FORAMINIFERAL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE POLISH OUTER CARPATHIANS: A RECORD OF BASIN GEOHISTORY
Barbara OLSZEWSKA
P olish G eological Institute, Carpathian Branch, Skrzatów St. I, 31-560 Kraków, P o la n d
Olszewska, B., 1997. Foram iniferal biostratigraphy o f the Polish Outer Carpathians: a record o f basin geohistory.
Ann. Soc. Geol. Polon., 67: 325-337.
A b stra c t: A new biostratigraphical scheme based on foraminifera is established for the Polish flysch Carpathians.
W ithin the total sedim entary sequence o f the flysch Carpathians (covering the time span from the latest Jurassic to early Miocene) 23 foraminiferal zones have been designated. Latest Jurassic-early late Eocene zones (18) are based on the most characteristic agglutinated taxa; late Eocene-early M iocene zones (5) are based on plankton species. The characteristic assemblages reflect not only the environmental diversity o f the Carpathian basins but also changes that took place during its initiation, developm ent and closure. The succession o f assem blages also bear traces o f events o f the geohistory o f the NW Tethys at that time. The majority o f foraminiferal species characterising the designated zones has been described and illustrated in an Atlas o f a guide and characteristic fossils - Cretaceous (M alinowska, 1984) and in the Tertiary volume submitted to print.
A b s tra k t: Dla utw orów fliszowych polskich Karpat zewnętrznych zaproponowano schem at biostratygraficzny oparty naotw ornicach. W yróżniono 23 poziomy obejmujące całą sekwencję sedym entacyjną fliszu. 18 poziom ów (najw yższa jura-n iższy górny eocen) opartych je st na charakterystycznych dla K arpat gatunkach aglutynujących, 5 poziom ów (wyższy górny eocen-dolny miocen) przy braku gatunków aglutynujących, opartych je st na gatun
kach planktonicznych. Zespoły otwornic charakteryzujące poszczególne poziomy biostratygraficzne odzw iercie
dlają zróżnicowanie środowiskowe związane z powstaniem, rozwojem i zanikiem geosynkliny fliszowej Karpat.
Zespoły te odzw ierciedlają również globalne zmiany paleośrodowiskowe, które w interwale czasowym: górna jura - dolny miocen miały miejsce na obszarze NW Tetydy. W iększość gatunków w ykorzystanych dla charakterystyki poziom ów biostratygraficznych jest opisanych i zilustrowanych w dwóch tomach „Atlasu skam ieniałości przew o
dnich i charakterystycznych: K reda” (M alinowska, 1984) i „Trzeciorzęd” (Olszewska et al., 1996).
K ey w o rd s: Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene, foraminifera, biostratigraphy, Outer Carpathians.
Manuscript received 10 March 1996, accepted 31 January 1997
INTRODUCTION
T h e fly sc h b a s in o f th e P o lis h O u te r C a rp a th ia n s c o n sti
tu te a p a r t o f th e A lp in e g e o s y n c lin a l sy ste m . T h e ir o rigin an d d e v e lo p m e n t w e re c lo s e ly re la te d to g e o h is to ry o f th a t d o m a in , re fle c tin g a t th e sa m e tim e , m a jo r g e o lo g ic a l ev en ts o f th e N W T e th y s. P a la e o g e o g ra p h ic a l re c o n stru c tio n s o f th e fly sc h b a sin s su g g e st e x is te n c e o f th e sev eral th ro u g h s s u b d iv id e d by (? su b m a rin e ) e le v a tio n s . T h e e le v a tio n s are re g a rd e d as m a in so u rc e s o f th e a b u n d a n t c la stic deb ris, th e d o m in a n t c o m p o n e n t o f th e fly sc h se d im e n ts (U n ru g , 1979).
T h e slo p es o f in d iv id u a l b asin s w e re sites o f a c c u m u la tio n o f h e m ip e la g ic (c a lc a re o u s o r n o n c a lc a re o u s ) sed im en ts, th a t o c c a s io n a lly sp re a d o v e r b a sin flo o r (EljaS, 1979). It is a s s u m e d th a t th e g e o h is to ry o f th e fly sch b a sin s h ad th ree stag es: 1 - K im m e rid g ia n -A lb ia n , 2 - C e n o m a n ia n -E o - c e n e , 3 - O lig o c e n e -M io c e n e (K o sz a rs k i, 1963). D u rin g the
first stag e in th e , to p o g ra p h ic a lly w e a k ly d iv e rsifie d an d p o o rly o x y g e n a te d b asin s, c h a ra c te ris tic d ark c o lo u re d sh a le s an d m a rls a c c u m u la te d (fo rm a tio n s I - V ; F ig. 1). T he A u stria n p h a se o f th e E a rly -A lp in e te c to n ic m o v e m e n ts o p e n e d th e se c o n d stag e in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th s fly sch b asin , w h ich u n d e rw e n t su b d iv isio n into d is tin c t th ro u g h s a n d e le v a tio n s, w ith d o m in a tin g fly s c h -ty p e se d im e n ta tio n , w ell o x y g e n a te d , n u tr ie n t rich w a te r a n d fre e c o n n e c tio n s w ith th e open o c e a n (H e sse , 1975; L e sz c z y ń sk i & U c h m a n , 1991) (F ig. 1, fo rm a tio n s V I-X X V ). T h e P y re n e a n p h a se o f th e A lp in e o ro g e n e s is in itia te d (lik e in th e A lp s) th e g ra d u a l re d u c tio n o f th e C a rp a th ia n fly sc h b a sin . Its fin al c lo su re , p re s u m a b ly to o k p la c e a t th e e n d o f th e e a rly M io c e n e (fo r
m atio n s X X V I-X X I X ; F ig. 1).
T h e n o rm a l m a rin e e n v iro n m e n t o f th e fly sc h b asin
stim u la te d th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m a n y p la n ts an d an im als:
d in o fla g e lla te s, d ia to m s, c o c c o lith o p h o re s, c a lc a re o u s a l
g a e , tin tin n id s a n d c a lp io n e llid s , ra d io la ria n s, fo ra m in ife rs, o stra c o d s a s w ell as a n th o z o a , b ra c h io p o d a , m o llu s c a o r e c h in o d e rm a ta . H o w e v e r, c o n d itio n s o f p re s e rv a tio n in th e fly sc h b a s in s fa v o u re d fo rm s w ith b ro a d g e o g ra p h ic a l d is tri
b u tio n , g re a t a b u n d a n c e a n d c o n sid e ra b le re s ista n c e to d is so lu tio n . T h e se c o n d itio n s are fu lfille d b y o n ly tw o g roups:
fo ra m in ife ra a n d c a lc a re o u s n a n n o p la n k to n . A m o n g fo ra m in ife ra o n ly ta x a w ith a g g lu tin a te d te s ts w e re p re s e rv e d w e ll e n o u g h to p ro v id e a c o n tin u o u s stra tig ra p h ie record.
