• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

No 3-4, 2019

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "No 3-4, 2019"

Copied!
94
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

Rok XXVIII (XVIV) • nr 12 (391) • luty 2019

kliknij do nas:

www.bilety-lotnicze.com.pl

s . 6 —35

s . 41— 4 6 s . 36 — 4 0

NAUKA • BADANIA • KULTURA • SPORT

C Z A S O PI S M O U N IWE R S Y TE TU M I KO Ł A JA KO PE R N I K A W TO RU N I U

Rok XXVIII (XLIV) nr 3—4 (392) kwiecień 2019 / cena 5 zł ISSN 1230-9710 Ukazuje się od 1952 roku

Doktorat

naszych czasów

Świat według psa Nowe mapy nieba

s . 6 3 — 67

Chorzy na

cywilizację

(2)
(3)

Najpierw uwaga czysto techniczna i… chronolo- +-$A2!T !£' ;Ě<1!$Aí$! 63 $Aõঔ$- A!>!8;3ঔࣗ ;'+3

>@&!2-! Ě39<W  63$Aí;0!$, £<;'+3 2! 963;0!- 2-<A'963Ě<8'&!0$@/2'+363&9<13>@>!£-ঔ1@T/!0

A>@0£'T 2<1'8 !0;<!£2@ - 6£!23>!£-ঔ1@ 2!9;õ62@W

83&A-Ě!9-õ68363A@$/!T#@>;@12!9;õ62@196383

<>!+-63ঔ>-õ$-ࣗ2!/1Ě3&9A@12!<03>$31T/'9A$A'

68!$</í$@12!&&30;38!;!1-W

Z jednej strony wielu z nich prowadzi pasjonu- MÃFHEDGDQLDQLHNWµU]\PDMÃQDZHWQDNRQFLHVSHN- WDNXODUQHRGNU\FLD]GUXJLHM]DÐWRRQLVWDMÃVLÇER- KDWHUDPL RE\QLHRĆDUDPL UHZROXFMLMDNDGRNRQXMH

VLÇ Z SROVNLHM QDXFH L V]NROQLFWZLH Z\×V]\P 8IDP

MHGQDN ×H EÇGÃ EHQHĆFMHQWDPLð 'RSLHUR SRGF]DV

ÏZLÇWD 8QLZHUV\WHWX RND]DÊR VLÇ ]D VSUDZÃ PLQL- VWUD -DURVÊDZD *RZLQD  ×H ]DSODQRZDOLÐP\ WHPDW

NWµU\ ]\VNDÊ GRGDWNRZ\ ZDORU DNWXDOQRÐFLb å 80.

ERZLHP ]RVWDÊ JRVSRGDU]HP VSHFMDOQHJR RJµOQR- SROVNLHJRVSRWNDQLDSRÐZLÇFRQHJRZÊDÐQLHV]NRÊRP

GRNWRUVNLP

7DN ]ZDQD 8VWDZD  ]PLHQL WRWDOQLH SRMHFLH

ìGRNWRU\]RZDQLD VLÇë 3UH]HQWXMHP\ ]DWHP Z W\P

QXPHU]H ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ W\FK NWµU]\ PDMÃ MHV]F]H

PR×OLZRÐFL]GRE\FLDGRNWRUDWXìSRVWDUHPXëDOHSR- ND]XMHP\WH×WRFRMX×ZNUµWFHVWDQLHVLÇVWDQGDU- GHP-DNEÇGÃZ\JOÃGDÅV]NRÊ\GRNWRUVNLHQD80."

&]HJR RF]HNLZDÅ QDOH×\ SR NDQG\GDWDFK GR QLFK"

-DNZ\JOÃGDÅEÇGÃWDNLHVWXGLD":HGÊXJMDNLFKUHJXÊ

EÇGÃSURZDG]RQHLFRV]F]HJµOQLHZD×QHNRJRPDMÃ

Z\NV]WDÊFLÅ"

-HV]F]H GR QLHGDZQD ]DSHZQH SU]\WÊDF]DMÃFD

ZLÇNV]RÐÅ RGSRZLHG]L EU]PLDÊDE\ QR MDN WR NRJR"

2F]\ZLÐFLHSU]\V]Ê\FKQDXNRZFµZ3RÊRZLF]QDRG- SRZLHGÕ2ZV]HPF]ÇÐÅDEVROZHQWµZV]NµÊGRNWRU- VNLFK]SHZQRÐFLEÇG]LHFKFLDÊD]ZLÃ]DÅVZµMORV]QD-

XNÃLXF]HOQLÃDOHZLHOXEÇG]LHWDNLFKNWµU]\Z\ELRUÃ

LQQÃÐFLH×NÇNDULHU\,V]NRÊ\GRNWRUVNLHWDN×HPDMÃ

Z\SRVD×\Å LFK Z VWRVRZQH NRPSHWHQFMH =DUµZQR

MHGQ\PMDNLGUXJLPSU]\GDVLÇWH×ÐZLDWRZHRE\FLH

'RNWRUDWPXVLSU]HVWDÅE\ÅQDXNRZ\P]DÐFLDQNLHP

VZRLVW\PFKRZHPZVREQ\P-HÐOLSROVNDQDXNDPD

E\ÅSRVWU]HJDQDMDNRSUHVWL×RZDPDUNDWRMHMOXG]LH

PXV]ÃE\ÅRE\ZDWHODPLQDXNRZHJRÐZLDWD

,WR]DOHGZLHQLHNWµUH]SRZRGµZGODNWµU\FK

W\OHPR×HFLH3DÌVWZRSRF]\WDÅZW\P*ÊRVLHRQDM- PÊRGV]\P SRNROHQLX QDXNRZFµZ ] 80. $OH PD

WHQQXPHUQDV]HJRF]DVRSLVPDWDN×HV]HUHJLQQ\FK

F]\WHOQLF]\FKDWUDNFML-HVWHPSU]HNRQDQ\×HND×G\

QLHW\ONRSRVLDGDF]F]ZRURQRJD GDVLÇZSURZDG]LÅ

SV\FKRORJRZLSURI0DFLHMRZL7URMDQRZLGRìÏZLDWD

ZHGÊXJ SVDë :DUWR ]UR]XPLHÅ GODF]HJR ]ZLHU]ÇWD

VÃWDNLHMDNLHðVÃ=NROHL]Z\ZLDGX]GUKDE0DU- NLHP )RNVLÌVNLP ] :\G]LDÊX )DUPDFHXW\F]QHJR  GRZLHP\VLÇMDNEDUG]RMHVWHÐP\ì&KRU]\QDF\ZLOL- ]DFMÇëLFRWRR]QDF]Dì1LHND×GHPXGDQHëWR]NROHL

Z\ZLDG ] SUDZQLNLHP SURI $UNDGLXV]HP /DFKHP

:LHPQDKDVÊR52'2ZLHOHRVµEUHDJXMHMX×DOHU- JLF]QLHDOHWXSU]HGVWDZLDP\SUREOHPSU]\VWÇSQLH

DWUDNF\MQLH L SUDNW\F]QLH : SU]\SDGNX QDV]\FK

GDQ\FK RVRERZ\FK QLH]QDMRPRÐÅ SUDZD PR×H E\Å

EDUG]REROHVQD

3ROHFDP WDN×H 3DÌVWZD XZDG]H PLQ FLHNDZH

VSRMU]HQLH QD SRF]ÃWNL SROVNLHM PDWHPDW\NL URN

 MHVW ERZLHP 5RNLHP 0DWHPDW\NL  LQWHUHVX- MÃFHZ\ZLDG\]8UV]XOÃ'XG]LDNL=ELJQLHZHP1D- P\VÊRZVNLPåJZLD]GDPLMD]]XF]\DUW\NXÊQDWHPDW

UR]EXGRZ\ 8QLZHUV\WHFNLHJR &HQWUXP 6SRUWRZH- JR0LÊHMOHNWXU\

Winicjusz Schulz ſĕĎëŊƐşſŕëĈǀĕōŕƷɊEœşƆƖ®ĈǀĕōŕĶɌ

p04/"4530/*&

¨ĕŕŕƖŔĕſɊEœşƆƖ®ĈǀĕōŕĶɌǀşƆƐëœǀëŔŊŕĶħƐƷ

ǢǡŔëſĈëǢǠǡǩɐſşŊƖȰ

—ĕĎëŊƐşſżſşƱëĎǀāĈƷȪÉĶŕĶĈŇƖƆǀžĈIJƖōǀ

ĕɄŔëĶōȪīōşƆɄƖŔŊɿƖŔŊȰżō www.glos.umk.pl

(4)

4

nr 3–4/2019

ØĕƆżǐœ ſĕĎëŊĈƷŇŕƷȪ ÉĶŕĶĈŇƖƆǀ žĈIJƖōǀ ȾſĕĎëŊƐşſ

ŕëĈǀĕōŕƷȿȫ lëſĈĶŕ !ǀƷǃŕĶĕƱƆŊĶȫ īëƐë bëſƆŊëȫ

lëſĈĶŕdƖƐşŔĶĕſƆŊĶȫlëƖſƷĈƷlħĈǀĕŊëōƆŊĶȫŕŕë

lşōĕŕĎëȫ¨şŔëƆǀwƆƆşƱƆŊĶȫŕĎſǀĕŇ—şŔëǏƆŊĶȫ

ÉşŇĈĶĕĈIJžƐſĕĶĈIJȫ0ƱëÉëōƖƆĶëŊɄ ĕĎŕëſĕŊȰ

žƐëōĕ ƱƆżǐœżſëĈƖŇāȪ žĕćëƆƐĶëŕ 'ƖĎǀĶŊȫ `ëſşƆœëƱ 'ƖŔëŕşƱƆŊĶȫ lëſĕŊ

`ƖſīşƱĶëŊȫ`şëŕŕëbëſœşƱƆŊëɄ”ĶŊȫmĶŊşĎĕŔ”ſħīşƱƆŊĶȫ¨şŔëƆǀÉşŇĈĶĕ- ĈIJşƱƆŊĶȫžĕćëƆƐĶëŕÛƖſşƱƆŊĶȰ

ĎſĕƆ ſĕĎëŊĈŇĶȪ ǨǧɄǡǠǠ ¨şſƷǏȫ ƖōȰ —ĕŇë Ǣǥȫ żşŊǐŇ ǧ Ķ ǡǢȫ ƐĕōȰ ǥǦ ǦǡǡɄǤǢɄǨǩȫ

ǥǦǦǡǡɄǤǢɄǣǩȰ

wżſëĈşƱëŕĶĕīſëǔĈǀŕĕȪmĶŊşĎĕŔ”ſħīşƱƆŊĶ

žŊœëĎȪ'ëſĶƖƆǀÛƖōĕƱƆŊĶ

'ſƖŊȪ ÉƷĎëƱŕĶĈƐƱş mëƖŊşƱĕ ®lbȫ ƖōȰ EëīëſĶŕë ǥȫ ǨǧɄǡǠǠ ¨şſƖǏȫ

ƐĕōȰǥǦǦǡǡɄǤǢɄǩǥȫĕɄŔëĶōȪƱƷĎëƱŕĶĈƐƱşɿƖŔŊȰżō ʃÉƆǀĕōŊĶĕżſëƱëǀëƆƐſǀĕǃşŕĕ

—ĕĎëŊĈŇë ŕĶĕ ǀƱſëĈë ŔëƐĕſĶëœǐƱ ŕĶĕǀëŔǐƱĶşŕƷĈIJȫ ë ƐëŊǃĕ ǀëƆƐſǀĕīë

ƆşćĶĕżſëƱşĎşƆŊſëĈëŕĶëĶşżſëĈşƱƷƱëŕĶëëſƐƷŊƖœǐƱşſëǀĶĈIJƐƷƐƖœǐƱȰ

—ĕĎëŊĈŇëŕĶĕşĎżşƱĶëĎëǀëƐſĕǑǎşīœşƆǀĕǏĶſĕŊōëŔȰ

-6$;

%013;:4;p0á$*

s. 6–11

Ÿ8*"5

8&%p6(14"

s. 41–46

08&

."1:/*&#"

s. 36–40

*&+4$&

"%.*/*453"$+*

+&45#"3%;08"ï/&

s. 47–51

(5)

)03;:

/"$:8*-*;"$+Ë

s. 63–67

&p/")"3.0/*"

s. 79–82

08:03,İ

,0$)".50.*"450ċ

s. 83–85

*ÊRVQDVWURQLH  

.OXF]GRSU]\V]ÊRÐFL  

'RNWRUDWbåQRZHZ\]ZDQLD  

1LH]Z\NÊHRGNU\FLHDUFKHRORJµZ

Z%RUDFK7XFKROVNLFK  

.RVPLF]Q\P3520HPQDGRNWRUDW  

1DQRPDWHULDÊ\  

:GURG]HQD+DUYDUG  

3RSUDZLDQLHPHPEUDQ  

'RNWRUDWZQRZHMRGVÊRQLH  

1LGHUODQG]NLHIDVF\QDFMH  

6]NRÊ\GRNWRUVNLH,71  

1DXNRZ\G\GDNW\F]Q\

F]\NXOWXURWZµUF]\"  

1RZHPDS\QLHED  

ÏZLDWZHGÊXJSVD  

0LHMVFHDGPLQLVWUDFMLMHVWEDUG]RZD×QH 

bå5RN0DWHPDW\NL  

1LHND×GHPXGDQH  

Ö\FLHFRG]LHQQHZNODV]WRU]H  

&KRU]\QDF\ZLOL]DFMÇ  

=HNVSHUFNÃZL]\WÃQD5RVVLH  

(SDSLHURV\båIDNW\LPLW\  

*ÊRV]NXFKQL  

3RZWµU]HÌDSRZWµU]HÌ  

%LEOLRWHNDU]åSDPLÇFL

:LHVÊDZD0LQFHUD  

3HÊQDKDUPRQLD  

1RZ\-RUNåNRFKDPWRPLDVWR  

.DVWDMD]]RZD  

GQLQDUR]EXGRZÇ8QLZHUV\WHFNLHJR

&HQWUXP6SRUWRZHJR  

+LVWRU\F]Q\GXEOHW  

(6)

6

nr 3–4/2019

Nauka

Wojciech Streich

-6$;%013;:4;p0á$*

‰‡ 1!8$! #8W > 3££'+-<1 <1!2-9ধ$<1 

3&#@Ě! 9-õ &8<+! A &'#!; 63ঔ>-õ$32@$, &@90<9/-

->@1-!2-'&3ঔ>-!&$A'क़A>-íA!2@$,A2!&!>!2-'1

23>'+3 09A;!Ě;< 2!<$' - 9A03£2-$;>< >@৹9A'1<

> 3£9$'W '1!;'1 A/!A&< #@Ě@ 9A03Ě@ &30;3890-'

lAmg$A@£-23>!(381!09A;!Ě$'2-!&30;38!2;Õ>T

wprowadzona w ustawie 3UDZRRV]NROQLFWZLHZ\×- szym i nauce.

