Wpływ melioracyjnej uprawy i pokryw roślinnych na substancję organiczną gleb lekkich

R Y SZ A R D T U R SK I, M A R IA F LIS

THE EFFECT OF M E LIO R A T IO N P L O U G H IN G A N D P L A N T COVER ON THE O R G A N IC M A TTER OF L IG H T SO ILS

D ep a rtm en t of S o il S cien ce, A g ricu ltu ra l C ollege, L ublin. H ead — P rof. Dr. B. D obrzański

R elativ ely larg e areas of E urope in clu din g P o lan d p a rtic u la rly those

g laciated in th e P leisto cen are covered by soils form ed from sands.

T hese soils are u su a lly n o n -fe rtile . T h erefo re an im p o rta n t task for

a g ric u ltu re is th e ir reclam atio n to increase of crops. O ne of th e re c la ­

m ation m eans is m elio ration ploughing w ith th e use of various m ate ria ls

to change the m ak e-u p of th e soil profile [9].

A m ong n u m ero u s pap ers on m elioration of san d y soils [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12]

only few of th em deal w ith th e effects of th e above opperation on th e

organic m a tte r in these soils [3, 6, 8].

Soil sam ples w ere ta k e n from e x p e rim e n ta l plots at th e U h ru sk A gri­

c u ltu ra l E x p e rim en ta l S ta tio n of th e School of A g ricu ltu re in Lublin.

T his sta tio n is in E ast P o lan d and its ecological conditions are c h a ra c te ­

ristic for th e L arge East E uro p ean L ow land. The soils ex am in ed belong

to th e pseudopodzolic ones form ed from fluvioglacial sands [4]. T heir

te x tu re is as follows:

M ETH ODS A N D SO IL C H A R A C T E R IST IC S

Partie. 0

D epth in cm

1— 0 ,1 m m

0,1— 0,01

<

0,01

%

°/

0— 25

30— 50

60— 70

85

89

87

9

7

6

4

3

The d a ta of chem ical p ro p ertie s are given in tab le 1. The field in w h ith

ex p e rim e n ts vere caried out w as w ith th e follow ing crop succession:

1962 — potatoes m an u re d ,

1963 — m aize for g reen forage,

1964 — lupin,

1965 — S h eep ’s fescue (Festuca ovina) w ith L a d y ’s fin gers (A n tylis

vulneraria),

1966 — ry e.

T a b l e

1

Soil sam ples v ere ta k e n in a u tu m n 1966 from e x p e rim e n tale plots w ith

folloving com binations:

1. P lo u g hin g a t 25 cm w ith o u t m elio ratio n m an u rin g , fu ll fertilizin g

(NPK).

2. M elioration ploughing — 500 q of m an u re ploughed dow n at 45 cm

in a u tu m 1961, fu ll fertilizin g (NPK).

3. M elioration ploughing — p eet ploughed dow n a t 45 cm in a u tu m

1961, fu ll fertilizin g .

E x tra sam ples w ere taken:

4. F rom b are fallow since 1962. S u rface ploughing to controle w eeds,

w ith o u t fertilizin g.

5. F ro m field w ith sh eep ’s fescue; fu ll fertilizing.

The com position analysis of organic com pounds w as done w ith B o ­

r a t y ń s k i a nd W i l k m eth o d [2]. O ptical d e n sity of hum ic acids w as

d ete rm in e d by the m eth o d d escribed b y K o n o n o w a [7]. The co n ten t

of organic С an d N, pH, av ailab le P 20 5 and K 20 w ere estim eted w ith

kn ow n an d g en erally used m ethods.

R E SU L T S

The d a ta of th e organic m a tte r an aly sis are show n in Tab. 2 a n d Fig. 1.

T h ey point to effective in flu en ce of m elio ratio n ploughing on th e com po­

sition of organic com pounds in ligh t soils. It becom es d istin ct in th e in ­

crease of hu m ic acids c o n te n t especially, w h a t in consequence re su lts in

b ro d er rela tio n of C h:C f in soils w ith m elio ration ploughing. In those

soils th e re can also be no ticed on in crease of h u m in and u lm in c o n ten t

w h a t u n d o u b ted ly leads to im p ro v em en t of p hy sical p ro p erties of th e re

soils. O n ex cep tio n aly larg e am o u n t of h u m in s an d ulm ins is in th e la y e r

a t th e d e p th of 40—45 cm in th e soil being m elio ratin g w ith p e a t at th is

depth.

