QDSL FLX 8% SU]HáF]D VL

Pełen tekst

(1). . 7<5<6725<,75,$.,. . %8'2:$,'=,$à$1,(7<5<6725$ 7\U\VWRU MHVW SU]\U]GHP SyáSU]HZRGQLNRZ\P ]EXGRZDQ\P ]F]WHUHFK QDSU]HPLDQ XáR*RQ\FK ZDUVWZ W\SX Q L S NWyUH WZRU] WU]\ ]áF]D SQ - - L - U\V

(2) 7DNLH VWUXNWXU\ ]áF]RZH PDM ZLHOH IRUP NRQVWUXNF\MQ\FK NWyUH SUDFXM MDNR SU]HáF]QLNL QDZHW GRü GX*\FK PRF\ 1DMSURVWV]\P SU]HáF]QLNLHP MHVW GLRGD 6KRFNOH\D SQSQ 'LRGD WD SU]\ QDSL FLX 8% SU]HáF]D VL ] Z\VRNRRPRZHJR VWDQX EORNRZDQLD GR QLVNRRPRZHJR VWDQX SU]HZRG]HQLD 3U]HáF]HQLH MHVW LQLFMRZDQH SU]HELFLHP ODZLQRZ\P URGNRZHJR ]áF]D - : W\U\VWRU]H ZDUWRü QDSL FLD SU]HáF]HQLD MHVW NRQWURORZDQD SUGHP EUDPNL,* U\V

(3) 7\U\VWRU QDMOHSLHM MHVW SU]HGVWDZLü MDNR V]HUHJRZRUyZQROHJá\ XNáDGGZyFKVWHUXMF\FKVL Z]DMHPQLHWUDQ]\VWRUyZELSRODUQ\FKSQS LQSQMDNWRSU]HGVWDZLRQRQDU\VF a). J1 J2 J3. b). uA iA. T1(p − n − p). c). uA iA. uA iA T1. iB1. pE. d) anoda. C j1. nB pB nE. iG iK uK. uG. iG. iK T 2(n − p − n) uK. bramka. C j2. uG T2 iK. iB2. uG katoda. uK. 5\VD

(4) 6WUXNWXUD]áF]RZDW\U\VWRUDE

(5) PRGHORZHUR]G]LHOHQLHQDGZLHVWUXNWXU\ WUDQ]\VWRURZHF

(6) WUDQ]\VWRURZ\PRGHOW\U\VWRUDG

(7) V\PEROJUDILF]Q\. &KDUDNWHU\VW\NL QDSL FLRZRSUGRZH W\U\VWRUD RG]ZLHUFLHGODM ]DFKRZDQLHVL SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK]áF]SQ U\V

(8) 3U]\ SRODU\]DFML UHZHUV\MQHM X$.

(9) ]áF]D - L - V VSRODU\]RZDQH ]DSRURZR SRGWU]\PXMF SUDZLH FDáNRZLW Uy*QLF. SRWHQFMDáyZ SRPL G]\ DQRG L NDWRG 3U]H] W\U\VWRU ZWHG\ Sá\QLH PLQLPDOQ\SUGUHZHUV\MQ\QDV\FHQLDREX]áF],550DSU]\U]GMHVWZ W]ZVWDQLH]DZRURZ\P3U]\QDSL FLX8560QDVWSLSU]HELFLHODZLQRZH ]áF]-L-.

(10) iA I T ( AV ). UT. stan przewodzenia. I G 2 > I G1 > 0. IL IH I IN. IG = 0. I C0. U RSM U RRM UH I RRM stan zaworowy. U B2. U B1. U B0. u AK. stan blokowania. 5\V&KDUDNWHU\VW\NDQDSL FLRZRSUGRZDW\U\VWRUD. 3U]\ SRODU\]DFML GRGDWQLHM X$. !

