TA e J o u r n a l o £
P ublished 'Monthly by The American Chemical S ociety
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A d v iso ry B o a rd : H . E . Ba r n a r d Ch a s. L . R e e s e Ed it o r ia l Of f i c e s:
O ne M a d is o n A v e n u e , R o o m 343 N e w Y o r k C ity Te l e p h o n e: G r a m e r c y 0 6 1 3 -0 6 1 4
E d ito r: C H A S . H . H E R T Y A s s is ta n t E d ito r: L o is W . W o o d f o r d
J . W . Be c k m a n A . D . Li t t l e A . V . H . M o r y
Ge o. D . Ro s e n g a r t e n
C a b le A d d r e s s : J I E C H E M
T . B . W a g n e r
Ad v e r t is in g De p a r t m e n t: 170 M e tr o p o l ita n T o w e r
N e w Y o r k C ity Te l e p h o n e: G r a m e r c y 2145
Volume 13 A U G U ST 1, 1921 No. 8
Ed i t o r i a l s:
CONTENTS
Ad d r e s s e s a n d Co n t r i b u t e d Ar t i c l e s: A Tim e for G ath erin g... 670
H ave Y ou D one Y our S h a r e ... 670 Restoration in P o la n d ... 671
*
Or i g i n a l Pa p e r s:
The W ater R esistan ce of T reated C anvas during Con
tinuous Exposure to W eather. F. P. V eitch and T.
D . J a r r e ll... 672 T he E ffect of Certain Fire-Proofing Solutions on Cotton
Fabric. R. L. S ib le y ... 676 The Use of N itroglycerin S p en t Acid as Charging Acid
for N itric A cid Stills. S. G. N o r t o n ... 677 The Therm al D ecom position of Oil Shales. I I — D e
term ination of the H ea t of R eaction In volved in Their Thermal D ecom position. R alph H . M cK ee and E. E . Lyder ... 678 The Rare Sugars: Their Purity and T ests. Carl
Pfanstiehl and R ob ert S. B la ck ... 685 The Standardization of Rare Sugars. H oward T.
G ra b er ... 687 Soy-Bean Oil: Factors W hich Influence Its Production
and Com position. Carl R. Fellers ... 689 The A lkalinity of Searles Lake Brine. R oger C. W ells. 691 Action of Lime on Greensand. R. Norris S h r e v e 693 T he D eterm ination of Sm all Q uantities of Zinc. M .
B od an sk y... 696 A Simple M eth od for the Determ ination of Vanadium
in Ores and M etallurgical Products. R. B. Schaal. . 698 The Gold N um ber of Commercial Gelatins. Felix
A. E llio tt and S. E. S h ep p a r d ... 699
La b o r a t o r y a n d Pl a n t:
D istillation A pparatus. Paul Gross and Alexander H. W r ig h t ... 701 The C onsistency of Starch and D extrin Pastes. W in
slow H . H erschel and Carl B e r g q u ist... 703 The M odulus of Hardness of Vulcanized Rubber. H.
P. G u r n e y ... 707 The Exam ination of Sugar C rystals by Projection.
George P. M e a d e ... 712 Modified Laboratory Apparatus. C. C. K ip lin g er .. . . 713
In cen d iaries in M od ern W arfare. A rth u r B . R a y 714 S om e N e w F e a tu r e s in L im ek iln C o n str u c tio n . R ic h
ard K . M e a d e ... 7 2 2 S ta n d a rd iza tio n an d R esearch . S . W . S t r a t t o n 7 2 7 T h e M easu rem en t o f C olor. C. E . K . M e e s ... 729
Social In d u s t r ia l Re l a t io n s:
O u t-o f-D o o r E d u c a tio n for th e C h em ist. H . W . J o r d a n ... 731
Sc ie n t if ic So c iet ies :
C h e m istr y ’s G rea test R a lly ; T h e C h em ica l E x p o sitio n ; R ea g en t C h em ica ls. I — P rop osed S p ecifi
ca tio n for S u lfu ric, N itr ic , a n d H y d r o c h lo r ic A cids, and for A m m o n iu m H y d ro x id e; M em b er
sh ip D ir e c to r y o f t h e S o c ie ty ; C a len d a r of M e e t i n g s ... 733
Th e Sec o n d In t e r n a t io n a l Che m ic a l Co n f e r e n c e. . . 7 3 7
Misc e l l a n e o u s :
A m erican C eram ic S o c ie ty M e e tin g a t S t. L o u is, M o ., in 1922 ... 684 P la tin u m T h e f t ... 697 S y m p o siu m on C h em istry in C o k in g a n d G a s In d u s
tries; N e w Y o rk M e e tin g , A m erican C h em ical S o c ie ty ... 7 0 6 S o c ie ty o f C h em ical I n d u s t r y ... 732 C hem ical C on trol C o m m itte e , N a tio n a l F er tiliz e r
A sso cia tio n ... 7 3 8
Wa sh in g t o n Le t t e r... 739 Lo n d o n Le t t e r... 7 4 0 P e r s o n a l N o t e s ... 741.
