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Widok Cisza, "diminuendo" i "fermata" w muzyce poezji (na przykładzie Gerarda Manleya Hopkinsa)

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Academic year: 2021

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Ewa Borkowska

8QLZ HU V\ WHW¥OÈVNLZ.DWR ZLFDFK

Cisza, diminuendo i fermata

w muzyce poezji

(na przykładzie Gerarda Manleya Hopkinsa)

Ours is a world of words: Quiet we call “Silence” – which is the merest word of all –

(E.A. Poe, „Al Aaraaf”)

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