H o w e v e r, th e ir a p p lic a b ility to stra tig ra p h y , d e sp ite th e w o rk s o f J. G rz y b o w s k i a n d h is fo llo w e rs (se e K a m in sk i et a l , 1993), w a s n o t g e n e ra lly ac c e p te d . N e v e rth e le ss, C a rp a th ia n m ic ro p a le o n to lo g ists, b a s e d on th e o n e h u n d re d -y e a r tra d itio n o f in v e s tig a tio n s o f fly sc h fo ra m in ife ra , a fte r the e ffo rt o f in tro d u c in g th e stu d y o f the a p p lie d m ic ro p a le o n to lo g y , (i.e. u s in g the b e n th ic fo ra m in ife ra to c o rre la te th e strata), w e re d e te rm in e d to m a k e th e n e x t step, i.e. to e la b o rate th e z o n a l sc h e m e fo r th e fly sc h se d im e n ts. E a rly in fo r
m a l z o n a tio n s b ased on fo ra m in ife ra w e re p re s e n te d on the o c c a sio n o f th e V l-th C o n g re ss o f th e C a rp a th o -B a lk a n G e o lo g ic a l A sso c ia tio n (B ie d a et al., 1963), a n d d u rin g th e X -th E u ro p e a n M ic ro p a la e o n to lo g ic a l C o llo q iu m in P o la n d (G e ro c h et al., 1967). Im p ro v e d v e rsio n s o f fo ram in iferal z o n a tio n s a p p e a re d m u ch la te r (M o rg ie l & O lsz e w sk a , 1981; G e ro c h & N o w a k , 1984).
T h e in te n sifie d stu d ies o n th e c a lc a re o u s (m a in ly p lan k - tic ) fo ra m in ife ra an d c a lc a re o u s n a n n o p la n k to n , c a rrie d o u t d u rin g th e la st te n y e a rs, im p ro v e d th e c a lib ra tio n o f zones b a se d on a g g lu tin a te d sp e c ie s, a n d a t th e sam e tim e, en ab le d th e in tro d u c tio n o f c o m p le m e n ta ry z o n e s in p a rt o f C a rp a th ia n s e q u e n c e s d ev o id o f c h a ra c te ristic a g g lu tin a te d ta x a (F ig. 2). S u c h a c o m b in e d z o n a l sc h e m e , fo r a p ra c tic a l c u r
re n t w o rk is p re s e n te d in th is p a p e r (F ig. 3). T h e p ro p o sed z o n a tio n is b a se d p rim a rily o n sp e c ie s o f ag g lu tin a te d fo ra m in ife ra w ith ad d itio n w h e n p o ss ib le a c c o m p a n y in g b en th ic a n d p la n k tic c a lc a re o u s sp e c ie s.
T h e Iith o stra tig ra p h ic a l fra m e w o rk o f th e fly sch C a rp a th ia n s u se d in th is p a p e r is b a s e d on re c e n t w o rk o f W ó jc ik e t al. (1 9 9 5 ). T h e c h ro n o s tra tig ra p h y is th at o f H aq et al.
(1 9 8 8 ).
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
Trochammina quinqueloba Zone (Acme zone) A ge: Upper Tithonian-B erriasian.
A u th o r: Olszew ska (1983a).
D efinition: The zone corresponds to the abundant occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages.
R em ark s: The foraminiferal assemblage o f the zone is charac
terised by an abundance o f Trochammina quinqueloba Geroch accompanied by: Glomospira variabilis Kubier and Zwingli, Glo
mospira miliolidaeformis Balakhmatova, Reophax helveticus Haeusler, Thalmannammina neocomiensis Geroch, Pseudoreo- phax cisovnicensis Geroch (small and rare), Melathrokerion spi
ralis Gorbachik. The T. quinqueloba Zone does not encompass oldest sediments o f the Carpathian geosyncline so called “ Lower Cieszyn Shales” . The dark unstratified m arlstones o f this lithologi- cal unit are o f non-turbidite character. They yielded numerous calcified radiolarians and foraminifera sim ilar to coeval epiconti
nental assemblages such as: Palaeogaudryina varsoviensis (Bie
lecka & Pożaryski), Vaginulinopsis embaensis (Furssenko &
Poljenova), Tristix temirica Dain, Planularia poljenovae K uznet
sova, Lenticulina dogieli Furssenko. The age o f the Lower Cieszyn Shales (upper Kimm eridgian = lower Tithonian in Haq et al., 1988) is based on calcareous dinoflagellate cysts. The zones:
Stomiosphaera moluccana, Colomisphaera pulla and Paras- tomiosphaera malmica vvere designated there (Nowak, 1968).
Pseudoreophax cisovnicensis Zone (Acme zone) Age: Valanginian.
A u th o rs: Morgiel and O lszewska (1981).
D efinition: This zone corresponds to the numerous occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages.
R em ark s: W ithin the zone the following species make their ap
pearance: Praedorothia hauteriviana (M oullade), Falsogaudry- inella tealbyensis (Bartenstein), Trochammina vocontiana M oul
lade, Verneuilinoides neocomiensis M jatliuk. Other characteristic species are: Rhizammina indivisa Brady, Hyperammina gaultina Ten Dam, Glomospirella gaultina Berthelin, Conorboides hoflieri (Bartenstein et Brand), Lenticulina meridiana (Bartenstein, Bet- tenstaedt et Kovatcheva).
Praedorothia hauteriviana Zone (Acme zone) Age: Hauterivian.
A u th o rs: Geroch and Nowak (1984). Emended herein.
D efinition: The zone corresponds to frequent occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages.
< --- ---
Fig. 1. Litostratigraphy o f the Polish flysch Carpathians after Wójcik et al, (1995). I - Cieszyn Shales and M arls Formation, II - Spas Shales Formation, III - V erovice Shales Formation, I V -G ro d ziszcze Sandstones and Shales Formation, V - Lgota Sandstones and Shales Formation, VI - M akow aR adiolarian Shales Formation, VII - Cebula Variegated Shales Formation, V III-L a n c k o ro n a Variegated Shales and Marls Form ation. IX - G odula Variegated Shales and Sandstones Formation, X - W ęglówka M arls and Shales Formation, XI - Frydek Marls. Shales and Sandstones Formation, XII - Rybotycze Inoceramian Sandstones and Shales Formation. XIII - M ogielica (Ropa) Inoceramian Sandstones and Shales Formation, XIV - Istebna Sandstones. Conglomerates and Shales Form ation, XV - Żohatyn Variegated Shales Formation, XVI - Bachórz Hieroglyphic Shales and Sandstones Formation, XVII - Ciężkow ice Sandstones Formation, XVIII - Łączki Jagiellońskie Hieroglyphic Shales and Sandstones Formation, XIX - Solinka H ieroglyphic Sandstones and Shales Formation, XX - Bednarka V ariegated Shales Formation, XXI - Zarzecze Shales and Sandstones Form ation. XXII - G rzehynia Hieroglyphic Sandstones and Shales Formation, XXIII - Magura Sandstones Formation. XXIV - M alcov Sandstones and Shales Formation, XXV - Znamirowice G lobigerina Marls Formation, XXVI - Rudawka Rym anow ska Menilitic Shales Formation, XXVII - Krosno Sandstones and Shales Formation, XXVIII - Strzyżów Sandstones and Shales Formation, XXIX - G orlice Shales with Olistoliths Formation
Fig. 2. Distribution o f agglutinated and calcareous foraminifera in the vertical profile o f the flysch sediments o f the O uter Carpathians.