In d u st r ia l No t e s... 7 4 2 G o v e r n m e n t P u b l i c a t i o n s ... 742 B o o k R e v i e w s ... 74 5 N e w P u b l i c a t i o n s ... 7 4 3
M a r k e t R e p o r t ... 7 4 7
S u b sc rip tio n t o n o n - m e m b e r s . $ 7 .5 0 ; s in g le c o p y , 75 c e n ts , t o m e m b e rs . 6 0 c e n ts . F o re ig n p o s ta g e , 75 c e n ts , C a n a d a , C u b a a n d M e x ic o e x c e p te d S u b s c r ip tio n s a n d c la im s fo r lo s t c o p ie s s h o u ld b e re f e r r e d to C h a rle s L . P a r s o n s , S e c r e ta r y , 1709 G S tr e e t, N . W ., W a s h in g to n , D . C .
670 T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 13, N o. 8
EDITORIALS
A Tim e for Gathering
T he period Septem ber 6 to 17, 1921, loom s large in its potentialities for chem istry in America. Chem ists o f E ng
land, Canada and the U nited States will then gather to make fast the ties th at naturally bind them , to discuss m atters of scientific im portance, to determ ine policies which should prove of lasting benefit in future developm ent and to speak in united voices to our several peoples about those subjects on which w e have a right and a responsibility to speak.
Then follows the N ational Exposition of Chemical Industries.
For this great gathering m any forces are working to insure its being an historic occasion. T h e railroads are cooperating to dim inish the cost of travel. T h e Trunk Line Association and the South Eastern Passenger Association are offering reduced rates under the certificate plan (for im portant de
tails concerning this feature see page 734 of this issue).
I t is hoped that other railway associations will soon take similar action. C hem ists from the Pacific C oast will have the benefit of the regular sum mer tourist rates.
N o t on ly are the hotels in N ew Y ork C ity anxious to accom m odate as m any as possible, bu t Columbia U ni
versity, in order to . m ake sure th a t all w ill be provided for, w ill open its dormitories a t th e very low charge of S1.50 per day or $1 0 .0 0 for the entire period. T his arrangement is particularly fortunate in -view of the fact th at practically all of th e m eetings will be held in the lecture rooms of the U niversity. A glimpse a t th e preliminary program, alm ost com pleted, shows an unusual assemblage of individual papers and sym posium s of far-reaching im portance. Secre
tary H oover w ill be w arm ly w elcom ed, for his is a vitalizing touch wherever it falls.
For the first tim e the Chemical Exposition will display its exhibits on one great floor, w ith a larger number of exhibitors than in any previous year. A t la st the m anagem ent will be in position to provide for lectures, addresses, and industrial m ovie films, a hall adequate in size and which, w hile in the sam e building as the exhibits, will be sufficiently removed to enable a thoughtful and a tten tiv e hearing of the subjects presented.
So m uch from the optim istic standpoint. B u t there is a graver reason which calls upon every chem ist, no m atter w hat the sacrifice, to m ake him self a personal part of this m eeting. The feeling th a t a crisis is upon us cannot be set aside. L et us look the situation squarely in the face. T o
day chem ists of standing throughout the country are ou t of positions and this year’s graduates from our universities find but few openings available to them . Of course w e m ust expect to take our share of th e generally low conditions in all lines of industry, b ut to th e nation w hich is chem ically farsighted such times should be marked b y m ost strenuous research efforts in preparation for th e sw ing of the economic pendulum back to the upward curve of industrial activity.
N o, there are deeper and more insidious reasons for this lack of em ploym ent of chem ists. Tw o of these stand ou t pre
em inent. First, th e chemical industry is being exploited b y capital to-day in som e quarters in a w ay w hich indicates no conception of th e value of the scientific and technical m en in such an industry, b u t rather suggests the tricks of a horse trader who rations his stock on carefully adm inistered doses of arsenic preparatory to a quick sale. On this point w e expect to write m uch more specifically in a subsequent issue. Secondly, the legislative issue trem bles in the balance.
Strange indeed is it th at an industry which served this country
so well during the critical days w hen m illions o f American young m en were being h astily transported to th e front to sta y the assault of the German armies upon our very civili
zation, should now be blackguarded by those who sought to hold us back from th a t great conflict— and y e t find fol
lowers sufficient to defeat legislation w hose sole purpose is to preserve the industry as a perm anent asset to the nation.
A nd such a following! T he D em ocrats casting aside the adm onition of former President W ilson in tw o annual mes
sages, and plainly for party politics, join forces now w ith the American P rotective Tariff League, w hile th e latter is evi
d en tly led b y th e ready chameleon M r. M etz and in a sub
terranean w ay b y th e agents of th e Badische Company.
E very political trick known is being tried b y those who lead th e opposition, even w hile flaunting a flag of fair bu t hypo
critical intentions. So brazen has becom e th e attack that possibly their m ethods m ay y e t prove a boomerang. I t is tim e th a t the voice of American chem ists should be heard in all of this turm oil. N o action of the C om m ittee on N ational Policies can take th e place of the united voice of our members in national gathering assem bled. I t is tim e for action.
Come on!
H ave You Done Y our Share?
