of The cleading area in model formulaTion on example of the Świętokrzyski national park
małgorzata strzyż
high pedagogical school, institute of Geography, kielce, poland
The Świętokrzyski National Park was invented in 1950 to protect of the most valuable components of landscape of Świętokrzyskie Mountains.
Its area was enlarged to 7626.45 ha and the „protective” sphere, called
„cleading”, of about 20.786,07 ha was founded.
On the administrative score Świętokrzyski National Park cleading consists of the village administration office which belong to communes like: Bieliny, Bodzentyn, Górno, Łagów, Łączna, Masłów, Nowa Słupia i Pawłów. The position in the whole country and Świętokrzyski province scale has been introduced.
Świętokrzyski National Park and its cleading are parts of the Protected Area Highspatial System in Świętokrzyskie voivodship (see Fig. 1). This Protected Area Highspatial System consist of (except Świętokrzyski National Park) nine landscape parks and eight landscape protected areas linked by ecological corridors. There are 6 strict sanctuaries, which together cover thirty percent of their area.
The cleading around the park plays a role of function more or less hermetic ecological bar, which is a natural filter building or weakening various kinds of unsuitable outside influences. That is why their meaning is very difficult to overestimate for the proper ecosystem, and biocoenosis duties.
Furthermore, the studies have proved that the area with natural or close to natural character should be big to be able to realize composed interdependence between integrant ecosystems.
Only this time all components are prepared to self-regulation processes and to continue the dynamic balance.
Established in the world and in Poland assumptions to enlarge the area to extend the protected area variety, are also connected with idea of the geosystem protection and enviroment formation, where pointed out for the basical natural spatial entities- geocomplexes- should characterize and energie flow.
There are specific functional-spatial interactions between various biotic and abiotic enviro-nemental component aggregations, which are connected with their spatial variety.
The protected areas - except their most important ecological function - also
make up for losses, which nature suffers in other places and they serve to protect these resources which being and quality have got indirect meaning for human life and economy.
There are very important consistent forest complexes, which constitute ecological protection of settlement areas and have a positive influence on human life conditions in the deeply exploited areas, and they also particularly level causes of the environmental pollution, providing conditions for active relax and recreation.
The necessity to create the system of complex analises of the level and natural environmental cleading component searches, especially formulated on its gecomplex area, has delimited spatial range occupied by nature schemes of the whole Świętokrzyski National Park and its protective sphere. However, the time range included 10. year of studies carried out in 5 stages, according to established methodology.
The first and the second stage was assigned to gather necessary empirical data connected with the level and basic components of the Świętokrzyski National Park natural environment cleading with the cartographic and photographical working drawing of the examinated area.
In the third stage (in 1995-1997), practical verification and modernization of the possessed materials was done.
In two last stages, complex elaboration of the verified results and documen- tary material was carried out.
Using delimitation geocomplex limits, fifty four specific nature schemes the same rank as range, which had the meaning for prognosis of natural-economical processes taken place in cleading environment and the ways development of their primary functions (agrarian and forest), have been eliminated.
• The examined area is situated in the east mezoregion of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains with appalachian sculpture type with ranges formed in paleozoic and rockies - the most characteristic forms of area sculpture. It consists of the outer, hill-side, altitude, valley and karstic forms.
• The cleading area is a part of climatic domain of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, which two climatic layers constitute its main feature: restrainedly warm and restrainedly cold. The climat individuality is that the summer lenght is much shorter here and lasts about fifty four days. The winter is much longer than in the adjacent areas - lasts for 119 days, on the average.
• The superficial water on the cleading area are mainly Czarna, Kamienna, Koprzywianka and Opatówka rivers basins, which are characterized by snow-rain structure and freshet fury.
• The underground water is formed by thirteen containers. More than half of them are the Ia and Ib class waters, other - Ic class water.
• In the examinated area, sandstome rockies, mugwort, cultivation and industry soils with dominination of the light soils prevail.
• Plant accumulations of the cleading are represent by forest complexes and meadow accumulations (mainly damp-marshy, swampy-meadows). Within high forest verdure thirty five species exist. Dominating are: beech, pine, oak, and larch. Rare species include: yew trees, black birch, grey alders, latifolious lindens.
• The animal world consists of about 3.000 species. The most representative are mammals (tusker, roedeer, hare, badger), birds (more than 100 species), insects (butterfly, dragonfly), ant amphibians (newt, ordinary, toad,muddy and grass frog), reptiles (lizard, blindworm, zigzaggy viper), and about 20 fist species (roach, chub, tench).
• Geocomplexes function is determined by the substance and energy transfor-mation rules which are linked with being the local erosive base. Ranges are the most exposed to qualitative and quantitative changes. They have got a very weak condition of the nature structure an erosion growth and a process of denudation, for example sandy mound and sandy plain or loamy mound and loamy plain etc.
• Activities aimed to optimalize conditions of the geocomplex function structure sho- uld be tried to improve water and air circulation and also to keep dynamic balance bet-ween erosion and matter accumulation, which can be achived by weakening the erosion process and base stabilization.
• One of the main threats to nature environment cleading is cement-calcium industry, well developed in a neighbourhood. Its work in Sitkówka are being included to the list of 80 the biggest „poisoners”. The stone-work industry (White Basin), metal, mechanical, metallurgic industries also increased an effect of the electromagnetic field produced by the radio-television belfy situated on the Święty Krzyż, and transmitter of the satelite station in Psary.
• Land use of the surface field cleading includes the majority of ground forms occupying 80% of its surface. The forest complexes occupy about 15% of the cleading area, followed by transportation network, builded area, and other waste land. The characteristic feature of land use in this area is indirect adjacency of the National Park forest with arable ground. This situation affects correct function of the agricultural biocoenosises.
• The specific analysis of the Świętokrzyski National Park cleading farm level implantation and of the situation drawings prepared on its base enabled to express the following conclusions.
– Rural settlement system is very tight with characteristic building scheme in the shape of street, chain, row and multiroad. Rate of occupancy show big spatial variety:
from about 37 inhabitants/km in Masłów commune to 167 in Pawłów commune.
– The length of the public roads is 143 km, local roads about 257 km. Transportation linking larger town centers is not profitable as it divides forest ecosystems and limit the free animal migration, increasing environmental pollution by the car fumes.
– The characteristic feature of the communal-sanitary infrastructure is the big disproportion between water supply system and sewage system length, which amounts to only 27% of the first one. Waste recycling is similarly unsafisfactory.
None of the communes in the cleading area (except Bieliny commune with the local storage in Czaplów) has its own waste storage. This situation causes the attendence of 58 wild dumping grounds.
– Social infrastructure is created by schools, libraries, departments of the national administration holiday rest-houses, hospices and private pensions.
– Economical activity is run by a low number of factories of the manufacture-
commercial-service character (e.g. METALCHEM, IZOBUT). Wholesale campanies, department stores, bakeries and „small catering are predominating”.
– All farm production is based on individual farms (average area 3 - 4 ha and with a very big crumbling). Thirteen of them have got the certificate of ecological farms.
The crop agriculture predominate in the agriculture structure (more than 63%) with winter and spring crops prevalence. Much lower propotional participation (about 3%) have root crops and the lowest-structure-creative crops (pulse and the family Papilionaceae). This agriculture strukture limit the use of intercrops and aftercrops.
It causes a chain of unprofitable occurrences such as: soil tiredness, weeds increasing the amount of plant nuisances and illnesses. Furthermore, big weeds of the soil also caused by the natural limestone decrease as a result of scrubbing and absorption with harvest. That is why more than 70% arable grounds of the cleading need manuring with lime. However, the relating to the technique of field-crop production state soil is rather good because the heavy metal pollution has been ascertained only in the first and the second degree and only in about 36% arable area. It ought to be added that drainages which was taken in the last year (almost 3.800 ha) and building about 10 deep-seated water intakes on the cleading area caused a considerable destruction of water connectios in the soil with a very clearly tendency to increased insufficiency water.
• Recreation and touristic movement in region of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (with dominated touring car and foot tourism) is situated in all National Park area and its cleading. However, the most tourism accumulation is observed in Łysogóry Range, which occupy 12% of the cleading area.
• The system of the organised routes penetiaring Świętokrzyski National Park and its cleading consists of 7 touristic tracks. Howerer, the majority of tourists (35,5%), arriving to National Park on the route from Święta Katarzyna, then the route from Nowa Słupia to Święty Krzyż (27,4%), and from Szklana Huta to Święty Krzyż (26,3%).
• Concurrent infrastructure is rather poor. In mamy parts of much frequented routes there are no hotels, resting and eating places places, wind screens, toilets, waste baskets etc. There is also the lack of routes for cyclists. Therefore, cycling onwalking routes is forbidden.
• One ha the area is visited by 127 tourist a year. In comparision with the rules for protected areas (20 persons per 1ha yearly) it involves the reorganization of the tourism function rules and ways in this area. Particuralry urgent is qualification of „touristic absorpsion ability” (of the areas assigned for tourism), which would give the bases for sensible project and the Park, including agrotourism.
According to the introduced diagnosis of the nature and human environment conditions of the Świętokrzyski National Park cleading and expressed conclusions with the forecast character, changes in the cleading area farm implements have been designed.
It results that in optimum condition purpose of its economy usage ought to concentrate on the following activities:
• An increase in the visually attractive landscape cleading geocomplexes and widening of the forest areas by extending the afforestation, planting with trees and shrubs on
the marginal areas, especially in areas with small agriculure production possibilities in south-west part of the cleading (Łagów, Bieliny commune).
• To try to repose all local agriculture on ecological criteria by:
- encouraging inhabitants of the cleading area to change conventional farms in to ecological ones and thus increasing the number of ecological farms, as well as adapting the country to agrotourism development;
- generalization the technology of plant agriculture and animal culture to minimalize the risk for an environment;
- development of the alternative agriculture production forms including-mechanical plant protection.
• To intensify technical-organisational measures aimed at limitating both internal and external thread to cleading environment by:
- a decrease in the crumbling arable grounds, change of agriculture structure (increasing the participation of structure creative), and introducing new agricultures (e.g. soft fruit, amaranthus) instead of the traditional agriculture;
- introduction of biogenic system of the handicaps limiting scrubbing and air exhausting chemical molecule from agriculture fields to other ecosystems (interfield afforestation, bushes chains, small water containers) and shaping mozaic field structure with various rotation of crops;
- organizing selection system gathering and neutralizing wastes by building the adjacent, biological sewage refinery and increasing the capacity of communal waste storage;
- organizing gathering and neutralization exceeded a prescribed time limit;
- completion of the rocky stocks exploatation at the same scale as nowadays.
• To increase ecology degree of the forest cleading usage (especially touristic- recreational) by sensible ecotourism development (demarcation bicycle route, increase in number of hostels and rest-houses) and infrastructure improvement (increase in the number of toilets, wind-screens etc).
• To develop selected forms of small businesses not contrary to reservation economy rules (e.g. vegetable-fruit processing, small trade, service activity etc.).
• To popularize environmental knowlege and increasing the ecological awareness level of the cleading area users by regular development of formal and informal environmental education.
According to done settlements, the possibility of increasing economical effectiveness of Świętokrzyski National Park cleading area use was elaborated and proposals of suitable activities as discribed postulates and as universal scheme of the optima-lisation solvations model for multifunctional development of the country and agriculture in the national park cleading areas and other protected areas (see Fig. 2).
It were formulated seems that usage of wor-ked out model in practice will create an important chance to avoid conflict situations between the tasks and recommendations which result from legal regulations relating environment protection and conducting business in this area.