T a b l e

2

It seam s to be b ro u g h t about by in tro d u c in g a large am o u n t of “hum ic

coal” to g eth e r w ith peat; such a d istin ct stab ilizatio n of hum ic com pounds

in th e form of o rg an o -m in eral com plexes is not lik e ly to occur in soils

of such a “lig h t” te x tu re .

A sm all am o u n t of soluble in w eak solvents su b stances prooves th e

presence of a g re a t q u a n tity of “h um ic organic coal” an d o th er su b stances

u n d ergo in g slow decom position. T hey m icrobiological decom position is

slow er th e n in o th er soils in v estig a ted because of th e bro ad est rela tio n of

C :N an d because of a sm all c o n ten t of sim ple organic com pounds.

It is, how ever, in te re stin g th a t th o u g h slow y e t successive h u m ificatio n

process leads above all to th e fo rm atio n of h um ic acids.

E

E x tin ctio n cu rv es of hu m ic es acids of so ils ex a m in a ted

H ow ever th e in tro d u c ed m elio ration m an u re doses decom pose m uch

q u ick e r th a n peat. This is fav o u red by g re a te r p a rticip a tio n of th e in tro ­

duced m a tte r of organic com pounds w hich easily undergo m icrobiological

resto ra tio n . In a d eep er lay e r (40— 50 cm), how ever in rela tio n to th e

su rface on th is process is slow er w h a t fac ilita te s the follow ing m a n u re

action and it obviously in h ib its possible losses w hich m ay occur in lig ht

soil d u rin g a rap id decom position of th e organic m atte r.

The delay of th e decom position process can be seen d istin ctly by the in ­

creased am o u n t of fre sh hum ic com pounds (py rophosphate fraction) still

a fte r 5 y ears in th e deeper lay er an d by a g e n e ra lly considerable am o un t

of soluble form s in th a t horizon, w h ereas in u p p er horizons no d istin ct

d ifferen ces in rela tio n to ty p ical cu ltiv atio n are observed. It is w o rth

noticing th a t like in th e m elio rated soil w ith peat th e re can be found an

increase of hum ic acids co n ten t w ith th e use of m an u re w h a t can be tak e n

as th e facto r of im proved farm in g [3].

Less sig n ifican t th o u g h d istin ct differences w ere found in the com po­

sition of organic com pounds by ty p ic a l c u ltiv atio n b u t u n d e r various p la n t

cover. A d istin ct increase of m obile hum ic com pounds, soluble in p y ro ­

p h osphates, can be noticed in a sam ple of b are fallow . T he organic com ­

pounds in th a t sam ple possess a m ore m obile ch a ra c te r, and hu m u s acids

a re rep re sen te d by th e con tained q u a n tity of fulvic acids the rela tio n of

w hich to hum ic acids is th e b ro ad est of all soils in v estig ated. D ue to

th e lack of fresh organic m a tte r su p p ly for th a t soil it appears th a t th e

decom position of th e p ro p er hum ic com pounds by the soil “ed afon ” is lik e­

ly to s ta rt w h a t m ust re s u lt w ith d e te rm in e d succession in d ep olym eriza­

tio n an d d econdensation of acids and in th e occurrence of a m ore consi­

d e ra b le am o u n t of h u m in e acids w ith a sm all arom atic nucleus (fulvic

acids).

The im p ro v em en t of conditions for th e fo rm ation of a g re a te r am ou nt

of hum ic acids, th ou gh not so d istin ct as by m elioration ploughing, can be

observed u n d e r th e cover of sh eep ’s fescue. This is confirm ed by th e

d a ta o b tained an d by those fro m o th er soils on th e influence of som e m an y

y ears old p la n t covers [10, 11] on th e com position of hum ic com pounds.

U n d er grass cover th is tak e s place m ain ly due to th e p e rm a n en t lack of

o x y d a tio n because of th is field being not c u ltiv a te d for m an y y ears an d

because of a re la tiv e ly ste a d y su p p ly of a fre sh organic m atte r.

From th e ex tin ctio n cu rves th e re can be observed an advantag eous

in flu en ce of m elioration ploughing not only on th e increase of hum ic acids

a m o u n t b u t also on th e condensation degree of th e ir aro m atic nucleus.

A rom atic nuclei of hum ic acids in th e u p p er layers of soils w ith m elio­

ra tio n ploughing w ith th e use of m an u re an d p eat are bigger th a n those

of acids selected fro m oth er soils. The sm allest nu clei occur in h um ic acids

fro m th e m elioratio n la y e r of m an u re. This w ould su p p o rt e a rlie r s ta te ­

m en ts an d still active re sto ra tio n processes of organic m a tte r in th e poli-

m erizatio n an d co ndensation stages of n uclei of new -fo rm ed hum ic acids.