“T he elem ents of national defense are now th e sum total of all the econom ic resources of th e country plus all the man power. In tim e o f im m inent danger, th e m obilization of a thousand chem ists m ight be infinitely more im portant than th e m obilization of a million troops.” T his definite con
viction is expressed b y Frank I. Cobb, the vigorous editorial writer of the N ew Y ork W orld, in an article on th e “ Economic A spects of D isarm am ent” in the A ugust number of the A tlantic M onthly.
Scarcely had the ink dried upon th a t printed page when the H ouse of R epresentatives turned down the recomm endation of its W ays and M eans C om m ittee and defeated th e coal- tar chemical lim ited embargo feature of th e Fordney tariff bill by a v o te of 208 to 193.
T h e outcom e of th a t v o te was a great surprise, for it was felt th a t after the careful stu d y given b y th e C om m ittee to this intricate and technical subject its recommendation w ould be accepted. B u t it w as not, and thereby th e chemi
cal industry of America has been seriously jeopardized.
W hile realizing th a t th e particular link in the chemical industry adversely affected b y this v o te is n o t relatively the m ost im portant as to tonnage and value of output, never
theless it is in this industry th at proportionately the greatest number of chem ists are utilized and it is for this branch of the industry th at a large part of th e young chem ists in our universities are now in training. T h e industry calls for supplies o f chem icals from all other lines and unquestion
a b ly it represents th a t part of our industry m ost intim ately bound up w ith national defense. Strike down th e coal-tar chemical industry and there will b e a fatal slum p all along th e line in m atters chem ical. T h e m obilization of Mr.
C obb’s “ a thousand chem ists” m ay becom e a difficult mat
ter in such a contingency.
I t is w orth w hile, therefore, th at the unfavorable v o te in the H ouse be analyzed, in order to see if the situation may not y et be saved.
T he v o te w as upon an am endm ent b y Congressman Frear of W isconsin to strike from the bill th e embargo section.
Tliis Congressman’s fight against the embargo w as just as
Aug., 1921 T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 671 vigorous as w as his support, before our entry into th e war,
of the M cLem ore resolution w hich w ould have prevented American citizens from sailing on ships bearing m unitions, and as was his opposition to th e declaration of war against Germany and the passage of th e draft bill after w e had en
tered the war. H e wras well qualified for leadership. To his support he drew 1 1 2 D em ocrats, all except four from Louisiana, and 95 Republicans.
The vo te of the D em ocrats wras evidently for som e reason of party politics. T he v otes of the 95 R epublicans consti
tute the interesting problem. On w hat grounds did th ey bolt the recomm endations of their Com m ittee? D id th ey understand fully the significance and the im portance of this industry to our country? For this last question wre chem ists are responsible. D id w e do our part in making this clear to our Congressmen? D id we do anything in the districts concerned to arouse and enlighten public opinion on this vital matter? If not, then it is still up to us to do quickly everything in our power to m ake good th e shortcom ings of the past. V acations are pleasant and work in the laboratory is delightful, b ut unless public opinion is quickly aroused these pleasant and delightful affairs m ay be of little interest to those of us who were once chemists.
Here is th e lis t b y sta te s o f th e 95 R epublican C ongress
men who v o te d for th e Frear am endm ent. Is your C on
gressman on th is list?
Ca l ifo r n ia Min n e s o t a Oklah om a
B a rb o u r A n d erso n G en.sm an
N o la n C la g u e H e rric k
Il lin o is D a v is
Or e g o n
F u lle r Mi s s o u r i S in n o tt
G o rm a n H u k r ie d e
K in g L a w re n c e Pe n n s y l v a n ia
M cK en zie R o a c h B u rk e
M ich a elso n Mo n ta n a C o n n ell
S p ro u l M c C o rm ic k C o n n o lly
C o u g h lin G e rn e rd
Ind iana Ne b r a sk a
B e n h a m A n d rew s K lin e
E llio tt E v a n s S h re v e
H ick e y K in k a id R o se
K ra u s M c L a u g h lin S tr o n g
Iowa B oies D ow ell
R e a v is Nev ad a
A r e n tz
Rh o d e Isl a n d B u r d ic k K e n n e d y
H a u g e n Ne w Ha m p s h ir e
H u ll B u rro u g h s S o u T n Da k o ta
K o p p W a so n W illia m so n
R a m se y e r Ne w Yo r k Te n n e s s e e
S w e et A n so rg e B ro w n
Kan sas C h a n d le r R ee ce
A n th o n y H o ch L ittle
F is h K lin e R o s sd a le
S c o tt Wa s h in g t o n
S u m m e rs
S tro n g R y a n
W h ite No r t h Da k o ta We s t Vir g in ia
Ken tu c k y O gden R o b sio n
B u r tn e s s R o s e n b lo o m
S in c la ir
Y o u n g Wis c o n s in
B ec k Ma in e
Oh io B ro w n e
C a b le C o o p e r
W h ite F itz g e r a ld F r e a r
Mary land F o s t e r K łe c z k a
B la k en ey G a h n L a m p e r t
Ma s sa c h u s et ts K n ig h t N e ls o n , A . P .