A. A gglutinated species. B. Calcareous species
Remarks: Typical assemblage o f the zone contains: Praedorothia hauteriviana (Moullade), Falsogaudryinella tealbyensis (Barten- stein), Verneuilinoides neocomiensis Mjatliuk, Ammobaculoides ccirpathicus Geroch, Thalmannammina neocomiensis Geroch, Epistomina caracolla (Roemer). Within the zone Globuligerina hoterivica (Subbotina) appears for the first time.
Trochammina vocontiana Zone (Acme zone) Age: Barremian.
Authors: Morgiel and Olszew ska (1981).
Definition: The zone corresponds to numerous occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages.
Remarks: W ithin the zone the following species appear: Pseudo- bolivina variabilis (Vaśićek), Haplophragmoides nonioninoides (Reuss), Gaudryinella sherlocki Bettenstaedt, and in the upper part: Gavelinella barremiana Bettenstaedt, Hedbergella plani- spira (Tappan), Hedbergella infracretacea (Glaessner). Other characteristic species are: Dorothia kummi (Zedler), Dorothia sub- trochus (Bartenstein), Verneuilina schizea Cushman et Alexander, Caudammina crassa (Geroch), Lagena neocomiana Bartenstein and Brand, Lenticulina collignoni Espitalie et Sigal, Lenticulina ouachensis (Sigal), Orbitolina conoidea Gras.
Pseudonodosinella troyeri Zone (Acme zone) Age: Aptian.
Authors: Geroch and Nowak (1984). Emended herein.
Definition: The zone corresponds to the frequent occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages.
Remarks: Characteristic for the zone are: Verneuilinoides subfili- formis Bartenstein, Gaudryina oblonga Zaspelova, Gaudiyinafiii- formis Berthelin, Gaudiyinella scherlocki Bettenstaedt, Caudam
mina crassa Geroch, Thalmannammina neocomiensis Geroch, Pseudonodosinella troyeri (Tappan), Trochammina abrupta Geroch, Trochammina regina Tairov, Plectorecurvoides irregu
laris Geroch, Vcilvulineria loetterlei (Tappan), Hedbergella plan- ispira (Tappan). Hedbergella infracretacea (Glaessner), Hedber
gella delrioensis (Carsey). W ithin the zone, the LO o f Verneuili
noides neocomiensis Mjatliuk is observed.
Haplophragmoides nonioninoides Zone (Acme zone) Age: Early Albian.
Authors: Geroch and Nowak (1984).
Définition: The zone corresponds to the frequent occurrence o f the index taxon in foraminiferal assemblages.
Remarks: C haracteristic species o f zone are: Haplophragmoides nonioninoides (Reuss) - frequent, Hippocrepina depressa (VaSi- ćek), Hyperammina gaultina Ten Dam, Glomospirella gaultina Berthelin, Caudammina crassa (Geroch), Pseudonodosinella troy
eri (Tappan), Haplophragmoides kirki Wickenden, Thalmannam
mina neocomiensis Geroch, Gaudiyina fdiformis Berthelin, Re
curvoides contortus Earland, Gaudryina oblonga Zaspelova, Tro
chammina vocontiana Moullade.
Plectorecurvoides alternans Zone (Interval zone) Age: M iddle-L ate Albian (w ithout upperm ost part).
Authors: Geroch and Nowak (1984). Emended herein.
Definition: Interval between the FO o f Plectorecwvoides alter
nans Notli and the FO o f Bulbobaculites problematicus (Neagu).
Remarks: In sediments referred to the zone for the first time lighter, greenish, colours o f sediments appear, signaling o f the new sedimentary conditions related to global changes, a result o f the rearrangem ent o f continental plates (Berggren & Hollister, 1977).
Better life conditions and the intensified diversification o f biotas are reflected in the fossil record. In addition to the abundant and
diverse agglutinated foraminifera, sam ples yield increased num
bers o f calcareous species (planktic and benthic), calcareous nan
noplankton, radiolarians and occasionally, also calcareous dinofla- gellate cysts. Noncalcareous sediments usually contain: Plectore
curvoides alternans Noth, Hippocrepina depressa VaSiiek, Cau
dammina crassa (Geroch), Haplophragmoides kirki W ickenden, Recurvoides imperfectus Hanzlikova, Gaudryina filiformis Ber
thelin. In the upper part o f the zone Haplophragmoides falcatosu- turalis Neagu and Kalamopsis grzybowskii (D ylążanka) appear.
Many Neocom ian species end their occurrence within the zone.
Among others: Pseudobolivina variabilis (V asicek), Haplophrag
moides nonioninoides (Reuss) and Gaudiyina oblonga Zaspelova.
Assemblages from marly sediments, in addition to arenaceous species also contain: Orithostella formosa (Brotzen), Gavelinella intermedia (Berthelin), Valvulineria loetterllei (Tappan), Hedber
gella planispira (Tappan), Hedbergella delrioensis (Carsey), He
terohelix moremani (Cushman), and in the upper part o f the zone:
Planomalina buxtorfi Gandolfi and Rotalipora appenninica (Renz).
Bulbobaculites problem aticus Zone (Partial range zone) Age: upperm ost A lbian-Cenom anian.
Authors: Morgiel and Olszewska, (1981) as Ammobaculites pro
blematicus Zone.
Definition: The zone corresponds to the partial range o f the index species in sediments o f the flysch Carpathians.
Remarks: N oncalcareous sediments assigned to the zone contain:
Bulbobaculites problematicus (Neagu) - frequent, Plectorecur
voides alternans Noth, Recurvoides imperfectus Hanzlikova, Haplophragmoides kirki Wickenden, Haplophragmoides bul- loides Beissel, Hormosina ovulum (Grzybowski), Textularia foeda (Reuss). Assemblages from the upper part o f the zone contain first specimens o f Uvigerinammina jankoi Majzon (? Uvigerinammina praejankoi Neagu). Within the zone the LO o f the follow ing species are observed: Hippocreppina depressa V aäiiek. Glomos
pirella gaultina (Berthelin), Thalmannammina neocomiensis Geroch, Trochammina vocontiana M oullade and Haplophrag
moides falcatosuturalis Neagu. Assem blages from the marly sedi
ments include: Pseudoclavulina gaultina (M orozova), Spiroplecti- nella roemeri (Lalicker), Spiroplectinella gandolfi (Carbonnier), Gyroidinoides mauretanicus (Carbonnier), Gavelinella schloen- bachi (Reuss), Cibicides polyrraphes (Reuss). In the lower part o f the zone species Planomalina buxtorfi (Gandolfi) and Rotalipora apenninica (Renz) occur; in the upper part: Rotalipora reicheli (M ornod), Rotalipora cushmani (M orrow), Praeglobotrunccma stephani (Gandolfi), Praeglobotruncana gibba K laus and Guem- belitria cenomana (Keller) are observed. The occurrence o f radio- larites and radiolaria bearing green clays is also characteristic for the zone.