R EFEREN CES

[1] B i r e c k i M. , R o s z y k W.: D eap m elio ra tio n of lig h t soils w ith m an u re and cu ltiv a tio n of p a ren n ia l le g u m in o se w ith grass and th eir in flu e n c e on soil. Z eszy ty Probl. P ost. N auk R oln., z. 21, W arszaw a 1959.

[2] B o r a t y ń s k i K. , W i l k K.: T he n ew m eth od of fra ctio n a l a n a ly sis of hum us in m in era l soils. Instr. robocza, W arszaw a 1963.

[3] B o r a t y ń s k i K. , W i l k K.: D y n a m ic of hu m u s in lig h t so ils u n der in flu e n c e of som e soil cu ltiv a tio n . Z eszy ty P roblem . Post. N auk R oln., z. 21, W arszaw a 1959.

[4] D o b r z a ń s к i B., B o r o w i e c J.: D iferen tia tio n of th e soil cover of the C hełm H ills, e x e m p lifie d by th e so ils of th e U hrusk A g ricu ltu ra l E x p erim en ta l S tation . A nn. U n iv. M ariae C u rie-S k ło d o w sk a , Sec. E, L u b lin 1959.

[5] D o b r z a ń s k i В., D o m ż a ł H. , N a w r o c k i St.: P relim in a ry resu lts of ex p e r im e n t w ith m elio ra tio n p lo u g h in g of sa n d y soils. Z eszy ty Probl. Post. N auk R oln., z. 50 b.

[6] J a b ł o ń s к i В.: In v e stig a tio n s of hu m u s d yn am ics in lig h t soils. Z eszy ty P ro b lem o w e P ost. N auk R oln., z 40a, W arszaw a 1965.

[7] K o n o n o w a М. М.: T he p roblem of h um us in soils. PW RiL, W arszaw a 1955. [8] M i k l a s z e w s k i S.: T h e d eterm in a tio n test of fe r tility in d ex lig h t soils

by th e m eth od of fra ctio n a l a n a ly sis of h um us com pounds. Z eszy ty Probl. Post. N au k R oln., z. 21, W arszaw a 1959.

[9] N a w r o c k i S.: T ech n o lo g y and p erform an ce of th e p lou gh for m elio ra tio n p lou gh in g of lig h t soils. A nn. U n iv. M ariae C u rie-S k ło d o w sk a , Sec. E, v ol. X IX , L u b lin 1965.

[10] Ś w i ę t o c h o w s k i В., Z i e l i ń s k a D.: E in flu ss der m eh rm a lig e n A u s ­ n u tzu n g der L u cern e Me d i c a g o s a t i v a au f d ie H u m u sq u o litä t und Z u sa m m en ­ ste llu n g fr eier A m in o sä u ren in B öd en und d ie P fla n zen er trä g e in der F ru ch t­ fo lg e. I T eil. R oczn. G lebozn., dod. do t. X IV , W arszaw a 1964.

[11] T u r s k i R., L i p i ń s k a M.: P r elim in a ry in v e stig a tio n s of d yn am ics of hu m ic acids in cu ltiv a ted podzolizd lo ess soil. Roczn. N au k R oln., t. 9 1 -A -l, W arszaw a 1966.

[12] U b y s z L., Z i m n i a k Z.: In flu e n c e s of v a rio u s organ ic su b sta n ces and loam p laced in v a rio u s depth on m oistu re of so ils in v e g e ta tio n period. Z eszy ty P roblem . P ost. N au k R oln., z. 21, W arszaw a 1959.

R . T U R S K I , M . F L I S

L ’IN FLU E N C E D ’U NE C ULTUR E D ’A M EN D EM EN T ET DE L A CO U VERTU RE V ÉG ÉTALE SU R L A S U B ST A N C E O R G A N IQ U E D ES SO L S L ÉG ERS

C h a i r e d e P é d o l o g i e d e la H a u t e É c o l e d ’A g r i c u l t u r e a L u b l i n

R é s u m é

On a p r é le v é à la ferm e e x p é r im e n ta le de U h ru sk ap p arten an t à la H a u te E cole d ’A g ricu ltu re de L u b lin , des éch a n tillo n s du so l des cham ps d ’ex p é r ie n c e cinq ans après une cu ltu re d’am en d em en t av ec a p p lication du fu m ier et de la tourbe, com m e su b sta n ce in tro d u ite à 45 cm de p rofon d eu r dans le p ro fil d’un sol sa b lo - n eu x. A fin e co m p a ra tiv es on p rélev a au ssi des éch a n tillo n s d’un cham p c u ltiv é e t fu m é d’une façon id en tiq u e, m ais non am en d é en p rofon d eu r a in si q u e d’un cham p en frich e et d’un cham p en gazon n é par la fé tu q u e ovin e.

