Palaeoecology of the Middle Miocene foraminifera of the Nowy Sącz Basin (Polish Outer Carpathians)

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Geo log i cal Quar terly, 2012, 56 (1): 107–116

Palaeo ec ol ogy of the mid dle Mio cene foraminifera of the Nowy Sącz Ba sin (Pol ish Outer Carpathians)

Małgorzata GONERA

Gonera M. (2012) – Palaeo ec ol ogy of the mid dle Mio cene foraminifera of the Nowy Sącz Ba sin (Pol ish Outer Carpathians). Geol.

Quart., 56 (1): 107–116.

Foraminifera from newly ex posed out crop sec tions lo cated in a mid dle Mio cene pig gy back ba sin of the Outer Carpathians Nowy Sącz Ba sin in di cate an en vi ron ment of nor mal sa line wa ters on the in ner shelf and a tem per a ture not lower than 18^oC. The area was ideal for the pro lif er a tion of: Miliolina spp., Elphidium crispum, Am mo nia beccarii and Pararotalia. The hab i tat be low the sed i ment sur face was not colo nised by foraminifera. Plank tonic foraminifera are ab sent. The age of the pop u la tion stud ied is re ferred based on the cli mate-re - lated data, to the Orbulina suturalis Zone of the Mio cene Cli mate Op ti mum.

Małgorzata Gonera, In sti tute of Na ture Con ser va tion, Pol ish Acad emy of Sci ences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Po land, e-mail:

gonera@iop.krakow.pl (re ceived: June 3, 2011; ac cepted: De cem ber 12, 2011).

Key words: Po land, Paratethys, mid dle Mio cene, foraminifera, palaeo ec ol ogy.

INTRODUCTION

The de pos its of the site stud ied be long to the Mio cene para-autochthonous cover sep a rated by an an gu lar un con - formity from the Carpathian Flysch of the Nowy Sącz Ba sin (Fig. 1). The ba sin pro file con sists of fresh wa ter de pos its up to 500 m thick and ma rine and brack ish de pos its some 50 metres thick (Bałuk, 1970; Oszczypko and Stuchlik, 1972;

Oszczypko, 1973; Łańcucka-Środoniowa, 1979; Oszczypko et al., 1992; Oszczypko-Clowes et al., 2009).

The sec tion in the Kamienica Nawojowska River was ex - posed due by flood ero sion in 2001 (Gonera and Styczyński, 2002). The site stud ied (2.9 km up stream from the river in let into the Dunajec) are ex posed for some 50 m along the riverbed and its es carp ment on the left side of the val ley. The sec tion dis - plays fos sil-bear ing silty mudstones. The sed i ments are ho - mog e nous, poorly con sol i dated, green ish and dark grey in col - our. Macrofossils, in clud ing bi valves and gas tro pods, are ran - domly dis persed and ac cu mu lated in a semi-lam i nar form.

They dis in te grate when the ma trix is re moved. Microfossil sam pling re vealed the pres ence of plant re mains, ostracodes, bryo zoans, fish oto liths, green al gae, echinoids and foraminifera. Foraminifers are the most fre quent, and they

were ex am ined in this study, which doc u ments the assemblage from this site and in ter prets some fea tures of its hab i tat.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rock sam ples have been col lected from four lo ca tions of the site (Fig. 1C) and pre pared us ing stan dard micro - palaeontological tech niques. The spec i mens are abun dant in sam ple 1 and rare in the oth ers (2, 3 and 4). Quan ti ta tive anal y - sis was there fore per formed on foraminifera from sam ple 1.

The foraminiferal data ob tained were used for palaeo - environmental re con struc tion. Meth ods of palaeo eco logi cal in - ter pre ta tion based on the prin ci ples of uniformitarianism were ap plied (Murray, 1991, 2001).

RESULTS

Among the to tal num ber of 1784 foraminifera, only 6 ob - scure plank tonic spec i mens were found (they are omit ted in fur ther con sid er ation). The foraminifera rec og nized are listed in Ta ble 1 and shown in Fig ures 2–4. The as sem blage is com -

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Fig. 1. The sec tion sam pled and the site lo ca tion with its geo log i cal con text (ac cord ing to Oszczypko et al., 1992, sim pli fied)

Num bers 1–4 re fer to sam ple lo ca tion

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posed of miliolids, Elphidium crispum, Pararotalia aculeata, and Am mo nia beccarii. Spec i mens of these taxa ac count for 89.7% of the to tal foraminiferal as sem blage (Fig. 5).

INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

The ecol ogy of these dominanting was used as a set of ba sic in di ca tors of en vi ron men tal con di tions. The porcellaneous forms (Miliolina) con sti tute a high pro por tion of the foraminifers in shal low wa ter (in ner shelf) of warm to tem per -

ate ar eas. They thrive in nor mal sa lin ity but may also tol er ate high sa lini ties (Brasier, 1975; Hottinger et al., 1993; Cherif et al., 1997; Haunold et al., 1997). Some of them are re stricted to trop i cal ar eas, e.g., Borelis, typ i cal of tem per a tures con stantly higher than 18^oC (com pare: Hottinger et al., 1993; Cimerman and Langer, 1991). Light pen e tra tion on the sea bot tom can be eval u ated by the abun dance of symbiont-bear ing foraminifera.

The pres ence of Elphidium har bour ing highly photic plants (green al gae) sug gests that the en vi ron ment could not have been deeper than a few to a dozen metres (Leutenegger, 1984).

Elphidiidae are shal low wa ter (in ner shelf) forms and gen er ally eas ily adapted to a con sid er able range of sa lin ity and tem per a - ture, an ex cep tion be ing taxa hav ing a keeled pe riph ery to their

Palaeoecology of the middle Miocene foraminifera of the Nowy Sącz Basin (Polish Outer Carpathians) 109

T a b l e 1 Mio cene Foraminiferida of Nowy Sącz

Suborder* Fam ily Spe cies Wall struc ture

Textulariina Textulariidae Textularia laevigata d’Orbigny, 1826 ag glu ti nated

Miliolina

Hauerinidae Siphonaperta mediterranensis Bogdanowicz, 1950

cal car e ous porcellaneous Cycloforina badenensis (d’Orbigny, 1846)

Cycloforina contorta (d’Orbigny, 1846) Cycloforina hauerina (d’Orbigny, 1846) Cycloforina lachesis (Karrer, 1868) Cycloforina vermicularis (Karrer, 1868)

Hauerina compressa d’Orbigny, 1846 Hauerina tumida Serova, 1953 Lachlanella incrassata (Karrer, 1868) Quinqueloculina akneriana d’Orbigny, 1846 Quinqueloculina anagallis Łuczkowska, 1974 Quinqueloculina buchiana d’Orbigny, 1846 Quinqueloculina haidingeri d’Orbigny, 1846 Pseudotriloculina consobrina (d’Orbigny, 1846)

Pyrgo lunula (d’Orbigny, 1846) Triloculina inflata d’Orbigny, 1846

Articulina sulcata (Reuss, 1850) Alveolinidae Borelis melo (Fichtel et Moll, 1803) Peneroplidae Spirolina austriaca d’Orbigny, 1846 Lagenina Polymorphinidae Globulina gibba d’Orbigny, 1826

cal car e ous hyaline Globulina granulosa (Egger, 1857)

Rotaliina

Buliminidae Virgulopsis tuberculatus (Egger, 1857) Reusellidae Reusella pulchra Cushman, 1945 Rosalinidae Neoconorbina terquemi (Rzehak, 1888) Glabratellidae Glabratella mira Cushman, 1922 Discorbinellidae Biapertorbis biaperturatus Pokorny, 1956

Asterigerinidae Asterigerinata planorbis (d’Orbigny, 1846) Planorbulinidae Planorbulina mediterranensis d’Orbigny, 1826

Nonionidae Nonion com mune d’Orbigny, 1826 Rotaliidae Pararotalia aculeata (d’Orbigny, 1846)

Am mo nia beccarii (Linné, 1758) Elphidiidae Elphidium rugosum (d’Orbigny, 1846)

Elphidium crispum (Linné, 1758) Elphidium aculeatum (d’Orbigny, 1846)

* – the sys tem atic con cept ac cord ing to Loeblich and Tappan (1988)

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Fig. 2A, B – Pseudotriloculina consobrina (A – side view, B – ap er tural view); C – Textularia laevigata, side view; D – Siphonaperta mediterranensis, side view; E, F – Cycloforina hauerina (E – side view, F – ap er tural view); G, H – Cycloforina vermicularis (G – side view, H – ap er tural view); I – Cycloforina badenensis, side view; J, K – Cycloforina lachesis (J – side view, K – ap er tural view);