3U]HGVWDZLFLHOH Uµ×Q\FK XF]HOQL L LQVW\WXFML

]ZLÃ]DQ\FK ] SROVNLP V]NROQLFWZHP Z\×V]\P ]D- SUH]HQWRZDOLSRP\VÊ\LSURMHNW\ZGUD×DQ\FKSU]H]

VLHELH SURMHNWµZ V]NµÊ GRNWRUVNLFK G\VNXVMD GRW\-

F]\ÊD WDN×H PLÇG]\ LQQ\PL VWUXNWXU QRZ\FK V]NµÊ

ZVSµOQ\FKV]NµÊGODNLONXXF]HOQLSURJUDPµZNV]WDÊ- FHQLD]DVDGUHNUXWDFMLLHZDOXDFMLV]NµÊGRNWRUVNLFK

:RUJDQL]DFMÇWRUXÌVNLHJRVSRWNDQLDZÊÃF]\ÊD

VLÇ.UDMRZD5HSUH]HQWDFMD'RNWRUDQWµZ .5' DMHM

SU]HGVWDZLFLHOHZ]LÇOLF]\QQ\XG]LDÊZHZV]\VWNLFK

SDQHODFK L VHPLQDULDFK 2UJDQL]DWRUµZ ZVSLHUDOL

UµZQLH× PHU\WRU\F]QLH SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH 8QLZHUV\- WHWXLP$GDPD0LFNLHZLF]DZ3R]QDQLX

1DOH×\SU]\SRPQLHÅ×HOXWHJRQD3ROLWHFKQL- FHɵG]NLHMRGE\ÊDVLÇGHEDWD]DW\WXÊRZDQDì6WDWXW

XF]HOQLDXVWDZDëEÇGÃFDSLHUZV]\PVSRWNDQLHP

ZQRZ\PF\NOXGHEDW1.1)2580

(7)

Nauka

3U]\E\Ê\FK EOLVNR  XF]HVWQLNµZ NRQIHUHQ- FML SRZLWDÊ UHNWRU SURI GU KDE $QGU]HM 7UHW\Q ]D- SUDV]DMÃF MHGQRF]HÐQLH GR REHMU]HQLD Z SU]HUZLH

REUDG Z\VWDZ\ Z %LEOLRWHFH 8QLZHUV\WHFNLHM QD

NWµUHM ]DSUH]HQWRZDQR VÊ\QQÃ 6UHEUQÃ %LEOLRWHNÇ

RUD] G]LHÊD 0LNRÊDMD .RSHUQLND De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, MHGQHJR]RU\JLQDʵZ]QDMGX- MÃF\FKVLÇZ3ROVFH0µZLÃFR.RSHUQLNXSURI7UH- W\Q SRZLHG]LDÊ ×H SRVWDQRZLÊ RVWDWQLR ]DJOÃGQÃÅ

GRÐZLDWRZ\FKED]ELEOLRJUDĆF]Q\FKDE\]REDF]\Å

F]\ IXQGDPHQWDOQD SUDFD WRUXÌVNLHJR DVWURQRPD

MHVWWDPREHFQD2ND]XMHVLÇ×HìMHV]F]HëMHVWF\WR- ZDQDLSRVLDGDLQGHNV+LUVKD 1LHVWHW\ SDUDGRNV

ZVSµÊF]HVQHJR V\VWHPX RFHQ\  REHFQLH .RSHUQLN

QLH Z\SHÊQLÊE\ ZV]\VWNLFK NU\WHULµZ DE\ ]DOLF]\Å

MHJRG]LHÊRGRSUDFZ\ELWQ\FK

1DVWÇSQLH JÊRV ]DEUDÊ -DURVÊDZ *RZLQ ZLFH- SUH]HV5DG\0LQLVWUµZRUD]PLQLVWHUQDXNLLV]NRO- QLFWZD Z\×V]HJR Z\UD×DMÃF X]QDQLH GOD WDN GX-

×HM IUHNZHQFML PLPR WRF]ÃF\FK VLÇ ZD×Q\FK SUDF

ZXF]HOQLDFKZ]ZLÃ]NX]QDGFKRG]ÃF\PL]PLDQDPL

1DZLÃ]XMÃFGRWHPDWXNRQIHUHQFMLPLQLVWHUVWZLHU- G]LÊ×HGRW\FKF]DVRZ\PRGHONV]WDÊFHQLDGRNWRUDQ- WµZVWDÊVLÇG\VIXQNF\MQ\LDQDFKURQLF]Q\7UXGQRWR

VRELH Z\REUD]LÅ DOH SR]LRP XPLÇG]\QDURGRZLHQLD

VWXGLµZGRNWRUDQFNLFK 6' MHVWQL×V]\QL×VWXGLµZ

PDJLVWHUVNLFK ]UHV]WÃ GDOHNL RG ZÊDÐFLZHJR  :L- GRF]Q\MHVWWDN×HEUDNVWDELOQRÐFLĆQDQVRZDQLDGRN- WRUDQWµZFRSU]HNÊDGDVLÇQDRGSÊ\ZQDMOHSV]\FKGR

XF]HOQL]DJUDQLF]Q\FKLFRUD]QL×V]\SR]LRPEURQLR- Q\FKSUDF:WHMV\WXDFMLZSURZDG]RQH8VWDZÃ

V]NRÊ\ GRNWRUVNLH VÃ QDV]Ã V]DQVÃ QD ]DWU]\PDQLH

W\FKQLHNRU]\VWQ\FKWHQGHQFML

0µZFDSRGNUHÐOLÊL×ZZV]NRÊ\VÃMHGQÃ]QDM- SRSXODUQLHMV]\FK IRUP NV]WDÊFHQLD NDGU\ GRNWRU- VNLHMZ(XURSLHSR]ZDODMÃFRVLÃJDÅPÊRG\POXG]LRP

EDUG]R Z\VRNL SR]LRP ZLHG]\ 2VRE\ VWXGLXMÃFH

ZV]NRÊDFKGRNWRUVNLFKQLHEÇGÃMX×VWXGHQWDPLW\O- NRPÊRG\PLQDXNRZFDPLMHGQRF]HÐQLHND×G\RWU]\- PDVW\SHQGLXP

0LQLVWHUVWZR1DXNLL6]NROQLFWZD:\×V]HJRQLH

EÇG]LH UHJXORZDÅ Z VSRVµE GURELD]JRZ\ MDN PDMÃ

E\ÅNV]WDÊFHQLSU]\V]OLGRNWRU]\EÇGÃWRURELÅXF]HO- QLHb å SU]H] FR ]ZLÇNV]\ VLÇ LFK RGSRZLHG]LDOQRÐÅ

1DMEOL×V]HW\JRGQLHWRF]DVQDZ\SUDFRZDQLHVSUDZ

]ZLÃ]DQ\FK ] XVWDODQLHP RVWDWHF]Q\FK VWUXNWXU

LUHJXODPLQµZIXQNFMRQRZDQLDV]NµÊ:LHOHXF]HOQL

ZLG]LV]DQVHVZRMHJRUR]ZRMXLZ\NRU]\VWXMHVDPR- G]LHOQRÐÅ GR WZRU]HQLD FLHNDZ\FK L QRZDWRUVNLFK

UR]ZLÃ]DÌF]HUSLÃF\FK]QDMOHSV]\FK]DJUDQLF]Q\FK

Z]RUFµZ2F]\ZLÐFLHURG]LVLÇZLHOHS\WDÌMDNDSR- ZLQQD E\Å VWUXNWXUD V]NRÊ\ GRNWRUVNLHM DE\ QRZD

IRUPXÊDNV]WDÊFHQLDXPR×OLZLDÊDZ\NRU]\VWDQLHSR- WHQFMDÊXQDXNRZHJRFDÊHMXF]HOQLMDNXVWDOLÅ]DVDG\

UHNUXWDFMLDE\SU]\FLÃJQÃÅQDMOHSV]\FKLMHGQRF]HÐ- QLH]DSHZQLÅDWUDNF\MQRÐÅSURJUDPµZGODNDQG\GD- WµZ VSR]D NUDMX MDN XPR×OLZLÅ ZÊÃF]HQLH GR V]NµÊ

GRNWRUDQWµZ EÇGÃF\FK EHQHĆFMHQWDPL JUDQWµZ

(8)

8

nr 3–4/2019

Nauka

EDGDZF]\FKF]\WH×MDNZ\]QDF]DÅSURPRWRUµZF]\

ZUHV]FLHMDNSRGQLHÐÅMDNRÐÅSUDFGRNWRUVNLFKLZLH- OHLQQ\FK

Presja czasu

3URIGUKDE-DURVÊDZ*µUQLDN]8-SU]HZRGQLF]Ã- F\ 5DG\ 1.1 å  ZSURZDG]LÊ VÊXFKDF]\

GR 6HVML  ]DW\WXÊRZDQHM ì6]NRÊ\ GRNWRUVNLHë SRG- NUHÐODMÃFJRUÃF\RNUHVLSRÐSLHFKZMDNLPZV]\VF\

WZRU]Ã WÇ QRZÃ IRUPÇ NV]WDÊFHQLDb å Z\MÃWNRZR

V]\ENRQDOH×\RNUHÐOLÅVWUXNWXU\UHJXODPLQ\]DVDG\

QDERUXSURJUDP\NV]WDÊFHQLDLRGSRZLHG]LHÅVRELH

MDNZQLFKZ\NRU]\VWDÅWRFRQLHVLH]DVREÃSRWHQ- FMDÊXF]HOQLFRZQLFK]DDNFHQWRZDÅ=GDQLHPSURI

*µUQLDND]GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FKGHEDWSURZDG]RQ\FK

RGGÊXJLHJRF]DVXMHGQR]QDF]QLHZ\QLND×HWU]HED

SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP XF]\Å SU]\V]Ê\FK GRNWRUDQWµZ

]P\ÐOÃRLFKSU]\V]Ê\FKURODFKEXGRZDQLDLFK]GRO- QRÐFLGRWZRU]HQLDQRZHMZLHG]\båRSDUWHMQDQDX- NRZHMPHWRG]LHERWRMHVWJʵZQÃUROÃQDXNRZFµZ

&]\ EÇGÃ RQL Z\VWÇSRZDÅ Z URODFK DNDGHPLFNLFK

F]\SR]DDNDGHPLFNLFKPDMÃ]HVREÃQLHÐÅ]GROQRÐÅ

WZRU]HQLD GRZRGµZ R FKDUDNWHU]H QDXNRZ\P GOD

SURFHVXSRGHMPRZDQLDGHF\]MLDOERUR]ZLÃ]\ZDQLD

SUREOHPµZZUµ×Q\FKREV]DUDFKZW\PZREV]DU]H

QDXNL

:V]\VF\ PDP\ ÐZLDGRPRÐÅ ×H QDMEOL×V]\b URN

EÇG]LH GOD 6]' SLHUZV]Ã SU]\PLDUNÃ 0XVLP\ E\Å

JRWRZL QD WR ×H ZLHOH SURJUDPµZ UR]ZLÃ]DÌ LWS

WU]HEDEÇG]LHSRSUDZLDÅbå]UHV]WÃGREU]H×HE\ÐP\

VWZRU]\OLV]NRÊ\NWµUHVDPHEÇGÃFDÊ\F]DVVLÇXF]\Å

L GRVNRQDOLÅ -X× Z WHM FKZLOL ZLGDÅ ×H ]DSURSRQR- ZDQHPRGHOHEÇGÃUµ×QH%ÇGÃRQHZ\QLNDÅ]HVSH- F\ĆNLXF]HOQLDOHLXZDUXQNRZDÌF]\VWRĆ]\F]Q\FK

QSbGX×HJRUR]SURV]HQLDRELHNWµZ :DUV]DZD.UD- NµZ 

3URI *µUQLDN ]DXZD×\Ê ×H QDOH×\ V]\ENR UR]- ZLÃ]DÅ V]HUHJ SUREOHPµZ WDNLFK MDN VSRVRE\ Z\- ÊDQLDQLDSURPRWRUµZHIHNW\ZQÃUHNUXWDFMÇGRNWR- UDQWµZ XVWDOHQLH SUHF\]\MQHM GHĆQLFML GRNWRUDQWD

VNÊDGNL =86 GOD REFRNUDMRZFµZ F]\ GRSDVRZDÅ

MHGRSROVNLFKQRUP" DOHWDN×H]DVWDQRZLÅVLÇQDG

VW\SHQGLDPL GRNWRUVNLPL F]\ PDMÃ RQH RSLHUDÅ VLÇ

QD VXEZHQFMDFK F]\ X]\VNDQH JUDQW\ 1&1 PDMÃ

]ZLÇNV]DÅSXOÇQDVW\SHQGLDZGDQHMV]NROHDPR×H

VW\SHQGLXPGDQHJRGRNWRUDQWD"

.RQFHSFMHV]NµÊGRNWRUVNLFK

:6HVMLSU]HGVWDZLRQRUHIHUDW\GRW\F]ÃFHUµ×Q\FK

NRQFHSFML6]'3URIGUKDE5\V]DUG1DVNUÇFNLSUR- UHNWRU GV QDXNL L SURJUDPµZ PLÇG]\QDURGRZ\FK

8$0SUH]HQWXMÃFì.RQFHSFMÇV]NRÊ\GRNWRUVNLHMQD

8QLZHUV\WHFLHLP$GDPD0LFNLHZLF]DZ3R]QDQLXë

PµZLÊ R PR×OLZ\FK UR]ZLÃ]DQLDFK ]H V]F]HJµOQ\P

QDFLVNLHP QD PRGHO V]NRÊ\ GRNWRUVNLHM RJµOQR- XQLZHUV\WHFNLHM W\SX ìXPEUHOOD FRPSDQ\ë ] MHGQÃ

(9)

Nauka

ZVSµOQÃVWUXNWXUÃ]DU]ÃG]DQLD MHGHQG\UHNWRUMHG- QD UDGD QDXNRZD ZVSµOQD DGPLQLVWUDFMD ZVSµOQ\

SURFHVUHNUXWDFML LREHMPXMÃFDV]NRÊ\VHNFMHNRUH- VSRQGXMÃFH ]H VWUXNWXUà V]NµÊZ\G]LDʵZ G]LHG]L- QRZ\FK

3URI$QGU]HM7UHW\QUHNWRU80.]DSR]QDÊ]H- EUDQ\FK]ì.RQFHSFMÃV]NRÊ\GRNWRUVNLHMQD8QLZHU- V\WHFLH0LNRÊDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLXëSRGNUHÐODMÃF

QDSRF]ÃWNXZDG\SU]\SLV\ZDQHVWXGLRPGRNWRUDQ- FNLPLSRWU]HEÇXQLNQLÇFLDEÊÇGµZZQRZ\PV\VWH- PLH0µZFDSU]HGVWDZLÊGRW\FKF]DVRZ\VWDQ6'QD

80.LQIRUPXMÃFMHGQRF]HÐQLH×HMX×OLVWRSDGD

XEb URNX XWZRU]RQR QD 80. ,QWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQH

6WXGLD 'RNWRUDQFNLH,QWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQÃ 6]NRÊÇ

'RNWRUDQFNÃ ì$FDGHPLD &RSHUQLFDQDë GR NWµUHM

SU]\VWÃSLÊR  Z\G]LDʵZ 80. SURMHNW VĆQDQVR- ZDQR]HÐURGNµZ(XURSHMVNLHJR)XQGXV]X6SRÊHF]- QHJR 32 :(5  Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX =LQWHJURZDQH

3URJUDP\ 8F]HOQL Z Z\VRNRÐFL SRQDG  POQ ]Ê 

1DVWÇSQLH SURI 7UHW\Q ]DSUH]HQWRZDÊ SODQRZDQÃ

VWUXNWXUÇRUJDQL]DF\MQÃ80.båSRZRÊDQH]RVWDQÃ

 NROHJLD UR]XPLDQH MDNR ]ZLÃ]NL Z\G]LDʵZ NWµ- U\FKSRGVWDZRZ\P]DGDQLHPEÇG]LHSURZDG]HQLH

V]NµÊGRNWRUVNLFKQDSR]LRPLHUDP\NZDOLĆNDFML

6]'80.EÇGÃPLHÅ]Uµ×QLFRZDQH]DVDG\UHNUXWD- FML]ZLÃ]DQH]HVSHF\ĆNÃG\VF\SOLQDQDEµUEÇG]LH

RGE\ZDÊ VLÇ Z WU\ELH FLÃJÊ\P :SURZDG]RQH ]R-

VWDQÃLQG\ZLGXDOQHLHODVW\F]QHIRUP\NV]WDÊFHQLD

] MHGQRF]HVQÃ UH]\JQDFMÃ ] VHPHVWUDOQHJR XNÊDGX

NV]WDÊFHQLDDNXUV\EÇGÃVLÇRGE\ZDÅZIRUPLHPR- GXODUQHM3UHOHJHQW]ZUµFLÊUµZQLH×XZDJÇQDSURE- OHP\ĆQDQVRZHMDNLHVLÇSRMDZLÃbåZÊDÐFLZ\UR]ZµM

QRZHMIRUP\NV]WDÊFHQLDGRNWRUDQWµZEÇG]LH]DOH-

×HÅRGVXEZHQFML]01L6:

3URI GU KDE LQ× -DFHN 1DPLHÐQLN UHNWRU 3ROL- WHFKQLNL *GDÌVNLHM SU]HGVWDZLÊ ì.RQFHSFMÇ V]NRÊ\

GRNWRUVNLHMQD3ROLWHFKQLFH*GDÌVNLHMëSRGNUHÐODMÃF

VSHF\ĆNÇVZRMHMXF]HOQLL]DPLDUXWZRU]HQLDZVSµO- QHMV]NRÊ\GRNWRUVNLHM]GZRPDLQVW\WXWDPL3$1

:RVWDWQLHMF]ÇÐFL6HVMLPJUÉXNDV].LHU]QRZ- VNL]8QLZHUV\WHWXZ%LDÊ\PVWRNXSU]HZRGQLF]ÃF\

.UDMRZHM 5HSUH]HQWDFML 'RNWRUDQWµZ Z\JÊRVLÊ UH- IHUDWì6]NRÊ\GRNWRUVNLHbåSURFHVLFKWZRU]HQLDLGR- EUHSUDNW\NL]SHUVSHNW\Z\.UDMRZHM5HSUH]HQWDFML

'RNWRUDQWµZë2GODW.5'EDUG]RDNW\ZQLHDQJD-

×XMH VLÇ Z WZRU]HQLH 6]' SRND]XMÃF V]HUHJ PR×OL- ZRÐFLLQRZ\FKUR]ZLÃ]DÌPLQSURSRQXMÃFDE\]D- U]ÃG]DQLHW\PLMHGQRVWNDPLRGGDÅZUÇFHPÊRG\FK

QDXNRZFµZ G]LHMH VLÇ WDN MX× Z NLONX XF]HOQLDFK 

D Z SURFHVDFK UHNUXWDF\MQ\FK RSUµF] SU]\V]Ê\FK

PÊRG\FK QDXNRZFµZ XZ]JOÇGQLÅ UHNUXWDFMÇ SUR- PRWRUµZFRPDPLHMVFHRGGDZQDZLQQ\FKNUDMDFK

0µZFD SRGNUHÐOLÊ UµZQLH× SRWU]HEÇ V]NROHQLD QD- XNRZFµZGRUROLSU]\V]Ê\FKSURPRWRUµZ

(10)

10

nr 3–4/2019

Nauka

0JU .LHU]QRZVNL ]ZUµFLÊ XZDJÇ VÊXFKDF]\ QD

ZD×QÃVSUDZÇEÊÇG\SRSHÊQLRQHSU]H]QDV ZRPD- ZLDQ\P REV]DU]H  WHUD]b å Z b Ub å EÇGÃ PRJÊ\

E\ÅRGZUµFRQHGRSLHURZbURNX

*ÊRV\ÐURGRZLVND

:GDOV]HMF]ÇÐFL1.1)RUXPRGE\ÊDVLÇ,F]ÇÐÅVH- PLQDULµZ6truNtura i orJanizacMa szNµÊ GoNtorsNicK PRGHUDFMD SURI GU KDE 5REHUW 7RPDQHN UHNWRU

8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .DWRZLFDFK SU]\

XG]LDOH SURI GU KDE :HUQHUD 8OULFKD 80. L SURI

GU KDE LQ× $QGU]HMD 5 3DFKD SURUHNWRUD GV QD- XNL $*+ Z .UDNRZLH   :sSµlne szNoÊy GoNtorsNie PRGHUDFMDSURIGUKDE6ÊDZRPLU&LHÐODNSURUHN- WRU GV NV]WDÊFHQLD 8É SU]\ XG]LDOH SURI GU KDE

.U]\V]WRID 1LHPF]XND G\UHNWRUD 3DÌVWZRZHJR

,QVW\WXWX :HWHU\QDU\MQHJRb å 3DÌVWZRZHJR ,QVW\- WXWX %DGDZF]HJR Z 3XÊDZDFK   3roJramy NsztaÊ- cenia Z szNoÊacK GoNtorsNicK Z NonteNÐcie . Soziomu 3olsNieM 5amy .ZaliĆNacMi PRGHUDFMD SURI GU KDE

%HDWD0LNRÊDMF]\NSURUHNWRUGVNV]WDÊFHQLD8$0

SU]\ XG]LDOH SURI GU KDE LQ× $QGU]HMD .UDÐQLHZ- VNLHJRSHÊQRPRFQLNDUHNWRUDGVZGUD×DQLDSURFH- VXERORÌVNLHJRLVWXGLµZGRNWRUDQFNLFK3ROLWHFKQL- NL :DUV]DZVNLHM VHNUHWDU]D JHQHUDOQHJR .5$63 

b =asaGy reNrutacMi Z szNoÊacK GoNtorsNicK PRGH- UDFMDSURIGUKDE,]DEHODÏZLÇFLFNDSURUHNWRUGV

QDXNL 8QLZHUV\WHWX Z %LDÊ\PVWRNX SU]\ XG]LDOH

SURIGUKDE0LFKDÊD)HGHURZLF]DG\UHNWRUD6]NRÊ\

1DXN6SRÊHF]Q\FKSU]\,QVW\WXFLH)LOR]RĆLL6RFMROR- JLL3$1LGU'DULXV]D,JQDWLXND]&HQWUXP6WXGLµZ

3RODUQ\FK8QLZHUV\WHWXÏOÃVNLHJR

3R SU]HUZLH RGE\ÊD VLÇ ,, F]ÇÐÅ VHPLQDULµZ

b 5eJulaminy szNµÊ GoNtorsNicK SraNtyNa SrzyJoto- wania i oczekiwania) PRGHUDFMDSURIGUKDE0DUHN

*µUVNLSURUHNWRUGVQDXNLLZVSµÊSUDF\PLÇG]\QD- URGRZHM8QLZHUV\WHWX6]F]HFLÌVNLHJRSU]\XG]LDOH

PJU LQ× $QJHOL $QGU]HMHZVNLHM F]ÊRQND =DU]ÃGX

.UDMRZHM5HSUH]HQWDFML'RNWRUDQWµZ873Z%\G- JRV]F]\  8miÇGzynaroGowienie szkµÊ GoktorskicK PRGHUDFMD SURI GU KDE 3LRWU *ÊRZDFNL ,QVW\WXW

*HRĆ]\NL 3$1 SU]\ XG]LDOH GU $JDW\ .DUVNLHM

80. L PJU LQ× (ZHOLQ\ 3DEMDÌF]\N:OD]ÊR 3É

SU]HZRGQLF]ÃFHM(852'2& å ,nGy- wiGualny Slan baGawczy, ocena ÐrµGokresowa i zasaGy wyznaczania promotorów PRGHUDFMD SURI GU KDE

5\V]DUG 1DVNUÇFNL 8$0   )inansowanie baGaÌ i zabezpieczenie socMalne Goktorantów PRGHUDFMD

SURIGUKDE.D]LPLHU].DUROF]DNUHNWRU8QLZHUV\- WHWX3HGDJRJLF]QHJRLP.RPLVML(GXNDFML1DURGR- ZHMZ.UDNRZLHSU]\XG]LDOHSURIGUKDE0LFKDÊD

'DV]\NRZVNLHJRSURUHNWRUDGVĆQDQVµZLUR]ZRMX

8ÏSURIGUKDE0DÊJRU]DW\.RVVRZVNLHMSU]HZRG- QLF]ÃFHM 5DG\ 1DURGRZHJR &HQWUXP 1DXNL L PJU

LQ×0LFKDÊD*DMG\3: 

3RGF]DV ZV]\VWNLFK RÐPLX VHPLQDULµZ F]ÇVWR

Z JRUÃFHM G\VNXVML SRGQRV]RQR V]HUHJ QLH]Z\NOH

LVWRWQ\FK VSUDZ L SUREOHPµZ GOD WZRU]ÃF\FK VLÇ

6]'2ND]DÊRVLÇ×HOLF]ED]DJDGQLHÌNWµUHWU]HED

EÇG]LH UR]ZLÃ]DÅ Z QDMEOL×V]\FK NLONX NLONXQDVWX

PLHVLÃFDFKMHVWEDUG]RGX×DDQDOH×ÃGRQLFKPLQ

ĆQDQVH Z\VRNRÐÅ VW\SHQGLµZ GOD GRNWRUDQWµZ

NUDMRZ\FK L ] ]DJUDQLF\  ]ZLÇNV]HQLH PRELOQRÐFL

SRGZµMQH GRNWRUDW\ ZVSµOQH V]NRÊ\ GRNWRUVNLH

XPLÇG]\QDURGRZLHQLH 6]' Z W\P ]DÊDWZLHQLH

ZV]\VWNLFK VSUDZ IRUPDOQ\FK GOD FXG]R]LHPFµZ

DV]F]HJµOQLHQLH]DXZD×DQHJRLF]DVDPLEDJDWHOL]R- ZDQHJRXEH]SLHF]HQLD]GURZRWQHJR RGSRZLHGQLD

UHNUXWDFMDF]\SURJUDP\NV]WDÊFHQLDNWµUHXPR×OL- ZLÃVZRERGQHSRUXV]DQLHVLÇQDV]\PGRNWRURPQLH

W\ONR Z Uµ×Q\FK LQVW\WXFMDFK NUDMRZ\FK DOH L FDÊHM

SU]HVWU]HQL8(

-DNRÐÅMDNRGRVNRQDÊRÐÅ

6HVMÇ]DW\WXÊRZDQÃì(ZDOXDFMDV]NµÊGRNWRUVNLFKë

SRSURZDG]LÊ GU -DFHN /HZLFNL G\UHNWRU 2ÐURGND

5R]ZRMX 6WXGLµZ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK 6*+ Z :DUV]D- ZLH D SDQHOLVWDPL E\OL SURI GU KDE LQ× %ÊD×HM 7

6NRF]HÌ SU]HZRGQLF]ÃF\ .RPLVML (ZDOXDFML 1DXNL

.(1  3ROLWHFKQLND .UDNRZVND LP 7DGHXV]D .RÐ- FLXV]NL SURI GU KDE 'RPLQLN $QWRQRZLF] 80.

LPJULQ×$JQLHV]NDÖ\UDSHÊQRPRFQLN.UDMRZHM5H- SUH]HQWDFML 'RNWRUDQWµZ 3ROLWHFKQLND .UDNRZVND

&R SUDZGD WHPDW RFHQ\b å MDN ]ZUµFLÊ QD WR XZDJÇ

SURZDG]ÃF\b å EÇG]LH DNWXDOQ\ GRSLHUR ]D NLOND ODW

MHGQDNMX×WHUD]QDOH×\]DVWDQRZLÅVLÇNWµU\]V\VWH- PµZVWRVRZDQ\FKQDÐZLHFLHZ\ELHU]HP\OXENWµ- U\PEÇG]LHP\VLÇLQVSLURZDÅ

&LHNDZÃ NRQFHSFMÇ RFHQ\ 6]' RSDUWÃ QD PR- GHOX IUDQFXVNLP SU]HGVWDZLÊ SURI %ÊD×HM 6NRF]HÌ

]D]QDF]DMÃFMHGQRF]HÐQLH×HVÃWRNRQFHSFMHURER- F]H QLHUR]ZD×DQH MHV]F]H SU]H] .(1 (ZDOXDFMD

EÇG]LH SU]HSURZDG]RQD SU]H] HNVSHUWµZ SRZRÊD- Q\FKSU]H].RPLVMÇQDSRGVWDZLHUDSRUWXVDPRRFH- Q\ SU]\JRWRZDQHM SU]H] V]NRÊÇ GRNWRUVNÃ ]JRGQLH

]NU\WHULDPL]DZDUW\PLZXVWDZLH3RQLHZD×MHGQDN

MHV]F]H QLH ]QDP\ UR]SRU]ÃG]HQLD RNUHÐODMÃFHJR

V]F]HJµÊRZH NU\WHULD HZDOXDFML MDNRÐFL NV]WDÊFHQLD

Z V]NROH GRNWRUVNLHM RUD] VSRVREX MHM SU]HSURZD- G]DQLD SURI 6NRF]HÌ ]DVXJHURZDÊ MDNLH HOHPHQW\

SRZLQQ\]QDOHÕÅVLÇZHZVSRPQLDQ\PUDSRUFLHVD- PRRFHQ\båEÇGÃWRRSLVVWUXNWXU\6]'ZVNDÕ-

(11)

Nauka

QLNLVWDW\VW\F]QHLSDUDPHWU\FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHGOD

V]NRÊ\ÕUµGÊDĆQDQVRZDQLDLEXG×HWRUD]LQIRUPD- FMHRSURFHVLHUHNUXWDFMLLSURJUDPDFKNV]WDÊFH- QLDNZDOLĆNDFMDFKQDXF]\FLHOLDNDGHPLFNLFKRUD]

SUDFRZQLNDFK QDXNRZ\FK SURZDG]ÃF\FK NV]WDÊFH- QLH  Z\QLNDFK RFHQ\ ÐUµGRNUHVRZHM L Z\QLNDFK

NV]WDÊFHQLD  SODQDFK EDGDZF]\FK  RSLHFH QDX- NRZHMZVSDUFLXZSURZDG]HQLXG]LDÊDOQRÐFLQDX- NRZHMZVSµÊSUDF\PLÇG]\QDURGRZHMQDUµ×Q\FK

SÊDV]F]\]QDFK

=NROHLSURI'RPLQLN$QWRQRZLF]]DVXJHURZDÊ

DE\ HZDOXDFMD 6]' ]RVWDÊD SU]HSURZDG]RQD PR×OL- ZLHZSURVW\LSU]HMU]\VW\VSRVµE]XZ]JOÇGQLHQLHP

SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPRGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLDF]\GRN- WRUDQWPR×HVZRERGQLHSLVDÅVZRMÃSUDFÇLSURZD- G]LÅRGSRZLHGQLHEDGDQLDF]\SURPRWRUJZDUDQWXMH

RSLHNÇ WM F]\ SUDFXMH ] GRNWRUDQWHP L F]\ V]NRÊD

ZVHQVLHLQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\P]DSHZQLDPHFKDQL]P\bå

V]F]HJµOQLH Z V\WXDFMDFK JG\ ZVSµÊSUDFD WD QLH

G]LDÊDb å XPR×OLZLDMÃFH ]DWU]\PDQLH L SRSUDZÇ WHM

V\WXDFMLOXEQDMDNLÐURG]DMUR]HMÐFLDVLÇVWURQ

2FHQDMDNRÐFLG]LDÊDOQRÐFLQDXNRZHM

7RUXÌVNLH VSRWNDQLH Z UDPDFK 1.1 )RUXP ]DNRÌ- F]\ÊD6HVMD4 $SWì(ZDOXDFMDMDNRÐFLG]LDÊDOQRÐFL

QDXNRZHMb å ]PLDQ\ ZSURZDG]RQH UR]SRU]ÃG]H- QLHP0LQLVWUD1DXNLL6]NROQLFWZD:\×V]HJR]GQLD

b URNXë NWµUH SRSURZDG]LOL GU $OHNVDQ- GHU'DÌGD, G\UHNWRU'HSDUWDPHQWX1DXNL01L6:

RUD] %RJGDQ 6]NXS ]DVWÇSFD G\UHNWRUD 'HSDUWD- PHQWX 1DXNL 01L6: 3URZDG]ÃF\ ]ZUµFLOL XZDJÇ

QDQDMZD×QLHMV]HHOHPHQW\RFHQ\NWµUDEÇG]LHSU]H- SURZDG]RQDZbURNX,FKZ\SRZLHG]LLV]HUHJ

S\WDÌ XF]HVWQLNµZ GHEDW\ SRND]DÊ\ ] MDN EDUG]R

VNRPSOLNRZDQ\P]DJDGQLHQLHPPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD

-X× SRSU]HGQLH RFHQ\ XQDRF]QLÊ\ ÐURGRZLVNX DND- GHPLFNLHPX L PLQLVWHUVWZX ]ÊR×RQRÐÅ ]DJDGQLHQLD

:\GDMHVLÇ×HZQRZ\PV\VWHPLHXGDÊRVLÇZ\HOLPL- QRZDÅV]HUHJEÊÇGµZL]DQLHGEDÌ]SRSU]HGQLFKODW

&]\ WR Z\VWDUF]\" *ÊRV\ ]QDQ\FK SURIHVRUµZ DOH

LPÊRG\FKQDXNRZFµZSRND]DÊ\×HQDGZLHORPDHOH- PHQWDPLHZDOXDFMLEÇG]LHP\PXVLHOLSHZQLHMHV]F]H

QLHUD]VLÇSRFK\OLÅ

ØĎŇħĈĶëŕĎſǀĕŇ—şŔëǏƆŊĶ

(12)

12

nr 3–4/2019

Nauka

Werner Ulrich

0,503"5İ

/08&

8:;8"/*"

3£90-' <$A'£2-' 9í > 9A@#0-1 683$'9-' ;8!29(38- 1!$/-W £! >9$,3&Aí$'+3 8@20< - 68A@9AĚ'+3 963- Ě'$A'क़9;>! 3('8</í$'+3 <9Ě<+- - ;'$,23£3+-' ;!0!