U n d erh ill M o o re N e ls o n , J . M .
Michig a n
M o r g a n S ta ffo rd
N o r to n V o ig t
C ra m to n R ic k e tts
W oodruff S p e a k s
The m atter m ay still have to go to the Conference Com mittee and his support m ay be needed, and perhaps this vo te indicates th a t your senators also do n ot appreciate th e gravity of th e situation.
H ave you done your share, fellow' chemist? B etter vigorous action now than vain regrets later.
R estoration in Poland
T he restoration of th e U niversity of Louvain has m ade a deep appeal to th e whole world and particularly to Ameri
cans. I t is good to know th a t from th e ashes of th a t vener
able institution so ruthlessly destroyed there is to arise another and even greater institution. Y e t w'e m ust remember th a t Belgium is n ot alone in its sorrow and suffering.
Poland m ust be restored as a vigorous nation. T h e struggle for restoration is intense, for i t w as ravaged first b y the R ussians and then b y th e Germans.
Since receipt of the follow ing letter it has been learned th a t a com m ittee is being organized w hich, in cooperation w ith the Polish Consulate, w ill endeavor to raise funds to relieve this distressing situation. K eep your hearts and purses open.
M a y I n ot tell you som ething of th e plight of th e m en of science in Poland. Here in th e U n ited S tates w e can hardly realize how difficult their life is and under w h at wretched condi
tions th ey are tryin g to do productive work. Since th e very beginning of th e war th ey have been w ithou t th e very neccssary scientific books and technical periodicals from abroad.
T h e 1 universities have been pillaged and stripped by both the Germans and Russians— som etim es even th e buildings have been destroyed, as in the case of th e chem ical laboratory of the U n iversity of Posen. I enclose a photograph (showing this de
struction) th a t w as sen t to me together w ith a letter o f p etition
from th e faculty begging me to help them to rebuild and equip a new laboratory.
From Lemberg, m y husband, w ho is professor of geophysics, writes continually of the lack of means a t th e disposal of th e facu lty of the U niversity. M a y I n o t translate from one of his recent letters?
"Oh how X long to have a laboratory, a good library, the instrum ents necessary for observations, and the m eans to p u b lish !
" I need chemical equipm ent to m ake analyses of air and rain-water, actinom eters, pyrheliom eters to m easure solar radia
tion, an electric oven, a pendulum , sufficient a t least to m ake field observations. I m ust have glassware and chem ical reagents, platinum , a balance, a microscope.
"Ju st think all th is equipm ent w ould not cost more th an eigh t thousand dollars. Y e t I w ill have to struggle all the rest of m y life and expend all m y efforts th a t perhaps m y successor m ay h ave th e necessary m eans of working and producing. I t is discouraging. B u t w hen I think of th e financial situation of th e governm ent I can see no issue. I t is hardly possible for you to realize how difficult th e situation is here.
“ Poland is expected to be productive b u t no one stop s to think of th e fact th a t to produce it is necessary to h ave th e m eans of production.
" It is perhaps natural th a t America should be tired of Europe, and does n ot wish to learn of th e miseries th a t ex ist here, but s t i l l ”
Is there no w ay for us to finish th a t sentence? Can we n ot extend a friendly helping hand to these men w ho w an t so badly to do and who could do if th ey had th e means?
S in cerely ,
( S i g n e d ) J a n e A r s t o w s k a .
072 T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 13, N o. 8
ORIGINAL PAPERS
NOTICE TO AU THORS: All drawings should b e m ade with In dia ink, preferably on tracing cloth. If coordinate paper is u sed , blue m u st be chosen, as all other colors blur on re
duction. T he larger squares, curves, etc., w hich w ill sh ow in the finished cut, are to be inked in.
Blue prints and photostats are not suitable for reproduction.
L e tterin g sh o u ld b e e v e n , a n d la rg e e n o u g h to reproduce w e ll w h e n th e d raw in g is r e d u c e d to th e w id th of a single colu m n o f Th i s Jo u r n a l, or l e s s fre q u e n tly to d o u b le colum n w id th .
Authors are req uested to follow the S o c i e t y ' s spellings on drawings, e. g., sulfur, per cent, gage, etc.
The W a te r Resistance of Treated Canvas during Continuous Exposure to W &ather1,5
By F. P . Veitch and T. D . Jarrell
Le a t h e r a n d Pa p e r La b o r a t o r y, Bu r e a u o p Ch e m is t r y, U . S . De p a r t m e n t o p Ag r i c u l t u r e, Wa s h in g t o n, D . C .
T his investigation is part of the work of the Bureau of C hem istry on the waterproofing of cotton duck, and was undertaken for the purpose of determ ining the actual relative water resistance in service of waterproofing preparations developed in th e Bureau for treating cotton duck for ou t
door use. In addition to the exposure tests, laboratory tests were also made, both on the new, recently treated canvas and again after the canvas had been exposed for a year, and the results and ratings obtained in these tests are also in
cluded.