L – Pyrgo lunul, side view; M – Cycloforina contorta, side view; N, O – Hauerina tumida (N – side view, O – ap er tural view); P – Hauerina compressa, side view; R, S – Triloculina inflata (R – side view, S – ap er tural view); T, U – Quinqueloculina akneriana (T – side view, U – ap er tural view)

Scale bar – 100 mi crons

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Fig. 3A, B – Quinqueloculina buchiana (A – side view, B – ap er tural view); C – Quinqueloculina haidingeri, side view; D – Lachlanella incrassata, side view; E, F – Quinqueloculina anagallis (E – side view, F – ap er tural view); G, H – Articulina sulcata (G – side view, H – ap er tural view); I, L – Borelis melo, ap er tural view; M, N – Spirolina austriaca (M – ap er tural view of spi ral stage, N – side view); O – Globulina gibba, side view; P – Globulina granulosa, side view; R – Reusella pulchra, side view; S, T – Glabratella mira (S – ap er tural view, T – spi ral side); Q – Virgulopsis tuberculatus, side view

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test (e.g., Elphidium crispum), which are pres ent only in nor - mal sa line wa ters and in ar eas not cooler than tem per ate (Murray, 1973). Am mo nia is also a eurytopic spe cies in terms of both sa lin ity and tem per a ture (Walton and Sloan, 1990) but it is re stricted to up per sublittoral wa ters. Its dis tinct morphotypes are char ac ter is tic of lo cal sa lini ties and hy dro dy - namic con di tions. Those spec i mens show ing highly or na - mented shells (plugs, fis sures, pil lars and pus tules) as in the Nowy Sącz as sem blage are typ i cal of high-sa lin ity and

high-en ergy re gimes. Pararotalia aculeata is a spe cies of in ner shelf, warm and nor mal sa line wa ters.

From these eco log i cal char ac ters, the foraminifera stud ied rep re sent an in ner shelf, nor mal sa line and warm-wa ter en vi - ron ment (nor mal sa line la goon or open coast wa ters). Since sa - lin ity was nor mal, low bathymetry and/or a short dis tance to shore may ac count for the ab sence of plank tonic foraminifera in the Nowy Sącz as sem blage.

Elphididae, Borelis and Spirolina are symbiont-cul ti vat ing foraminifera (Leutenegger, 1984). These spe cies ac count for

Fig. 4A – Biapertorbis biaperturatus, ap er tural view; B – Neoconorbina terquemi, ap er tural view; C – Asterigerinata planorbis, ap - er tural view; D – Planorbulina mediterranensis, viewed from for merly at tached side; E – Nonion com mune, side view; F, G – Pararotalia aculeata (F – side view, G – ap er tural view); H – Am mo nia beccarii, side view; I – Elphidium rugosum, side view; J – Elphidium crispum, side view; K – Elphidium aculeatum, side view; L – Globigerina cf. bulloides, ap er tural view; M, P – un de ter - mined plank tonic foraminifera due to poor pres er va tion

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36.0% of the as sem blage stud ied (Fig. 5). Green al gae − plants hosted in the ca nal sys tem of Elphidium shells − have a high light re quire ment. These con di tions can be found only in the up per most part of the wa ter col umn, so the depth of the Nowy Sącz as sem blage could not ex ceed this limit, ef fec tively around a few metres.

All the foraminifera taxa pres ent in the as sem blage are adapted to high-en ergy wa ters (with cur rents and tidal move - ments). They dis play dif fer ent ad ap ta tions to this en vi ron ment.

At tached forms, ei ther ce mented to the sub strate (Planorbulina) or crawl ing (Asterigerinata, Neoconorbina, Biapertorbis, Glabratella), rep re sent 7.0% of spec i mens. The ma jor ity of the foraminifers are mo bile, free-liv ing forms with

ro bust tests as a sur vival strat egy for highly ag i tated con di tions.

There is a vir tual ab sence of thin-walled and slen der morphotypes of miliolids typ i cal of low-en ergy wa ters. All miliolids (Miliolina) and elphidids (Elphidiidae) as well as Pararotalia, Am mo nia, Nonion, Borelis and Globulina use this life strat egy. Shal low, high-en ergy conditions, with a low sed i - men ta tion rate hab i tat, is sup ported by the poor pres er va tion of most spec i mens. The tests are bro ken and abraded, as if they were ex posed to wa ter ac tion for a long pe riod af ter death.