(11) ]áF]D HPLWHURZH - L - V VSRODU\]RZDQH Z NLHUXQNX SU]HZRG]HQLD ]D ZVSyOQH GOD REX WUDQ]\VWRUyZ ]áF]H NROHNWRURZH - ]DSRURZR 3UG FDáNRZLW\ WHJR ]áF]D MHVW VXP SUGX G]LXURZHJR SU]HNUDF]DMFHJR ED] WUDQ]\VWRUD SQSSUGXHOHNWURQRZHJRWUDQ]\VWRUDQSQRUD]SUGXQDV\FHQLD,& 7HWU]\SUG\VWDQRZLSUGDQRGRZ\L$NWyU\SU]\RGáF]RQHMEUDPFH L*

(12) MHVW WDN*H SUGHP NDWRG\ W\U\VWRUD 6WG UyZQDQLH NROHNWRURZH GOD]áF]D-PDSRVWDü i A = α N 1i A + α N 2i A + I C 0 .

(13). DOER iA =. IC0

(14) 1 − (α N 1 + α N 2 ). JG]LH α1L α1VWDáRSUGRZHZVSyáF]\QQLNLZ]PRFQLHQLDGODVWUXNWXU WUDQ]\VWRURZ\FKSQSLQSQ3U]\QDSL FLXX$.EOLVNLP8% ]DFKRG]L Z REV]DU]H ]áF]D - SRZLHODQLH ODZLQRZH G]LXU L HOHNWURQyZ ]H ZVSyáF]\QQLNDPLPXOWLSOLNDFML0K ≈0H ≈0LSUGDQRGRZ\Z\QRVL iA =. MI C 0 MI C 0 = 1 − ( Mα N 1 + Mα N 2 ) 1 − M (α N 1 + α N 2 ). D

(15). =DNáDGDMF GOD XSURV]F]HQLD UR]ZD*D *H 0! WX* SU]HG QDSL FLHP SU]HELFLD WR ] ]DOH*QRFL

(16) Z\QLND *H W\U\VWRU ]DáF]\ VL JG\ 0 α1α1

(17) ≈.

(18). 3UG DQRGRZ\ SU]\ NWyU\P ]DFKRG]L ZDUXQHN

(19) MHVW SUGHP ZáF]HQLD W\U\VWRUD ,,1 SU]\ QDSL FLX 8% U\V

(20) 1LHRJUDQLF]RQH QDUDVWDQLH SUGX L$ !,,1 PR*H E\ü SRZVWU]\PDQH ]PQLHMV]HQLHP SUGX.

(21) ,& L ZVSyáF]\QQLND 0 : W\U\VWRU]H ]DFKRG]L WR Z Z\QLNX VSDGNX QDSL FLDQD]áF]XNROHNWRURZ\P-3U]\MPXMHVL *HSU]\SUG]LH,/ QDSL FLHQDW\P]áF]XMHVWUyZQH]HUXD0 :NDWDORJDFKSRGDZDQ\ MHVW SUG ,/ MDNR PLQLPDOQD ZDUWRü SUGX W\U\VWRUD NRQLHF]QD GR MHJR SHZQHJRSU]HáF]HQLD 3U]\ α1α1≈SUGDQRGRZ\]JRGQLH]]DOH*QRFL

(22) WDN*H SRZLQLHQ QLHRJUDQLF]HQLH QDUDVWDü MHGQDN*H VWUXNWXU\ WUDQ]\VWRURZH SU]HFKRG] Z VWDQ QDV\FHQLD Z NWyU\P ZVSyáF]\QQLNL Z]PRFQLHQLD SR]RVWDMQDQLVNLPSR]LRPLH3UGDQRGRZ\SU]\NWyU\P α1α1≈ MHVWRNUHODQ\MDNRSUGSRGWU]\PDQLD Z\áF]HQLD

(23) W\U\VWRUD,+MHVWWR QDMPQLHMV]D VWDELOQD ZDUWRü SUGX Z VWDQLH SU]HZRG]HQLD 0DáD ZDUWRüQDSL FLD SRWU]\PDQLD UHV]WNRZHJR