A paper b y H olm an, Levine and Jarrell3 deals w ith the classes and selection of cotton duck suited for farm and other outdoor uses, gives directions for its proper care, describes briefly th e different typ es of waterproofing processes m ost com m only used, and gives formulas w hich were developed for increasing the serviceability of canvas. T h e laboratory m ethods em ployed, in testing the w ater resistance of canvas have been published. 4
T h e present paper is a detailed report on the w ater resis
tance exhibited in actual service of various treatm ents which were studied in the broader investigation on the water
proofing and m ildew proofing of cotton duck.
L ittle has been published on the serviceability, w ater re
sistance, or strength of treated or untreated canvas after exposure for a considerable tim e to outdoor weather. Turner, in his paper on “T he Influence of Atm ospheric Exposure on the Properties of T extiles, ” 5 which appeared about a year after this investigation was begun, has presented results on th e w ater resistance and strength of w eathered fabrics which had been treated to increase their w ater resistance w ith (1) oils, (2) cupra-ammonium, (3) bitum ens, and (4) basic alu
minium acetate. W ater resistance w as determ ined b y the funnel test, and the conclusions drawn were:
Oil treatment— “ Initially the proofed fabric is satisfactory as regards w ater tightness, b u t this property is considerably impaired on continued exposure.”
Cupra-ammonium treatment— “ The w ater tightness of the proofed fabric was satisfactory before exposure; the action of weathering, however, soon caused the m aterial to becom e leaky and this proofing also was therefore deem ed unsatisfactory.”
B itum en proofing— "The water tightness results were pecu
liar in th a t they pointed to a gradual im provem ent in water tightness on exposure.”
1 R e c e iv e d A p ril 2 0 . 1921.
1 P r e s e n te d b e fo re th e D iv isio n o f I n d u s tr ia l a n d E n g in e e r in g C h e m is t r y a t th e 6 ! s t M e e tin g of th e A m e ric a n C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty , R o c h e s te r , N . Y ., A p ril 26 to 2 9 . 1921.
3 U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r ic u ltu r e , F a rm ers* B u lle tin 1 1 57.
« Th i s Jo u r n a l. 12 (1 9 2 0 ). 26.
1 J . S o c. D y tr s a n d C o lo u rists, £6 (1 9 2 0 ), 165.
B asic alum inium acetate— “ T h e w ater tightness was satis
factory initially and for som e tim e subsequently, b u t tended to diminish gradually if the exposure w as prolonged.”
Pr e p a r a t i o na n d Ap p l i c a t i o n o f Ma t e r i a l s
T he formulas used in this investigation are th e outgrowth of much preliminary work and were designed n ot alone to show w hat are the m ost w ater resistant com binations, but also to show experim entally w hich of the more commonly used materials are valueless for increasing the w ater resis
tance of canvas. A description of the treatm ents or formulas used in this study, numbered from 1 to 18, inclusive, will be found in T able II.
T he form ulas were prepared and applied as follows: The solid materials were w eighed ou t in proper proportions and m elted carefully a t as low a heat as possible, w ith constant stirring. W hen th e mixture w as com pletely m elted, it was poured w ith constant stirring into a m ixture of 2 parts by volum e of gasoline and 1 part b y volum e of kerosene, adding 2 lb s. of th e solid m aterial to 1 gal. of the solvent.
Lead oleate, w hich is a constituent of several of the mix
tures, is b u t sligh tly soluble in this solven t, bu t it will remain suspended in the liquid if it is com pletely m elted w ith the other ingredients, and the solvent is vigorously stirred while the m ixture is slow ly poured into it, and if th e solution is then vigorously shaken or stirred a t intervals over a day or so.
T he hard vegetable or mineral w axes which were used in all the formulas, excepting 7, S, 11, 12, 13, and 16, separated ou t w hen th e solutions cooled. I t w as necessary to warm these solutions slightly b y placing them in open containers in a bucket of h ot w ater just before applying to the canvas.
T h e amorphous mineral w ax w as a soft mineral grease ob
tained as a by-product in refining cylinder oil stocks, and was very similar to the product generally know n as dark petrolatum . I t was, however, more viscous and had a higher m elting point. T h e paraffin w as an ordinary scale wax having a m elting point of 122° F. T h e beeswax w as pure
“yellow refined.” T h e copper and lead oleates were tech
nical grades. T h e Bermudez asphalt was th e ordinary re
fined grade, having a penetration of 18, w hile th e petroleum asphalt used in Form ula 13 had a m elting point of 264° F.
and a penetration of 17. T h e ring and ball m ethod1 was used for determ ining the m elting point of these materials.
Penetration w as determ ined by H ubbard’s m ethod, 2 and th e load, tim e, and tem perature used were 100 g., 5 sec., and 25° C ., respectively.
A ll tests were m ade on strips 12 ft. long and 15 in. wide,
1 P ro c. A m . S o c. T est. M a te ria ls , 17 (1 9 1 7 ), I , 811.
* XJ. S . D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r ic u ltu r e , B u lle tin 691.