The site stud ied is a part of the molasse unit, i.e. the transgressive de pos its ex tend ing into both the Carpathian Foredeep Ba sin as a con tin u ous cover and to the flysch units by patches of pig gy back ba sin de pos its. At the base of the sec ond

Fig. 5. Quan ti ta tive anal y ses of the Nowy Sącz foraminifera as sem blage studied

A – per cent age of suborders, B – most abun dant spe cies of Miliolina, C – most abun dant spe cies of Rotaliina, D – wall struc ture cat e go ries of foraminifera ver sus en vi ron ments af ter Murray (1973);

the as so ci a tion stud ied is marked by a black tri an gle

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area, Orbulina suturalis ap pears (Alexandrowicz, 1971;

Gonera, 1994). This in di cates that the ma rine pig gy back ba sin de pos its are not older than biostratigraphic Zone N9, i.e. late Langhian, ac cord ing to Rio et al. (1997). That taxon is a ma jor strati graphic marker for the Paratethyan molasse. Al though youn ger de pos its of this area yield rich and di ver si fied foraminifera as sem blages, they do not in clude Globigerinina in dex-taxa of Tethys (Cicha et al., 1975; Łuczkowska, 1998).

Nev er the less tem po ral changes in the foraminiferal as so ci a - tions may be re garded as biostratigraphic ecozones (Szczechura, 1982, 2000; Gonera, 2001). Mid Mio cene cli mate changes have been pro posed as the fac tor in flu enc ing Paratethys en vi ron ments and strongly mod i fy ing the tax o - nomic com po si tion of the Badenian foraminiferal as sem blages (Gonera, 2001; Bicchi et al., 2003).

Tem per a ture as one of the key in di ca tors of cli mate can be fairly well-as sessed from foraminifera: mod ern Borelis in habit warm-wa ter ar eas (see above). In the Badenian stratotype (Baden-Sooss, Aus tria) the warm-wa ter foraminifera are found in its lower part (Up per Lagenid Zone) dated as the N9 Zone (Brestenska, 1978; Rögl et al., 2008). None of the warm-wa ter taxa of foraminifera are pres ent ei ther in the youn ger de pos its of this par tic u lar sec tion (the Sandschaler Zone and Buliminen-Bolivinen Zone) or in the equiv a lent units of the ad - ja cent ar eas of the Paratethys (Seneš, 1975). These data sup port the idea of cli mate de te ri o ra tion in the up per part of the Badenian based on iso to pic stud ies on Badenian foraminifera in the Pol ish part of the Carpathian Foredeep (Durakiewicz et al., 1997; Gonera et al., 2000).

CONCLUSIONS

1. Ac cord ing to the gen eral prin ci ple that spe cies abun - dance is great est in op ti mal en vi ron men tal con di tions, the as - sem blage stud ied, rep re sents a nor mal sa lin ity, shal low- and warm-wa ter hab i tat. An anal o gous en vi ron men tal con clu sion has been reached based on ostracodes and green al gae from this site (Szczechura, 2006).

2. The as sem blage is dom i nated by epifaunal taxa, mostly high en ergy forms, sug gest ing an en vi ron ment swept by cur - rents. The empty tests were trans ported to the deeper, muddy/siliciclastic set tings as pos tu lated also by Bitner and Kaim (2004) for brachi o pods of this site.

3. Warm, sub trop i cal con di tions al low ing Borelis to pro lif - er ate in the Pol ish part of the Paratethys were es tab lished only dur ing the Mio cene Cli mate Op ti mum. This fea ture al lows plac ing of the strati graphic po si tion of the Nowy Sącz as sem - blage within the Orbulina suturalis Zone. Both the as sem blage stud ied and freshwa ter de pos its of the Nowy Sącz Ba sin (Łańcucka-Środoniowa, 1979) orig i nated in the same cli mate con di tions.

Ac knowl edg ments. The au thor wishes to ex tend sin cere thanks to Prof. J. Szczechura, Dr. W. Majewski, Prof.

M. Narkiewicz, Prof. N. Oszczypko, Prof. T. M. Peryt and Dr.

M. Rogerson for their con struc tive re vi sion of this pa per.

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