(24) 8+≈9Z\VW SXMFDSU]\ SUG]LH SRGWU]\PDQLD ,+ SRWZLHUG]D *H VWUXNWXU\ WUDQ]\VWRURZH V Z VWDQLHQDV\FHQLDDW\U\VWRUVWDQRZLVREREZyGSUDZLH]ZDUW\UHGQL SUGSU]HZRG]HQLD,7 $9

(25) SU]\QDSL FLXSU]HZRG]HQLD87RJUDQLF]DRG JyU\REV]DUVWDQXSU]HZRG]HQLD : W\U\VWRUDFK REV]DU\ ED] V ]Z\NOH SRV]HU]RQH L VáDELHM ]GRPLHV]NRZDQH QL* REV]DU\ DQRG\ L NDWRG\ DE\ QLH GRSXFLü GR VSHáQLHQLDZDUXQNX

(26) MRQL]DFMLODZLQRZHMSU]\PDá\FKZDUWRFLDFK X$. EH]XG]LDáXSUGXEUDPNL 3UG EUDPNL L* MDNR SUG SED]\ ]ZL NV]D SUG DQRGRZ\ ZVWDQLHEORNRZDQLD iA =. I CO + α N 2iG 1 − (α N 1 + α N 2 ).

(27). 3UG EUDPNL ]ZL NV]D WDN*H ZDUWRü ZVSyáF]\QQLND α1 *G\ VXPD ZVSyáF]\QQLNyZ Z]PRFQLHQLD RVLJQLH ZDUWRü EOLVN RUD] 0! WR W\U\VWRU SU]HFKRG]L ]H VWDQX EORNRZDQLD Z VWDQ ]DáF]HQLD SU]\ QDSL FLX PQLHMV]\P QL* 8% SRSU]H] PHWDVWDELOQ\ ]DNUHV XMHPQHM UH]\VWDQFML G\QDPLF]QHM RG SXQNWyZ 8%;,,1

(28) GR SXQNWX 8,1,,1

(29) QD FKDUDNWHU\VW\FH L$ L$ X$.

(30) 3RáR*HQLH SLHUZV]HJR SXQNWX ]DOH*\ RG ZDUWRFLSUGXEUDPNL,* : ZDUXQNDFK G\QDPLF]Q\FK SUDF\ W\U\VWRUD PDáRV\JQDáRZH ZVSyáF]\QQLNL Z]PRFQLHQLD SUGRZHJR α V ZL NV]H RG VWDáRSUGRZ\FK α>α1 FR XPR*OLZLD ]DáF]HQLH SU]\ ]QDF]Q\FK SUGDFK EUDPNL L*!!

(31) SU]HG SRMDZLHQLHP VL SU]HELFLD ODZLQRZHJR =DWHP SU]\URVW\ SUGX DQRGRZHJR Z\ZRáDQH PDá\PL ]PLDQDPL SUGX EUDPNLWH*E GZL NV]H. ∆i A I a α2 = ≈ ∆iG I g 1 − (α 1 + α 2 ). D

(32).

(33) 3RQDGWRDE\ α2 E\áRV]\ENRURVQFIXQNFM,J ZLHOHW\SyZW\U\VWRUyZ PD W]Z FLH*N UH]\VW\ZQ ERF]QLNXMF ]áF]H - X]\VNDQ SU]H] SRV]HU]HQLH HOHNWURG\ NDWRG\ QD REV]DU SED]\ : VFKHPDFLH ]DVW SF]\P W\U\VWRUD SRMDZLD VL ZyZF]DV QLHZLHOND UH]\VWDQFMD U*. NWyUDXPR*OLZLDSU]HSá\ZSUGXG]LXURZHJR]DQRG\GRNDWRG\MX*SU]\ QLHZLHONLFK QDSL FLDFK QD EUDPFH X*. 9 F]\OL ]DQLP ]áF]H - ]RVWDQLH Z\VWDUF]DMFR VSRODU\]RZDQH Z NLHUXQNX SU]HZRG]HQLD 5H]\VWDQFMD WD VSHáQLD UyZQLH* LQQ SR*\WHF]Q URO ]DEH]SLHF]D W\U\VWRUSU]HGSU]\SDGNRZ\PLV\JQDáDPLPRJF\PL]DáF]\üW\U\VWRU 'OD ZáDFLZHJR ]DSURMHNWRZDQLD XNáDGX VWHURZDQLD ZD*QH V FKDUDNWHU\VW\NLZHMFLRZHW\U\VWRUD U\V