Aug., 1921 T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 673
Table I — Wa t e r Re s is t a n c eo f Va r io u s Se c t io n sokt i i e Tr e a t e d Pa u u na s In d ic a t e db y Co n d it io no p Un d e r s u r p a c eo p Bag Se c t io na f t e r Ra in ( D r y , e x c e p t a s o th e r w is e n o te d . W m e a n s W e t; D m e a n s D rip p in g )
O b serv a H o u r s
tion D a te o f W a te r
N u m b er O b se rv a tio n in B a g
1 9 - 1 1 - '1 9 16
2 9 - 2 3 - ' 19 9
3 1 0 - 3 - ’19 19
4 1 0 - 1 2 - ’19 18
5 l l - 3 0 - ’19 26
ft
2 - 1 3 - '2 0 187 2 - 2 2 - ’20 24
S 2 - 2 4 - ’20 65
9 4 - 2 - '2 0 17
10 4 - 4 - ‘20 12
11 4 - 1 7 - ’20 14
12 4 - 1 8 - ’20 44
13 5 - S - ’20 20
14 6 - 5 - 2 0 29
15 6 - 6 - ’20 50
16 6 - 2 1 - '2 0 23
17 9 - 6 - ’20 3
18 1 0 - 2 8 - ’20 16
19 1 2 - 2 3 - ’20 20
T im es d r y T im es w et
- Tr e a t m e n t Nu m b e r---
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
B la n k 12 Oz, U . S . S t a n d
a r d A rm y G ra y D u c k
12-O z. U . S.
S ta n d a r d A rm y M in e ra l K h a k i D u c k
- - - D D D D D _ D _ D D D D W D D _
— — D D D D D D — D — D — D D D W D D D
D — — D D D — D — D — — D D D D D D D
D - D D - D - D D - - - — D D D W D D D
— — - W — — — — — — — — — D — — — D D D
D D D
D D D
- — - W - W — — — — — — — D — — — D D D
— — W D — W — — — — — — — W D W D D D D
- — — — ■ — — — — — — — — — D — — D D D
D D D
— — — D D D — — — — _ — — — D — — D D D
— — — — — D — — — - — — — — D — — I) D D
— — D D — D D — — D - — — D — D D D D D
— — D D D D D — — D — — — — D D D D D D
— — W D D D D D W D — — _ — D I) D D D D
D — D D D D W W — D — — D D D W D D D
— — — — — — — — - — — — W — — — D D D
W - - - - — D - - — — - - D - D - D D D
15 19 12 7 12 7 12 13 17 12 19 17 19 5 9 8 10 0 0 1
4 0 7 12 7 12 7 6 2 7 0 2 0 14 10 11 9 19 19 18
79 100 63 37 63 37 63 68 89 63 100 89 100 26 47 42 53 0 0 5 . 0
P er c e n t efficiency
N o te : O b s e r v a tio n s in M a y , J u n e , a n d J u l y 1921 sh o w t h a t th e t r e a tm e n ts h a v e m a in ta in e d th e ir w a te r r e s is ta n t q u a litie s , a c tu a ll y a n d r e l a ti v e ly , ex cep t t h a t N u m b e r 10 h a s risen to th e e ig h th a n d N u m b e r 3 h a s fa lle n to th e e le v e n th p o s itio n .
cut from the sam e bolt of 12-oz. gray U nited States stand
ard array duck, having the follow ing w eight and construction:
W t. p e r S q . Y d . 15.2 o z.
T h r e a d s p e r I n c h W a rp F illin g
4 6 35
P ly W a rp F illin g
3 3
In each case, one coat of th e preparation w as applied w ith an ordinary paint brush to one side only, and the w eight of the duck w as increased from 25 to 30 per cent b y each treat
ment.
The waterproofing m ixtures were thoroughly stirred just before and during application so th a t all th e undissolved material w ould be kept uniform ly suspended.
A portion of each strip w as reserved for laboratory tests.
The remaining portions, measuring 9 ft. b y 15 in., together with strips of the untreated duck and a strip of 12-oz. U nited States standard arm y mineral khaki duck, were sewed to gether to m ake a paulin.
Ex p o s u r e Co n d i t i o n s
The paulin w as attached to a w ooden frame and exposed to the w eather in th e open country continuously from A ugust 14, 1919, until about the sam e date the follow ing year. T he frame was se t level from end to end, faced th e east, and was designed to give all possible typ es of outdoor exposure th at
Fi g. 1— S n o w iN G I I o w t h e Pa u u n Wa s Ex p o s e d
are likely to occur in the use of canvas as wagon covers, goods covers, tents, aw nings, etc. T he paulin w as loosely but sm oothly stretched on this frame in such a w ay th at 3.5 ft. of each treatm ent were level, and 3.5 ft. were inclined a t an angle of 30 °, w hile a t the bottom of the inclined section the^paulin w as m ade to form a bag section about 6 in. deep.