On a n a ly s e par la m éth od e de B o ra ty ń sk i et de W ilk la com p osition de la su b sta n ce organ iq u e dans les é ch a n tillo n s p rélev é s et on d éterm in a la d en sité optique des acid es h u m iq u es séparés.

En se b asan t sur le s d on n ées ob ten u es on p eu t tirer des co n clu sio n s su iv a n te s: 1. U n e cu ltu re d’am en d em en t tan t avec l ’a p p lication du fu m ier que de la tourbe, a eu un e in flu e n c e p o sitiv e sur la q u a n tité de la su b sta n ce organique, par rapport à une cu ltu re tra d itio n n elle.

a. la q u a n tité des acid es h u m iq u es a u g m en ta et leu r rapport au x a cid es fu lv iq u e s dim inua,

b. les acid es h u m iq u es se d istin g u a ien t par une p lu s gran d e co n d en sa tio n du noyau arom atiq u e, su rtou t les acid es h u m iq u es des n iv e a u x de su rface.

2. La d y n a m iq u e de d écom p osition de la su b sta n ce organ iq u e in tro d u ite en p rofon d eu r du p rofil du sol est retard ée par rapport à c e lle des n iv e a u x de su rface, ce qui fa v o r ise son action su c c e ssiv e p lu s lon gu e. L es com b in aison s h u m iq u es fo rm ées de cette d écom p osition se d istin g u e n t par u n e p rép on d éran ce des acid es h u m iq u es sur le s acid es fu lv iq u es.

3. P arm i les fa ço n s d ’usage du sol l ’in flu e n c e la p lu s fa v o ra b le sur les co m b in a i­ son s h u m iq u es av a it — un en g a zo n n em en t p erm an en t, la m oins fa v o ra b le — le s sols en frich e.

R . T U R S K I , M . F L I S

E IN F L U S S DER M ELIO R A TIV EN B E A R B E IT U N G SM A SSN A H M E N U N D DER P F L A N Z E N D E C K E A R T E N A U F D EN O R G A N ISC H E N ST Ó F F LEICH TER BÖDEN

L e h r s t u h l f ü r B o d e n k u n d e , L a n d w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e H o c h s c h u l e in L u b l i n

Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g

Im V ersu ch sg u t U h ru sk der L a n d w irtsch a ftlich en H o ch sch u le in L u b lin w u rd en v o n den V ersu ch sp a rzellen , nach fü n fjä h r ig e r m e lio ra tiv en B ea rb eitu n g d erselb en u n ter E in b rin gu n g des S ta llm ists und des T orfes au f d ie T ie fe von 45 cm in den S a n d b od en p rofil, die B oden p rob en en tn om m en . Z w eck s V erg leich w u rd en auch die B od en p rob en v o n ein er id en tisch b e a rb eiteten und g ed ü n g ten P a rzelle, aber ohne U n terg ru n d m elio ra tio n , so w ie von ein er S ch w arzb rach e und ein er m it S c h a fs c h w in ­ g el b e w a c h se n e F lä ch e en tn om m en .

In den a n g esa m m elten P rob en w u rd e nach der M eth od e von B o ra ty ń sk i und W ilk die Z u sa m m en setzu n g des org a n isch en S to ffe s a n a ly sie r t und d ie op tisch e D ich te der ab g eso n d erten H u m in säu ren b estim m t.

A u f G rund der erh a lten en D aten k ö n n en fo lg en d e S ch lü sse gezogen w erd en : 1. D ie m e lio r a tiv e B earb eitu n g, so w o h l m it S ta llm ist- als auch T orfein b rin gu n g, übte ein en g ü n stig eren E in flu ss au f die Q u alität des o rg a n isch en S to ffe s, im V e r ­ g leich zur tra d itio n ellen B earb eitu n g, und zw ar:

— es erh öh te sich H u m in sä u ren g eh a lt bei ein er V eren gu n g des V er h ä ltn isse s z w i­ sch en d en selb en und den F u lv o sä u ren ;

— es trat ein e h öh ere K on d en sa tio n des aro m a tisch en K ern es der H u m in säu ren , in sb eso n d ere d ieser aus den o b erflä ch lich en H orizonten.