(34) u FG. Skrajne charakterystyki przewodzenia. U FGM. U GT U GD. Maks. dopuszczalne straty mocy w bramce P G M. 2. 3. 4. 1. 0. I GD I GT. I FGM i FG. 5\V &KDUDNWHU\VW\NL EUDPNRZH ] REV]DUDPL UR]U]XWX WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR GOD GDQHJRW\SXW\U\VWRUyZREV]DUQLHSU]HáF]DQLDREV]DUPR*OLZ\FKSU]HáF]H REV]DUSHZQ\FKSU]HáF]HREV]DUV]NRGOLZ\FKSU]HáF]H. 1D FKDUDNWHU\VW\NDFK EUDPNRZ\FK GOD ND*GHJR W\SX W\U\VWRUyZ V ]D]QDF]RQH WU]\ REV]DU\ QDSL FLRZRSUGRZH RJUDQLF]RQ\ QDSL FLHP 8*' L SUGHP ,*' QLH SU]HáF]DMF\PL W\U\VWRUD RJUDQLF]RQ\QDSL FLHP8*7 LSUGHP,*7PRJF\PLSU]HáF]\üW\U\VWRU RJUDQLF]RQ\ZDUWRFLDPLPDNV\PDOQ\PLQDSL FLD8)*0 LSUGX,)*0 EUDPNLJZDUDQWXMF\PLSU]HáF]HQLHW\U\VWRUD ]H VWDQX EORNRZDQLD GR VWDQX SU]HZRG]HQLD : W\P REV]DU]H QDOH*\ ]DSHZQLü SXQNW SUDF\ QD SURVWHMREFL*HQLDZREZRG]LHEUDPNL3U]HáF]DQLHZREV]DU]HPR*H XV]NRG]Lü W\U\VWRU ERZLHP SU]HNURF]RQD ]RVWDáD KLSHUEROD GRSXV]F]DOQ\FKVWUDWPRF\ZEUDPFH3*0 2 MDNRFL GDQHJR W\SX W\U\VWRUD GHF\GXM MDN QDMPQLHMV]\ SUG EUDPNL ,)*,7 $9

(35) NLONXQDVWRNURWQLH PQLHMV]\ RG ,$

(36) RUD] MDN QDMNUyWV]\F]DV]DáF]DQLDU] GXµV 7\U\VWRU\ SUDFXM SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP MDNR HOHPHQW\ ]DáF]DMFH LSU]HáF]DMFH GX*H SUG\ SU]\ F] VWRWOLZRFLDFK VLHFLRZ\FK U\V

(37) .

(38) 3UDFD G\QDPLF]QD Z WDNLFK ZDUXQNDFK ]DOH*\ RG ]DFKRZDQLD VL. áDGXQNyZQDGPLDURZ\FKZREXED]DFKSRZ\áF]HQLXHOHPHQWX NWyUH WXWDM V UR]SDWU\ZDQH ZVSyOQLH MDNR W]Z áDGXQHN SU]HMFLRZ\ 4UU SR]RVWDMF\ MHV]F]H SU]H] RNUHV F]DVX WUU Z ED]DFK 'RSLHUR SR W\P F]DVLH W\U\VWRU RG]\VNXMH ZáDFLZRFL GR SRQRZQHJR ]DáF]HQLD SU]H] XNáDGVWHUXMF\EUDPNL L)* W