R ain falling on the canvas, both on the level and the inclined sections, ran down and collected in the bag section, where it w as allowed to remain for som e tim e, often from 2 to 3 days, before em ptying. B oth in th e level and the sloping sections the canvas touched a 2-in. strip of wood and also a board 12 in. wide, while in betw een these boards the under
side was exposed to the air, Fig. 1. In this w ay, it w as ex
pected to show the effect of contact w ith objects on the under
side of the canvas, and also th e penetrating effect of rain on both the unsupported and the supported canvas. T he paulin was tied on the frame b u t w as free to m ove w ith the winds, which lifted it, subjecting it to such strains and m otion as would occur on a m oving load. T he paulin remained on the frame continuously from A ugust 14, 1919, until July 2, 1920, when it w as rolled up damp and stored aw ay in a cellar until A ugust 30, 1920, in order to allow it to m ildew (which it had n ot done before), after w hich it w as again placed on th e frame. Sections were cut from the upper flat end and from the lower end of each strip of the paulin a t this tim e (A ugust 30, 1920) for laboratory tests.
Frequent observations were m ade on all sections of the paulin either during rain or im m ediately thereafter, and the condition of undersurface of the bag section w as care
fully noted and recorded, as w ell as any indication of the undersurface becom ing w et or dripping either directly over th e boards or betw een them . T h e number of hours the w ater had stood in th e bag w as also noted. T h e height of th e water in the bag w as practically th e sam e in all sections a t the tim e of observation, and ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 in. in depth at different inspections. T h e w ater resistance of th e bag section of the paulin is expressed as percentage efficiency, and the figures were obtained by dividing the number of tim es the undersurface w as dry b y the total number of ob
servations, and m ultiplying b y a hundred.
In ascertaining by laboratory m ethods the w ater resistant qualities of the different treatm ents, the modified funnel te s t and the modified spray test, as devised b y V eitch and Jarrell, 1 were em ployed, and the treatm ents were rated on a basis of 10 in accordance w ith the scale outlined in their article.
Di s c u s s i o n o f Re s u l t s
s m o o t h p o r t i o n o f p a u l i n— Observations were m ade on the undersurface of the level and inclined sections of the paulin during or directly after fifteen different rains from A ugust 17, 1919, to D ecem ber 23, 1920.
* L o c. cit.
674 T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 13, N o. S T h e undersurface of the strips treated w ith Form ulas 1
to 17, inclusive, was never found to be w et, either where the underside was exposed to the air or rested on the strips or boards, nor were th e boards ever found to be w et or dam p to the touch.
T h e strip on w hich Form ula 18 w as applied, however, was w et a t th e first tw o inspections (A ugust 17, 1919, and Septem ber 10, 1919), b u t the boards were dry on the follow
ing inspection (September 23, 1919), and all subsequent observations, even though the rain on Septem ber 23 ,1 9 1 9 , was much heavier than the one on Septem ber 1 0, 1919.
T he undei'surface of the strip dyed mineral khaki w as dry a t all inspections up to October 28, 1920, when th e boards were found to b e w et. T he boards were also w et a t the next observation on D ecem ber 23, 1920. I t is of interest to note th a t the khaki strip w ould drip a t every rain if the undersurface were sligh tly rubbed w ith th e hand during a rain. R ubbing was tried on all th e strips during various rains, one of w hich w as a very severe one (July 2, 1920).
T reatm ents 1 to 17, inclusive, did n ot becom e w et even under this rubbing, which to a degree w as sim ilar to th e friction and contact th at m igh t exist betw een th e load on a m oving w agon and th e canvas covering it.
T h e undersurface of the untreated strip w as dry a t th e first inspection (A ugust 17, 1919, 3 days after placing on fram e), b u t w as w et on the second (Septem ber 10, 1919, 1 mo. after placing on fram e), and a t all subsequent ob
servations.
d a g p o r t i o n o f p a u l ix— T he w ater resistance of the various sections of the treated paulin, as indicated by the condition of th e undersurface of the bag section, is given in T able I. T here were nineteen observations in all, from Septem ber 11, 1919 (about 1 mo. after first exposing) until Decem ber 23, 1920. In each case the w ater had been in the bag from 3 to 65 hrs. w hen th e inspection was made.
I t will be seen from T able I th a t the undersurface of the untreated section dripped a t every rain. T h e khaki duck dripped every tim e except at the first observation on Sep
tem ber 11, 1920. T h a t is, the resistance of mineral dyed canvas, of this w eight and weave, to a layer of w ater is not m aterially greater than the resistance of undyed duck of th e sam e w eight and w eave. T his behavior probably ex
plains w hy the laboratory funnel test, as shown in T able I I and Fig. 2, gives the khaki duck a rating of S before ex
posure and a 0 rating after exposure.
There is no outstanding explanation of w hy a treatm ent th a t renders th e canvas practically waterproof in th e bag section during one rain lets the w ater through readily at another rain. There is a wide fluctuation in th e w ater re
sistance of m ost of th e treatm ents, w hich probably indicates n ot only the relative w ater resistance of these treatm ents bu t probably also indicates normal irregularities which can
n ot be avoided in testing, except in those extrem e cases where there is com plete waterproofing or no waterproofing w hatever. I t is believed, therefore, th a t the value and effec
tiven ess of the several treatm ents are very accurately in
dicated by the figures for “ per cent effectiveness” calcu
lated from nineteen observations extending over 15 mo.
I t will be noted th a t T reatm ents 2 ,1 1 , and 13 are rated a t 100 per cent, T reatm ent 18, a t 0 per cent, and th a t the other treatm ents range from 89 to 26 per cent. I t will also be noted, from T able I, that the w ater resistance of all treat
m ents w as apparently as good after exposure for 1 yr. as when the paulin was first placed on th e frame.
T hese treatm ents have been subjected to exceptionally severe conditions, and it w ould appear from th e results ob tained th at th e w ater resistance of 12-oz. U nited States standard array gray duck, treated w ith these waterproofing
T a b l e I I — R e s u l t s o n W a t e r R e s i s t a n c e b v L a b o r a t o r y T e s t s and E x p o s u r e T e s t
La b o r a t o r y Te s t s
N o . 1
Tr e a t m e n t A m o rp h o u s m in e r a l w ax
B ee sw ax
P e r c e n t 85
15
B e fo re A f te r D u rin g E x p o s u re E x p o s u r e E x p o su re F u n n e l S p r a y F u n n e l S p r a y B ag
T e s t T e s t T e s t T e s t S ectio n s ( R a t - ( R a t - ( R a t - ( R a t - ( R a t
in g ) in g ) in g ) in g ) ing)
9 9 4 8 7 .9
2 A m o rp h o u s m in e r a l w ax B ee sw ax L e a d o le a te
65 15 20
10 10 10 10 1 0 .0
3 A m o rp h o u s m in e r a l w ax B eesw ax C o p p e r o le a te
65 15 20
9 9 6 9 6 . 3
4 A m o rp h o u s m in e r a l w ax
P a ra ffin 75
25
6 9 2 8 3 . 7
5 A m o rp h o u s m in e ra l w a x P araffin L e a d o le a te
60 20 20
5 9 4 9 6 .3
6 A m o rp h o u s m in e r a l w ax P a ra ffin C o p p e r o le a te
60 20 20
2 8 1 8 3 . 7
7 A m o rp h o u s m in e ra l w ax L e a d o le a te
75 25
9 10 6 10 6 . 3
8 A m o rp h o u s m in e ra l w ax B e rm u d e z a s p h a l t
85 15
9 S 6 8 6 .8
9 A m o rp h o u s m in e r a l w ax B eesw ax B e rm u d e z a s p h a l t
75 10 15
10 10 9 10 8 . 9
10 A m o rp h o u s m in e ra l w ax P a ra ffin
B e rm u d e z a s p h a l t 60 25 15
9 10 6 9 6 . 3
11 A m o rp h o u s m in e r a l w ax L e a d o le a te B e rm u d e z a s p h a l t
60 25 15
10 10 9 10 1 0 .0
12 A m o rp h o u s m in e ra l w ax C o p p e r o le a te B e rm u d e z a s p h a l t
60 25 15
9 9 9 9 8 . 9
13 W o o l g re a se L e a d o le a te P e tr o le u m a s p h a l t
2 5 15 60
10 10 10 10 1 0 .0
14 A m o rp h o u s m in e ra l w ax J a p a n w ax
75 25
4 10 4 7 2 . 6
15 A m o rp h o u s m in e ra l w ax C ere sin
75
25 6 9 3 8 4 .7
16 A m o rp h o u s m in e ra l w ax R o s in
75
25 1 6 0 6 4 . 3
17 A m o rp h o u s m in e ra l w ax C a n d c lilla w ax
90 10
9 9 0 8 5 . 3
18 P a ra ffin R o s in
85 15
0 4 0 7 0
B la n k 12-oz. U . S . s ta n d a r d a r m y g ra y d u c k ( u n tr e a te d )
0 0 0 0 0
12-oz. U . S . s ta n d a r d a r m y 8 5 0 4 0 .5
m in e ra l k h a k i d u c k
preparations, m ay be expected to endure for a t least 18 mo.
of continuous exposure, in the form of wagon tops, tents, truck and autom obile covers, awnings, etc. For use where exposure is n o t continuous the treatm ents m ay reasonably be expected to be more durable. A subsequent paper will deal w ith the strength of the fabric under each treatm ent.
Re s u l t s o f La b o r a t o r y Te s t s
T able II gives th e results on w ater resistance of the sev
eral treatm ents b y th e modified funnel and th e modified spray tests. T h ese tests were m ade both on portions of th e treated strips taken before exposure and on pieces cut from th e strips after exposing for approxim ately 12 mo.
(pieces cu t from paulin A ugust 30, 1920). For comparison there is also included in this table the w ater resistance ratings on a basis of 1 0 of th e various sections o f th e paulin as in
dicated b y th e condition of the bag section, as already shown in T able I.
F ig. 2 is a graphic presentation of th e results included in T able II, om itting th e results b y th e modified spray test.
In this figure the treatm ents are given in th e descending order of their effectiveness as determ ined b y the exposure test. T h e m ethod of calculating the ratings has already been explained.
I t will be noted from Fig. 2 th a t T reatm ents 2, 11, 13, 9, and 12 have a rating betw een 9 and 10 b y th e funnel te s t before and after exposure, and betw een 8.9 and 10 b y the exposure test. T hese are the five best treatm ents of those