;8!29(381!$/! /'9; 2-'A#õ&2!T !#@ #@ࣗ +8!$A'1

> 1-õ&A@2!83&3>@$, 9-'$-!$, 2!<03>@$,W 3>'

63£90-'68!>3&£!9A03£2-$;>!>@৹9A'+3l2-'$32!- A#@; !1#-;2-' A>!2' 329;@;<$/í &£! !<0-m /'9;

;@£03 2!/23>9A@1 - A&'$@&3>!2-' 2-' 2!/>!৹2-'/- 9A@1 68A@0Ě!&'1 ;'/ A1-!2@T 0;Õ8! 83A63$AõĚ! 9-õ

3&$AĚ32039;>!> >‰‡‡‹8W

2GWHJRF]DVXLSRGSUHVMÃVLÊVSRÊHF]Q\FKRUD]

JRVSRGDUF]\FKNODV\F]Q\SROVNLPRGHOXQLZHUV\WH- FNLRSDUW\QDHGXNDFML]WUDG\F\MQÃVLOQÃKLHUDUFKLÃ

DNDGHPLFNà L VÊDEà ZVSµÊSUDFà PLÇG]\QDURGRZÃ

]DF]ÃÊ SU]HNV]WDÊFDÅ VLÇ Z VWUXNWXUÇ XNLHUXQNRZD- QÃQDEDGDQLDZNWµUHMPLÇG]\QDURGRZDUHSXWDFMD

QDXNRZDPDSLHUZV]HÌVWZRSU]HGDNDGHPLFNRÐFLÃ

LZ]JOÇGDPLW\WXÊRZ\PL:V]F]HJµOQRÐFLQDXNLÐFL- VÊHLSU]\URGQLF]HMX×SU]\MÇÊ\WHQPLÇG]\QDURGRZ\

PRGHOEDGDÌQDXNRZ\FKLIXQNFMRQRZDQLHXQLZHU-

V\WHWµZZZLÇNV]HMF]ÇÐFLSRGF]DVJG\QDXNLKXPD- QLVW\F]QHSR]RVWDMÃZW\OH

: UDPDFK WHJR SURFHVX WUDQVIRUPDFML ZVSDU- WHJR SU]H] QRZH SUDZR SROVNLH WDN×H NV]WDÊFHQLH

GRNWRUVNLH PXVL ]RVWDÅ GRVWRVRZDQH GR QRZ\FK

Z\]ZDÌVSRÊHF]Q\FKLQDXNRZ\FKRUD]]DOHFHÌPLÇ- G]\QDURGRZ\FK .UµWNR PµZLÃF ZUD] ] PDOHMÃFÃ

UHQRPÃ W\WXÊX PDJLVWUD URÐQLH SRWU]HED GDOV]HJR

NV]WDÊFHQLD RVµE NWµUH PRJÃ SU]HMÃÅ F]RÊRZH VWD- QRZLVNDVSRÊHF]QHJRVSRGDUF]HSROLW\F]QHLDNDGH- PLFNLH:]ZLÃ]NX]W\PVWRSLHÌGRNWRUDQLHMHVWMX×

Z\ÊÃF]QLHZVWÇSHPGRÐFLH×NLNV]WDÊFHQLDDNDGHPL- FNLHJR DOH RWZLHUD V]HURNLH VSHNWUXP SU]\V]Ê\FK

VWDQRZLVN SR]D XQLZHUV\WHWDPL 1DOH×\ ZGUR×\Å

QRZHVSRVRE\SU]\JRWRZDQLDGRNWRUDQWµZZNRQ- WHNÐFLHW\FKUR]V]HU]RQ\FKSHUVSHNW\Z

=DLQLFMRZDQD SU]H] DUW\NXÊ\ Z ZLRGÃF\P F]D- VRSLÐPLH QDXNRZ\P ì1DWXUHë VÊ\QQD LQLFMDW\ZD

ì6DO]EXUJ ë VIRUPXÊRZDÊD RJµOQH ]DOHFHQLD

GRW\F]ÃFH VWXGLµZ GRNWRUDQFNLFK NWµUH VSHÊQLDMÃ

SRMDZLDMÃFHVLÇZ;;,ZLHNXZ\PDJDQLD:bU

”ſşĪȰÉĕſŕĕſ®ōſĶĈIJ DşƐȰŕĎſǀĕŇ—şŔëǏƆŊĶ

(13)

Nauka

SRQDGXQLZHUV\WHWµZ]NUDMµZHXURSHMVNLFK

]DWZLHUG]LÊR ]DVDG\ 6DO]EXUJ ,, NWµU\ ]RVWDÊ\ UR]- V]HU]RQHZbUSU]H]5DGÇGV(GXNDFML'RNWR- UDQFNLHM(XURSHMVNLHJR6WRZDU]\V]HQLD8QLZHUV\WH- WµZ7HRJµOQRHXURSHMVNLH]DOHFHQLDNRQFHQWUXMÃVLÇ

QDQDVWÇSXMÃF\FKNZHVWLDFK

ïLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQHVWXGLDGRNWRUDQFNLH

ï]DVSRNDMDQLHSRWU]HEU\QNXSUDF\

ï]DSHZQLHQLH RGSRZLHGQLFK PR×OLZRÐFL UR]- ZRMXNDULHU\]DZRGRZHM

ïSURPRZDQLH LQQRZDF\MQ\FK VWUXNWXU HGXND- F\MQ\FK DE\ VSURVWDÅ Z\]ZDQLRP V]NROHQLD

LQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQHJR

ï]ZLÇNV]HQLHPRELOQRÐFLGRNWRUDQWµZ

ï]DSHZQLHQLHRGSRZLHGQLHJRĆQDQVRZDQLD

3RQDGWRZbU.RPLVMD(XURSHMVND]GHĆQLR- ZDÊDVLHGHP]DVDGLQQRZDF\MQHJRV]NROHQLDGRNWR- UDQWµZ=DVDG\WHEU]PLÃ

ïGRVNRQDÊRÐÅEDGDÌ

ïDWUDNF\MQHRWRF]HQLHLQVW\WXFMRQDOQH

ï]DSHZQLHQLHMDNRÐFL

ïLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQHRSFMHEDGDÌ

ïV]NROHQLD ]ZLÃ]DQH ] XPLHMÇWQRÐFLDPL VSR- ÊHF]Q\PLLDGPLQLVWUDF\MQ\PL

ïQDVWDZLHQLH QD SU]HP\VÊ L LQQH RGSRZLHGQLH

VHNWRU\]DWUXGQLHQLD

ïXG]LDÊ Z PLÇG]\QDURGRZ\FK VLHFLDFK QDXNR- Z\FK

.UµWNRPµZLÃFQRZLQDXNRZF\SRZLQQLRVLÃJ- QÃÅGRVNRQDÊRÐÅQDXNRZÃ]XZ]JOÇGQLHQLHPV]HUR- NLHM LQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQHM SHUVSHNW\Z\ Z SRÊÃF]HQLX

]PRELOQRÐFLÃLRGSRZLHGQLPĆQDQVRZDQLHP1RZH

SROVNLHSUDZRGODV]NµÊZ\×V]\FKSUµEXMHZGUR×\Å

WH ]DOHFHQLD FKRFLD× ]DZLHUD W\ONR EDUG]R RJµOQH

UDP\ 6]NRÊ\ GRNWRUVNLH PDMÃ VLÇ ]DMPRZDÅ NV]WDÊ- FHQLHP*ʵZQÃZDGÃWHJRVWDQXOHJLVODF\MQHJRMHVW

WR×HQDGDOQLHMHVWMDVQHFRVWDQLHVLÇ]SU]\V]Ê\P

GRNWRUHP1LHMHVWRQDQLZSHÊQL]GHĆQLRZDQ\MDNR

QDXNRZLHFDQLMDNRSUDFRZQLNRV]HURNLFKKRU\]RQ- WDFK L XPLHMÇWQRÐFLDFK NWµUH PX GDMÃ PR×OLZRÐÅ

SUDF\ZUµ×Q\FKVHNWRUDFK2FHQDMDNRÐFLGRNWRUD- WµZQDGDORGE\ZDVLÇZZÃVNLP]DNUHVLHLQDQLHFR

SU]HVWDU]DÊ\P SR]LRPLH Z]DMHPQHM RFHQ\ peer re- view -Ç]\NPRELOQRÐÅVLHFLQDXNRZHLXPLHMÇWQR- ÐFLNWµUHPR×QDSU]HQLHÐÅSR]DVHNWRUDNDGHPLFNL

VÃQLHZ\VWDUF]DMÃFRGRFHQLRQH

:WHMV\WXDFMLJʵZQ\FLÇ×DULQQRZDF\MQHMHGX- NDFML GRNWRUDQFNLHM VSRF]\ZD QD XQLZHUV\WHWDFK

0XV]Ã ]DU]ÃG]DÅ UµZQRZDJÃ PLÇG]\ SULRU\WHWHP

EDGDZF]\P D V]NROHQLHP LQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQ\P

:VSµOQLHPXV]ÃXVWDOLÅVWDQGDUG\RFHQ\SUDF\GRN-

WRUVNLHM L RFHQ\ XPLHMÇWQRÐFL 3RG W\P Z]JOÇGHP

ZLHOH SROVNLFK XQLZHUV\WHWµZ SRF]ÃZV]\ RG :DU- V]DZ\L.UDNRZDDOHWH×80.HNVSHU\PHQWRZDÊR

] LQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQ\PL L PLÇG]\QDURGRZ\PL VWX- GLDPL GRNWRUDQFNLPL -HGQDN HNVSHU\PHQW\ E\Ê\

ZGX×HMPLHU]HRJUDQLF]RQHGRZÃVNLHJRVNXSLHQLD

VLÇQDSRGVWDZRZ\FKQDXNDFKSU]\URGQLF]\FKLQLH

ZGUR×\Ê\PLÇG]\QDURGRZ\FK]DOHFHÌÖDGQH]QLFK

QLH ]DZLHUDÊR Z\UDÕQHJR SDUWQHUVWZD ] VHNWRUHP

SU\ZDWQ\PLQLH]EÇGQ\FKXPLHMÇWQRÐFL1DV]DAka- Gemia &opernicana MHVW SLHUZV]Ã V]NRÊÃ GRNWRUDQ- FNÃ NWµUD SU]\QDMPQLHM Z ZLÇNV]HM F]ÇÐFL UHDOL]XMH

DNWXDOQHPLÇG]\QDURGRZH]DOHFHQLDZW\P]DOHFH- QLD .RPLVML (XURSHMVNLHM L 5DG\ 'RNWRUDQWµZ 6NX- SLDP\VLÇQDPLÇG]\QDURGRZHMUHNUXWDFMLZ\VRNLHM

MDNRÐFL EDGDQLDFK QD SR]LRPLH PLÇG]\QDURGRZ\P

PRELOQRÐFLVWXGHQWµZZ\PLDQLHPLÇG]\QDURGRZHM

NXUVDFKLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQ\FKLSURSRQXMHP\VROLGQH

ĆQDQVRZDQLH

-HGQDNQDZHWWHQHNVSHU\PHQWZFLÃ×SR]RVWDMH

QLHZ\VWDUF]DMÃF\ Z NRQIURQWDFML ] LQQ\PL ZD×Q\PL

]DOHFHQLDPLPLÇG]\QDURGRZ\PL3U]HGHZV]\VWNLP

QDGDOSROHJDP\QDNODV\F]Q\PPRGHOXRFHQ\Z]D- MHPQHM peer review ]JRGQLH]Z\PRJDPLSROVNLHJR

SUDZD :V]\VWNLH QRZRF]HVQH RFHQ\ SURJUDPµZ

GRNWRUDQFNLFK SRGNUHÐODMà SRWU]HEÇ V]NROHQLD SUR- PRWRUDLNRQNXUVRZHZ\ELHUDQLDRSLHNXQD:UHV]- FLH ZFLÃ× QLH SU]\JRWRZXMHP\ GRNWRUDQWµZ GR

SU]\V]ÊHJR]DWUXGQLHQLDSR]DÐURGRZLVNLHPDNDGH- PLFNLP

3U]\MU]\MP\ VLÇ EOL×HM W\P EUDNRP :LGDÅ Z\- UDÕQLH ×H MDNRÐÅ UHFHQ]ML GRNWRUDQFNLFK D WDN×H

KDELOLWDF\MQ\FK Z 3ROVFH VSDGD =GHF\GRZDQLH ]D- OHFDP\ZVSµOQÃLQLFMDW\ZÇSROVNLFKXQLZHUV\WHWµZ

Z ]DNUHVLH Z\]QDF]DQLD VWDQGDUGµZ L RSUDFRZ\- ZDQLD ]DOHFHÌ GOD UHFHQ]HQWµZ GRNWRUDWµZ D E\Å

PR×H WDN×H GOD Z\×V]\FK VWRSQL =DOHFHQLD WH SR- ZLQQ\ ]DZLHUDÅ Z\W\F]QH GRW\F]ÃFH LQWHUSUHWDFML

RGSRZLHGQLFKPLQLPDOQ\FKZ\PDJDÌSUDZQ\FKGOD

SRP\ÐOQHJRXELHJDQLDVLÇRW\WXÊGRNWRUD:Z\VRNR

RFHQLDQ\FKF]DVRSLVPDFKPLÇG]\QDURGRZ\FKVWDQ- GDUGHPMHVWUµZQLH×RFHQDMDNRÐFLUHFHQ]ML0R×HP\

P\ÐOHÅRSRGREQ\PV\VWHPLHGRSROVNLFKRFHQGRN- WRUDQFNLFK KDELOLWDF\MQ\FK L SURIHVRUVNLFK 1DV]D

XF]HOQLD PR×H ]JÊRVLÅ WDNÃ LQLFMDW\ZÇ QRZR XWZR- U]RQHM5'1

3RGUXJLHSROVNLV\VWHPHGXNDFMLGRNWRUDQFNLHM

]XSHÊQLH QLH ]QD RFHQ\ MDNRÐFLRZHM SURPRWRUµZ

&]ÇVWR ìÐZLH×Rë KDELOLWRZDQL QDXNRZF\ EH] RGSR- ZLHGQLHJRPLÇG]\QDURGRZHJRGRÐZLDGF]HQLDPDMÃ

SLHUZV]HÌVWZR Z ìSU]\G]LDOHë GRNWRUDQWµZ W\ONR

(14)

14

nr 3–4/2019

Nauka

SRWRE\V]\EFLHMDZDQVRZDÅ5H]XOWDWHPVÃF]ÇVWR

VÊDEHGRNWRUDW\EH]V]DQV\QDSXEOLNDFMÇZPLÇG]\- QDURGRZ\FK F]DVRSLVPDFK 6WXGHQFL VÊDE\FK SUR- PRWRUµZPDMÃQLHZ\VWDUF]DMÃFHV]DQVHQDVWD×H]D

JUDQLFÃLQLHVWDMÃVLÇF]ÊRQNDPLPLÇG]\QDURGRZ\FK

VLHFLQDXNRZ\FK,QQ\PHIHNWHPWHJRVWDQXU]HF]\

MHVW VWRVXQNRZR Z\VRNL RGVHWHN QLHXGDQ\FK SUµE

GRNWRUDQFNLFK Z 3ROVFH =GHF\GRZDQLH ]DOHFDP\

V]NROHQLHSURPRWRUµZLRFHQÇZ\QLNµZQDXNRZ\FK

ZUDPDFK]DGDÌSU]\V]Ê\FKV]NµÊGRNWRUVNLFK

3RWU]HFLHGRNWRUDWPXVLE\ÅLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDU- Q\]ZÊDV]F]DZFHOXSU]\JRWRZDQLDNDQG\GDWµZGOD

U\QNX SUDF\ 7\ONR QLHZLHONL RGVHWHN QRZR SURPR- ZDQ\FK GRNWRUµZ SR]RVWDQLH Z RÐURGNDFK DNDGH- PLFNLFK :LÇNV]RÐÅ RSXÐFL QDXNÇ DE\ X]\VNDÅ VWD- QRZLVND NLHURZQLF]H SR]D VHNWRUHP DNDGHPLFNLP

0XVLP\ SU]\JRWRZDÅ QDV]\FK NDQG\GDWµZ WDN×H

SRG NÃWHP RGSRZLHGQLFK XPLHMÇWQRÐFL 1DOH×à GR

QLFK WHFKQLNL ODERUDWRU\MQH SURFHGXU\ EL]QHVRZH

LSRGVWDZRZDZLHG]DSUDZQLF]DDOHWDN×HXPLHMÇW- QRÐFL PLÇNNLH Z SURZDG]HQLX L PRGHURZDQLX ]H- VSRÊX:D×QDPLÇNNDXPLHMÇWQRÐÅGRW\F]\WH×HWRVX

QDXNRZHJRLZÊDVQRÐFLLQWHOHNWXDOQHM

1RZ\VWDWXWXF]HOQLSU]HZLGXMHSRZRÊDQLHNR- OHJLµZ XQLZHUV\WHFNLFK NWµUH SRSURZDG]Ã V]NRÊ\

GRNWRUVNLH3RQLHZD×WHV]NRÊ\PXV]ÃE\ÅEXGRZD- QH RG ]HUD LVWQLHMH RJURPQD V]DQVD QD ZGUR×HQLH

DNWXDOQ\FK PLÇG]\QDURGRZ\FK ]DOHFHÌ L VWDQGDU- GµZ GRNWRUDQFNLFK 1LH ZROQR QDP SU]HJDSLÅ WHM

V]DQV\

1DMZD×QLHMV]\ SXQNW SRMDZLD VLÇð QD NRÌFX

-DN ĆQDQVRZDÅ PLÇG]\QDURGRZH L LQWHUG\VF\SOL- QDUQH VWXGLD GRNWRUDQFNLH" AcaGemia &opernicana

MHVWPR×OLZDW\ONRG]LÇNLPLOLRQRZHMGRWDFML]IXQGX- V]\HXURSHMVNLFK3U]\V]ÊHNROHJLD80.EÇGÃPLDÊ\

]QDF]QLH QL×V]H ZHZQÇWU]QH ĆQDQVRZDQLH &R JR- U]HMPLQLVWHUVWZR1&11&%L5LXQLZHUV\WHW\ZFLÃ×

QLHVÃ]JRGQHZW\PMDNGHĆQLRZDÅVW\SHQGLXPGRN- WRUDQFNLHRUD]]DVDG\WUDNWRZDQLDUµ×Q\FKÕUµGHÊĆ- QDQVRZDQLDGODNDQG\GDWµZ-HGQDNMX×WHUD] SU]H]

]GRE\WH JUDQW\  UHNUXWXMHP\ NDQG\GDWµZ NWµU]\

UR]SRF]\QDMÃ VZRMÃ SU]\JRGÇ ] QDXNÃ Z SDÕG]LHU- QLNX Z QDV]\FK QRZ\FK V]NRÊDFK GRNWRUDQFNLFK

6]W\ZQ\JµUQ\OLPLWSU]\MÇÅPR×HR]QDF]DÅNRQLHF]- QRÐÅ UH]\JQDFML SU]\V]ÊHJR SURPRWRUD ]H VZRMHJR

JUDQWX 3RWU]HEXMHP\ ZVSµOQHM LQLFMDW\Z\ SROVNLFK

XQLZHUV\WHWµZ DE\ UR]ZLÃ]DÅ ZV]\VWNLH SUREOHP\

GRW\F]ÃFH SU]\V]ÊHJR ĆQDQVRZDQLD GRNWRUDQWµZ

2EHMPXMH WR WH× UHćHNVMÇ GRW\F]ÃFÃ REHFQHM SROL- W\NL 1&1 ZREHF NRQNXUVX 3UHOXGLXP NWµUD Z ×D- GHQVSRVµEQLHVSHÊQLDZ\PDJDÌSU]\V]ÊHMHGXNDFML

GRNWRUDQFNLHM1&8SRZLQQDDNW\ZQLHXF]HVWQLF]\Å

ZWDNLHMLQLFMDW\ZLH

3RGVXPRZXMÃF80.XVWDQDZLDMÃFF]WHU\QRZH

V]NRÊ\GRNWRUDQFNLH QDXNLÐFLVÊHLSU]\URGQLF]HKX- PDQLVW\F]QH VSRÊHF]QH PHG\F]QH  L NRQW\QXXMÃF

LVWQLHMÃFÃ AcaGemia &opernicana PD ZLHONÃ V]DQVÇ

QD VWZRU]HQLH Z\VRNLHM MDNRÐFL NV]WDÊFHQLD GRNWR- UDQFNLHJRNWµUHVSHÊQLDDNWXDOQHPLÇG]\QDURGRZH

]DOHFHQLDLVWDQGDUG\1LHPR×HP\SU]HJDSLÅWHMRND- ]ML=GHF\GRZDQLH]DOHFDP\QLHFKWHV]NRÊ\

ïNV]WDÊFÃ QDXNRZR L SURPXMÃ Z\VRNL SR]LRP

QDXNRZ\

ïSURPXMÃ PLÇG]\QDURGRZÃ PRELOQRÐÅ L VLHFL

QDXNRZH

ïXPR×OLZLDMÃ ]GRE\ZDQLH PLÇG]\QDURGRZ\FK

SRGZµMQ\FKVWRSQLQDXNRZ\FKGRNWRUD

ïVNXSLÃVLÇWH×QDXPLHMÇWQRÐFLDFKPLÇNNLFK

ïSU]\JRWRZXMÃ UµZQLH× NDQG\GDWµZ QD SU]\- V]ÊHVWDQRZLVNDNLHURZQLF]HSR]DLQVW\WXFMD- PLDNDGHPLFNLPL

ïZVSµÊSUDFXMà ] LQVW\WXFMDPL L NRUSRUDFMDPL

QLHDNDGHPLFNLPL

ïXZ]JOÇGQLDMÃ NU\WHULD Z\ERUX SURPRWRUµZ

LSURJUDP\HGXNDF\MQHRSLHNXQµZ

ïUR]EXGXMÃVLHFL$OXPQL

ï]GHĆQLXMÃ UR]V]HU]RQH NU\WHULD GR REURQ\

GRNWRUDQFNLHM

7\ONR WDNLH V]NRÊ\ GRNWRUDQFNLH PDMÃ V]DQVÇ

QDPLÇG]\QDURGRZÃU\ZDOL]DFMÇ

”ſşĪȰÉĕſŕĕſ®ōſĶĈIJɐɃĎǀĶĕŊëŕÉƷĎǀĶëœƖ ĶşōşīĶĶĶwĈIJſş- ŕƷéſşĎşƱĶƆŊë®lbȫŊĶĕſşƱŕĶŊƆǀŊşœƷĎşŊƐşſƆŊĶĕŇĈëĎĕ- ŔĶë!şżĕſŕĶĈëŕëȰ

(15)

Badania

Mateusz Sosnowski

*&;8:,p&0%,3:$*&"3$)&0-0(Ù8

8 03"$)6$)0-4,*$)

3 ;'/ 638@ +õ9;3 A!£'9-32' 68A'9;8A'2-' 38Õ>

<$,3£90-$, /!>-Ě@ 9-õ !8$,'3£3+31 /!03 3#9A!8

63A#!>-32@ ঔ£!&Õ> £<&A0-'/ 3#'$23ঔ$- > $A!9!$,

6368A'&A!/í$@$,03£32-A!$/õ;@$,;'8'2Õ>>ঔ8'&- 2-3>-'$A<W-'£'>90!A</'/'&2!02!;3T৹'&A-õ0-

#!&!2-31 68A'683>!&A32@1 68A'A &>Õ$, &30;3- 8!2;Õ>g!;'<9A!3923>90-'+3l 29;@;<;8$,'- 3£3+-->38<2-<m-'8A'+3A'8क़$!l 29;@;<;

8$,'3£3+-- - ;23£3+--  > !89A!>-'mT 0;Õ8A@

2-'963&A-'>!2-'>ঔ83&0<£!9<3&08@£-A!6312-!2'

39-'&£'£<&A0-'968A'&30W‰;@9W£!;T63;8A'#2!#õ-

&A-'>'8@)0!$/!;'+363+£í&<W

: Z\QLNX ]DVWRVRZDQLD QRZDWRUVNLFK PHWRG

DQDOL]\QXPHU\F]QHJRPRGHOXWHUHQXXGDÊRVLÇ]D- UHMHVWURZDÅ NRPSOHWQ\ XNÊDG SU]HVWU]HQQ\ RVDG\

] RWDF]DMÃF\PL MÃ SRODPL L ]DFKRZDQÃ VLHFLÃ GUµJ

ÊÃF]ÃF\FK E\Å PR×H WÇ XQLNDWRZÃ RVDGÇ ] LQQ\PL

WHJRW\SXVLHGOLVNDPL2GNU\FLDGRNRQDQRZOXW\P

b U QD SRGVWDZLH REVHUZDFML VNDQRZDQLD ODVH- URZHJRSRZLHU]FKQLJUXQWX /,'$5 JG]LH]DREVHU- ZRZDQH]RVWDÊ\QLHUµZQRÐFLWHUHQXNWµUH]DF]ÇÊ\

XNÊDGDÅVLÇZVWUXNWXU\QLHZÃWSOLZLHDQWURSRJHQLF]- QHQLHPRJÃFHSRZVWDÅZVSRVµEQDWXUDOQ\=DVWR- VRZDQH GRGDWNRZH PHWRG\ Z]PRFQLHQLD REUD]X

ØşćſëǀşƱëŕĶĕdşĈëō—ĕōĶĕĪlşĎĕōǀëĈIJşƱëŕĕīşƖŊœëĎƖĪſëīŔĕŕƐƖşƆëĎƷȫƱŊƐǐſƷŔǃƷōĶŇĕŇŔĶĕƆǀŊëǏĈƷ wżſëĈȰ`ĕſǀƷ!ǀĕſŕĶĕĈ

(16)

16

nr 3–4/2019

Badania

/,'$5QLHSR]RVWDZLDÊ\MX××DGQHMZÃWSOLZRÐFLbåQD

SRZLHU]FKQLRNKDZÐURGNXWXFKROVNLHJRODVX

]QDMGXMÃVLÇUHOLNW\GRVNRQDOH]DFKRZDQHMRVDG\LMHM

]DSOHF]DJRVSRGDUF]HJRZSRVWDFLVLDWNLSµO

3RF]ÃWNRZR ]GDZDÊR VLÇ ×H PR×QD WX PLHÅ GR

F]\QLHQLD]RVDGÃRFKURQRORJLLÐUHGQLRZLHF]QHMFR

PLDÊRE\ RGQLHVLHQLH GR GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FK RGNU\Å

ÐZLDGF]ÃF\FKRW\P×HGRSLHURZÐUHGQLRZLHF]XQD

W\FKWHUHQDFKGRFKRG]LÊRGRSRZVWDZDQLDJÇVWV]HM

VLHFLVLHG]LEOXG]NLFK:WRNXDQDOL]GRVWÇSQHJRPD- WHULDÊX ÕUµGÊRZHJR ]DUµZQR ÕUµGHÊ SLVDQ\FK MDN

L NDUWRJUDĆF]Q\FK WH]D R ÐUHGQLRZLHF]QHM PHWU\FH

RVDG\ VWDZDÊD VLÇ MHGQDN FRUD] PQLHM SUDZGRSR- GREQD3RGF]DVSLHUZV]HMZHU\ĆNDFMLWHUHQRZHMRE- V]DUX RVDG\ EDGDQLD SRZLHU]FKQLRZH  ]QDOH]LRQ\

]RVWDÊ ]ELµU IUDJPHQWµZ FHUDPLNL ZVND]XMÃFHM QD

GX×R ZF]HÐQLHMV]Ã MHM FKURQRORJLÇb å FHUDPLND Z\- ND]\ZDÊD FHFK\ FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QH GOD QDF]\Ì Z\- WZDU]DQ\FKZSµÕQ\PRNUHVLHZSÊ\ZµZU]\PVNLFK

SRF]ÃWHNQDV]HMHU\ 

:\QLNL SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK MHVLHQLÃ b U

DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK EDGDÌ Z\NRSDOLVNRZ\FK QD QLH- ZLHONLHM SRZLHU]FKQL RVDG\ Z PLHMVFX V]F]HJµÊR- ZR Z\W\SRZDQ\P QD SRGVWDZLH ZF]HÐQLHMV]\FK

REVHUZDFML VNDQRZDQLD ODVHURZHJR SU]HNURF]\Ê\

QDMÐPLHOV]HRF]HNLZDQLD:WUDNFLHZ\NRSDOLVN]DUH- MHVWURZDQH]RVWDÊ\ÐODG\RVDGQLFWZDVSU]HGSUDZLH

W\VLÇF\ODW2SUµF]QDZDUVWZLHÌL]DE\WNµZ]ZLÃ- ]DQ\FKEH]SRÐUHGQLR]PLHMVFHPZNWµU\PPLHV]ND- OLOXG]LHZSLHUZV]\FKZLHNDFKQDV]HMHU\QDWUDĆRQR

UµZQLH× QD SRMHG\QF]\ JUµE FLDÊRSDOQ\ NWµU\ E\Ê

ZNRSDQ\ZHZF]HÐQLHMV]HQDZDUVWZLHQLD]ZLÃ]DQH

]RVDGÃ*UµE]RVWDÊQDMSUDZGRSRGREQLHMSU]\NU\W\

NXUKDQHPXV\SDQ\P]PDWHULDÊX]HEUDQHJRGRNRÊD

QLHJR R F]\P ÐZLDGF]Ã ÐODG\ ZLGRF]QH QD QXPH- U\F]Q\PPRGHOXWHUHQXRUD]GX×DLORÐÅFHUDPLNLLLQ- Q\FK]DE\WNµZQLHZÃWSOLZLHSRFKRG]ÃF\FK]RVDG\

: WUDNFLH SURZDG]HQLD EDGDÌ Z\NRSDOLVNRZ\FK

MDNLSRZLHU]FKQLRZ\FKQDREV]DU]HRGNU\WHMRVDG\

SR]\VNDQR]DE\WNLNWµU\FKFKURQRORJLD]DP\NDVLÇ

ZMHGQ\PSU]HG]LDOHF]DVRZ\PbåZW]ZF\NOXNXOWXU

RNV\ZVNRZLHOEDUVNLFKFRMHGQR]QDF]QLHGDWXMHWR

QLH]Z\NÊH]QDOH]LVNR1DV]F]HJµOQÃXZDJÇ]DVÊXJX- MHWXMHGHQSU]HGPLRWbåQLHZLHOND]DZLHV]NDRÐUHG- QLF\RNFPZ\NRQDQD]EUÃ]XEÇGÃFDVÃG]ÃFSR

DQDORJLDFK ] WHUHQX (XURS\ HOHPHQWHP XSU]Ç×\

NRÌVNLHM3U]HGPLRWWHQMHVWRW\OHFLHNDZ\×HMHJR

SRFKRG]HQLHPR×QDÊÃF]\ÅEH]SRÐUHGQLR]WHUHQHP

&HVDUVWZD 5]\PVNLHJR JG]LH WHJR W\SX ]DZLHV]NL

VWDQRZLÊ\ HOHPHQW Z\SRVD×HQLD ZRMVNRZ\FK U]Ç- GµZ NRÌVNLFK Z RNUHVLH RG SRÊRZ\ ,,, GR SRÊRZ\

,9ZQH

:\NRSDOLVNRZ\P EDGDQLRP DUFKHRORJLF]Q\P

RGNU\WHJRZ%RUDFK7XFKROVNLFK]HVSRÊXRVDGQLF]H- JRWRZDU]\V]\Ê\UµZQLH×EDGDQLDLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDU- QHSURZDG]RQHSU]H]VSHFMDOLVWµZRGUHNRQVWUXNFML

ÐURGRZLVND QDWXUDOQHJR UHNRQVWUXNFML QDMEOL×V]H- JR RWRF]HQLD VSRÊHF]QRÐFL ]DPLHV]NXMÃF\FK RVD- GÇ = WHJR WH× Z]JOÇGX Z SUDFH EDGDZF]H ]RVWDOL

ZÊÃF]HQL VSHFMDOLÐFL ] ZLHOX LQQ\FK G]LHG]LQ QDXNL

: VNÊDG ]HVSRÊX EDGDZF]HJR ZFKRG]LÊD SDOLQRORJ

GUKDE$JQLHV]ND01RU\ÐNLHZLF] ,QVW\WXW$UFKH- RORJLL 80.  NWµUHM ]DGDQLHP E\ÊD UHNRQVWUXNFMD

V]DW\URÐOLQQHM]DUµZQRVDPHMRVDG\MDNLMHMRNROLF

3URZDG]RQH E\Ê\ UµZQLH× SU]H] GU KDE 0LFKDÊD

-DQNRZVNLHJRSURI80. .DWHGUD*OHER]QDZVWZD

L.V]WDÊWRZDQLD.UDMREUD]X:\G]LDÊX1DXNR=LHPL

80. EDGDQLDSRNU\Z\JOHERZHM:SURMHNWXGDÊR

ÉƷŊşżƆşŕĎëǃşƱƷǀëœşǃşŕƷŕëŇĕĎŕĕŇǀŔĶĕĎǀȫƖŊëǀƖŇāĈƷŇĕŇŊëŔĶĕŕŕāŊşŕƆƐſƖŊĈŇħ DşƐȰlĶĈIJëœ`ëŕŊşƱƆŊĶ

(17)

Badania

VLÇWDN×H]DDQJD×RZDÅVSHFMDOLVWÇ]G]LHG]LQ\FKHPLL

ÐURGRZLVNRZHM GU KDE 7RPDV]D .RZDONRZVNLHJR

SURI 80. .DWHGUD &KHPLL ÏURGRZLVNRZHM L %LR- DQDOLW\NL:\G]LDÊX&KHPLL80. ZFHOXGRNRQDQLD

DQDOL]\ VNÊDGX FKHPLF]QHJR SUµEHN SRELHUDQ\FK

] UXFKRP\FK ]DE\WNµZ DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK FHUDPL- ND Z\URE\ PHWDORZH  RUD] EH]SRÐUHGQLR ] QDZDU- VWZLHÌRVDG\LRWDF]DMÃF\FKMÃSµO3LHUZV]HZ\QLNL

DQDOL]SDOLQRORJLF]Q\FKQDSRGVWDZLH]DFKRZDQ\FK

S\ÊNµZ URÐOLQQ\FK ZVND]XMÃ QD Z\VWÇSRZDQLH QD

WHUHQLHRVDG\URÐOLQW\SRZRXSUDZQ\FKPLQ×\WD

RUD] URÐOLQ ÐFLÐOH ]ZLÃ]DQ\FK ] RVDGQLFWZHP OXG]- NLP PLQ EDEND ODQFHWRZDWD  %DUG]R FLHNDZLH

SU]HGVWDZLDMÃVLÇWDN×HZVWÇSQHDQDOL]\JOHER]QDZ- F]Hb å ]DVLÇJ Z\VWÇSRZDQLD SµO XSUDZQ\FK QLHPDO

GRNÊDGQLH SRNU\ZD VLÇ ] ]DVLÇJLHP Z\VWÇSRZDQLD

JOHE\SÊRZHMMHG\QHJRVNUDZNDZQDMEOL×V]HMRNROLF\

OHSV]HMJOHE\QDGDMÃFHMVLÇGRXSUDZ\UROLFRPR×H

ÐZLDGF]\Å R SHUIHNF\MQ\P Z\NRU]\VWDQLX SU]H]

PLHV]NDÌFµZ RVDG\ VZHJR URG]DMX Z\VS\ ×\]QHM

JOHE\ RWRF]RQHM ]H ZV]\VWNLFK VWURQ SU]H] XERJLH

SLDVNLVDQGURZH6WDQRZLWRGRZµGQDWR×HOXGQRÐÅ

VSU]HGRNW\VLÇF\ODWPLDÊDGX×ÃZLHG]Ç]]DNUHVX

SURZDG]HQLDJRVSRGDUNLUROQHMLSRWUDĆÊDGRVNRQDOH

RGQDOHÕÅL]DDGDSWRZDÅVLÇGRRWDF]DMÃFHJRMÃÐUR- GRZLVNDQDWXUDOQHJR

5µZQLH× VDP XNÊDG SU]HVWU]HQQ\ SµO XSUDZ- Q\FK MHVW EDUG]R LQWHUHVXMÃF\ 1DOH×\ ZVSRPQLHÅ

×H MX× RG NLONXG]LHVLÇFLX ODW DUFKHRORG]\ UHMHVWUXMÃ

SRODXSUDZQHSRFKRG]ÃFH]SUDG]LHMµZJʵZQLHVÃ

WRWDN]ZDQHìFHOWLFĆHOGVë](XURS\]DFKRGQLHM :\- VS\%U\W\MVNLH3ÊZ-XWODQG]NLF]\WH×1LGHUODQG\ 

Z3ROVFHUµZQLH×PDP\SLHUZV]HZ]PLDQNLRWHJR

W\SX RGNU\FLDFK -HGQDN×H V\VWHP SµO RGNU\W\FK

ZRNµÊ RVDG\ Z %RUDFK 7XFKROVNLFK QLH GR NRÌFD

ZSDVRZXMHVLÇZVWUXNWXU\WDNLFKSµO7XWHMV]HSROD

VÃ]DVNDNXMÃFRUHJXODUQHLWZRU]Ã]DPNQLÇW\XNÊDG

SU]HVWU]HQQ\ 7DNL FKDUDNWHU ]GDMH VLÇ EDUG]LHM SD- VRZDÅ GR ZVL SµÕQRÐUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK DQL×HOL GR

SUDG]LHMRZHJRV\VWHPXìFHOWLFĆHOGVë-HGQDNMDNMX×

ZLHP\ ]H ZVWÇSQ\FK Z\QLNµZ SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK

EDGDÌ URGRZµG RGQDOH]LRQHM RVDG\ MHVW ]GHF\GR- ZDQLH VWDUV]\ 0R×H WR E\Å NROHMQ\ HOHPHQW ZVND- ]XMÃF\QDPQDGRÐÅ]DDZDQVRZDQÃ]QDMRPRÐÅDJUR- WHFKQLNLNWµUÃSRVLDGDOLPLHV]NDÌF\RVDG\3DWU]ÃF

QDNV]WDÊWSµOLLFKSRG]LDÊSU]HVWU]HQQ\ZNWµU\P

PR×HP\ Z\Uµ×QLÅ ]DUµZQR EORNL MDN L SRMHG\QF]H

QLZ\SU]\FKRG]LQDPQDP\ÐOV\VWHPSURZDG]HQLD

JRVSRGDUNLWUµMSRORZHMXZD×DQ\GRWHMSRU\]DFKD- UDNWHU\VW\F]Q\ GOD SµÕQHJR ÐUHGQLRZLHF]D 0R×QD

ZW\PPLHMVFX]DGDÅS\WDQLHF]\QDREV]DU]HWHMRVD-

G\VWRVRZDQREÃGÕWH×SUµERZDQRZSURZDG]LÅWDNL

V\VWHPXSUDZ\UROL2GSRZLHGÕZ\PDJDRF]\ZLÐFLH

SU]HSURZDG]HQLDEDUG]RV]F]HJµÊRZHMDQDOL]\XNÊD- GX SU]HVWU]HQQHJR RVDG\ FR MHVW MHGQ\P ] FHOµZ

VWDZLDQ\FKSU]\V]Ê\PEDGDQLRP-H×HOLXGDÊRE\VLÇ

SRWZLHUG]LÅ×H]DUHMHVWURZDQ\XNÊDGSU]HVWU]HQQ\

ZVSµÊJUD ] WUµMSRORZ\P V\VWHPHP SURZDG]HQLD

JRVSRGDUNL UROQHM ZWHG\ PLHOLE\ÐP\ GR F]\QLHQLD

]QDMVWDUV]\P]QDQ\PZ3ROVFHSU]\SDGNLHPVWDVR- ZDQLD WDNLHM PHWRG\ XSUDZ\ UROL FR SU]HVXQÇÊRE\

FH]XUÇVWRVRZDQLDWUµMSROµZNLQDWHUHQLH]LHPSRO- VNLFKRGREUHNLONDVHWODWZVWHF]

6WDQ ]DFKRZDQLD UHOLNWµZ RVDG\ MHVW Z\MÃWNR- Z\QLHW\ONRZVNDOL3ROVNLDOHZVNDOLFDÊHM(XURS\

:]DVDG]LHPR×QDWXPµZLÅRVWDQRZLVNXDUFKHROR- JLF]Q\P]XSHÊQLHQLHSU]HNV]WDÊFRQ\PRGPRPHQWX

RSXV]F]HQLD JR SU]H] ]DPLHV]NXMÃF\FK WX Z SU]H- V]ÊRÐFLOXG]L3U]\G\QDPLFHSURFHVµZRVDGQLF]\FK

FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FKGODWHUHQµZ(XURS\MHVWWR]MD- ZLVNR]XSHÊQLHXQLNDWRZH-HVWRQRMDNNDSVXÊDF]D- VX Z NWµUHM ]RVWDÊR ]DPNQLÇWH NRPSOHWQH L QLHQD- UXV]RQH SU]H] ×DGQH SµÕQLHMV]H HSL]RG\ RVDGQLF]H

RVLHGOHOXG]NLHVSU]HGRNW\VLÇF\ODW2GZLHNµZ

RGFKZLOLSRU]XFHQLDWHJRPLHMVFDSU]H]OXG]LSR]R- VWDZDÊRVNU\WHSRGJÇVWÃSRNU\ZÃODVX

3RF]ÃWHN , W\VLÃFOHFLD QH WR HSRND JZDÊWRZ- Q\FK ]PLDQ QD QDV]\P NRQW\QHQFLH ]ZLÃ]DQ\FK

]ZÇGUµZNÃOXGµZ%\ÅPR×HGDOV]HEDGDQLD]DSR- PQLDQHMRVDG\Z%RUDFK7XFKROVNLFKEÇGÃZVWDQLH

U]XFLÅQRZHÐZLDWÊRQDWHQRNUHVZG]LHMDFK(XURS\

lëƐĕƖƆǀ žşƆŕşƱƆŊĶɐ Ƀ ĎşŊƐşſëŕƐȫ PŕƆƐƷƐƖƐ ſĈIJĕşōşīĶĶ

®lbȰ

mëĈǀƷŕĶĕƆżſǀĕĎćōĶƆŊşǢƐƷƆȰōëƐȫǀĎĕżşŕşƱëŕĕƱŕëƱëſƆƐƱĶĕŕĶëĈIJëſĈIJĕş- ōşīĶĈǀŕƷĈIJĶşĎŊſƷƐĕƱƐſëŊĈĶĕƱƷŊşżëōĶƆŊ DşƐȰ`ĕſǀƷ!ǀĕſŕĶĕĈ

(18)

18

nr 3–4/2019

Nauka

Agata Karska

04.*$;/:.&./"%0,503"5

 #-'৹í$@1 830< !0!&'1-$0-1 2!9A! <$A'£2-! 63

8!A 6-'8>9A@ 8'!£-A</' 683/'0; )2!293>!2@ 68A'A

!83&3>í +'2$/õ @1-!2@ 0!&'1-$0-'/ 3 2!- A>-' V [-õ&A@2!83&3>! >@1-!2! 9;@6'2-

&-!£2! &30;38!2;Õ> - 0!&8@ !0!&'1-$0-'/\W '+3

$'£'1 /'9; A>-õ09A'2-' <1-õ&A@2!83&3>-'2-! #!-

&!क़38!A/!03ঔ$-09A;!Ě$'2-!2!9;<&-!$, 9;362-!

> A!08'9-' !9;83231--T )A@0-T $,'1--T 1!;'1!;@0-T

-2(381!;@0-T03+2-;@>-9;@0--69@$,3£3+--Wࡨ83&0-'1

0<;'1</'9;&3)2!293>!2-'13#-£23ঔ$-TA!8Õ>23

>ঔ8Õ&&30;38!2;Õ>-68!$3>2-0Õ>T/!0-3#-

$308!/3>$Õ>3&>-'&A!/í$@$,2!9Aí<$A'£2-õW

:SURMHNFLHSU]HZLG]LDQRZ\MD]G\QDZ\EUDQH

SU]H]GRNWRUDQWµZVWD×HLNRQIHUHQFMHRUD]SU]\MD]- G\ QD PLÇG]\QDURGRZÃ LQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQÃ V]NRÊÇ

OHWQLÃê7RUXÌ$VWURSK\VLFV6SHFWURVFRS\DQG4XDQ- WXP &KHPLVWU\ 6FKRRO 7$64 ë NWµUD RGEÇG]LH VLÇ

Z GQLDFK å OLSFD EU Z ,QVW\WXFLH )L]\NL 2IHUWD

NLHURZDQD E\ÊD SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP GR GRNWRUDQ- WµZMHGQDN]HÐURGNµZSURMHNWXPR×OLZHE\ÊRWDN-

×H ]DSURV]HQLH SLÇFLX Z\NÊDGRZFµZ FR ]QDF]ÃFR

]ZLÇNV]\ÊR ]QDF]HQLH V]NRÊ\ 7$64 RUD] VNÊRQLÊR

GR XF]HVWQLFWZD Z QLHM EDUG]R GREU\FK VWXGHQWµZ

XF]HOQL]DJUDQLF]Q\FK'RXG]LDÊXZV]NROH]JÊRVLÊR

VLÇ  GRNWRUDQWµZ D ĆQDQVRZDQLH RWU]\PDÊR 

] QLFK Z\EUDQ\FK SU]H] PLÇG]\QDURGRZ\ NRPLWHW

QDXNRZ\V]NRÊ\OHWQLHM

: GZµFK SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK QDERUDFK QD Z\- MD]G\QDVWD×HLNRQIHUHQFMH]JÊRVLÊRVLÇRNRVµE

6HOHNFML]JÊRV]HÌGRNRQDÊDLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQDNRPL- VMDVNÊDGDMÃFDVLÇ]SU]HGVWDZLFLHOLND×GHM]G\VF\SOLQ

Z\PLHQLRQ\FK ZH ZQLRVNX 1DMZLÇNV]\P ]DLQWHUH- VRZDQLHP ZÐUµG VWXGHQWµZ FLHV]\Ê\ VLÇ NRQIHUHQ- FMHMHGQDNNRPLVMDSUHIHURZDÊDGREU]HSU]HP\ÐODQH

Z\MD]G\QDVWD×HEDGDZF]HNWµUHVWZDU]DMÃOHSV]H

PR×OLZRÐFLSR]QDQLD]DJUDQLF]QHJRRÐURGNDLQDZLÃ- ]DQLDGÊXJRIDORZHMZVSµÊSUDF\QDXNRZHM:QLRVNX- MÃF\VWXGHQFLPXVLHOLZW\PSU]\SDGNXSU]HGVWDZLÅ

QLHW\ONR&9OLVWPRW\ZDF\MQ\LOLVWUHNRPHQGDF\MQ\

RGRSLHNXQDQDXNRZHJR]80.DOHWDN×HSODQED- GDZF]\VWD×XLGHNODUDFMÇFKÇFLSU]\MÇFLDQDVWD×RG

RSLHNXQD ]DJUDQLF]QHJR &KRÅ VSHÊQLHQLH W\FK Z\- PDJDÌRND]DÊRVLÇGRÐÅWUXGQHWRZGUXJLPQDERU]H

OLF]EDFKÇWQ\FKQDVWD×HZ]URVÊDSRQDGGZXNURWQLH

&LHV]\Ê\ ]JÊRV]HQLD RG ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK VWXGHQWµZ

NWµU\FK VWD×DPL ]DLQWHUHVRZDOL QDVL SUDFRZQLF\

XWU]\PXMÃF\ VLOQÃb ZVSµÊSUDFÇ EDGDZF]à ] RSLHNX- QDPLVWXGHQWµZ:ÐUµGODXUHDWµZ]QDOHÕOLVLÇWU]HM

VWXGHQFL]&KLQLSRMHGQ\PVWXGHQFLH]*UHFML.D- ]DFKVWDQX0DOH]MLL,QGLL

6XPDU\F]QLH ĆQDQVRZDQLH Z SURMHNFLH 3520

RWU]\PDÊR  RVµE Z W\P  GRNWRUDQWµZ 5µZ- QRSRÊRZÇODXUHDWµZVWDQRZLÊ\NRELHW\FRGREU]H

RG]ZLHUFLHGODÊR OLF]EÇ ]JÊRV]HÌ $×  ODXUHDWµZ

WR REFRNUDMRZF\ Z W\P UµZQLH× GRNWRUDQFL 80.

NWµU]\ Z\ND]DOL GX×H ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH SURJUDPHP

1DMZLÇFHMODXUHDWµZVWD×\LNRQIHUHQFML]80.]DM- PXMHVLÇĆ]\NÃLFKHPLÃ SR]FDÊNRZLWHMOLF]E\

ODXUHDWµZ  RUD] PDWHPDW\NÃ   3RMHG\QF]H

RVRE\Z\EUDÊ\Z\MD]G\]ZLÃ]DQH]NRJQLW\ZLVW\NÃ

LQIRUPDW\NÃLSV\FKRORJLÃ

&KRÅMHVWMHV]F]H]DZF]HÐQLHDE\ZSHÊQLRV]D- FRZDÅb ZSÊ\Z SURMHNWX QD EDGDQLD L NV]WDÊFHQLH

WR MX× WHUD] ZLGDÅ ×H SURMHNW ]QDF]ÃFR ZSÊ\ZD QD

DşƐȰŕëĎĕƆœëŕë

(19)

Nauka

XPLÇG]\QDURGRZLHQLH]DDQJD×RZDQ\FKZ\G]LDʵZ

3U]\NÊDGRZROLF]EDZ\MD]GµZ]SURMHNWX3520QD

:\G]LDOH)L]\NL$VWURQRPLLL,QIRUPDW\NL6WRVRZD- QHM :)$L,6 VWDQRZLFDÊNRZLWHMOLF]E\PRELOQR- ÐFLQDV]\FKGRNWRUDQWµZZSRSU]HGQLFKODWDFKDSR

RGMÇFLX NRQIHUHQFMLb å D×  3U]\MPXMÃF SRGREQ\

VWRVXQHNOLF]E\Z\MD]GµZGRNWRUDQWµZGRSUDFRZ- QLNµZ MDN QD :)$L,6 V]DFXMHP\ ×H QD :\G]LDOH

&KHPLL OLF]ED Z\MD]GµZ ] VDPHJR SURMHNWX 3520

MHVWZW\PbURNXDNDGHPLFNLPZLÇNV]DQL×VXPDU\F]- QDOLF]EDZ\MD]GµZZND×G\P]WU]HFKSRSU]HGQLFK

ODW2]QDF]DWR×HSU]\SRGREQ\PVWUXPLHQLXĆQDQ- VRZDQLD ] LQQ\FK ÕUµGHÊ PRELOQRÐÅ GRNWRUDQWµZ

]:&KZ]URÐQLHZW\PbURNXD×GZXNURWQLH

.RVPLF]Q\Z]URVWXPLÇG]\QDURGRZLHQLDNWµU\

XPR×OLZLDSURMHNW3520EÇG]LHPLDÊ]SHZQRÐFLÃ

GÊXJRIDORZH]QDF]HQLHGODQDV]HMVSRÊHF]QRÐFLDND- GHPLFNLHM7\PF]DVHPZDNWXDOQ\PQXPHU]H*Êosu SUH]HQWXMHP\ DUW\NXÊ\ SU]HVÊDQH SU]H] ODXUHDWµZ

SLHUZV]HMHG\FML3520XNWµUHSR]ZDODMÃQDSR]QD- QLHLFK]DLQWHUHVRZDÌEDGDZF]\FKLSU]HP\ÐOHÌQD

WHPDW UROL ZVSµÊSUDF\ PLÇG]\QDURGRZHM Z SUDF\

PÊRGHJRQDXNRZFD

'ſīëƐëbëſƆŊëɐɃÉƷĎǀĶëœDĶǀƷŊĶȫƆƐſşŕşŔĶĶĶPŕĪşſŔë- ƐƷŊĶžƐşƆşƱëŕĕŇ®lbȰ

Anna Król

"/0."5&3*"p:

!231!;'8-!Ě@ 9í 3#'$2-' 68A'&1-3;'1 >-'£< A!- -2;'8'93>!क़#!&!>$A@$,A!8Õ>23>2!<0!$,63&- 9;!>3>@$,T /!0 - 9;393>!2@$,W !23;'$,23£3+-!T

/!03 &A-'&A-2! -2;'8&@9$@6£-2!82!T A!6'>2-! -223-

>!$@/2' 83A>-íA!2-! > #-3£3+--T 1'&@$@2-'T -2৹@- 2-'8--1!;'8-!Ě3>'/T36;@$'$A@'£'0;832-$'W

-HGQ\P]QDMEDUG]LHMLQWHUHVXMÃF\FKLRELHFXMÃ- F\FKPDWHULDʵZMHVWF\QNLMHJRWOHQHN =Q2 2VWDW- QLHGRQLHVLHQLDQDXNRZHZVND]XMÃ×HGRSU]\JRWR- ZDQLD QDQRPDWHULDʵZ WOHQNX F\QNX ]DVWRVRZDÅ

PR×QD Uµ×QH SRGHMÐFLDb å Ć]\F]QH FKHPLF]QH F]\

ELRORJLF]QH 3RQDGWR FRUD] ZLÇNV]\P ]DLQWHUHVR- ZDQLHP FLHV]Ã VLÇ QDQRNRPSR]\W\ WOHQNµZ PHWDOL

DQJ metal o[iGe nanocomposites 0H2 1&V  QS

QDQRNRPSR]\W\ SROLPHU=Q2 JUDIHQ=Q2 1LH- VWHW\RWU]\PDQLHZLÇNV]RÐFL]QLFKZ\PDJDX×\FLD

QLHEH]SLHF]Q\FK FKHPLNDOLµZ L JHQHUXMH WRNV\F]QH

SURGXNW\ XERF]QH RUD] GX×H ]X×\FLH HQHUJLL 'OD- WHJRWH×XZDJDZLHOXRÐURGNµZQDXNRZ\FKVNXSLD

VLÇQDSURGXNFMLRUD]EDGDQLXELRQDQRNRPSR]\WµZ

NWµU\FK JʵZQ\P VNÊDGQLNLHP SR]D PHWDOHPWOHQ- NLHPPHWDOXZIRUPLHQDQRMHVWVNÊDGQLNELRORJLF]- QLH DNW\ZQ\ QS ELDÊNR 6\QWH]D ELRORJLF]QD FLHV]\

VLÇFRUD]ZLÇNV]ÃSRSXODUQRÐFLÃJʵZQLH]WHJRSR-

ZRGXL×RWU]\PDQHZWHQVSRVµEQDQRPDWHULDÊ\VÃ

PQLHM F\WRWRNV\F]QH Z SRUµZQDQLX ] WUDG\F\MQ\PL

PHWRGDPL FKHPLF]Q\PL L Ć]\F]Q\PL 'RGDWNRZR

ELRQDQRNRPSR]\W\ EDUG]R F]ÇVWR Z\ND]XMÃ DN- W\ZQRÐÅ DQW\EDNWHU\MQÃ ZREHF ZLHOROHNRRSRUQ\FK

V]F]HSµZ EDNWHU\MQ\FK DQJ 0D5-multiGruJ resi- stance  =MDZLVNR OHNRRSRUQRÐFL SDWRJHQµZ V]\ENR

VLÇ UR]SU]HVWU]HQLD ]ZÊDV]F]D Z V]SLWDODFK JG]LH

Uµ×QHEDNWHULHVÃVWDOHZEOLVNLPNRQWDNFLH]HVREÃ

6WDQRZL WR MHGHQ ] QDMSRZD×QLHMV]\FK SUREOHPµZ

GOD OXG]NRÐFL VW\PXOXMÃF\ QDXNRZFµZ GR SRV]XNL- ZDQLDQRZ\FKDQW\VHSW\NµZ

-HGQ\P ] RELHFXMÃF\FK QDU]ÇG]L GR RSUDFR- Z\ZDQLD VNXWHF]Q\FK VXEVWDQFML SU]HFLZEDNWHU\M- Q\FK PR×H E\Å ZÊDÐQLH Z\NRU]\VWDQLH ELRV\QWH]\

QDQRNRPSR]\WµZ WOHQNX F\QNX :\NRU]\VWDQLH

]ZLÃ]NµZELRORJLF]QLHDNW\ZQ\FK]DZDUW\FKZZ\- EUDQ\FK GR V\QWH]\ QDQRNRPSR]\WµZ =Q2 PDWU\- FDFK SR]ZDOD QD WZRU]HQLH ELRQDQRPDWHULDʵZ

]H VSHF\ĆF]Q\P GHSR]\WHP RUJDQLF]Q\P QD LFK

SRZLHU]FKQLLEDUG]RVLOQ\PG]LDÊDQLHPDQW\EDNWH- U\MQ\PSU]HFLZNROHNRRSRUQ\PSDWRJHQRP,QWHUH- VXMÃF\P]DJDGQLHQLHPMHVWWDN×HIDNWL×GRRWU]\P\- ZDQLD QDQRNRPSR]\WµZ QS PHWDOELDÊNR PR×OLZH

(20)

20

nr 3–4/2019

Badania

MHVWZ\NRU]\VWDQLHQLHW\ONRL]RODWµZSRMHG\QF]\FK

ELDÊHN DOH WDN×H W\FK ]QDMGXMÃF\FK VLÇ Z RUJDQL- ]PDFK×\Z\FKQSURÐOLQDFKF]\PLNURRUJDQL]PDFK

5HDOL]RZDQD SU]H]H PQLH Z .DWHGU]H &KHPLL

ÏURGRZLVND L %LRDQDOLW\NL :\G]LDÊX &KHPLL 80.

L SRG NLHUXQNLHP SURI %RJXVÊDZD %XV]HZVNLHJR

SUDFD GRNWRUVND VNXSLD VLÇ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD

EDGDQLX PHFKDQL]PµZ ZLÃ]DQLD MRQµZ F\QNX GR

ELDÊHN RUD] WZRU]HQLD VLÇ QDQRNRPSR]\WµZ WOHQNX

F\QNX Z Z\QLNX WHJR ZLÃ]DQLD RUD] SRGF]DV V\Q- WH]\ PLNURELRORJLF]QHM 2GG]LDÊ\ZDQLD SRPLÇG]\

PHWDODPL L ELRPROHNXÊDPL WDNLPL MDN QS ELDÊND WR

MHGQD ] QDMZD×QLHMV]\FK NZHVWLL NWµUD SU]\FLÃJD

FRUD] ZLÇNV]Ã XZDJÇ Z G]LHG]LQLH FKHPLL 'ZX- ZDUWRÐFLRZH NDWLRQ\ PHWDOL WDNLH MDN F\QN ELRUÃ

XG]LDÊZZLHOXSURFHVDFKELRORJLF]Q\FKbåZ\ND]DQR

×H F\QN PD NOXF]RZH ]QDF]HQLH GOD SUDZLGÊRZHJR

IXQNFMRQRZDQLDGX×HMOLF]E\HQ]\PµZELHU]HXG]LDÊ

ZPLQHUDOL]DFMLNRÐFLJRMHQLXVLÇUDQRGSRZLDGD]D

SUDZLGÊRZH IXQNFMRQRZDQLH XNÊDGX RGSRUQRÐFLR-

mëŕşŊşŔżşǀƷƐƷƐōĕŕŊƖĈƷŕŊƖɐɃƆƷŕƐĕǀëȫƱœëǑĈĶƱşǑĈĶşſëǀǀëƆƐşƆşƱëŕĶĕ

ZHJRRUD]ZLHOXLQQ\FK&\QNPDUµZQLH×Z\MÃWNR- ZÃFKHPLÇNRRUG\QDF\MQÃbåZNZDÐQ\PUR]WZRU]H

ZRGQ\P WZRU]\ RQ VWDELOQH DTXDNRPSOHNV\ 3U]H- SURZDG]RQHGRWHMSRU\EDGDQLDZUDPDFKUHDOL]DFML

SUDF\GRNWRUVNLHM .UµOLLQ ZVND]DÊ\QDNOX- F]RZÃ UROÇ SURFHVX DGVRUSFML MRQµZ F\QNX QD SR- ZLHU]FKQLEDNWHULLLLQWHUDNFMLPLÇG]\=QDELDÊND- PL EDNWHU\MQ\PL Z ZHZQÃWU]NRPµUNRZHM V\QWH]LH

=Q2 1&V 'RGDWNRZR SODQRZDQH Z\NRU]\VWDQLH

REOLF]HÌ NZDQWRZRPHFKDQLF]Q\FK RUD] V\PXODFML

PROHNXODUQ\FK XPR×OLZL GRJÊÇEQÃ DQDOL]Ç RUD] LQ- WHUSUHWDFMÇ UHDNFML XWOHQLDQLDUHGXNFML D WDN×H SR- ZLHU]FKQLRZ\FKSURFHVµZZLÃ]DQLDMRQµZPHWDOLGR

DNW\ZQ\FKJUXSIXQNF\MQ\FKELDÊND0DWRNOXF]RZH

QLHW\ONRGODFKHPLLDQDOLW\F]QHMDOHWDN×HGODSµÕ- QLHMV]HJRZGUR×HQLDWHJRURG]DMXQDQRNRPSR]\WµZ

ZIDUPDFMLLPHG\F\QLH

ŕŕëbſǐōɃĎşŊƐşſëŕƐŊëȫÉƷĎǀĶëœ!IJĕŔĶĶ®lbȰ

(21)

Badania

-*$+"01*0p&,

%30%;&/""37"3%ċ

!8=!8&'&-$!£$,33£g;3;!1A2!/&</'9-õঔ>-!-

;3>'/ 9Ě!>@ !#38!;38-<1 '<8303+2-;@>2'W 3

;!1T>39;32-'T&A-õ0-683+8!13>-!=!831683-

>!&A32'1<2!2!9A@12->'89@;'$-'T63&30-'1

;!1;'/9A@$, 96'$/!£-9;Õ>T A!63A2!1 9-õ A 1';3&í

!2!£-A@ 63;'2$/!ĚÕ> >@>3Ě!2@$,T 63;8A'#2í &3

68A@+3;3>!2-!13/'/68!$@&30;3890-'/W

-HVWHP DEVROZHQWNÃ NLHUXQNX OHNDUVNLHJR &0

80. Z %\GJRV]F]\ 2G WU]HFLHJRb URNX VWXGLµZ

PHG\F]Q\FK UR]SRF]ÇÊDP VWXGLD SV\FKRORJLF]QH

:W\PF]DVLH]DMPRZDÊDPVLÇQDXNRZRSUREOHPDW\- NÃIXQNFMRQRZDQLDSV\FKRORJLF]QHJRRVµE]SDGDF]- NÃ0RMÃXZDJÇ]ZUµFLÊRZLHOHREV]DUµZIXQNFMRQR- ZDQLDRVµEFKRU\FKNWµUHF]ÇVWRVÃQLHGRVWÇSQHGOD

OHNDU]D3RGF]DVUR]PµZ]HSLOHSW\NDPL]GDÊDPVR-

ELHVSUDZÇMDNEDUG]RWDFKRUREDZSÊ\ZDQDIXQN- FMRQRZDQLH RVµE QLÃ GRWNQLÇW\FK =ZÊDV]F]D MH×HOL

UR]ZLQÇÊDVLÇRQDZbPÊRGRÐFL3DFMHQFLF]ÇVWR]ZLH- U]DOLPLVLÇ]OÇNµZVSRÊHF]Q\FK]QLHFKÇFLGRSU]H- E\ZDQLD Zb PLHMVFDFK SXEOLF]Q\FK ] RJUDQLF]DQLD

NRQWDNWµZVSRÊHF]Q\FK]HZVW\GX]ZLÃ]DQHJR]QD- SDGHPHSLOHSVML]QLVNLPSRF]XFLHPZÊDVQHMZDUWR- ÐFL 'OD LQQ\FK SUREOHPHP E\Ê ]DND] SURZDG]HQLD

SRMD]GµZ PHFKDQLF]Q\FK RJUDQLF]HQLH PR×OLZRÐFL

Z\NRQ\ZDQLDSUDF\]DND]VSR×\ZDQLDDONRKROX3D- PLÇWDPWDN×HPÊRGÃNRELHWÇNWµUDEDUG]RSUDJQÇÊD

PDFLHU]\ÌVWZD D Z ]ZLÃ]NX ]b F]ÇVW\PL QDSDGDPL

PLDÊDWUXGQRÐFL]XWU]\PDQLHPFLÃ×\

6SRMU]HQLH QD FKRUREÇ ] SUHVSHNW\Z\ SV\FKR- ORJLF]QHM XND]XMH V]HUHJ WUXGQRÐFL ] NWµU\PL PXVL

]PLHU]\ÅVLÇFKRU\DNWµU\FKF]ÇVWRMDNROHNDU]HQLH

DşƐȰŕëĎĕƆœëŕë

(22)

22

nr 3–4/2019

Badania

MHVWHÐP\ÐZLDGRPLRNWµU\FKÊDWZR]DSRPQLHÅNRQ- FHQWUXMÃFVLÇMHG\QLHQDOHF]HQLXFLDÊD

:PRMHMSUDF\ZNOLQLFHQDFRG]LHÌVSRW\NDP

VLÇ]RVREDPLFKRU\PL0DPRND]MÇREVHUZRZDÅ DOH

WDN×HXF]HVWQLF]\ÅZW\P MDNSU]H×\ZDMÃRQLFKRUR- EÇMDNMÃUR]XPLHMÃMDN]PDJDMÃVLÇ]OÇNLHPDQDZHW

QLHFKÇFLÃZREHFOHF]HQLD

.DWHGUD 1HXURSV\FKRORJLL .OLQLF]QHM RG ZLHOX

ODW SURZDG]L EDGDQLD QDXNRZH QDG RFHQÃ IXQNFML

SV\FKLF]Q\FK ZÐUµG RVµE FKRU\FK X SDFMHQWµZ

NDUGLRORJLF]Q\FK NDUGLRFKLUXUJLF]Q\FK QHXUROR- JLF]Q\FKXURORJLF]Q\FK 2EV]DU\EDGDÌWDPSRUX- V]DQHZSLVXMÃVLÇZ]DNUHVPRLFK]DLQWHUHVRZDÌQD- XNRZ\FKGODWHJRWH×SRGMÇÊDPWDPSUDFÇQDXNRZÃ

Z UDPDFK VWXGLµZ GRNWRUDQFNLFK 1LH]Z\NOH FHQLÇ

VRELH ×\F]OLZRÐÅ RWZDUWRÐÅ ZLDUÇ ZH PQLH NWµUHM

WDP GRÐZLDGF]DP .DWHGUD ZVSµÊSUDFXMH QDXNR- ZR ] +DUYDUG 0HGLFDO 6FKRRO Z RSDUFLX R XPRZÇ

RZVSµÊSUDF\']LÇNLUHDOL]DFMLJUDQWµZNDWHGUD]D- NXSLÊD VSU]ÇW GR RFHQ\ SRWHQFMDʵZ Z\ZRÊDQ\FK

NWµU\ MHVW LGHQW\F]Q\ MDN VSU]ÇW Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\

Z /DERUDWRULXP 1HXURNRJQLW\ZQ\P Z %RVWRQLH

']LÇNL QLHPX PR×OLZD MHVW RFHQD IXQNFML Pµ]JX

Z W\P IXQNFML SR]QDZF]\FK ]D SRPRFÃ SRWHQFMD- ʵZZ\ZRÊDQ\FKFRSR]ZDODQDZ\FKZ\FHQLHZLHOX

RGFK\OHÌ ZF]HÐQLHM QL× EÇGÃ RQH NOLQLF]QLH MDZQH

OXEGRVWÇSQHZEDGDQLX]DSRPRFÃLQQ\FKWHFKQLN

']LÇNL WDNLP EDGDQLRP MHVWHÐP\ Z VWDQLH Z\ÊRQLÅ

JUXSÇ FKRU\FK R ]ZLÇNV]RQ\P U\]\NX UR]ZRMX ]D- EXU]HÌSR]QDZF]\FKZSU]\V]ÊRÐFL%\ÅPR×HZÊÃ- F]HQLHVWRVRZQHJROHF]HQLDRGSRZLHGQLRZF]HÐQLH

XPR×OLZL ]DKDPRZDQLH OXE RSµÕQLHQLH UR]ZRMX WD- NLFK]DEXU]HÌ:PRLFKEDGDQLDFK]DVWDQDZLDPVLÇ

WDN×HQDGPHFKDQL]PHPXSRÐOHG]HQLDIXQNFMLPµ]- JXZFKRUREDFKVRPDW\F]Q\FK2ND]XMHVLÇERZLHP

×HSRJRUV]HQLHIXQNFMLSR]QDZF]\FKMHVWKHWHURJHQ- QÃJUXSÃ]DEXU]HÌbåLQQ\MHVWSURĆOW\FKGHĆF\WµZ

Z Uµ×Q\FK MHGQRVWNDFK FKRURERZ\FK 'RW\FKF]DV

QLHZ\MDÐQLRQRMHGQDNGRNÊDGQ\FKPHFKDQL]PµZ

$E\ PµF RFHQLÅ WH LQWHUHVXMÃFH ]MDZLVND SR- WU]HEQD MHVW VSHFMDOLVW\F]QD DQDOL]D 7DNLHM DQDOL]\

SUDJQÇ VLÇ QDXF]\Å Z %RVWRQLH QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH

+DUYDUGD

ōĶĈŇ딺żĶşœĕŊɃĎşŊƐşſëŕƐŊëȫÉƷĎǀĶëœmëƖŊşØĎſşƱĶƖȫ

!şōōĕīĶƖŔlĕĎĶĈƖŔ®lbȰ

Katarzyna Knozowska

013"8*"/*&

.&.#3"/

'6!8!$/! 1-'9A!2-2 83A6<9A$A!£2-0Õ> 38+!2-$A- 2@$, /'9; 9A'8303 9;393>!2! > >-'£< +!ĚõA-!$,

68A'1@9Ě< 26W > 68A'1@ঔ£' 6';83$,'1-$A2@1W

#'$2-'T &3 83A&A-'£!2-! 1-'9A!2-2 83A6<9A$A!£2-- 0Õ>$-'0Ě@$,9;39</'9-õ+ĚÕ>2-'&'9;@£!$/õW'$,2-- 0!;!/'&2!02-'968!>&A!9-õ'03231-$A2-'63&$A!9

9'6!8!$/-1-'9A!2-2#£-903>8Aí$@$,$A@1-'9A!2-2

;>38Aí$@$,!A'3;836@W 6313$í68A@$,3&Aí>;'-

&@;'$,2-0-1'1#8!23>'T/!03!£;'82!;@>2';'$,- 2-0-83A&A-!Ě<1-'9A!2-2$-'0Ě@$,W

: WHFKQLNDFK PHPEUDQRZ\FK NOXF]RZÃ UROÇ

RGJU\ZD PHPEUDQD 0HPEUDQD WR SU]HJURGD UR]- G]LHODMÃFÃGZLHID]\SU]H]NWµUÃMHVWSUHIHUHQF\MQLH

WUDQVSRUWRZDQ\ FR QDMPQLHM MHGHQ ]H VNÊDGQLNµZ

UR]G]LHODQHM PLHV]DQLQ\ 7HFKQLNÃ PHPEUDQRZÃ

VWRVRZDQÃ GR UR]G]LDÊX FLHNÊ\FK PLHV]DQLQ RUJD- QLF]Q\FK MHVW SHUZDSRUDFMD 6WRVXMH VLÇ Z QLHM QLH- SRURZDWHPHPEUDQ\SROLPHURZH-HGQDN×HEDUG]R

F]ÇVWRPHPEUDQ\ZWUDNFLHNRQWDNWX]RUJDQLF]Q\PL

UR]SXV]F]DOQLNDPLXOHJDMÃSÇF]QLHQLXFRSRZRGXMH

REQL×HQLH LFK Z\GDMQRÐFL (IHNW\ZQH ]DVWRVRZDQLH

SHUZDSRUDFML GR UR]G]LDÊX PLHV]DQLQ RUJDQLF]Q\FK

Z\PDJD ZLÇF UR]ZLÃ]DQLD SUREOHPX VWDELOQRÐFL

FKHPLF]QHM L PHFKDQLF]QHM PHPEUDQ 'RGDWNRZR

]H Z]JOÇGX QD ]EOL×RQ\ Ć]\NRFKHPLF]Q\ FKDUDNWHU

VHSDURZDQHMPLHV]DQLQ\LVWQLHMHNRQLHF]QRÐÅGRER- UXXQLNDOQ\FKPHPEUDQGODND×GHJR]UR]G]LHODQ\FK

VNÊDGQLNµZ

3RSUDZÇ VWDELOQRÐFL PHPEUDQ PR×QD X]\- VNDÅ SRSU]H] VLHFLRZDQLH Ć]\F]QHFKHPLF]QH  OXE

PRG\ĆNDFMÇ PHPEUDQ 6LHFLRZDQLH MHVW WHFKQLNÃ

VWRVRZDQÃ Z FHOX SROHSV]HQLD ZÊDÐFLZRÐFL PH- FKDQLF]Q\FK EH] SRJRUV]HQLD ZÊDÐFLZRÐFL VHSD- UDF\MQ\FK PHPEUDQ\ : UDPDFK SUDF\ GRNWRUVNLHM

]DSURSRQRZDÊDP PRG\ĆNDFMÇ PHPEUDQ SRSU]H]

ZSURZDG]HQLHGRPDWU\F\SROLPHURZHMZ\EUDQ\FK

QDQRF]ÃVWHN PLQ]K\GURIREL]RZDQHWOHQNLPHWDOL

02)b å VLHFL ]ZLÃ]NµZ PHWDORRUJDQLF]Q\FK  3UR- ZDG]L WR GR Z\WZRU]HQLD W]Z PHPEUDQ KHWHURJH- QLF]Q\FK 'RPLHV]NRZDQLH PHPEUDQ Z\EUDQ\PL

QDQRF]ÃVWNDPL SRSUDZLD LFK ZÊDÐFLZRÐFL VHOHN-

(23)

Badania

W\ZQH L WUDQVSRUWRZH Z SHZQ\P VWRSQLX UµZQLH×

RJUDQLF]D]MDZLVNRVSÇF]QLHQLD1DOH×\ZVSRPQLHÅ

×H QLHZÃWSOLZÃ ]DOHWÃ PHPEUDQ KHWHURJHQLF]Q\FK

MHVW UHODW\ZQLH ÊDWZ\ VSRVµE LFK Z\WZDU]DQLD 'R

IRUPRZDQLDPHPEUDQZ\NRU]\VWXMÇSROLPHU\RFKD- UDNWHU]HK\GURIRERZ\PGRNWµU\FKPR×QD]DOLF]\Å

SROL GLPHW\ORVLORNVDQ LEORNRZ\NRSROLPHUSROLHWHU-

SROLDPLG D WDN×H SROLPHU K\GURĆORZ\ MDNLP MHVW

SROL DONRKRO ZLQ\ORZ\  :ÊDÐFLZRÐFL Ć]\NRFKH- PLF]QH PHPEUDQ RNUHÐODP VWRVXMÃF Uµ×QH PHWRG\

LQVWUXPHQWDOQH L DQDOLW\F]QH QS PLNURVNRSLD VLÊ

DWRPRZ\FK  1DWRPLDVW ZÊDÐFLZRÐFL VHSDUDF\MQR-

WUDQVSRUWRZH Z\]QDF]DP Z SHUZDSRUDF\MQ\P

UR]G]LHODQLX PLHV]DQLQ GZXVNÊDGQLNRZ\FK RFWDQ

HW\OXHWDQRO RFWDQ HW\OXL]RSURSDQRO L]RPHU\ EX- WDQROX  'RGDWNRZR RWU]\PDQH Z\QLNL ] SHUZDSR- UDFML ] Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP PHPEUDQ IRUPRZDQ\FK

SRUµZQXMÇ]Z\QLNDPLRWU]\PDQ\PLGODGRVWÇSQ\FK

NRPHUF\MQ\FKPHPEUDQSROLPHURZ\FK%DGDQLDZ\- ND]DÊ\×HZWUDNFLHVHSDUDFMLPLHV]DQLQ\RFWDQHW\- OXL]RSURSDQROZSURZDG]HQLH]K\GURIREL]RZDQ\FK

QDQRF]ÃVWHN WOHQNX JOLQX GR PHPEUDQ\ QD ED]LH

SROL GLPHW\ORVLORNVDQX VSRZRGRZDÊRRGSRZLHGQLR

NURWQ\ L NURWQ\ Z]URVW ZÊDÐFLZRÐFL WUDQV-

SRUWRZ\FKLVHSDUDF\MQ\FKZSRUµZQDQLX]PHPE- UDQÃNRPHUF\MQÃ

1DOH×\ UµZQLH× ZVSRPQLHÅ ×H ND×G\ UR]SXV]- F]DOQLNRUJDQLF]Q\]DZLHUDSHZQÃLORÐÅZRG\NWµUD

ZDKDVLÇRGNLONXSSPGRQDZHWNLONXPDVRZ\FK

=Z\NOHZEDGDQLDFKQDXNRZ\FKREHFQRÐÅZRG\MHVW

SRPLMDQD8ZD×DPMHGQDN×HMHVWWRZD×Q\HOHPHQW

PRLFK EDGDÌ SRQLHZD× MHM REHFQRÐFL Z UR]G]LHOD- Q\FK PLHV]DQLQDFK RUJDQLF]QRRUJDQLF]Q\FK ZSÊ\- ZDQDHIHNW\ZQRÐÅSURFHVXLZSUDNW\FHPR×HSUR- ZDG]LÅQSGR]ZLÇNV]RQHMNRUR]ML

-HÐOLNWRÐVLÇ]DVWDQDZLDF]\ZDUWRLÐÅQDVWXGLD

GRNWRUDQFNLH QD 80. å RGSRZLHP ×H ZDUWR DOH

F]HNDJRFLÇ×NDSUDFD7DMHGQDNSU]\QRVLZ\PLHUQH

NRU]\ÐFL : PRLP SU]\SDGNX WR PLQ LQQ\PL GZD

JUDQW\ SU]\]QDQH SU]H] 1&1 F]\ 7UDYHO *UDQW QD

XG]LDÊ Z PLÇG]\QDURGRZ\FK NRQIHUHQFMDFK ']LÇNL

JUDQWRZL(WLXGDZ\UXV]DPQDPLHVLÇF]Q\VWD×X

GR%HOJLL .DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/RZDÌVNL ZMHGQHM

]QDMOHSV]\FKJUXSPHPEUDQRZ\FKZ(XURSLH

bëƐëſǀƷŕë bŕşǀşƱƆŊëɐ Ƀ ĎşŊƐşſëŕƐŊëȫ ÉƷĎǀĶëœ !IJĕŔĶĶ

®lbȰ

(24)

0,503"5

8/08&+0%4p0/*&

683(WĚ3&A-1-'8A'1!90Õ£90-1T&A-'0!2'1@&A-!Ě<-A@0-T

9;83231--- 2(381!;@0-;393>!2'/T$AĚ320-'1031-9/-

368!$3></í$'/23>@;!;<;T83A1!>-!-2-$/<9A$,<£A

nr 3–4/2019

24

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

[r]

Natomiast do mocnych stron przynależności do subkultury Emo zda- niem badanych należy: przykuwanie uwagi innych: „…jestem inna od wszyst- kich i  jestem z  tego powodu

Polska jest w takiej sytuacji, ¿e do strefy euro nie da siê szybko wejœæ.. Do 2007 mamy spo- kój (zgoda na zmniejszanie deficytu za pomoc¹

W części dotyczącej zwyczajów związanych z przyjmowaniem leków pytali- śmy, czy studenci zażywali w ciągu ostatnich 12 miesięcy leki dostępne na receptę oraz bez recepty,

Nabyłem(am) (nabył mój małżonek, z wyłączeniem mienia przynależnego do jego majątku odrębnego) od Skarbu Państwa, innej państwowej osoby prawnej, jednostek

analiza wykazała, że regulacja na rynku energii elektrycznej była nieefektywna ekonomicznie, a ceny detaliczne na rynku regulowanym wzrastały szybciej niż na rynku

W przepływach w kanałach otwartych często występują zjawiska niestacjonarne, przede wszystkim związane z układami falowymi tworzącymi się na swobodnej powierzchni

Z\ND]DQHM SU]\ Z\NRQDQLX ]DGD $NW\ZQRü VWXGHQWD RFHQLD SURZDG]F\ üZLF]HQLD ODERUDWRU\MQH 2SyQLHQLH Z RGGDQLX SURJUDPyZ PR*H SRZRGRZDü REQL*HQLH RFHQ\ ] üZLF]H