(39) . ,)* D

(40) W X$. W

(41) 86 9µV SU]\SGNRZH E

(42) JG\ GX$.GW ZáF]HQLH SU]\ 9µV. !. W. . Z\á F]HQLH W\U\VWRUD. 8&. QS SU]H] NRQGHQVDWRU. L$ W

(43) ,$ F

(44) W2)) W WG W21 ,5 áDGXQHN4UU≈,5WUU WUU. 5\V D

(45) =DáF]DQLH W\U\VWRUD SUGHPEUDPNLE

(46) ]PLDQ\QDSL FLD X$ W

(47) SRGF]DVZ\áF]DQLD F

(48) RGSRZLHG(SUGRZDW\U\VWRUD. ,QQ\P RJUDQLF]HQLHP F]DVRZ\P W\U\VWRUD MHVW W]Z NU\W\F]QD VWURPRüQDUDVWDQLDQDSL FLDEORNRZDQLD  du AK    >9µV@  dt  s -HVW WR QDMZL NV]D ZDUWRü VWURPRFL QDUDVWDQLD WHJR QDSL FLD QLH SRZRGXMFD SU]HáF]HQLD W\U\VWRUD ]H VWDQX EORNRZDQLD GR VWDQX SU]HZRG]HQLD Z RNUHORQ\FK ZDUXQNDFK ]HZQ WU]Q\FK QS SU]\ RNUHORQHMWHPSHUDWXU]H

(49) 1DOH*\ERZLHPSDPL WDü*HSU]\SRODU\]DFML W\U\VWRUD QDSL FLHP X$. 8% SRV]HU]D VL REV]DU áDGXQNX SU]HVWU]HQQHJR]áF]D-NWyUHJRSRMHPQRüZ\QRVL&M U\V

(50) =E\W V]\ENRXVXZDQHQRQLNL]REV]DUX]áF]D]JRGQLH]H]PLDQDPLQDSL FLD GX$.GWWZRU]SUGDQRGRZ\SURSRUFMRQDOQ\GRW\FK]PLDQ3U GPR*H.

(51) E\ü QD W\OH GX*\ *H ]DáF]\ VL W\U\VWRU GX*R ZF]HQLHM ]DQLP VXPD ZVSyáF]\QQLNyZ α REX WUDQ]\VWRUyZ Z VFKHPDFLH ]DVW SF]\P RVLJQLH]JRGQLH]]DOH*QRFL du AK dt iA = 1 − (α 1 + α 2 ) C j2.

(52). 3RQDGWR SUG WHQ MHVW Z]PDFQLDQ\ ZHZQ WU]Q\P HIHNWHP 0LOOHUD :WHQVSRVyE]ZL NV]DVL SRMHPQRü]áF]DGRSRMHPQRFLHIHNW\ZQHM Ceff =. C j2. 1 − (α 1 + α 2 ). .

(53). -HG\Q\PVSRVREHPZ\áF]HQLDGZyFKWUDQ]\VWRUyZZVWUXNWXU]H W\U\VWRUD MHVW ]PQLHMV]HQLH SUGX NROHNWRURZHJR GR SR]LRPX SU]\ NWyU\P]RVWDQLHSU]HUZDQ\PHFKDQL]PSRZLHODQLDODZLQRZHJR . 75,$., 7ULDN XPR*OLZLD VWHURZDQLH V\JQDáyZ ]PLHQQRSU GRZ\FK ERZLHP MHJR NRQVWUXNFMD MHVW DQW\UyZQROHJá\P ]áR *HQLHP GZyFK ]áF]RZ\FK VWUXNWXU W\U\VWRURZ\FK QSQS L SQSQ U\VD

(54) :SU]HNURMX ZLGRF]QH V V\PHWU\F]QH GZD REV]DU\ W\SX Q ZG\IXQGRZDQH Z VWUXNWXU ]áF]RZ SQS (OHNWURG\ Z\SURZDG]H JáyZQ\FK PDLQ WHUPLDOV

