The Jou rn al of Industrial and Engineering Ghemistry
P u b l i s h e d b y T H E A M E R I C A N C H E M I C A L S O C I E T Y
Volume Y A U G U ST , 1913 N o. 8
BOARD OP ED ITO R S Editor: M. C. W h i t a k e r
Associate Editors: G. P. A dam son, E . G. B ailey, H. E . Barnard, G. E . B arton , A . V . B leininger, Wm. B rady, C. A . B row ne, F . K . Cam eron, F . B . Carpenter, C. E . Caspari, V . Coblentz, W . C. Geer!
W. F. H illebrand, W ., D . H orne, T . K am o i, A . D . L ittle , C. E . L ucke, P. C. M cllh in ey, J. M. M atthew s, T. J. Parker, J. D . P enn ock, W . D . R ichardson, G. C. Stone, E . T w itch ell, R . W ahl, W . H. W a lk e r’
W. R. W h itn ey, A . M. W rig h t.
P u b l i s h e d m o n t h l y . S u b s c r i p t i o n p r i c e t o n o n - m e m b e r s o f t h e A m e r ic a n C h e m ic a l S o c i e t y , i 6 . 0 0 y e a r l y . F o r e i g n p o s t a g e , s e v e n t y - f i v e c e n t s . C a n a d a , C u b a a n d M e x ic o e x c e p t e d .
E n t e r e d a s S e c o n d - c l a s s M a t t e r D e c e m b e r 19, 1 9 0 8 , a t t h e P o s t- O f f ic e a t E a s t o n , P a . , u n d e r t h e A c t o f M a r c h 3 . 1 8 7 9 . C o n tr ib u tio n s i h o u l d b e a d d r e s s e d to M. C. W h ita k e r , C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s it y , N e w Y ork C ity
C o m m u n ic a tio n s c o n c e r n i n g a d v e r t i s e m e n t s s h o u ld b e » e n t to T h e A m e r ic a n C h e m ic a l S o c i e t y , 4 2 W e st 3 9 th S t ., N e w Y o rk C ity S u b s c r ip t io n s a n d c l a i m s lo r l o s t c o p i e s s h o u ld b e r e t e r r e d to C h a r le s L. P a r s t n s , B o x 5 0 5 , W a s h in g t o n , D. C.
No c l a i m s w i l l b e a llo w e d n n l e s s m a d e w it h in 6 0 d a y s Es c h e n b a c h Pe i n t i n o Co m p a n y, Ea s t o n. Pa.
T A B L E O F
Editorials:
United States Forestry Service In vestigation s... 626
W hat’s the M atter w ith the Am erican C h em ist? 626 Original Pa p e r s: The Constitution of Portland Cem ent Clinker. B y E d ward D . C a m p b ell... 627
The D rying R ates of R a w P ain t Oils— A Comparison. B y L. V . Redm an, A . J. W eith and F. P. B r o c k . . . . 630
The Gases Form ed in A naerobic Sewage Decom posi tion. B y R . H . Jesse, J r ... 636
A Modified Form of S ta b ility T est for E xplosives. B y H. C. P. W e b e r... 641
Kukui (Candle-N ut) Oil. B y A lice R . Thom pson. . . . 644
The Determ ination of Sodium B orate in Soap. B y Paul Poetschke... 645
Determination of Phosphorus in Steels Containing V a nadium. B y J. R . C ain and F . H . T u ck er... 647
A Rapid M odified Chlorplatinate M eth od for the E sti mation of Potassium . B y W . B . H ic k s ... 650
The Chemical Com position of Cooked V egetable Foods, Part III. B y K ath arin e I. W illiam s... 653
Peppermint Oil In d u stry in Japan. B y Yeinosuke Shinosaki... 656
On Japanese Pepperm int Oil. B y Yeinosuke Shinosaki 658 The Use of the Im m ersion R efractom eter in E xam ining American Beers M ade from M a lt and Unm alted Cereals.^ B y R o b ert S ch w a rz... 660
Calcium Thioarsenate as a Spray. B y S. H. K a tz and P. D . B uckm in ster... 663
The Condition of Soil Phosphoric A cid Insoluble in H y drochloric Acid. B y W illiam H . F r y ... 664
Analyses of Confectioners’ Glucose. B y E dw ard Gude- T man... 665
Influence of Ozone on Y e a s t and Bacteria. B y C arl A . N ow ak ... 668
Determination of Sm all Am ounts of Caffeine. A Com parison of M ethods. B y B . L . M u rra y ... 668
Laboratory and Pl a n t: Distribution of H eat in the Operation of Steam Boilers. B y P erry B a rk e r ... 670
Chemistry in R elation to the Frozen M eat In dustry of New Zealand. B y A . M . W rig h t... 673
the Determ ination of the M eltin g Poin t of Greases b y Means of the N ew Y o r k T esting Laboratory Viscos- imeter. B y Herm ann W . M a h r... , 674
Convenient D evice for A nalytical Ignitions. B y E d ward D. C am p b ell... 675
Addresses: Efficiency in Chem ical Industries. B y T . B . W agner. 677 Utilizing Wood W aste. B y John E . T e e p le ... 680
Ihe Relation of the M anu facturer to O ur P a ten t S y s tem. B y W . M . G rosven or... 685
C O N T E N T S W h at's the M atter with the Am erican Chem ist? By. Daniel M . G r o s h ... 692
General Efficiency in Dye-H ouses and Bleach W orks. B y Louis Joseph M ^ to s... 693
Cu rren t In d u str ial Ne w s: The Consumption of O xy g en ... 695
Hardening Steel w ith Compressed A i r ... 69s The Production of Vanadium S teel... 695
A Germ an Soot and Cinder A rrester... 696
The M anufacture of Carbon B lack from N atu ral G as. 696 A Plant for the T reatm ent of Iron P y r ite s ... 697
The Deposition of N ickel... 697
Tungsten Filam ent L a m p s ... 697
The Platinum M a rk e t...697
T he M anufacture of S a lt ... 698
Proposed Developm ent of Am erican Potash D ep osits. • 698 T he Fertilizer Industry of Charleston, S. C ... 698
T he Consumption of Various N itrogen-Fertilizers in A u stria... 698
T he G as Industry of E n gla n d ... 699
T he Purification of Coal G a s ... 699
T he M anufacture of G as from Sewage S lu d g e ... 700
The Caucasian Petroleum In d u stry ... 701
T he Condition of the Scottish Shale Oil In d u stry 701 Scie n tif ic So c ie t ie s: American Chemical Society— Rochester M eetin g 701 New Section on W ater, Sewerage and Sanitation a t Rochester M eeting... 702
T h e Annual Convention of the Am erican In stitu te of E lectrical Engineers... 702
International Association of Chem ical S ocieties... 703
No tes and Co r r e sp o n d e n c e: German M anufacture of Barium Com pounds... 703
Peat as F u e l... 704
Life of Platinum Crucibles Lengthened b y Substitution of M eker Burner for B la st Lam p in Carbon D eter m inations... 70s Synthetic T an n in ... 705
Im ports of O live Oil N o t A d u lterated ... 706
Crisis in Germ an Potash In d u stry ... 706
Power from W aste H e a t... 706
German Record Production of R a w Iron... 706
Boo k Re v ie w s: A M anual of Cem ent Testing; Coal, and the Preven tion of Explosions and Fires in M ines; "N ew and Non-official Remedies, 1 9 1 1;” T h e N atu ral H istory o f C la y ... 7 ° 7 Ne w Pu b l ic a t io n s... 708
Re c e n t In v e n t io n s... 709 Ma r k e t Re p o r t... 7 1 °
626 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l . . 5, No. 8
EDITORIALS
U N ITED STATES FORESTRY SERVICE INVESTIGATIONS
■The first num ber of a new p ublication entitled R eview of F orestry Service In vestigatio n s (Vol. I, pp. 1-68, pi. I - V I I I , M ar. 11, 1912) has ju st been received. T h e purpose of this publication is to keep the entire force in touch w ith the w ork of the Forest Service— its scope, progress and accom plishm ents. B y keeping the men inform ed as to th e nature and de
velopm ent of the w ork in all its branches, it w ill enable them to coordinate more com p letely their in v e sti
gations as well as to conduct them according to the m ost im proved m ethods. T h e succeeding num bers will be issued as the m aterial accum ulated perm its.