Uvigerinammina jan koi Zone (Acme zone) Age: Turonian.
Authors: Morgiel and O lszewska (1981).
Definition: The zone corresponds to the abundant occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages.
Remarks: For noncalcareous sediments o f the zone the follow ing species are characteristic: Uvigerinammina jankoi Majzon, Uvig
erinammina praejankoi Neagu, Thalmannammina subturbinata (Grzybowski), Rhabdammina cylindrica Glaessner, Gerocham- mina lenis (Grzybowski), Recurvoides godulensis Hanzlikova, Haplophragmoides herbichi Neagu, Spiroplectinella praelonga (Reuss), Dorothia oxycona (Reuss), Trochamminoides subcoro- natus (Grzybowski), Trochamminopsis challengeri (Brönnimann et Whittaker), Trochammina subvesicularis Hanzlikova, Gaudiy
ina bentonensis (Carman), Hormosina sp., (transitional between
14 — A n n a le s...
A g e s a c c o rd in g to tim e s c a le o f H a q e t al.
(1988)
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Caudammina crassa (Geroch) and Hormosina gigantea (Geroch).
Marly sedim ents o f the zone contain usually assemblages com
posed of: Pseudoclavulina gaultina (M orozova), Dorothia crassa (M arsson), Ataxophragmium depressum (Perner), Gyroidinoides nitidus (Reuss), Eponides karsteni (Reuss), Lingulogavelinella globosa (Brotzen), Stensioeina praexculpta (Keller). Praeglo- botruncana stephani (Gandolfi), Dicarinella imbricata (Mornod), Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica (Bolli), Marginotruncana margi- nata (Reuss), Marginotruncana tricarinata (Quereau), Globotrun- cana angusticarinata (Gandolfi), Globotruncana lapparenti (Brotzen), and Whiteinella archaeocretacea Pessagno. Notewor
thy is the presence o f the calcareous dinoflagellate cysts: Pitho- nella ovalis (Kaufmann), Pithonella sphaerica (Kaufmann) and Stomiosphaerina biedai N owak (Nowak, 1974).
Spiroplectinella costata Zone (Interval zone) Age: C oniacian-early Santonian.
A u th o rs: Morgiel and Olszew ska (1981).
D efinition: Interval betw een the FO o f Spiroplectinella costata (Huss) and the FO o f Rzehakina inclusa (Grzybowski).
R em ark s: Foram iniferal assemblages o f the zone contain abun
dant arenaceous and calcareous taxa. To the former belong: Spiro
plectinella costata (Huss), Spiroplectinella dentata (Alth), Spiro
plectammina navarroana Cushman, Pseudonodosinella parvula (Huss), Pseudoclavulina amorpha (Cushman), Dorothia crassa (M arsson), Hormosina ovulum (Grzybowski), Karrerulina hor- rida (M jatliuk), Gerochammina tenis (Grzybowski), Nothia ex
cels a (Grzybowski), Rzehakina epigona (Rzehak). In the upper part o f the zone appear: Hormosina gigantea Geroch, Spiroplecti
nella subhaeringensis (Grzybowski), Pseudoclavulina subhaerin- gensis (Grzybowski), Goesella rugosa Hanzlikova, Gaudryina carinata Franke. Assem blages o f calcareous taxa include: Sten
sioeina exsculpta (Reuss), Globorotalites multiseptus Brotzen, Eponides concinnus Brotzen, Eponides whitei Brotzen, Anomalina kelleri Mjatliuk, Lobatula ribbingi (Brotzen), Lobatula excavata (Brotzen), Gavelinella sandidgei (Brotzen), Marginotruncana coronata (Bolli), Marginotruncana pseudolinneiana Pessagno, Marginotruncana ventricosa (White), Archaeoglobigerina blowi Pessagno.
In the upper part o f the zone Contusotruncana fornicata (Plumm er) appear.
Hormosina gigantea Zone (Acme zone) Age: late Santonian-early Campanian.
A u th o rs: M orgiel and O lszew ska (1981).
D efinition: The zone corresponds to the abundant occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages.
R em ark s: Characteristic for the zone is a gradual decrease o f arenaceous taxa toward the top. The following species are com
mon in the assemblages: Hormosina gigantea Geroch, Hormosina velascoensis Cushman, Saccammina placenta (Grzybowski), Nothia excelsa (Grzybowski), Kalamopsis grzybowskii (Dylążan- ka), Hormosina ovulum (Grzybowski), Thalmannammina subtur- binata (Grzybowski), Rzehakina epigona (Rzehak), Spiroplecti
nella dentata (Alth), Dorothia crassa (M arsson). Calcareous as
sem blages are typically com posed of: Aragonia ouezzanensis (Rey), Reussella szajnochae (Grzybowski). Pleurostomella wado- wicensis (Grzybowski), Eponides subcandidulus (Grzybowski), Osangularia cordieriana (d ’Orbigny), Stensioeina pommerana Brotzen, Bolivinoides delicatula Cushman, Biglobigerinella mul
tispina (Lalicker), Striataella striata (Ehrenberg), Heterohelix globulosa (Ehrenberg), Pseudoguembelina costulata (Cushman), Globotruncana area (Cushm an), Globotruncana linneiana (d’Ol- bigny), Contusotruncana fornicata (Plummer), Rugoglobigerina rugosa (Plummer), in the upper part o f the zone Pseudotextularia
elegans (Rzehak) also appears.
Rzehakina inclusa Zone (Interval zone) Age: late Campanian-M aastrichtian.
A u th o rs: Morgiel and Olszewska (1981).
D efinition: Interval between the FO o f Rzehakina inclusa (Rze
hak) and the FO o f Rzehakina fissistomata (Grzybowski).
R em ark s: Generally two types o f foraminiferal assemblages are characteristic for the zone (Olszewska, 1984b). They are con
nected with two lithofacies representing different paleoenviron- ments: outer shelf - upper bathyal (grey marls o f the Frydek type), middle - lower bathyal (red marls o f the W ęglówka type). In the assemblages o f the W ęglówka type, the content o f agglutinated species is relatively high. The follow ing species are present: Rze
hakina inclusa (Grzybowski). Rzehakina epigona (Rzehak), Hor
mosina velascoensis Cushman, Hormosina excelsa (Dylążanka), Hormosina ovulum (Grzybowski), Dorothia crassa (Marsson), and in the upper part o f the zone: Remesella varians (Glaessner), Bolivinopsis spectabilis (Grzybowski), Glomospira diffundens Cushman et Renz. The accom panying calcareous species include:
Charltoninaflorealis (White), Stensioeina beccariiformis (White), Pullenia coryelli White, Cibicidoides bembix (M arsson), Pseudo
guembelina excolata (Cushman), Pseudotextularia elegans (Rze
hak), Globotruncanella havanensis (V oorwijk), Globotruncanita stuartiformis (Dalbiez), Contusotruncana contusa (Cushm an), and in the upper pait o f the zone: Planoglobulina acervulinoides (Eg
ger), Abathomphalus mayaroensis (Bolli).