(55) QD]\ZDQ\FK WDN*H DQRGDPL ]DFKRG] F] FLRZRQDREV]DUED] 6\PHWULD VWUXNWXU\ SU]HQRVL VL QD V\PHWUL FKDUDNWHU\VW\N QDSL FLRZRSUGRZ\FK U\V

(56) RUD] VFKHPDWX ]DVW SF]HJR WULDND U\VF

(57) 7ULDN PR*QD ]DáF]\ü SRSU]H] EUDPN GRGDWQLP OXE XMHPQ\P LPSXOVHPSUGRZ\PGZXNURWQLHZND*G\PRNUHVLHSUGX]PLHQQHJR FR GDMH F]WHU\ NRPELQDFMH NLHUXQNyZ QDSL ü 807 L SUGyZ ,* ]DáF]DMF\FKSU]\U]G 3RQDGWR WULDN ]DáF]\ VL VDP MH*HOL ]RVWDQLH SU]HNURF]RQH QDSL FLHSU]HELFLD8%5 *

(58) ZMHGQ\P]NLHUXQNyZRUD]SU]\]E\WV]\ENLP Z\áF]DQLX QDSL FLD SRGREQLH MDN Z W\U\VWRU]H 7H GZD RVWDWQLH VSRVRE\ QRUPDOQLH QLH V VWRVRZDQH Z XNáDGDFK HOHNWU\F]Q\FK DOH Z\]QDF]DMSHZQHRJUDQLF]HQLDZZ\NRU]\VWDQLXWULDNyZQSWULDNLQLH PRJSUDFRZDüSU]\REFL*HQLXLQGXNF\MQ\P.

(59) a). b) MT2. G bramka. n. c) MT2. MT2. n. p n. G. G p. n. MT1. MT1. MT1. 5\VD

(60) 6WUXNWXUD]áF]RZDE

(61) V\PEROJUDILF]Q\F

(62) PRGHOWUDQ]\VWRURZ\WULDND. I MT. − U BR (G 0). − U BR (G 2). I G0 = 0 I G1 < I G 2. I G 2 > I G1. IH0 I H1 IH2. − IH2 − I H1 − IH0. I G0 = 0. U BR (G 2) U BR (G 0) U MT. 5\V&KDUDNWHU\VW\NLQDSL FLRZRSUGRZHWULDND. 'LDN PD SRGREQ V\PHWU\F]Q VWUXNWXU MDN WULDN DOH QLH PD HOHNWURG\ EUDPNL =DáF]D VL W\ONR SR SU]HNURF]HQLX FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FK QDSL ü 8%5 )

(63) SU]\ X07 ! L 8%5 5

(64) SU]\ X07 ZVSRVyESRGREQ\MDNWULDNSU]\QDSL FLDFK8%5 *

(65) L8%5 *

(66) . . 6758.785<7<5<67252:(9026,'026 : WHFKQRORJLL 026 Z\WZDU]DQH V W\U\VWRU\ NRQWURORZDQH QDSL FLHP EUDPNL MDN Z WUDQ]\VWRUDFK 026 0DM RQH GRü ]áR*RQH VWUXNWXU\]áF]RZHLVWUXGQHGRZ\NRQDQLD,FK]DVDGQLF] ]DOHWMHVW Z\HOLPLQRZDQLHPR*OLZRFLVDPRF]\QQHJR]DáF]DQLD.

