ɉɟɱɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ ȽɍɅȺȽɚ [Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ2014, 639]. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ Ʌ. ɓɟɥɨɤɨɜɨɣ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɧɟɦɰɟɜ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ, ɨɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɫɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ «Ɂɚ Ɋɨɞɢɧɭ» [ɓɟɥɨɤɨɜɚ 2012, 258]. ɇɟ ɜɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ ɫ ɧɟɦɰɚɦɢ (ɜ ȼɢɤɢɩɟɞɢɢ ɨɧ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɤɨɥɥɚɛɨɪɚɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɨɦ), ɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ Ɏɢɥɢɩ- ɩɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɛɟɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɜ 1950 ɝɨɞɭ ɷɦɢɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɜ ɋɒȺ.
Ɋɟɧɷ Ƚɟɪɪɚ, ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ Ɏɢ- ɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ,ɨɛɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɚɥɢɧɫɤɢɣ ȽɍɅȺȽ [Ƚɟɪɪɚ 2015]. ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɩɨɷɡɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ Ɏɢ- ɥɢɩɩɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ Ƚ. ɋɬɪɭɜɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɥ ɦɧɨɝɨɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɤɨɜ XX ɜɟɤɚ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ «ɷɩɨɯɭ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ XX ɜɟɤɚ» [ɋɬɪɭɜɟ 1996; 12, 371]. ɇɟɞɚɪɨɦ ɋɬɪɭɜɟ ɞɚɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɭ: «ɭɱɟ- ɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞ» [Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ2014, 644].
ɋɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɚ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨ ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɩɟ- ɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ,ɜ ɟɝɨ 5-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɜ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ ɜ Ʉɨɦɢ [Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ 2014, 658-670]. Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ ɨ ȽɍɅȺȽɟ
«ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɞɚɱɟɣ» [Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ2014, 642]. Ƚɟɪɨɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɨɛ- ɜɵɤɲɟɝɨ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɉɚɜɟɥ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɢɱ, ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɩɬɟɤɢ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ, ɛɵɜɲɢɣ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ȼɢɬɚɥɢɣ, ɫɬɚɪɨɜɟɪ-ɧɚɱɟɬɱɢɤ Ⱥɪɯɢɩ ɋɟɪɝɟɢɱ, ɱɚɫɨɜɳɢɤ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ ɂɫɚɤɨɜɢɱ ɉɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɪɨ ɩɨɥɹɤ Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ Ɍɚɞɟɭɲɟɜɢɱ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɢɣ.
Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɵ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɦɚɧɟɪɵ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɱɢ, ɝɨɜɨɪɚ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ Ɋɢɱɚɪɞɚ Ɍɚɞɟɭɲɟɜɢɱɚ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ «ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɧɨɣ ɮɢɝɭɪɨɣ». ȿɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ: «ɓɭɩɥɵɣ, ɩɨɞɠɚɪɵɣ, ɬɨɧɤɨɧɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɥɹɱɨɤ, ɫ ɫɟɞɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɤɥɟɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɫɩɚɧɶɨɥɤɨɣ, ɜ ɩɟɧɫɧɷ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɟɧɶɤɨɦ ɧɨɫɢɤɟ, ɫ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɫɦɨɪɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ, ɫɩɟɲɚɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɜɢɞɚɧɢɟ» [Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ 2014, 665]. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨɧ ɛɵɥ «ɜɟɱɧɨ ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧ» ɢ ɡɚ ɷɬɭ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɟ «Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ-Ʌɶɜɢɧɵɟ». ȿɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ – ȼɟɪɚ ɏɥɵɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ – «Ⱦɜɚɞɰɚɬɚɹ Ȼɭɪɨɜɚɹ» ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɢɤɢ ɢɡ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɪɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦ ɰɢɜɢɥɟɧɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɭɤɚɯ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɦ ɧɚ ɨɬɰɚ – ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɱɤɚɯ, ɫ ɫɟɞɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɶɨɥɤɨɣ. ɍɠɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɨɣ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɢɪɨɧɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɷɬɨ ɜɟɞɶ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ). Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɦ ɩɨɥɹɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨ 10 ɥɟɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɭɩɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɬɨɦɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ «ɋȺɂɁɆ»
(ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ) ɢɥɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɷɫɩɟɪɚɧɬɨ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɞɭɲɢɹ ɤ ɠɟɧɳɢ- ɧɚɦ) – ɷɫɩɟɪɚɧɬɨ. ɇɟɞɚɪɨɦ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɢɤɢ ɫɨɱɢɧɢɥɢ «ɛɟɡɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɵɟ ɜɢɪɲɢ» [ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ], ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹɤɭ:
ɉɥɨɞ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ Ⱦɜɚɞɰɚɬɨɣ Ȼɭɪɨɜɨɣ:
Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ ɧɟ ɧɚɯɜɚɥɢɬɫɹ:
– ɗɫɩɟɪɚɧɬɢɤ ɦɨɣ [ɐɢɬ. ɩɨ: Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ 2014, 666].