Assemblages o f the grey marls are com posed predom inantly o f calcareous foraminifera, both small and large. The typical as
semblage contains: Brizalina incrassata (Reuss), Bolivinoides draco (Marsson), Bolivinoides decoratus (Jones), Chilostomella ovoidea Reuss, Nonionella robusta Plum mer, Florilus troostae (Visser), Allomorphina cretacea Reuss, Ouadrimorphina allomor- phinoides (Reuss), Praebulimina carseyae (Plumm er), Pseudou- vigerina cristata (M arsson), Reussella cimbrica (Brotzen), Pullenia cretacea Cushman and Daviesina minuscula (Hofker).
The large Cretaceous species: Cymbalopora radiata Hagenow, Orbitoides media (d ’Archiac), Siderolites calcitrapoides Lamarck are also present. Ostracods and fragm ents o f echinoderm ata and mollusca are characteristic for the facies.
Planktic foraminifera o f the Frydek-type assemblages are composed o f numerous: Striataella striata (Ehrenberg), Hetero
helix globulosa (Ehrenberg), Heterohelix pulchra (Brotzen), Biglobigerinella multispina (Lalicker), Globigerinelloides escheri (Kaufman) and Pseudotextularia elegans (Rzehak), Planoglobu
lina acervulinoides (Egger), Rugoglobigerina rugosa (Plummer), Kuglerina rotundata (Brönnimann), Globotruncana area (Cush
man), Globotruncanita stuarti (Lapparent), Contusotruncana con
tusa (Cushman). In the early assemblages o f this facies occurs Globotruncanella havanensis (Voorwijk), in the late assemblages - Abathomphalus mayaroensis (Bolli) (Morgiel & Liszkowa, 1981).
Rzehakina fissistom ata Zone (Acme zone) Age: Paleocene.
A u th o r: O lszew ska (present work).
D efinition: The zone corresponds to the frequent occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages.
R em ark s: The characteristic features o f the Palaeocene sedimen
tation in the flysch basins o f Carpathians were the gradual decre
ase o f sedimentation rate and a gradual unification o f fa cies.These processes may have had a favourable influence on the marine biotas in the flysch basins. Over 100 species o f agglutinated foraminifera are known from the Palaeocene noncalcareous clays, and close to 100 species o f calcareous foram inifera occur in the
coeval marls (Jednorowska, 1975). A typical agglutinated assem
blage contains: Hormosina velascoensis Cushman, Hormosina trinidadensis Cushman et Renz, Hormosina ovulum Grzybowski, Rzehakina fissistomata (Grzybowski), Bolivinopsis spectabilis (Grzybowski), Sphaerammina gerochi Hanzlikova, Glomospira diffundens Cushman et Renz, Glomospirella grzybowskii (Jurkie
wicz), Haplophragmoides rnjatliukae Maslakova. Locally, in the lower Palaeocene assemblages, the last occurrences o f the species:
Remesella varians (Glaessner), Dorothia crassa (Marsson), Spiro
plectinella dentata (Alth) and Hormosina gigantea Geroch have been observed. The transitional character o f the Palaeocene assem blages is also evident among calcareous benthic foraminifera.
Species such as: Charltonina florealis (White), Stensioeina bec- cariiformis (W hite), Anomalina rubiginosa Cushman, Neojlabel- lina semireticulata (Cushm an et Jarvis), Tappanina selmensis (Cushman), Aragonia velascoensis (Cushman) still occur in the lower Palaeocene assemblages. Other characteristic calcareous benthic species are: Nuttallides truempyi (Nuttall), Bulimina mid- wayensis Plummer, Pullenia coryelli White, Nodosarella kugleri Cushman et Renz, Pleurostomella clavata (Cushman), Osangu- laria velascoensis (Cushman) (in Węglówka-type marls). In the Frydek-type marls Paralabamina toulmini (Brotzen), Pseudouvig- erina wilcoxensis Cushman et Ponton, Loxostomoides applinae (Plummer), Pulsiphonina prima (Plummer), Cibicides alleni (Plummer), Ceratobulimina perplexa Plummer, Karreria fallax Rzehak, Colettes reticulosus (Plummer), Anomalina umbUicata Brotzen, occur. Planktic foraminifera, absent in the noncalcareous sediments, form several local zones (Jednorovvska, 1975) compa
rable to standard zonations o f Bolli (1966) and Toumarkine et Luterbacher (1985). The m ost common forms are: Subbotina trilo- culinoides (Plummer), Parasubbotina pseudobulloides (Plum
mer), Igorina angulata (W hite), Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaes
sner), Planorotalites pseudomenardii (Bolli), Acarinina nitida (M artin), Morozovella aequa (Cushman et Renz), Morozovella velascoensis (Cushman), Subbotina velascoensis (Cushman), Muricoglobigerina angulosa (Brönnimann).
Glomospira sp. div. Zone (Acme zone) Age: early early Eocene.
Authors: M orgiel and Olszew ska (1981).
Definition: The zone corresponds to the interval o f common oc
currence in the studied sequences o f an almost monotypie assem
blage o f Glomospira sp. roughly between the last occurrence o f Haplophragmoides rnjatliukae M aslakova and the first occurrence o f Saccamminoides carpathicus Geroch.
Remarks: N oncalcareous sedim ents assigned to the zone contain assemblages consisting o f numerous specimens o f Glomospira charoides (Jones et Parker) and Glomospira gordialis (Jones et Parker) w ith rare: Rhabdammina cylinclrica Glaessner, Thalman
nammina subturbinata (Grzybowski). Trochamminoides subcoro- natiLs (Grzybowski), Gerochammina lenis (Grzybowski). Locally assemblages with numerous Recurvoides sp. div. and Trochammi
noides sp. div. occur (Morgiel & Szymakowska, 1978).
Coeval marly sedim ents contain also: Haplophragmoides walteri (Grzybowski), Gerochammina lenis (Grzybowski), Ammo- lagena clavata (Jones et Parker), Nuttallides truempyi (Nuttall), Aragonia aragonensis (N uttall), Cibicidoidespraemundulus Berg- gren et M iller, Eponides umbonatus (Reuss). Planktic foraminifera belong to P6b-P7 standard zones (Berggren et al., 1995). Most typical are: Morozovella marginodentata (Subbotina), Moro
zovella subbotinae (M orozova), Morozovella acutispira (Bolli et Cita) Truncorotaloides collactea (Finlay), Globorotalia lensifor- mis Subbotina, Acarinina nitida (Martin), Acarinina primitiva (Finlay), and, in the upper part: Morozovella formosa (Bolli), Morozovella gracilis (Bolli).
Saccamminoides carpathicus Zone (Acme zone) Age: late early Eocene.
Authors: M orgiel and Olszewska (1981).