(67) 6WUXNWXU\ W\U\VWRURZH 9026 PDM EUDPN 026 ZZ\WUDZLRQ\P L]RWURSRZR V]HFLRNWQ\P ]DJá ELHQLX NWyUH SU]HFKRG]L SU]H] FDá\ REV]DU SED]\ VWUXNWXU\ ]á F]RZHM QSQS W\U\VWRUD U\V

(68) a) bramka n+ J1. b). * (X*. > ). K katoda. K. SiO2 p − baza. p − baza. rGK. J2. QREV]DUGU\IWRZ\. G. J3 p − anoda. A anoda A. 5\VD

(69) 6WUXNWXUD]áF]RZDW\U\VWRUD]L]RORZDQEUDPNW\SX9026 E

(70) VFKHPDW]DVW SF]\. :Já ELHQLHMHVWSDV\ZRZDQH6L2 DVWUXNWXUDEUDPNL026VL JD D* GR QED]\ REV]DUX GU\IWRZHJR Q NWyU\ SRGWU]\PXMH SUDZLH FDáH QDSL FLHX$.

(71) 3U]\SRODU\]DFML]HURZHMEUDPNLREV]DU]XER *HQLD]áF]D -VL JDMF\ZJáESED]\MHVWSáDVNLLUyZQROHJá\GRNUDZ G]L]áF]D α

(72) 3U]\ :]PRFQLHQLH WUDQ]\VWRUD Q SQ MHVW PDáH SRODU\]DFML GRGDWQLHM QD EUDPFH REV]DU ]XER *HQLD SRV]HU]D VL L XQRVL RG ]áF]D SDWU]U\V

(73) -HGQRF]HQLH RG VWURQ\ NDWRG\ Q HPLWHUD

(74) REV]DU QHXWUDOQ\ ED]\ VWDMH VL FRUD] FLHV]\ Z]UDVWD Z]PRFQLHQLH WUDQ]\VWRUD 3U]\ QDSL FLX SURJRZ\P 026EUDPNL HOHNWURQ\ V ZVWU]\NLZDQHSU]H]]DLQGXNRZDQ\NDQDáGRREV]DUXGU\IWRZHJRW\SXQ 3RWHQFMDáQDW\PREV]DU]HQDW\FKPLDVWVSDGDGRZDUWR FLSRODU\]DFMLZ NLHUXQNXSU]HZRG]HQLD]áF]D- 7\U\VWRU\ 9026 EORNXM QDSL FLD U] GX 9 SU]\ VWURPRFL QDZHW GR GX$. GW≤ 9V =DáF]DM VL Z FLJX QV DOH QLH V Z\áF]DOQHQDSL FLHPEUDPNL 6WUXNWXU W\U\VWRUD Z\áF]DOQHJR Z\NRQDQHJR Z WHFKQRORJLL '026SU]HGVWDZLDU\V>@ &KDUDNWHU\VW\ND QDSL FLRZRSUGRZD WDNLHJR SU]\U]GX MHVW ]áR*HQLHP FKDUDNWHU\VW\N W\U\VWRUD WUDQ]\VWRUD L GLRG\ SLQ Z]DOH*QRFLRGQDSL FLDQDEUDPFH U\V

(75).

(76) S. 6L2. - S -. .DWRGD. S. Q. Q. .. EUDPND. .. *. *. Q EUDPND ]DáF]DMFD EUDPND Z\áF]DMFD. Q. - S. JáyZQ\ VWUXPLH SUGX. D

(77) E

(78). DQRGD. $. $. 5\VD

(79) 6WUXNWXUD]áF]RZDZ\áF]DOQHJRW\U\VWRUD026E

(80) MHJRPRGHO WUDQ]\VWRURZ\. iA *.!!. X. SLQ. - WZRU]\ GLRG. . GREU]H SU]HZRG] F\ NDQDá

(81). u GK > 0. J 2 zaporowo. U BRR J 3 zaporowo. 8 ) ( S − L − Q ) 8 ) ( 026). X*. = ]ZDUFLH

(82) U BRF. uA. 5\V&KDUDNWHU\VW\NLQDSL FLRZRSUGRZHZ\áF]DOQHJRW\U\VWRUD026.

(83)

QDSL FLX 8% SU]H&aacute;F]D VL

QDSL FLX 8% SU]HáF]D VL