Ɉ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɨɦ «ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɪɟɞɚ» ɧɟ ɩɪɨ- ɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ «ɦɚɪɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ» ɰɟɧɡɭɪɚ, ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɡɞɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ 30-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ. ɇɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɬɨɦ, ɛɵɥ ɚɪɟɫɬɨɜɚɧ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ, ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɬɟɧɨɤ, ɜɟɞɶ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɜ- ɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɸɦɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɵ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɵ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɵɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚɯ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɢɹɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤ ɉɚɜɟɥ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɢɱ – ɩɨɤɥɨɧɧɢɤ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɋɨɥɨɝɭɛɚ, ɨɧ ɨɛɨɠɚɥ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ, ɧɚɫɜɢɫɬɵɜɚɥ, ɧɚɩɟɜɚɥ ɫɢɦɮɨɧɢɢ, ɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɦ (Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ – alter ego ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ), ɩɢɲɭɳɢɦ
«ɫɤɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɢɯɢ». ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɯ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ Ɍɚɞɟɭɲɟɜɢɱ (ɪɚɫ- ɫɤɚɡɱɢɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɨɱɤɨɣ) ɡɚɹɜɥɹɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ: «(…) ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ, ɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɞɚ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɧɟ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ – ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨ ɝɪɭɛɵ!» [Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ 2014, 667]. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɹɤ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ (Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɢɱɚ), ɧɨ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɢɯɢ:
ɍ ɥɭɤɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɞɭɛ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ, Ɂɥɚɬɚɹ ɰɟɩɶ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɟ ɬɨɦ (…)
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɷɫɩɟɪɚɧɬɨ.
Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ Ɍɚɞɟɭɲɟɜɢɱ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ: «ɂ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ: ɧɟ ɛɟɡɨɛɪɚɡɧɟɣɲɢɣ „ɤɨɬ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ”, ɚ ɛɥɚ- ɝɨɡɜɭɱɧɵɣ „cato instruito”» [Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ 2014, 667]. ɋɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɹɤɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɦɟɯ ɢ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ: «ɇɚɡɨɜɟɦ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɚ ɉɚɦɜɭ Ȼɟɪɵɧɞɭ – „ɤɚɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɢɬɨ”» [Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ 2014, 667]. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɲɟɤ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɬ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɛɪɟɡɝɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɜɨɡ- ɦɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɵɫɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɥɟɡɚɥ ɩɨɞ ɩɟɱɶ, ɚ ɜɵɥɟɡɚɹ, ɩɨɰɚɪɚɩɚɥ ɝɪɭɞɤɭ, ɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɡɶɹ-ɥɚɝɟɪɧɢɤɢ ɥɨɠɚɬ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɣɤɭ.
Ʉɨɬ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɹ, ɥɚɫɤɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɥɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ. Ȼɨɥɶ- ɲɟ ɨ ɩɨɥɹɤɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ. ȿɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ.
Ƚɟɪɨɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɢɤɭ-ɜɥɚɞɵɤɟ, ɜɫɟɨɛ- ɳɚɹ ɥɸɛɢɦɢɰɚ ɤɭɪɨɱɤɚ Ɇɚɜɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɤɨɬɚ ɉɚɦɜɭ Ȼɟɪɵɧɞɭ.
ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɚɜɪɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɬɚɹ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɰɚ, ɚ ɉɚɦɜɚ Ȼɟɪɵɧɞɚ – ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɥɟɤɫɢ- ɤɨɝɪɚɮ, ɢɧɨɤ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮ Ʉɢɟɜɨ-ɉɟɱɟɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɚɜɪɵ [ɋɜɹɬɚɹ… 2005]1. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɉɚɦɜɵ Ȼɟɪɵɧɞɵ ɛɵɥ Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɫɥɚ- ɜɹɧɨ-ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɢɦɟɧ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɨ-ɉɟɱɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɜ 1627 ɝɨɞɭ2. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨ- ɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɚ ɤɭɪɨɱɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɬ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ.
ɂɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ – Ɇɚɜɪɚ ɢ ɉɚɦɜɚ Ȼɟɪɵɧɞɚ- ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟ- ɧɢɹ. Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɚ Ɇɚɜɪɚ – Ɍɜɚɪɶ Ȼɨɠɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɢɤɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɪɟɝɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɝɨɥɨɞɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ. ɋ ɤɨɬɨɦ ɉɚɦɜɨɣ Ȼɟɪɵɧɞɨɣ ɤɭɪɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɩɚɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɧɢɦɤɭ ɜ ɧɨɝɚɯ ɭ ɜɥɚɞɵɤɢ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɟɜ – ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɞɵɤɢ ȼɢɬɚɥɢɹ, ɫɬɚɪɨɜɟɪɚ Ⱥɪɯɢɩɚ ɋɟɪɝɟɢɱɚ, ɟɜɪɟɹ ɋɚɦɭɢɥɚ ɂɫɚɤɨɜɢɱɚ ɉɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɚ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɥɢ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɥɨ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ʉɨɬ ɜɵɥ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɥɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɛɪɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɬɪɟɥɵ ɢ ɩɵɬɤɢ, ɜɥɚɞɵɤɭ, ɚ Ɇɚɜɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ – ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɞɨɯɥɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɫɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
1 Ɉ ɉɚɦɜɟ Ȼɟɪɵɧɞɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ: http://dic.academic.ru/dic/nsf/enc_biography/98366 [Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ 15 IV 2015].
2 ɇɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ: http://www.biografija.ru/biography/pamva-berynda.hrml [Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ 15 IV 2015].
ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɢɬɚɣɰɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ, ɤɨɬɚ ɉɚɦ- ɜɭ ɭɤɪɚɥɢ ɢ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɲɤɭɪɤɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɦɟɯɨɜɭɸ ɲɚɩɤɭ-ɭɲɚɧɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨ ɞɟɲɟɜɤɟ ɤɭɩɢɥ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ ɂɫɚɤɨɜɢɱ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ: «ɂ ɜ Ɍɚɥɦɭɞɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ: ɧɟɰɢɫɬɚɹ ɡɢɜɨɬɧɚɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɢɧɹ (…)» [Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ 2014, 670]. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɢ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɨɥɹɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ (ɜɥɚɞɵɤɚ ɜ Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɟ) ɢɥɢ ɱɭɞɚɤɨɜ (ɩɨɥɹɤ ɐɢ- ɜɢɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɜ «Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɟ»). Ȼɨɝɚɬɵɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɚɜɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ- ɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ȼ. ɋɢɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɟ Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɢ:
«Ɉɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ-ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɚ (…) ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ, ɷɪɭɞɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɨɛɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɦɭɡɵɤɢ, ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɡɨɞɱɟɫɬɜɚ» [ɋɢɧɤɟɜɢɱ 2012].
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɩɨɪɢɬɶ ɫ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ ɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ – ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɹɤɭ (ɭ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ – «ɩɨɥɹɱɨɤ») ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɱɭɞɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɪɹɲ- ɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɦ, ɛɪɟɡɝɥɢɜɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɠɢ- ɜɨɬɧɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜ-ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤ ɜ Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ Ⱦɠɨɧɚ Ƚɥɷɞɚ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɧ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɥ: «(…) ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɟ ɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɭ- ɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ (…) ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɯ ɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɯ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ» [Ƚɥɷɞ 1991, 70]. ɇɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɨɥɹɤɚ ɐɢɜɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟ- ɱɢɜɵɣ, ɫɬɟɪɟɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɜɚ ɭɝɥɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ (ɥɸɛɢɥ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɯɢ), ɛɵɥ ɥɟɝɤɨɜɟɪɟɧ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɥɫɹ, ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥ ɭɜɢɞɟɧɧɨɟ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɧɵɣ, ɫɦɟɲɧɨɣ, ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɧɟɥɟɩɨɣ ɡɚɬɟɟɣ, ɜɨɫɬɨɪɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨ-ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɭɦɧɵɣ. ɇɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɩɨɥɹɤɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɚɧɢɹ – ɩɪɚɜɨ- ɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɞɵɤɢ, ɫɬɚɪɨɜɟɪɚ, ɟɜɪɟɹ ɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɰɟɜ. ɉɨɥɹɤ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ «ɩɨɥɹɤɚ-ɛɭɧɬɚɪɹ»ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɷɩɨɯ , ɧɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɢ ɪɵɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɢ ɲɥɹɯɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɧɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɐɢɜɢɥɶ- ɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɪɤɚɹ, ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɚɹ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɧɟɪɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɸɦɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɲɬɪɢɯɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɩɨɥɹɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ – ɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɝɨɫɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɥɢɲɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɝɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɩɵɬɤɚɯ ɢ ɪɚɫ- ɫɬɪɟɥɚɯ. ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȼ. ɋɢɧɤɟɜɢɱ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ: «ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɨɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɢɩɵ ɮɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɞɹɟɜ, ɩɚɥɚɱɟɣ ɢ ɠɟɪɬɜ, ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɱɭɞɚ- ɤɨɜ, ɷɪɭɞɢɬɨɜ, ɦɟɥɨɦɚɧɨɜ (…)» [ɋɢɧɤɟɜɢɱ2002].
ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɞɢ-ɩɢɣɰɟɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ȼ. Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨ- ɪɢɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɨɯɨɬɤɚɯ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɢ-ɩɢɣɰɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɥɚɝɟɪɹ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ (Ƚɥɢɧɤɚ, Ⱦɢɦɟɪ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɢɱ ɒɢɪɹɟɜ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ə ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚ- ɧɢɟ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɜ Ȼɨɥɨɧɶɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɹɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɸɬɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ. ɉɨɥɹɤ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, «ɩɨɩɚɥɫɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɫɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɨɰɟɧɢɥ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ» [ɒɢɪɹɟɜ2014, 684]. ɉɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɧ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ ɉɲɟɤ ɢ ɠɢɥɨɫɶ ɟɦɭ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɜ Ȼɨɥɨɧɶɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɩɨɥɹɤɢ ɧɟ ɭɟɯɚɥɢ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɸ. ɗɬɨɬ ɨɬɪɵɜɨɤ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɒɢɪɹɟɜɚ ɜ ɧɟ- ɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɛɟɡɵɦɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹɤɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ.
Ɉ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɨɯɨɬɤɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɡɟ ɋɜɟɧɚ ȼɢɤɬɨɪɚ Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɜɢɱɚ (Ʉɭɛɥɢɰɤɢɣ), ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɱɟɪɤɢɫɬɚ [Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ2014, 550-553]. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ Ʌɚɫ- ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɹ ɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶ- ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɜ 1919-1920 ɝɨɞɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɶ – ɫɬɚɪɭɲɤɚ Ɇɚɝɞɚ, ɩɚɧɢ ɘɫɬɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ «ɮɨɥɶɜɚɪɤɨɦ», ɫɸɠɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫ ɥɚɫɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɝɭɛɹɬ ɥɚɫɬɨɱɟɤ [ɋɜɟɧ2014, 553-558].
Ɉ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɢ-ɩɢɣɰɟɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ. ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚ- ɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɷɧɰɢɤ- ɥɨɩɟɞɢɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱦɢ-ɉɢ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɞɢ-ɩɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɨɯɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɫɸɠɟɬɵ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
Ⱥɝɟɧɨɫɨɜ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ. 1998. Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ (1918-1996). Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: Ɍɟɪɪɚ.
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Summary
POLISH TRACES IN THE LITERATURE OF “DISPLACED PERSONS”
(THE SECOND WAVE OF RUSSIAN EMIGRATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
This article analyzes selected fragments of literary works created by Russian writers who, having lost their citizenship after 1945, became displaced and whose literature is commonly known as the second wave of Russian emigration. It is highlighted that the legacy of those who deliberately chose to fight the Soviet regime is hardly known, not only in Poland. In 2014 a collection of works created by displaced persons – writers, poets, playwrights and literary critics of the second wave of emigration entitled Raised from Nihility was published by a well-known Russian literary scholar V. Agenosov.
The article examines Polish traces in the poetry of Evgenia Aleksandrovna Dimer, the author of the poem Warsaw (a picture from the past) in which a central role is played by a violin that is artfully used by a violinist to play Chopin’s Polonaise. Polish traces can be also found in the prose of B.A. Filippov, for example in his labor camp short story The Hen, whose fragments are included in V. Agenosov’s anthology. One of the characters is a process engineer in a design agency, a Pole Ryszard Cywilski, a colorful and rather controversial figure. Many character traits of this Pole are worth considering through the prism of other nationalities as reflected in The Hen. Polish traces are present also in the prose of B. Shiryaev (I – the Russian Man) and V. Sven (Kublitsky) (Swallows).
As new names of displaced writers continue to emerge, it is possible that Polish traces may become permanent motifs and themes.
Kontakt z Autorką:
miano@wp.pl