Definition: The zone corresponds to the interval o f numerous occurrence o f the index species in foram iniferal assemblages.
Remarks: The upper lower Eocene sediments o f the flysch basin reflect the conditions o f calm sedim entation (Atlas, 1962). N on
calcareous sediments (predominantly red clays) contain: Saccam
minoides carpathicus Geroch, Rhabdammina cylindrica Glaes
sner, Glomospira irregidaris (Grzybowski), Haplophragmoides walteri (Grzybowski), Bolivinopsis spectabilis (Grzybowski), Gerochammina conversa (Grzybowski), Trochamminoides sub- coronatus (Grzybowski), Trochamminoides folius (Grzybowski), Paratrochamminoides deformis (Grzybowski), Recurvoides turbi- natus (Brady). Within the zone the FO o f Reticidophragmium amplectens (Grzybowski) occurs. In the marly sedim ents assigned to the zone, in addition to the mentioned agglutinated form s the species: Nodosarella subnodosa Guppy, Osangularia pterompha- lia (Gümbel), Nuttalides truempyi (Nuttall), Aragonia aragonen
sis (Nuttall), Falsoplanulina ammophila (Gümbel), Cibicidoides havanensis (Cushman et Bermudez), Korobkovella grosserugosa (Gi'imbel), Morozovella aragonensis (Nuttall), Acarinina penta- camerata (Subbotina), Subbotina linaperta (Finlay), Globigerina eocaena (Gümbel), Globanomalina wilcoxensis (Cushm an et Pon
ton), Chiloguembelina wilcoxensis (Cushm an et Ponton) are ob
served. In the upper part o f the zone Acarinina densa (Cushman) and Morozovella caucasica (Glaessner) have been found indicat
ing correlation to standard planktonie foraminiferal zones P 8-P 9 (Berggren et al., 1995).
Reticulophragmium amplectens Zone (Interval zone) Age: early middle Eocene (Lutetian).
Authors: Morgiel and O lszewska (1981).
Definition: Interval between the LO o f Saccamminoides carpa
thicus Geroch and the FO o f Ammodiscus latus (Grzybow ski) and Haplophragmoides parvidus Blaicher.
Remarks: The early middle Eocene sedim entary conditions in the flysch basins favoured the accum ulation o f marly sedim ents (At
las, 1962). Assemblages o f foram inifera usually contain both ag
glutinated and calcareous species. A typical assemblage contains:
Reticulophragmium amplectens (Grzybowski), Haplophragmoi
des walteri (Grzybowski), Haplophragmoides suborbicularis (Grzybowski), Recurvoides nucleolus (Grzybowski), Recurvoides contortus Earland, Trochamminoides subcoronatus (Grzybowski), Trochamminoides variolarius (Grzybowski), Trochamminoides grzybowskii Kaminski et Geroch, Ammobaculites deflexus (Grzy
bowski), Bolivinopsis spectabilis (Grzybowski), Karrerulina coni- formis (Grzybowski), Gerochammina conversa (Grzybowski), Nuttallides truempyi (Nuttall), Eponides umbonatus (Reuss), Ci
bicidoides grimsdalei (Nuttall), Cibicidoides eocaenus (Gümbel), Cibicidoides havanensis (Cushman et Bermudez), Falsoplanulina ammophila (Gümbel), Ellipsodimorphina subcompacta (Liebus), Nodosarella subnodosa Guppy, Pleurostomella eocaena (Güm
bel), Acarinina bullbrooki (Bolli), Acarinina rotundimarginata Subbotina, Globigerina eocaena (Gümbel), Subbotina linaperta (Finlay), Turborotalia boweri (Bolli), Testacarinata aculeata (Jenkins), Truncorotaloides collactea (Finlay), Muricoglobiger
ina senni (Beckmann). Rich in planktonie foram inifera marly sedi
ments o f D ukla and Subsilesian units include representatives o f the genus Hantkenina: Hantkenina liebusi Shokhina and Hantkenina mexicana Cushman suggesting correlation to zones P10-P12 (Berggren et al., 1995).
Ammodiscus latus Zone (Interval zone) Age: late middle Eocene (Bartonian).
Authors: Morgiel and Olszew ska (1981).
Definition: Interval between the FO o f Ammodiscus latus (Grzy
bowski) and the FO o f Cyclammina rotundidorsata (Hantken).
Remarks: By the end o f the m iddle Eocene in the flysch basins hem ipelagic sedimentation still prevails. The noncalcareous clays contain assemblages o f the arenaceous species: Ammodiscus latus (Grzybowski), Labrospira scitula (Brady), Reophax pilulifer (Brady), Reophax elongatus (Grzybowski), Rhabdammina cylin- drica Glaessner, Recurvoides nucleolus (Grzybowski), Recurvoi
des contortus Earland, Lituotuba lituiformis (Brady), Gerocha- mmina conversa (Grzybowski). Locally, Sphaerammina subgale- ata (VaSicek) and Haplophragmoides parvulus Blaicher also oc
cur.
M arly sediments, in addition to numerous agglutinated forms contain: Nuttallides truempyi (Nuttall), Eponides umbonatus (Reuss), Lobatula rzehaki (Grzybowski), Linaresia semicribrata (Beckmann), Cibicidoides grimsdalei (Nuttall), Laterostomella cubensis (Palmer), Aragonella dumblei (Weinzierl et Applin), Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan, Globigerapsis micra (Shutskaya), Globorotaloides suteri Bolli, Globanomalina micra (Cole), Acarinina spinuloinflata (Bolli), Globigerina eo- caena (Gümbel), Subbotina minima (Jenkins) suggesting correla
tion with standard zones P I3 -P 1 4 (Berggren et al., 1995).
Cyclammina rotundidorsata Zone (Interval zone) Age: early late Eocene.
Authors: M orgiel and Olszew ska (1981).
Definition: Interval betw een the FO o f Cyclammina rotundidor
sata (Hantken) and the FO o f Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli.
Remarks: Deep water, hem ipelagic sedimentation continued in the Carpathians basins into the late Eocene. Underwater slump deposits (Popiele Beds) accum ulated locally. Characteristic fea
ture o f both types o f sedim ents is the increase in CaC0 3 content towards the top o f the sequences (Atlas, 1962).