T he present num ber is of unusual interest. It contains the first com plete outline of the exten t and nature of th e work undertaken b y our F orestry Service.
I t shows the nature of the present organization, es
tablished Janu ary, 1912, and the various lines of investigation th a t are being follow ed out a t present.
T h e w ork as now organized falls under four main divisions:
1. D endrology, covering forest distribution and wood structure.
2. G razing, or the relation and u tilization of forage crops in and adjacen t to forests w ith ou t danger to the forests and w atershed. T h e field of w ork here is a broad one, th e investigation s covering such sub
jects as artificial and n atural seeding, the production of the m axim um value of forage crops, m ethods of handling stock on the range, etc.
3. Products: T h e aim of this w ork is to obtain authen tic inform ation regarding properties and su it
a b ility for different purposes of various species and kinds of forest products. T h e in vestigation s deal w ith wood preservation, pulping processes, distillation, etc.
4. Silvicu ltu re: T h e purpose of this division is to secure a thorough know ledge of th e nature and re
quirem ents of all forest trees in order th a t existing forests m ay be handled in a scientific m anner and th a t new forests m ay be established to secure th e best returns in tim ber and other forest products. T h is broad field covers investigation s in forestation; forest influence upon clim ate, stream flow, erosion; forest m anagem ent, protection, utilization, etc.
The final tw en ty-fo ur pages of the volum e are devoted to an outline of the plan of work th a t has been approved for the ensuing year. Here we find all of th e in v estiga tions th a t are now being carried out classified under the topics m entioned above. T h e n ature and scope of the w ork is briefly stated and the sections of co u n try in which the investigation s will be carried out are given.
One can not look a t this splendidly organized work w ith ou t feeling a keen regret th a t th e F orestry Service is so ham pered b y lack of funds and men. No cou n try is so fo rtu n a tely adapted, as regards clim ate, soil and species, for this w ork as A m erica. N ow for a long
tim e we h ave been conscious of the evils and dangers th a t are to com e from a neglect of th is resource of the nation and y e t in the face of all of this there is the bligh tin g influence of a p a th y and cheap politics. It is g re a tly to be desired th a t inform ation of this nature, instead of reaching only the forest service and the few interested in t.his line of w ork, should be put out in a form so as to a ttra c t the atten tio n of the voting mass of the people.
P ast experiences w ould seem to w arrant the belief th a t v e ry little is to be expected from our politicians.
T h e y are like chips upon the w ater, bobbing any way a chance wind m ay blow them . T h e y are like an ad m in istrative officer in charge of w ork concerning which he is ignorant. H e can h ave no sympathy w ith th e policies, ow ing to his ignorance of the nature and scope of the w ork. He can not advise or lead, because he does not understand, and n a tu ra lly he is led this w a y and th a t w a y b y e v e ry selfish interest that reaches him. T h e m ajo rity of our legislators are in th e sam e situation. N eith er b y nature nor b y training are th e y adap ted to ca rry on .the w ork in the positions to which th e y are elected. T h e y can not exercise ju d gm en t concerning m atters of which th ey are ig
noran t and their actions are v e ry largely controlled b y selfish interests and p e tty policies.
So im p erative is the need of conducting the work of our fo restry service upon a larger scale in accordance w ith the outlines of this bulletin th a t it would seem wise to devise some schem e of acq u ain tin g the people of the co u n try w ith the n atu re of th e problem that dem ands their im m ed iate atten tio n and action. It is not to be questioned th a t if the co u n try were in
form ed of the im portan ce of this w ork, steps would be tak en to give it adeq uate support.
C . C . Cu r t is W H A T ’S TH E M ATTER W IT H TH E AMERICAN CHEMIST?
In the article on “ W h a t’s the M atter w ith the Amer
ican C hem ist?” in th is issue, Mr. Grosh seems t0' th in k th a t w e h ave indeed entered upon parlous tim es, and th a t th e lack of ap preciation or coopera
tion betw een the m an u factu rer and the scientist is dem oralizing th e chem ist. H is princip al illustration in support of his view s is th e A m erican dyestuff in
d u stry ; he lam en ts the fa c t th a t our chem ists can
n o t su p p ly the hom e m ark et w ith the required dyes so larg ely em ployed in th e te x tile industry.
T here is no g ain sayin g the fa c t th a t in spite of tariff protection and the h igh genius of A m erican chemists in general, d yestuffs can be m an u factu red cheaper and b etter in G erm an y th an in this co u n try. T h e dyestuff in d u stry in fa c t does n o t seem to be w ell adapted to the conditions ob tain in g here in A m erica. In the first place, th e m an u factu re of d yestuffs has hereto
fore necessitated large and sp ecialty trained corps of research chem ists w orkin g m ore or less b lin d ly in the hope of " g e ttin g som eth in g.” In G erm an y there are num bers of chem ists g rad u atin g from the u n i v e r s i t i e s
Aug., 19 13 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 627 who are w illing an d con ten t to enter the services of
one of the several large color factories, a ccep tin g a small p ittance for th e p rivilege of w orkin g under conditions w hich m ay e v e n tu a lly lead to som ething worth while. T h e cost of liv in g is co m p aratively small, and these y o u n g m en are w illin g to accep t mere living expenses in exch ange for the o p p o rtu n ity to
“ make goo d .”