2. D ie A b b au d yn am ik der in die B o d e n p r o filtie fe ein g eb ra ch ten organ isch en S to ffe ist im V erh ältn is zu ob eren H orizon ten versp ä tet, w a s zur V erlä n g eru n g der N a ch w irk u n g d erselb en b eiträgt. D ie sich d avon b ild en d en H u m u sv erb in d u n g en zeic h n en sich m it ein em Ü b erg ew ich t v o n H u m in säu ren über F u lv o sä u ren in d e n ­ selb en aus.

3. U n ter den N u tzu n g sa rten w ir k t au f d ie H u m u sv erb in d u n g en d ie D a u erb era - su n g am g ü n stig sten , d ie S ch w a rzb ra ch e — w e n ig e r gü n stig, auf.

R . T U R S K I , M . F L I S

W PŁY W M ELIO R A C Y JN EJ U PR A W Y I PO K R Y W R O ŚL IN N Y C H N A SU B S T A N C JĘ O R G A N IC Z N Ą GLEB L EK K IC H

K a t e d r a G l e b o z n a w s t w a W S R , L u b l i n

S t r e s z c z e n i e

W g o sp o d a rstw ie d o św ia d cza ln y m U h ru sk W SR w L u b lin ie pobrano próbki z p o letek d o św ia d cza ln y ch w p ięć la t po u p ra w ie m elio ra cy jn ej z za sto so w a n iem o bornika i torfu jako su b sta n cji w n o szo n ej na g łęb ok ość 45 cm w p ro fil g le b y p ia szczy stej. D la p oró w n a n ia w zięto próbki z p o letk a id e n ty c z n ie p o w ierzch n io w o up raw ian ego i n aw ożon ego, le c z n ie m elio ro w a n eg o w g łę b n ie , oraz z czarnego ugoru i pola zad arn ion ego k o strzew ą ow czą.

W zeb ran ych próbkach p rzeprow adzono m etod ą B o ra ty ń sk ieg o i W ilka a n a lizę sk ład u su b sta n cji organ iczn ej oraz oznaczono g ęsto ść op tyczn ą w y o d ręb n io n y ch k w a só w h u m in o w y ch .

N a p o d sta w ie zeb ran ych d an ych dadzą się w y p ro w a d zić n a stęp u ją ce w n io sk i: 1. U p raw a m elio ra cy jn a zarów no z za sto so w a n iem obornika, jak i torfu w p ły ­ n ęła k o rzy stn ie na jakość su b sta n cji organ iczn ej w stosu n k u do u p raw y tra d y cy jn ej: — n a stą p iło zw ię k sz e n ie ilo ści k w a só w h u m in o w y ch i zw ę ż e n ie ich stosu n k u do fu lw o k w a só w ,

— k w a sy h u m in o w e od zn aczały się w ięk szą k o n d en sa cją jądra a rom atyczn ego, szczeg ó ln ie k w a sy h u m in o w e z poziom ów p o w ierzch n io w y ch .

2. D y n a m ik a rozkładu su b sta n cji organ iczn ej, w n ie sio n e j w g łąb p ro filu g le ­ b ow ego, je s t opóźniona w sto su n k u do p oziom ów w ierzch n ic h , co sp rzyja jej d łu ż ­ szem u n astęp czem u o d d zia ły w a n iu . T w orzące się z n iej zw iązk i p róch n iczn e od zn a ­ czają się p rzew agą k w a só w h u m in o w y ch nad fu lw o k w a sa m i.

3. Ze sposobu u ży tk o w a n ia n ajb ard ziej k o rzy stn ie o d d zia ły w a ło na zw ią zk i p róch n iczn e tr w a łe zad arn ien ie, n a jm n iej czarn y ugór.

р. т у р с к и, м. Ф Л И С В Л И Я Н И Е М ЕЛ И О РИ РУ Ю Щ ЕЙ В С П А Ш К И И РАС ТИ ТЕЛ ЬН ОГО П О К Р О В А Н А О РГА НИ Ч ЕСКО Е ВЕЩ ЕСТВО Л Е ГК И Х ПОЧВ К а ф е д р а П о ч в о в е д е н и я , В ы с ш а я С е л ь с к о х о з я й с т в е н н а я Ш к о л а , Л ю б л и н

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