A typical foraminiferal assemblage contains: Cyclammina rotundidorsata (Hantken), Reophax pilulifer (Brady), Recurvoides nucleolus (Grzybowski), Arenobulimina dorbignyi (Reuss), Bu- limina truncana (Gümbel), Heterolepa perlucida (Nuttall), Ala- bamina dissonata (Cushman et Renz), Uvigerina jacksonensis (Cushm an), Pleurostomella acuta (Hantken), Daucina multi- costata Galloway et Morrey, Cibicides vortex Doreen, Lobatula rzehaki (Grzybowski), Nodosarella tuberosa (Gümbel), Turboro- talia pomeroli (Toumarkine et Bolli), Turborotalia cerroazulensis (Cole), Globigerapsis index (Finlay), Subbotina linaperta (Fin
lay), Subbotina eocaena (Gümbel), Globorotaloides suteri Bolli, Subbotina angiporoides (H ornibrook), Parasubbotina danvillensis (Howe et W allace). Shallow -w ater assemblages o f the Popiele Beds contain: Spiroplectinella dalmatina (de W itt Puyt), Almaena taurica Samoilova, Oueraltina epistominoides (Marie), Uvigerina multistriata (Hantken), Nonion laeve (d ’Orbigny), Pararotalia li- thothamnica (Uhlig), Latibolivina reticulata (Hantken), Rosalina uhligi (Grzybowski), Valvulineria alpina Hillebrandt. Other coe
val, shallow water assemblages indicating a carbonate platform environm ent are known from autochtonous limestones in the Tatra Mts (Inner Carpathians), and also from olistoliths found in flysch sediments. Characteristic for those assemblages are the larger fora
minifera: Nummulites incrassatus de la Harpe, Discocyclina vari
ans (Kaufmann), Orbitoclypeus nummuliticus (Gümbel), Astero- cyclina stella (Giimbel), Sphaerogypsina globulus (Reuss), Gy- roidinella magna Le Calvez, Eorupertia cristata (Gümbel), Korobkovella grosserugosa (Giimbel), fragments o f calcareous algae (Lithothamnium) and Bryozoa.
Globigerina ampliapertura Zone (Interval zone) Age: late late Eocene.
Author: Olszew ska (present work).
Definition: Interval between the FO o f Globigerina ampliaper
tura Bolli and the FO o f Tenuitella liverovskae (Bykova).
Remarks: Characteristic for the zone is the gradual disappearance o f agglutinated species, as well as all oceanic calcareous taxa, among them the index upper Eocene planktic species: Turboro
talia cerroazulensis (Cole), Globigerapsis index (Finlay), Glo- borotalia cocoaensis Cushman, Globorotalia cunialensis Toumar
kine et Bolli (Olszewska, 1983b, 1984a).
A typical assemblage o f the zone contains: Reophax pilulifer Brady, Recurvoides nucleolus (Grzybowski), Arenobulimina dor
bignyi (Reuss), Daucina multicostata Galloway et Morrey, Hel- erolepa perlucida (Nuttall), Cibicidoides praemundulus Berggren et Miller, Cibicidoides grimsdalei (Nuttall), Gyroidinoides girar- danus (Reuss), Eponides umbonatus (Reuss), Ellipsodimorphina robusta (Cushman), Pleurostomella incrassata (Hantken), Buli- mina bermudezi Hagn, Nuttallides truempyi (N uttall), Falso- plamdina ammophila (Gümbel), Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli, Globigerina officinalis Subbotina, Globigerina ouachitaensis Howe et Wallace, Globorotaloides suteri Bolli, Subbotina trans- danubica (Samuel), Subbotina angiporoides (H ornibrook), Sub
botina krosnensis (Blaicher), Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loe
blich & Tappan, Catapsydrax perus (Todd), Globigerinita cryp- tomphala (Glaessner), Globigerinita corpulenta (Subbotina). At the top o f the zone appear: Catapsydrax gortanii Borsetti and Tenuitella liverovskae (Bykova). The composition o f assemblage suggests correlation with zone P17 (Berggren et al., 1995).
Tenuitella liverovskae Zone (Acme zone) Age: Early Rupelian.
Author: Olszew ska (present work).
Definition: The zone corresponds to the numerous occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages.
Remarks: Worldwide and regional environm ental m odifications at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (Corliss et a i, 1981; Olszew
ska, 1984a) caused dramatic changes in foraminiferal assem- blages.The Early Oligocene assemblages o f the O uter Carpathians are composed predominantly o f small, calcareous benthic and planktic species probably indicating a restricted, rather shallow environment. A typical assemblage contains: Globocassidulina globosa (Hantken), Bolivina crenulata Cushman, Brizalina fas- tigia (Cushman), Angulogerina tenuistriata (Reuss), Cibicides amphisylensis (Andreae), Cibicides lopjanicus M jatliuk, Fursenk- oina schreibersiana (Cżjżek), Reussella oberburgensis (Freyer), Svratkina perlata (Andreae), Alabamina wolterstorfi (Franke), Valvulineria tumeyensis Cushman et Simonson, Chilostomella tenuis Bomem ann, Anomalinoides affinis (Hantken), Chiloguem- belina gracillima (Andreae), Globigerina officinalis Subbotina, Globigerinapraebulloides Blow, Subbotina vialovi M jatliuk, Sub
botina droogeri Mjatliuk, Parasubbotina karpatica (M jatliuk), Tenuitella liverovskae (Bykova), TenuiteUinata angustiumbilicata (Bolli), Paragloborotalia nana (Bolli). Rare specimens o f Globig
erina ampliapertura Bolli, Globoquadrina selii Borsetti, Globo- quadrina tripartita Koch, Globoquadrina tapuriensis (Blow et Banner) and Catapsydrax gortanii Borsetti also occur within the zone.
Tenuitella munda Zone (Acme zone) Age: late R upelian-early Chattian.
Author: O lszewska (this paper).
Definition: The zone corresponds to frequent occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages. The upper limit o f the
zone roughly coincides with the top o f the laminated Jasło lime
stones (NP 24/25 in Ślęzak et al., 1995).
R em ark s: B enthic assemblages o f the zone are strongly facies dependent. Form s common in all facies are: Caucasina schiski- nskyae (Samoilova), Cibicides lopjanicus Mjatliuk, Bolivina cre- nulata Cushman, Brizalina melettica (Andreae), Epistominella stellata Dabagyan, Uvigerinella majcopica Kraeva, Allomorphina trigona (Reuss), Virgulinella chalkophila (Hagn), Fursenkoina dibollensis (Cushman and Applin), Chilostomella cylindrica (Reuss). The rather uniform planktic assemblage includes: Tenni- tella munda (Jenkins), Paragloborotalia nana (Bolli), Tenuitelli- nata ciperoensis (Bolli), Tenuitellinata postcretacea (Mjatliuk), Teimitellinata angustiumbilicata (Bolli), Globigerina praebulloi- des Blow, Globigerina officinalis Subbotina. A t the top o f the zone: Paragloborotalia inaequiconica (Subbotina) and Cassiger- inella chipolensis (Cushman et Ponton) appear.
Paragloborotalia inaequiconica Zone (Acme zone) Age: late C hattian-early Burdigalian.
A u th o r: Olszew ska (present work).
D efinition: The zone corresponds to the abundant occurrence o f the index species in foraminiferal assemblages. In the upper part o f the zone occurs the layer called the Radziszów tuff, with an isotopic age o f 20,5 M a (W ieser, 1979).