The trouble w ith the A m erican chem ists in this con
nection is th a t th e y w an t to draw large salaries b e
fore th ey have really dem onstrated to the m an u fac
turer the a b ility to g iv e am ple valu e in return for the money he p a y s them . A m erican m anufacturers are perhaps as keen as those in a n y other co u n try in m aking use of the chem ist to develop their business, b u t th ey are very sh y in b u y in g a “ pig in a p o k e.” If the young chem ist in this co u n try w ould be satisfied to go into a m an ufacturing p lan t under conditions sim ilar to those accep ted b y the you n g G erm an chem ist, there is no d ou b t b u t th a t large research la b oratories could be organized ; but, as a rule, the youn g man here in A m erica can m ake a m uch b etter living under o th er conditions, and consequently he
THE CONSTITUTION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER B y E d w a r d D . C a m p b e ll
R e c e iv e d J u n e 2 6 , 1913
W ith the a tten tio n now being g iven to the p rob lem of determ ining the a ctu a l con stitu en ts of P ortland cement, a description of an exp erim ental m ethod for the separation and an alysis of alite and celite, form ed at the ordinary clinkering tem perature, m ay not be without interest.
Tornebohm and L e C hatelier, as ea rly as 1897, described “ a lite ” as the crystallin e m aterial separating out from an inter-crystallin e m agm a, “ celite.” T orn e
bohm1 further la y s stress on the fa ct th a t celite is fusible a t the clinkering tem perature and prom otes the crystallization of th e alite. N o claim is m ade that celite is a definite chem ical or m ineralogical en tity, and it is according to th is in terp retation of th e term s that th ey are used in this article.
In 1912, w hile a tte m p tin g to stu d y the equilibrium which w ould be established, a t the clinkering te m perature, in P ortlan d cem en t clinker, E . G. Pierce, working in con ju n ction w ith the author, noticed th at the pure m agnesium oxide crucible, in w hich pieces of the clinker w ere being heated, w as stain ed w herever these pieces w ere in co n ta ct w ith it and th a t th is stain often spread o ver a considerable p a rt of th e crucible.
This observation showed a t once th a t som e co n stit
uent of the clin ker m ust be v e ry fluid a t the clinkering temperature so th a t under the proper conditions it might be separated from the m ain m ass of th e clinker by absorption in a m anner e x a c tly an alogous t o th at employed w hen the m other liq uor is w ith draw n from crystals b y m eans of a porous p late. T h is conception that, a t the clin kerin g tem perature, P ortlan d cem ent
1 T o n in d u s lr ie Z . , 2 1 , 114S (1S9 7).
pursues th a t line w h ich dem ands the least sacrifice.
In the d yestuff in d u stry anoth er condition also p re
vails w hich m akes it rath er u n a ttra ctiv e to the A m erican m anufacturer. D yestuffs em brace a large num ber of com pounds, and th ou gh the aggregate used in this co u n try is large in q u a n tity , nevertheless th e am ounts of the individual com pounds them selves are n ot v e ry great. Therefore the m an u factu rer w ould h ave to engage in the p rep aration of a large num ber of su b
stances in co m p aratively sm all am ounts, and this is not in accord w ith the best A m erican p ractice, for the m arket would be lim ited alm ost en tirely to the home country. If under A m erican conditions, there were good profit to be m ade in the d yestu ff in d u stry, we feel sure this ind u stry w ould have received its proper developm ent in this co u n try; b u t the A m erican ch em ist, m anufacturer, and cap italist h ave found more profitable outlets in other fields of endeavor, and h ave n atu rally follow ed the lines of least resistance. So the answ er to the question. “ W h a t’s the M atter w ith the A m erican Chem ist?” is “ N o th in g.”
J . M . Ma t t h e w s
clinker consists of a mass of crystals b ath ed in the m other liquor from w hich th e y h ave crystallized and th at this m other liquor m ay be draw n off from the crystals b y m eans of a p rop erly prepared porous plate, forms the basis for the w ork described in the present paper.
Considerable p relim inary w ork w as done b y Mr.
Pierce, but, owing to lack of tim e, the results obtained were not sufficiently conclusive to w arrant publication.
' D uring the last y e a r the w ork has been carried on b y P. K . F letch er and M. N. T aber, w orkin g under the direction of the author. A lth o u gh there y e t rem ains m uch to be done before the constitu tion of clinker w ill be th orough ly understood, the results g iv e n herein seem to be sufficiently significant to render their p ublication desirable.
T he furnace used in the w ork w as a M éker high tem perature furnace described as No. 36 in th e c a ta logue of the Scientific M aterials Co., P ittsb urgh , sligh tly modified as the needs of our w ork dem anded. In this furnace the m aterial under treatm ent is supported on a tripod and is surrounded b y the flam e from a M éker b last lam p situ ated below the b ottom on w hich the tripod rests. The tripod used was m ade of alun- dum cem ent 'and w rapped w ith platin u m foil so th at the m aterial did not com e in d irect co n ta ct w ith it, the whole being surrounded b y a cylin der of refracto ry ware through w hich the flame m ust ascend and. around the outside of w hich the products of com bustion m ust descend before being draw n off through the tw o chim neys located on opposite sides of the furnace near the bottom . This principle of construction enables a m uch higher tem perature to be obtained th an can u su a lly be secured in sm all, gas-fired furnaces.
T h e tem peratures w ere m easured b y m eans of a
ORIGINAL PAPERS
628 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l. 5, No. 8 standard platinum -rhodium therm al couple, the bead
of w hich w as p rotected b y m eans of a short piece of M arquart tubing. T h e therm al couple w as so placed th a t the bead w as in the ann ular space betw een the inner cylin der and the m aterial under tre atm en t and w ithin 2-3 mm. of th is latter. Tem perature readings could be m ade w ith a reading error not exceeding tw o degrees and the tem perature could be held con stan t for as long as desired w ith a variation of less than eight degrees. I t is n ot th ou gh t th a t th e tem peratures recorded are m ore th an 10° from their true value.
Some difficulty w as encountered in determ ining the best m ethod of preparing su itab le absorbent plates. These were fin ally m ade in the form of discs ab out 30 mm. in diam eter, 3-4 m m. in thickness, and w eighing ab out 12 gram s. These p lates were placed w ith the clinker on one side and larger, heavier, m agnesium oxide discs on the other, w hich, b y their added cap illary action insured the com plete satu ration of th e sm all p lates and the m ore com plete rem oval of the celite from the clinker. These discs were pre
pared from M erck’s C. P. m agnesium oxide w hich was found on analysis to contain 0.01 per cen t alum ina, A
1
20
3. and 0.03 per cent silica, Si0
2, b u t w as free from a n y trace of ferric oxide, F e 20
3, or calcium oxide, CaO. L ots of 50 gram s each of this m agnesium oxide were packed in pure m agnesium oxide crucibles and burned in the furnace a t a tem perature of 15000 C.for one hour. This p relim inary burning shrinks the m agnesium oxide to a p p roxim ately one-half of its original volum e. F ou r parts, b y w eigh t, of this burned m agnesium oxide were then in tim ately m ixed w ith one p a rt of unburned m agnesium oxide and to the whole w as added strong m agnesium
chloride solution till a proper consistency w as obtained to enable the m ass to be m oulded into discs w ith the aid of glass forms. The m agnesium chloride solution used contained 250 gram s of K a h lb a u m ’s C .P . M gClj to the liter. T h e discs, a fter rem oval from the forms, w ere th orough ly dried in a d ryin g oven and becam e quite hard, ow ing to the form ation of m agnesium oxych lorid e cem ent w hich served as a binder.
T hese discs w ere then stacked on the tripod, upon w hich had been first placed a th in disc of m agnesium oxide covered b y a disc of sheet platinum , thus insuring free- do m from possible con tam in ation , andburned
a t a tem perature of 1500° for an hour and a quarter.
T h is resulted in strong discs, the faces of w hich could be ground to a sm ooth finish thus insuring good con
ta c t w ith the faces of the discs of clin ker w hich were sim ilarly ground.
T h e m aterial for m aking the clinkers in all exp eri
m ents designated b y the letter “ A ” w as th e raw m ixtu re used b y one of the largest E astern cem ent mills. Several kilos of this m aterial were ground for four hours in a porcelain lined ja r m ill to insure hom o
g e n e ity and fineness. The m aterial used in the experi
m ents designated “ B ” w as prepared b y adding 8.42
per cent of K a h lb a u m ’s C. P. calcium carbonate, CaCOj, to a w eighed portion of the “ A ” m ixture, thus m aintaining co n stan cy of the m olecular ratios except th a t of the calcium oxide, CaO . T h e an alysis of the
“ A ” m ixtu re w as as follow s:
S1O2... 1 4 .3 3 A1203... 4 . 4 4 F c203... 1 .7 4 C a O ... 4 1 . 4 0 MeO ... 2 .0 2 U n d e t e r m i n e d ... 0 . 8 9 L o s s o n ig n i t i o n ... 3 5 .1 8
The discs of clinker m ade w ere prepared b y taking the raw m ixtu re, m oistening w ith w a ter and tamping firm ly into cylin d rical m oulds 43 mm. in diameter and 22 mm. in height. A fte r d ryin g, these discs were burned in th e sam e m anner as thé m agnesium oxide discs. T h e tem perature of burning of th e “ A " mixture w as held a t 1475 0 C. w hile th a t of th e “ B ” m ixture was 1550° C. In all cases th e clinker w as allow ed to cool slo w ly w ith the furnace. T h e discs of clin ker resulting from these burnings were a b o u t 30 m m. in diameter, 18 mm. th ic k and w eighed from 32—35 gram s each.
B efore using for an absorption the faces of the clinker w ere ground true.
In settin g up an experim en t to determ ine the per
cen tage of celite absorbed in a g iv e n tim e and at a g iven tem perature, tw o sm all and tw o large, hard burned, m agnesium oxid e discs w ere accurately ground and w eighed. A disc of th e clinker to be treated w as sim ilarly ground and w eighed. These five w ere then stacked in the furnace as shown by F ig. 1 in th e acco m p an yin g photograp h . The tem
perature w as then g ra d u a lly raised until the thermal couple in dicated th e required tem perature, a t which
Fi g. 1 Fi g. 2
point it w as held co n stan t as long as desired. A t the end of th e burning the sta ck of m aterial was allowed to cool slow ly w ith the furnace. T h e appearance of a ty p ic a l sta ck a fte r the absorption is shown in F ig-2- On rem ovin g a sta ck from the furnace the discs were u su ally found m ore or less firm ly cem ented together, b u t a com plete separation of the m agnesium oxide discs from the alite could b e easily m ade. A fter this separation th e discs w ere a ccu ra te ly weighed, the' increase in w e igh t of the m agnesium oxide discs due
Aug., 19 13 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
Ta b l e I
Experi ment
T em per- - a tu re
° C . T im e H o u r s
P e r c e n t c e lite a b
s o r b e d
Ai 1475 13 2 0 .8 7 1
M 1500 9 2 2 . 6 6
As 1510 3 2 1 .4 0 1
A4 1575 2»/3 2 6 .2 5 1
1575 8 2 0 .8 0 1
W e ig h t o f c o n s t i t u e n t s f r o m 3 -g r a m s a m p le
C a lc u la te d
v w t
T o t a l w t. in 3 g m s.
P e r c e n t a g e c o m p o s itio n o f c e lite a b s o r b e d
SiO a A I2O3 Fe2Û3 C aO M gO SÍO2 A I2O3 FC2O3 C aO M g O
0 .0 4 3 2 0 .0 7 4 3 0 .0 3 2 0 0 .2 1 5 4 0 .0 2 0 5 0 .3 8 5 4 1 1 . 2 1 19 .2 8 8 .3 0 5 5 .8 9 5 .3 2
0 .0 4 3 3 0 .0 7 4 7 0 .0 3 2 3 0 .2 1 5 0 0 .0 2 0 5 0 .3 8 5 8 11..22 1 9 .3 6 8 .3 7 5 5 .7 3 5 .3 1
0 .0 4 7 6 0 .0 6 3 7 0 .0 2 7 9 0 .1 9 2 8 0 .0 1 7 3 0 .3 4 9 3 13 .6 3 18 .2 4 7 .9 9 5 5 .2 0 4 .9 5
0 .0 4 7 6 0 .0 6 3 2 0 .0 2 7 7 0 .1 9 3 2 0 .0 1 7 3 0 .3 4 9 0 13.64 18.11 7 .9 4 5 5 .3 6 4 .9 6
0 .0 5 5 9 0 .0 6 7 1 0 .0 3 1 4 0 .2 1 6 1 0 .0 1 6 0 0 .3 8 6 5 14 .4 6 1 7 .3 6 8 . 1 2 5 5 .9 1 4 .1 5
0 .0 5 5 5 0 .0 6 6 9 0 .0 3 1 7 0 .2 1 5 7 0 .0 1 6 0 0 .3 8 5 8 1 4 .3 9 17.3 4 8 . 2 2 5 5 .9 1 4 .1 5
0 .0 3 5 3 0 .0 7 6 9 0 .0 3 4 3 0 .2 2 8 8 0 .0 1 1 3 0 .3 8 6 6 9 .1 3 1 9 .8 9 8 .8 7 5 9 .1 8 2 .9 2
0 .0 3 5 0 0 .0 7 6 6 0 .0 3 4 7 . 0 .2 2 8 2 0 .0 1 1 3 0 .3 8 5 8 9 .0 7 1 9 .8 6 8 .9 9 5 9 .1 5 2 .9 3
n g c a l c u l a t e d t o p e r c e n t o f s a l t s i t was found necessary t o m a k e t h e f i r s t
the original w eight of the clinker.
In experiment A 2, T a b le II, three successive a b sorptions of three hours each w ere m ade, the m ag
nesium oxide discs bein g changed in each case. T h e results of these absorptions show th a t of th e celite withdrawn in th e nine hours, 70 per cen t w as absorbed by the first set of discs, 25 p er cen t b y th e secondhand only 5 per cent b y th e third.
Ta b l e I I
T e m p e r- Experi- a t u r e T im e
P e r c e n t c e lit e a b -
P c r c e n t a g e c o m p o s i tio n o f i m p u r e a l i t e a n d c l in k e r
ment 0 C. H o u rs so rb ed SÍO2 A I2O3 FC2O3 C aO M gO
Cl in k e r s
A 1475 (c lin k e r ) 2 2 . 1 1 7 .3 2 2 .6 9 6 4 .0 2 3 .1 3
B 1500 (c lin k e r ) 2 0 .6 1 6 .8 2 2 .5 1 6 6 .4 6 2 .9 1
Al it e s
Ai 1475 13 2 0 .8 7 -[ 2 5 .8 9
[ 2 5 .8 3
2 .5 8 1 .0 4 2 .5 6 1 .0 4
6 7 .7 8 2 .5 2 6 7 .8 1 2 .5 6 A2 1500 3 + ;3 + 3 2 2.6 6 •<[ 2 6 .0 7
( 2 6 .0 4
2 .9 6 1 .2 3 2 .9 1 1 .2 9
6 7 .0 0 2 .6 4 6 6 .9 6 2 .6 2
A3 1510 3 2 1 .4 0
A< 1575 2V3 2 6 .2 5 -( 2 5 .6 5
Í 2 5 .7 1
3 .6 7 1 .3 9 3 .6 6 1 .2 9
6 6 .4 2 2 .7 7 6 6 .4 7 2 .7 1
B< 1575 8 2 0 .8 0 ••Í 2 3 .3 4
[ 2 3 .3 6
1 .7 6 0 .7 4 1 .7 4 0 .7 4
7 1 .1 4 2 .9 1 7 1 .1 6 2 .9 3 Ta b l e I I I — Mo l e c u l a r Ra t i o s i n Ce l i t e Ab s o r b e d
Experiment AI2O3 F e 20 3 SÍO2 CaO M gO
Ai 100.0 2 7 .6 9 8 .4 5 2 6 .5 6 9 .7
A3 100.0 2 8 .0 12 7 .2 5 5 4 .4 6 9 .0
A* 100.0 3 0 .1 1 4 0 .9 5 8 7 .4 6 0 .6
B 4 100.0 2 8 .7 7 5 .8 5 4 8 .9 3 7 .3
Table IV —-Mo l e c u l a r Ra t i o s i n Im p u r e Al i t e a n d Cl i n k e r
Experiment S i 02 AI2O3 F e20 3 CaO M gO
Cl i n k e r s
A 100.0 1 9 .5 4 . 6 3 1 1 .4 2 1 . 1
B 100.0 19 .5 4 . 6 3 4 6 .6 2 1 . 1
Al it e s
Ai 100.0 5 . 9 1 .5 2 8 1 .9 1 4 .7
a2 100.0 6 . 6 1 . 8 2 7 6 .5 15.1
A4 100.0 8 .4 2 . 0 2 7 8 .2 1 5 .9
B4 100.0 4 . 4 1 . 2 3 2 7 .7 1 8 .7
The analyses of th e clin ker an d of the 'alite were made by the m ethods u su ally em ployed for th e ac
curate analysis of such m aterials. W h en a ttem p ts Were made to an alyze the m agnesium oxide satu rated
"ith celite, accurate results could n o t be obtained on account of the interference from th e high concentration 0 magnesium salts. In order to ob tain large enough w eights of SiOj, A 12O j , F e 2
0
„ and CaO derived from celite to be satisfactory, three-gram sam ples of the small magnesium oxide discs w ere used in all cases.e finely ground m aterial w as easily and com p letely ec°mposed on digestion w ith h ot d ilu te hydrochloric jC1(*' The silica w as rem oved b y tw o evaporations.
n orc^er to obtain an accu rate sep aration of th e alu- minium and ferric h yd ro xid es from th e m agnesium
cip itation in the cold, allow ing the p recip itate to stand for three hours before filtering. B y filtering and w ashing the precipitate thus obtained, redissolving and reprecipitating in the usual m anner, a com plete precip itation of the alum inium and ferric hydroxides free from m agnesium com pounds could be obtained.
I t w as also found necessary to m ake the first p re
cip itation of calcium o xalate in the cold b y adding a m oderate excess of am m onium o xa late to a solution rendered ju st alkaline w ith am m onia, a drop of m eth yl red being used as indicator. T h e first p recip itate of calcium oxalate was allow ed to settle ab o u t 20 hours, w hen it was washed tw o or three tim es b y decan tation , redissolved in a little hydrochloric acid and then re
p recipitated in the usual m anner.
T h e results of the analyses are shown in T ab les I and II. Since tests show th a t all of the iron in both alite and celite exists in the ferric condition, w hen the burning is conducted in an oxidizing atm osphere, the iron is reported as F e2
0
3. T h e per cen t of m agnesium oxide in the celite is calculated b y assum ing th a t the m agnesium oxide of the clinker not accounted for b y th e analysis of the alite has been absorbed as a constitu e n t of the celite.
T h e m olecular ratios of the constitu ents in celite are g iven in T able III , w hile those of the clinker and of the im pure alite are given in T a b le IV .
In order to determ ine w hether celite possessed cem enting qualities and w hether the alite showed the presence of free calcium oxide, pats' w ere m ade w hich, a fter rem aining in a dam p atm osphere fo r tw en ty- four hours, were subjected to the action of steam fo r six hours. T h e behavior of the p a ts under this test is shown in T able V .
Ta b l e V
Ma t e r i a lo p Pa t Co n d i t i o n a p t e r 6 h r s. i n St e a m
P u r e M gO b u r n e d a t 1 5 0 0 ° ... E x p a n d e d — lo o s e f r o m g la s s — m o d e r a t e l y s tr o n g — s lig h t c r a c k s . 7 p t s . 1 5 0 0 ° M gO + 1 p t . c e m e n t. C o m p le te ly d is in t e g r a t e d a n d w a s h e d
a w a y . M g O d is c c o n t a in i n g A i c e l i t e S o f t, lik e m u d . M g O d is c c o n t a in i n g B< c e l i t e S o f t, lik e m u d . Ax a l i t e ... P e r f e c t — s tr o n g — h a r d .
a l i t e ... W a r p e d —c r a c k e d — r a t h e r w e a k — p a r t l y a d h e r e d .
From T ab le V it w ill be seen th a t the A , sam ple of elite behaved like a sound cem ent. T h e lac k of soundness in the B , alite shows th e presence of some free calcium oxide. T h e m ixtures of celite and MgO set like a normal cem ent, b u t th e expansion of the MgO caused the p a t to go to pieces on steam ing. T h is is no proof of unsoundness in the celite, fo r a p a t of nor
m al P ortland cem ent and hard-burned M gO behaved
630 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l. s ,No.8 sim ilarly. T h e question of the soundness of celite on
steam ing is therefore unsettled.
Some interesting fa cts seem to be brou gh t ou t b y the tab les of analyses and m olecular ratios. F irst.
th a t although the proportion of ferric oxide, F e 2
0
3,to the alum ina, A
1
,0
3, is a little higher in the celite than in the alite, the difference is n o t v e ry m arked and the assum ption th a t ferric oxide is m olecularly eq u ivalen t to alum ina, so far as the form ation of celite goes, seems justifiable alth ough the hydraulic properties of the alum inates and ferrites differ in degree.
Second, U n ger’s co n ten tio n 1 “ th a t the alite contains the b ulk of the alum ina, if not all of it, w hile the celite contains all of the iron ,” is not sustained. Third, w ith a given b a sicity of the m ass as a whole, the proportion of silica to alum ina and ferric oxid e in the celite increases w ith the tem perature. Fourth, w ith a g iv e n tem perature, the proportion of silica to the alu m ina and ferric oxide in the celite de
creases as the b a sicity of the mass as a whole increases.
F ifth , while, w ith a given b a sicity of the m ass as a whole, the proportion of alum ina and ferric oxid e to the silica in the alite seems to increase som ew hat w ith the tem perature, this is open to som e question, as the apparen t increase m ay have been due to less com plete rem oval of the celite. I t is w o rth y of note th a t the proportion of ferric oxide to alum ina holds fa irly constant. Sixth, w ith a g iven tem perature, the pro
portion of alum ina and ferric oxid e to the silica in alite decreases as the b a sicity of the m ass as a whole increases. Since the celite m ust h ave been quite fluid a t the tem perature of absorption it w ould, like ordinary liquid solutions, be hom ogeneous a t a given, tem perature and w ith a g iven b a sicity of the m ass as a whole.
A s a result of consideration of th e experim ental w ork herein described, the follow ing hypothesis of the changes tak in g place ab o ve 1400 0 during the clinkering process and the constitu tion of th e final clin ker is suggested. First, th a t celite consists essen tially of a calcium alu m in ate fusible a little ab o ve 1400° and capable of dissolving, w hen liquid, calcium orthosilicate and calcium oxide, th is la tte r being th e m ore read ily soluble and th at the solubilities of the orthosilicate and the calcium oxide follow law s p arallel to those which govern the so lu b ility of salts in liquid solution.
No evidence is y e t forthcom ing to enable the chem ical constitution of the pure, fusible alu m inate to be given so th a t no chem ical form ula is suggested for it. Sec
ond, th a t alite consists essentially of either a or /?' calcium orthosilicate holding in solid solution calcium oxide w ith some calcium alum inate and ferrite. The concentration of the calcium oxid e held in solid solu
tion is dependent upon the b a sicity of the m ass as a whole and the tem perature; b u t the lim it of so lu b ility ap p a ren tly is w hen the proportions required to form the usually accepted tricalcic silicate h ave been reached.
I t has been shown b y A . H . W h ite, w orking in th is lab o rato ry ,3 th a t in the presence of a sm all am ount of alum ina calcium oxide cou ld b e m ade to a p p a ren tly com -
1 C e m e n t a n d E n g in e e r in g N e w s , A u g ., 1 9 1 0 , p . 3 2 8 . 2 T h i s J o u r n a l , 1 , 7 (1 9 0 9 ).
bine w ith silica, S i
0
2, up to alm ost the am ount required to form tricalcic silicate, and this w o rk w as confirmed b y Shepherd an d R a n k in .1 T h e fa c t th a t in alite the am ount of calcium oxid e in excess of th at required to form orthocalcium silicate is a fu n ction of the total b a sicity and th a t w hen alite reacts w ith w ater dicalcic silicate and calcium h yd ro xid e are th e first products of reaction, w ould suggest the conception that the calcium oxide in excess of th a t required to form calcium o rth osilicate is in solid solution rather than in direct com bination w ith the silica.
T h e ab o ve conception of the constitu tion of celite and a lite w ould reduce the problem of the constitution of P ortlan d cem ent clin ker to a stu d y of solubilities and w ould offer a co m p ara tiv e ly sim ple explanation of the changes ta k in g place a t tem peratures exceeding 1400o. A little ab o ve 1400o the calcium aluminate m elts and sim u ltaneou sly dissolves calcium oxide and calcium orthosilicate. A s th e transform ation of the /? or possib ly y orthosilicate into the a form progresses a t tem peratures a b o ve 1410 o th e solution of the a o rth osilicate in th e calcium alu m in ate would soon becom e su persaturated so th a t cry stals of a ortho
silicate con tain in g calcium oxide and calcium alumí
n ate in solid solution w ould begin to separate out. T h is process of tran sform ation of the /? or y into the a orth osilicate w ould go on until the recrystallization of th is la tte r into a lite was complete.
A certain m inim um con cen tration of calcium oxide in solid solution in a orth o silicate seems to be neces
sa ry to p reve n t th e tran sform ation of the a into the /? or y form s ju st as th e presence of certain concentra
tions of n ick el or some oth er elem ents in iron will p reve n t the transform ation of the y. into the a form of th a t elem ent.
A lth o u g h m uch w o rk y e t rem ains to be done it has been th o u g h t th a t th e suggestion of a working h y p o th esis based upon the p arallelism w hich seems to exist betw een fused solutions a t high temperatures and aqueous solutions a t ord in ary tem peratures m i g h t be of some service in the a tte m p ts w hich are being made to solve the difficult problem of the constitution of P ortlan d cem ent.
Ch e m i c a l La b o r a t o r y Un i v e r s i t y o p Mi c h i g a n
An n Ar b o r
TH E DRYING RATES OF R A W PAINT OILS— A COMPARISON
B y L . V. R e d m a n , A . J . W e i t h a n d F . P . B r o c k R e c e iv e d J u n e 3, 1 9 1 3
T h e ob ject of th is research is to com pare the relative drying q ualities of a series of raw oils used in the pain1 and varn ish in d u stry. Som e of these oils, to the trade such as soya bean and fish oil, have been intr0' duced in large q u an tities recen tly.
T h e oils used in th is research are linseed, fish, so) 3 bean and chinaw ood. C onsiderable work has been done upon th e d ryin g of linseed oil, and very recen ) investigation s h ave been m ade upon suitable driers for fish, soya bean and chinaw ood oil, but no comparl
1 T h i s J o u r n a l , 3 , 2 1 1 ( 1 9 1 1 ) .
Aug., 19 13 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 6 3 1 son has been m ade of the dryin g phenom ena of these
oils in the raw state, i. e., w ith ou t driers.
The authors hope to follow up this work and com pare the relative drying and lasting qualities of the oils when standard driers are added.
H I S T O R I C A L
Lippert1 has found th a t raw linseed oil, when spread in thin films upon sheet iron, “ increases in w eight slowly for three d ays, more q u ick ly on the fourth and becomes dry on the seventh. T h e to ta l gain in w eight is found to agree w ith th a t of M ulder, nam ely, 12.4 per cent...Linseed oil, stron gly boiled without driers, dries more slow ly th an raw oil, and is more difficult to m anipulate owing to its great viscosity, but eventually it absorbs w ithin 2 per cent of the o x y gen taken up b y the raw p rod u ct.”
Olse-n and R a tn e r2 found th a t linseed oil increased in weight 18.05 Per cen t when exposed in a thin film upon glass wool, in a stream of purified air passing at the rate of 15 liters a d ay for seven ty-four days.
They collected th e w ater and carbon dioxide and volatile organic m atter given up b y th e oil, and found that 14.55 Per cent of w ater and 5.21 per cent of carbon dioxide were given off. T h is m akes the to ta l oxygen absorbed b y the oil am oun t to 37.80 per cent.
Sabin3 found th a t raw linseed oil, w ith ou t driers, increased in w eigh t to a m axim um (16 -18 per cent) in seven days. T h is tim e of m axim um increase agrees with the tim e of settin g up, as given b y L ip pert. Sabin, however, states th a t th e oil did not set up until after this point was reached.
Orloff4 found th a t linseed oil increases in w eight 15~i6 per cent w ith in itial settin g up a t 12 per cent, when the oil is spread ou t into films, w eighing 0 .1-
°-i5 gram, over an area of 108 square centim eters.
Geuther5 found th a t linseed oil absorbs 23 per cent oxygen at room tem p eratu re in the dark, 34.7 per cent at 9 50 in lig h t of U viol-lam p and th a t the volatile products am ount to 15 per cent b y w eight of the oil.
These in v estigation s in dicate th a t linseed oil films increase in w eight from 8 per cen t to 18 per cent w ith the absorption of o xygen ; th e m axim um increase is reached about th e seven th d a y ; th e setting up begins simultaneously w ith th e m axim um increase in w eight;
the volatile products given off consist m ostly of water and carbon, dioxide and am ount to 15-20 per cent.
Meister6 - states th a t chinaw ood oil 'is slower than jinseed oil in absorbing oxygen and “ although a skin is formed upon raw tu n g oil w ithin one or tw o days, it is soft and non-elastic and not u n til after five or six days does it becom e firm lik e lin o xy n .”
D R Y I N G M A C H I N E
■The apparatus for d ryin g (P lates 1 and 2, Figs. 1 and 2) consisted of a m otor, a S tu rte v an t pressure
lower, and a m ain equalizing cham ber fitted on the
7 . F rank. I n s t . 1 8 9 9 , A u iru st. p . 156.
~J- Soc. Chem . I n d .. 3 1 , 9 3 7 , (1 9 1 2 ).
Th is J o u r n a l , 3 , 8 4 - 8 6 ( 1 9 1 1 ) .
\ Chem- S °c- A l s t r . , 1 9 1 2 , I , p . 158.
Chtm. A b str.. 1, 9 1 2 (1 9 0 7 ).
J -S o c . Chem . I n d ., 3 0 , 9 5 ( 1 9 1 1 ) .
side w ith tw e n ty small shelf boxes for holding indi
vid u al plates. T h e m otive power was supplied from the power circuit during the d ay and a storage b a tte ry a t night. The fan was belted to the m otor. ’
Fresh air was brought in from the outside through a 5-inch galvanized pipe in which were placed at tw o- foot intervals three cheese-cloth filters for rem oving dust, etc. E ach filter consisted of three layers of
Pl a t e 1
cheese-cloth. The open ends of the in d ivid ual boxes were covered with tw o thicknesses of cheese-cloth to p revent the entrance of insects. P late i shows the arrangem ent of this curtain.
T he equalizing cham ber and individual boxes were constructed of white pine. Fig. i gives the dim en
sions of the equalizing cham ber and Fig. 2 th e dim en
sions of the individual drying boxes. T h e interior of the apparatus was coated w ith m elted paraffin and b y this means was m ade air-tight, dust- and w ater
proof. The outside of the box was given one coat of a quick-drying varnish.
T he individual drying boxes were glued into slots cu t into the side of the equalizing cham ber in such a manner th a t the oil plates were p erfectly level. C o n sequently the oil rem ained distributed in a uniform film over the plate, w ith no tend en cy to flow in any direction.
T he air was adm itted from the equalizing cham ber
Pl a t e 2
into the individual drying boxes through a slot (2’ /, inches b y V s inch, see F ig. 2). C are was tak e n to place the slot m idw ay betw een th e top of th e box and
632 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l. 5, No. 8
F i g u r e 1 .
to ta l q u a n tity of oxygen which passed over the filrris was 7,000,000 tim es th a t absorbed b y the oil.
A n y precautions tak en to p reven t irregular air currents were p rob ab ly unnecessary, since the oxygen is so g rea tly in excess of th a t absorbed b y the oil.
T h e m achine was placed in a room where on ly d if
fused sunlight entered. L igh t entered th e drying boxes through a curtain m ade of cheese-cloth.
W E IG H IN G T H E P L A T E S
T h e plates were rem oved e v e ry m orning from the drying boxes and w eighed im m ed iately w ith ou t the use of a desiccator, on a balance sensitive to Vio m illi
gram . T h e w eighings were carried out b y rem oving the supporting tins (D , F ig. 2) from th e boxes, liftin g one edge of the glass plate (E , F ig. 2) w ith a knife point and inserting underneath a rubber covered tw o pronged wire fork (P late 1), b y which m eans the p late could be lifted and transferred d irectly to th e balance w ithout com ing in contact w ith the hands.
OILS
T h e sam ples of oils in this research were obtained through the kindness of the A m erican Linseed C om p any, C hicago; T h e C hicago V arnish C om p an y, C hicago; L. C. G illespie & Sons, N ew Y o r k ; A . K lip -
us, were in close agreem ent w ith the constan ts f u rn is h e d b y the com panies’ laboratories.
H IS T O R Y OF O ILS
N os. i and 2, Linseed Oil. T h e oils were o b ta in e d from the sam e seed: N o. 1 b y th e cold naphtha pr°_
cess and N o . 2 b y the h yd rau lic pressure m e th o d . T h e seed was grow n in Southern Minnesota, and yield ed 35.86 per cent oil and 9.15 per cent m o is tu re . T h e oil content of th e seed was below normal b e c a u se of the extrem e w eather conditions.
No. 3, M enhaden Fish Oil. No h istory f u rn is h e d . Nos. 4, 5 and 6, Fish Oils. Sam ple 4 was winter- pressed fish oil w hich had been chilled, and g ra in e d after which th e stearin was pressed out. S a m p le 5 was w h ite M enhaden fish oil, w hich had been p ut through th e sam e process as Sam ple 4, then bleache and repressed after bleaching. Sam ple 6 was b le a c h e fish oil which had been chilled, grained, settled, p re sse and bleached.
N o. 7, S o ya B ean Oil. T h e sam ple was E n g l i s h soya bean oil w hich had been extracted from the beans by the nap h th a or cold-pressed process.
No. 8, S o y a B ean Oil was produced b y the co ld
process a t H ankow . the plate; the drying box was m ade one inch wider th an
the plate to give uniform air distribution and to allow read y rem oval of the plates.
T h e ve lo city of the air current in the in dividual boxes was approxim ately ten miles per hour. T he
stein & C o m p an y, N ew Y o r k ; M arden, O rth & Hast
ings, C h icago; A lden S. Sw an & C o m p an y, New York;
and F ran k L. Y o u n g & K im b all, Boston.
T hese sam ples of oils were recom m ended as pure and unad ulterated . T h e constants, as determined by
O il-D rying M a c h in e.
Aug., 1913 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 633 No. g, Chinaw ood Oil was obtained b y the cold
process at H ankow from chinaw ood nuts.
No. 10, C hinaw ood Oil was the average H ankow variety.
D E S C R IP T IO N O F T H E C U R V E S
Fig. 3 shows the increase in w eigh t of the several oils expressed in per cent gain in w eight as ordinate and time in days as abscissa. E ach curve represents the average of tw o or four films. In all the experi
ments the duplicates were in v e ry close agreem ent.
D etails o f Drying Box .
F i j 1/ r e
D etails o í Drying Plate.
." lseec*
°*1
No. 1, C u rv e 1, began to increase in reach ^ ^ 6n^ t ^le ^rSt ^rst sam Ple , ec lts maxim um increase (13 per cent) on the Da ^ sam ples set up into tough trans-^'mS‘ T h ey can not m arred b y the finger
’ ut are easily scratched w ith the finger nail.
B oth films had a slight odor of linseed. C u rves for Linseed Oil No. 2 were sim ilar to Linseed Oil No. 1.
M enhaden Fish Oil, No. 3, C u rve 3. T h e increase in w eight was ve ry rapid a t the beginning of the ex
perim ent, 6.5 per cent being absorbed a t the end of the first d ay and a m axim um increase in w eight of 11 per cent was reached a t the end of the fourth d ay. A continual decrease is shown from the fifth to the tw en tie th day. A n irregu larity is noticed in the curves betw een the seventh and eighth days on all the fish oils (C urves 3-6). This was the highest tem perature (86 ° F .) reached during the experim ent and the low est h u m id ity (54% )-
T h e fish oils lose m ost of their odor after tw o days drying. -The films are yellow ish in color, easily marred b y the finger tips-and are ve ry soft, strin gy and stick y after the 20 days. T h e y showed no signs of setting up to a solid film beyond a thickenin g of the oil.
M enhaden Fish Oil No. 4, C u rve 4, is v e ry sim ilar to those of Fish Oil N o. 3, b u t the m axim um gain in w eight is 2 per cent greater, being 13.5 per cent. The films are more viscous than No. 3. T h e color is sligh tly yellowish.
Fish Oil No. 5, C u rve 5, follow s closely the two fish oils already described and shows a m axim um gain of 13 per cent at the end of the third d ay. A t the end of the experim ent, the properties of the films were the same as of No. 4. T h e films are yellow and tran s
parent.
Fish Oil No. 6, C u rve 6, follows the same general form as those of the other fish oils and shows a m axi
mum gain of 13.5 per cent at the end of th e third day.
T h e properties of the films at the end of the test are sim ilar to Nos. 4 and 5.
S oya Bean Oil No. 7, C u rve 7, shows a slow increase (2 per cent) the first tw o d ays; a rapid increase (6 per cent) for the third and fourth days; the m axim um increase of 9 per cent a t the end of the sixth day. A general decrease then followed to the end of the 20 days.
The films set up in fair shape, although a little more stick y and less tough th an the linseed oils. The films are a very beautiful, light, transparent color.
Soya Bean Oil No. 8 was sim ilar to Oil No. 7.
Chinaw ood Oil No. 9, C u rve 9, shows ve ry little increase in w eight for the first three days. On the third d ay the oils began to show a characteristic translucent whitening sim ultaneous w ith a rapid in crease in weight. The increase reached its m axim um of 10.7 per cent at the end of the ninth d ay and the weight of the films decreased from th at tim e to the end of the ex
perim ent on the tw entieth day. The films at the end of the experim ent were translucent w hite w ith a fro sty appearance and have a wood oil odor. W hen rubbed betw een the fingers th ey are of a m ealy nature like art gum . T h ey are not easily scratched b y th e finger nail and are not stick y or ta c k y.
Chinaw ood Oil No. 10, C u rve 10, has the same general characteristics as C u rve 9. One difference was noticeable: the oil began to w hiten at the end of the second d ay and a rapid increase in w eight was also noticeable. The m axim um increase (10.5 per cent) in w eight was reached at the end of the ninth d ay and
/ -
L in sa a d O il3 r fla h a d e n O il.
---
4 ~ fla n h a d a n OH, W i/rfaç Bttodvi.
S r W hite F is h OU.
__________ .____
b~ Bhach*d Fish OiI
7 "
S o y a B <zan.9.- C h in a W ood O i l--- 'OrChina W ood Oil.
T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l. 5,No.S
CurV<zs o f Gain in ¡AJeighf in Dryiny R a w Oils.
Q
9
/ O // / z/3
/4
- / 5 /6 n /Q19
MTima- in days.
Oi l- Dr y i n g Cu r v e s
from th a t tim e the decrease was continuous to the end of the experim ent. The conditions of the films were about the sam e as for Oil No. 9.
D A I L Y V A R I A T I O N C U R V E S
T he d aily variation curves (Fig. 4) were p lotted for per cent increase in w eight per d a y givin g the tim e in days as the abscissas and the per cent variation in w eight as the ordinates.
T h e average tem perature and h u m id ity cu rves were also plotted in Fig. 4. T h e abscissae are given in d ays and the ordinates shown on the righ t side of the figure are given in degrees F ahren heit for tem perature and h u m id ity expressed in per cent of satu ration , the o b je ct being to detect, if possible, som e relation be
tw een the rate of drying of the oil, the tem perature and the hum idity.
No general conclusions can be draw n as to the effect of h u m id ity and tem perature from these curves.
T h e only noticeable irregu larity which can be explained b y h u m id ity is in the fish oil curves on the ninth day.
T here is a noticeable increase in each of th e eight sam ples, about 2 per cent, when the h u m id ity had increased 30 per cent. T h is agrees w ith w h at has been noticed b y previous in vestigators th a t fish oils are hydroscopic in warm , m oist air.
T h e curves show th a t the linseed oils were increasing in w eight m ost rap id ly on the fou rth and s e v e n t h da)!.
T h e eight sam ples of fish oil increased in weight vers rap id ly for th e first tw o or three d ays; the soya bean oil sam ples increased m ost rap id ly on the fifth day an the four sam ples of chinaw ood oil increased ®0:' rap id ly on th e fo u rth and fifth days. None of tit sam ples of th e oils show ed an y m arked decrease £ w eight from th e fou rteen th to th e tw en tieth day.
C O N D I T I O N O F F I L M S
The oils had not begun to set up except the china wood oil a t the end of the fifth d ay, at which tifflt most of the oils had absorbed the maximum anio'J-- of oxygen. T h is has a lread y been noticed by Sab»- He has also note.d a break in th e curve representing the loss in w eight, after the film has reached its mum increase. T h is break is a t the fifteenth da} * one set of cu rves and the ten th d a y for the secon<^
In our cu rves a sim ilar b reak is shown on the >
teen th d ay . T h is b reak is p rob ab ly due to a P0;"
being reached a t w hich the loss of v o l a t i l e products iu equals the gain b y oxidation.
S U M M A R Y
1. A t the end of the tw e n ty days the rass
1 T h i s Jo u r n a l. 3 , 8 4 (1 9 1 1 ).
r linseed
D A ILY VARIATION CURVES of RAW PAINT OILS.
Aug., 1913 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