R e m a rk s: Characteristic for the zone is the gradual appearance o f species more typical for the lower Miocene sediments o f the Outer Carpathians and its foredeep. In the lower part o f the zone occur:
Cibicides borislavensis Aisenstadt, Caucasina schiskinskyae (Samoilova), Caucasina tenebricosa Pishvanova, Cassidulina margareta Karrer, Pullenia builoides (Reuss), Nonion commune (d ’Orbigny), Brizalina subdilatata (Pishvanova), Ammonia bec- carii (Linne), numerous specimens o f Paragloborotalia inaequi
conica (Subbotina) and Cassigerinella chipolensis (Cushman et Ponton). M oreover there occur: Tenuitella brevispira (Subbotina), Globigerina praebulloides Blow, Tenuitellinata postcretacea (M jatliuk). In the upper part o f the zone the FO of: Chiloguembe- litria samwelli (Jenkins), Globoquadrina dehiscens (Chapman, Parr & Collins), Globigerinoides primordius Blow et Banner, Paragloborotalia pseudocontinuosa (Blow), Paragloborotalia semivera (Hornibrook), Globoturborotalita woodi (Jenkins), Sub
botina connecta (Jenkins), Globigerinella evoluta (Subbotina), Tenuitella denseconnexa (Subbotina), Tenuitellinata pseudoedita (Subbotina) and Globorotalia tetracamerata Subbotina are ob
served.
Globoquadrina dehiscens - Globigerinoides trilobus Zone (Assemblage zone)
Age: late Burdigalian.
A u th o r: Olszew ska (present work).
D efinition: The zone is characterised by the presence o f both index species in foraminiferal assemblages. It embraces Carpa
thian sedim ents from the Radziszów tu ff up to the top o f the flysch sequence.
R em ark s: The assemblages are usually composed of: Spiroplect
inella carinata (d ’Orbigny), Textularia deperdita d ’Orbigny, Valvulineria complanata (d’Orbigny), Cibicides ungerianus (d ’Orbigny), Cibicides borislavensis Aisenstadt, Marginulina hir- suta d ’Orbginy, Sphaeroidina builoides (d’Orbigny), Melonis pompilioides (Fichtel and M oll), Ammonia beccarii (Linne), Cas
sigerinella chipolensis (Cushm an et Ponton), Chiloguembelitria samwelli (Jenkins), Globigerinoides trilobus (Reuss), Globigeri
noides immaturus (Le Roy), Paragloborotalia inaequiconica (Subbotina), Paragloborotalia siakensis (Le Roy), Globoturboro
talita woodi (Jenkins), Subbotina connecta (Jenkins), Globo
quadrina globularis Bermudez, Globoquadrina baroemoenensis
(Le Roy), Globoquadrina dehiscens (Chapman, Parr & Collins), Tenuitella brevispira (Subbotina), Tenuitella denseconnexa (Sub
botina), Tenuitellinata pseudoedita (Subbotina), Globoconella in
cognita (Walters).
The above described assemblage is, up to now, the youngest known from the Outer Carpathian flysch. A m ong the benthic taxa are many that are common in the M iddle M iocene o f the region.
On the other hand planktic associations lack regional early M iddle Miocene markers such as: Globigerinoides bisphericus Todd and Praeorbulina sicana (Di Stefani). The occurrence o f calcareous nannoplankton assemblages from the top o f Carpathian sequences with the species Discoaster variabilis M artini et Bram lette (FO top o f zone NN4) suggests continuation o f sedim entation until the end o f the early M iocene or even in the beginning o f the M iddle M iocene (Ślęzak et al., 1995).
Acknowledgements
Thanks are offered to Prof. S. Speczik, D irector o f the State Geological Institute for permission to publish this paper. The author is also indebted to D r A. W ójcik and collaborators for op
portunity to use their unpublished lithostratigraphy o f the Outer Carpathians.
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Streszczenie
BIOSTRATYGRAFIA OTW ORNICOW A POLSKICH KARPAT ZEW NĘTRZNYCH: ZAPIS
HISTORII GEOLOGICZNEJ BASENU
B arbara O lszew ska
Uważa się, że geosynklina K arpat zew nętrznych składała się z kilku basenów sedym entacyjnych oddzielonych podmorskimi wyniesieniami i lądami (wyspam i) (Unrug, 1979). O bszary lą
dowe dostarczały do basenów materiału klastycznego, z którego powstały utwory fliszowe. Utwory te zawierają, w przewadze, re- deponowany materiał wyższej części stoku i zew nętrznych partii szelfu przemieszczony wgłąb basenów przez prądy zawiesinowe lub spływy kohezyjne. W przerwach między w ystąpieniam i kolej
nych spływów grawitacyjnych utwory autochtoniczne (ilaste lub wapniste) pokrywały rów nież dna basenów. W specyficznym śro
dowisku sedymentacji fliszowej szansę na zachow anie się w osa
dzie miały głównie organizmy o dużej liczebności i szerokim rozprzestrzenieniu. W geosynklinie K arpat fliszow ych należały do nich przede wszystkim otw om ice i wapienny nannoplankton. W kredzie i we wczesnym paleogenie środowisko fliszowe geosyn- kliny karpackiej sprzyjało głównie otwornicom o skorupkach krzemionkowych. Dlatego też one pierwsze znalazły zastosowanie w badaniach stratygraficznych, służąc do opracow ania lokalnych biostratygrafii (Bieda et al., 1963; Geroch et al., 1967; Morgiel &
Olszewska, 1981 ; Geroch & Nowak, 1984). Zmiany w środowisku sedymentacji na przełomie eocenu i oligocenu spowodowały prawie całkowity zanik otwornic o skorupkach krzem ionkowych (Olszewska, 1984a) zmuszając do poszukiwania gatunków przy
datnych dla biostratygrafii wśród otw ornic o skorupkach wapien
nych (głównie planktonicznych).
Przedstaw iona poniżej propozycja schematu biostratygra- ficznego stanowi sukcesję poziomów o partą na obydwu grupach otwomic. Od stropu jury do niższej części górnego eocenu pozio
my oparte są na gatunkach krzem ionkowych, od wyższej części górnego eocenu aż do końca dolnego miocenu na gatunkach wa
piennych planktonicznych.
1 - Poziom Trochammina quinqueloba (tytoń górny-berias) z T. quinqueloba, Glomospira variabilis, Melathrokerion spiralis.
2 - Poziom Pseudoreophax cisovnicensis (walanżyn) z: P.
cisovnicensis, Hyperammina gaultina, Glomospirella gaultina, Conorboides hoflieri, Lenticulina meridiana.
3 - Poziom Praedorothia hauteriviana (hoteryw ) z: P. hau- teriviana, Falsogaudryinella tealbyensis, Verneuiilinoides neoco
miensis, Ammobaculoides carpathicus, Plectorecurvoides irre
gularis.
4 - Poziom Trochammina vocontiana (barem) z: T. vocon- tiana, Dorothia kunimi, Caudammina crassa. Gavelinella barre- miana, Marginulinopsis sigali, Globuligerina hoterivica.
5 - Poziom Pseudonodosinella troyeri (apt) z: Verneuilinoi- des subfiliformis, Gaudiyinella scherlocki, Gaudiyina oblonga, Pseudonodosinella troyeri, Trochammina abrupta, Hedbergella infracretacea.
6 - Poziom Haplophragmoides nonioninoides (alb dolny) z:
