R O C Z N I K I G L E B O Z N A W C Z E , T . X I X , D O D A T E K , W A R S Z A W A 1968
JÓZEF BOROW IEC
TH E PRO BLEM O F TY PO LO G Y AND D EV ELO PM EN T TRENDS OF
CHERNOZEM S OCCU RRING IN PO LAN D
D ep a rtm en t of S oil S cien ce, C o lleg e of A g ricu ltu re, L ublin. H ead — P rof. Dr. B. D obrzański
The prob lem of typological a rra n g e m e n t of w h a t are called chernozem s
w hich occur w ith in P o la n d ’s fro n tie rs, has not been d e fin ite ly settled .
The au th o rs of few w orks concerning th a t su b ie c t-m a tte r [8, 15, 25, 26]
w h en classifying th e soils m en tio n ed in to chernozem s have lim ited th e ir
division to tw o su b ty p es — p ro p er and degrad ed ones; th ese term s are
s till used in th e sy stem atizatio n of soils in P o lan d in force [10, 15].
The re su lts of th e a u th o r’s own in v estig atio n s c a rrie d out in th e region
of th e L ub lin U pland in referen ce to th e lite ra tu re concerning sim ilar
soils in th e Soviet U nion [1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 19] in d icate d istin ctly th e necessity
for revision of th e p re se n t view s as reg a rd s th e typological a rra n g e m e n t
an d division of those soils, w hich in consequence m ay lead to a com plete
e lim inatio n of chernozem as a ty p e in th e n o m en clatu re of P o la n d ’s soils.
T hese suggestions ind u ced th e a u th o r to e x te n d th e investigation s to
o th er regions in P o lan d w h ere soils classified as chernozem s occur. This
p a p e r b rie fly deals w ith th e effects of th ese investigations.
R E SU L T S
The soils d e a lt w ith occur on deep loess co n c en tra te d in se v era l sepa
ra te regions of so u th e a ste rn P o lan d (Fig. 1). In v estig atio n s an d ob serv a
tions in d icate th a t a ll those soils are of th e some origin and have th e ir
com m on p a re n t rock. T h eir d iffe re n tia tio n chiefly re su lts from the d if
fe re n t n a tu ra l conditions ex istin g in areas of th e p a rtic u la r regions (Tab.
1), w hich, am ong others, is reflec ted in th e p rofile m orphology of th e soils
discussed.
254 J. B o ro w iec
T a b l e
1
N a tu r e l Co nd it io ns in R egions Where Chernozems Occur
Region P r o f i l e Height above sea l e v e l m To ta l annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n mm Mean annual temp. °C R e l i e f of the land Depth o f CaCO^ occurrence cm la 190-220 550 7 . 5 Poor r e l i e f 10 о lb 220-260 600 8 . 0 High ly contoured 110 II 210-270 600-650 8 . 0 D iv ers e 120 I I I 230-280 650-700 7. 5 Poor r e l i e f 150 IV 200-250' 650-720 7 . 0 D iv ers e 160
I t can be g e n e ra lly accepted th a t to w a rd th e so u th -w e st directio n (in
crease of rain falls) those soils h av e fev e r fe a tu re s c h a ra c te ristic of ch e rn o
zems a t m ore and m ore stro n g ly ex p ressed d eg rad atio n ra te . This can be
n oticed by the level decrease of C a C 0 3 occurrence b rig h te r colour a n d
w o rsenin g of s tru c tu re in horizon A, a b e tte r developed horizon (B) an d
by a v e ry d istin ct coating of p o w d er of th e aggregates — w hich to a g re a t
e x te n t m ake th e soils in v estig a ted , look like th e g rey fo re st-ste p p e soils
w hich cover a consid erable area of th e n eig h b o u rin g Soviet te rrito ry .
The prob lem of ty p o lo g y 255
T his observ ation is also co nfirm ed by th e re su lts of la b o ra to ry in v esti
gatio n p a rt of w hich h av e been in clu d ed in th is p ap er in th e fo rm
of diagram s (Fig. 2, 3, 4).
Fig. 2. T he d istrib u tion of pH, h um us, С : N , h u m ic acids : fu lv ic acids in th e p ro file of th e stu d ied so ils
Fig. 3. T h e d istrib u tio n of colloid s, F e 20 3, A120 3 and m o lecu la r ratio of S i 0 2 : R20 3
On com paring th e d istrib u tio n of th e v alues ob tained in stock of th e
soil profiles a d istin ct re g u la rity can b y noticed in th e d ifferences appe
aring, as d epending on th e region each pro file rep re sen ts. T he ten d e n c y
of those changes is analogous to th e m orphological v a ria b ility discussed
earlier. A fact a ttra c ts a tte n tio n th a t b o th p rofiles from th e L u b lin U p land
a rea (la an d lb) — as re g a rd s c e rtain fe a tu re s an d p ro p ertie s — d iffe r
sig n ifican tly from th e others, as has a lre a d y been m en tio n ed [2].
T aking in to consideration all th e re su lts o b tain ed it m ay be noted
th a t th e soils d ealt w ith are ch a ra c te riz e d by a sm all h um u s c o n ten t (2— 3
percent) an d a re la tiv e ly sm all rea c tio n (pH 5-6). A d istin c tly m ark e d
256 J. B o ro w iec
Fig’. 4. B eh a v io u r of S, T, H, V -v a lu e s and Ca : M g ratio in th e p ro file of th e stu d ied so ils
d isplacem en t of iron and alu m in iu m sesquioxides and even colloidal clay
p articles ( <
0,002 mm) — a t a co n sid erab ly d iffe re n tia te d S i 0
2
: R2
O
3
ratio
prove u n d o u b ted ly a fa r adv an ced d eg rad atio n of those soils. This is also
co nfirm ed by th e rela tio n of ad so rp tiv e p ro p ertie s (Fig. 4). R elativ ely low
values for S and V an d h igh for H — p a rtic u la rly in profiles III and IV —
b rin g th ese soils closer to podzolic ones th a n to chernozem s. O nly th e
ch a ra c te r of h um us itse lf — according to th e ratio of hum ic an d fulvic
acids, and th e values of C :N d istrib u tio n (Fig. 2) — m ay suggest a g en eti-
cal rela tio n sh ip of those soils w ith chernozem s.
D IS C U S S IO N
The re su lts show n in com parison to p ap ers a lre ad y m en tio n ed w hich
deal w ith sim ilar soils of the Soviet te rrito ry au th o rize to conclude, th a t
th e soils in v estig ated , a p a rt from th e ir origin h ave little in com m on w ith
chernozem s and th a t th e re are no sig n ifican t reasons to classify th em into
th is type at the p rese n t stage of developm ent.
A dopting th e c rite ria used b y th e R ussian pedologist [1, 4, 7, 9, 16, 19]
we fin d th a t th e soils d ealt w ith show a g re a t sim ila rity to th e grey
forest-soils in U k rain e m en tion ed above. T hey d iffe r from th e la tte r only
in m orphological fea tu re s. This fact can be in te rp re te d th a t in rela tio n to
th e g rey forest-so ils som e tim e ago th e y u n d e rw e n t d efo restatio n a n d th e n
th e y w ere c u ltiv a te d for m an y y e a rs and th a t obviously a c e rtain in flu
ence m u st have been e x e rted on th e ir m orphology and c e rtain p ro p ertie s-
p a rtic u la rly in the u p p e r lay ers of th e profile.
The a u th o r concludes fro m th e above suggestions th a t to have a p ro p er
a rra n g e m e n t of th e soil d e a lt w ith a new ty p e should be in tro d u c ed into
T he prob lem of ty p o lo g y 257
th e sy stem atic of P o lish soils — g rey arab le soils (post-chernozem s)
divided in to tw o su b ty p es — g rey a n d d a rk grey. W orth m en tio n in g is
th a t th e se p ara te d th ird su b ty p e in th e Soviet U nion — light g rey could
also be selected in P o lan d b u t from q u ite a d iffe re n t soil ty p e — o th er
pedologist h av in g a lre a d y d raw n th e ir a tte n tio n to it [8, 14]. This problem ,
how ever, deserves a se p ara te stu d y .
A nalysing th e p rese n t dev elo p em en tal tre n d s of th e soils d e a lt w ith
note th a t th e y assum e d iffe re n t form s as d epending on local conditions
such as e.g. lan d relief (erosion), w a te r conditions an d u tilizatio n of soil.
The effect of th e action of th e factors m entioned is th e excep tio n ally
large d ifferen ces observed at p rese n t in th e p rev io u sly u n ifo rm soil
cover — even w ith in a sm all area, w hich becom e g re a te r w ith each y e a r
[2, 3]. This v a ria b ility is m an ifested m orphologically in th e v aria b le
depths, colour an d degree to w hich each of th e genetic horizons are
form ed an d also in th e th e ir p ro p erties. In m an y cases, th is creates th e
n ecessity of reg a rd in g a considerable surface of th e soils stu d ie d (those
lying on slopes, shallow , eroded) to th e ty p e of b row n soils [2, 3, 5, 6]
or even to soils w ith an undeveloped profile [2, 3]. O th e r soils group — as
y et u nclassified — into chernozem s or d elu v ial g rey soils.
Those fra g m en ts of th e soils d ealt w ith , w hich occur in fla t areas
situ a te d low er a n d being m ore m oist, u n derg o re la tiv e ly th e slow est
changes (region la). S uch soils show a re la tiv e ly low ra te of d eg rad ation ,
b e tte r m orphological fe a tu re s an d p ro p ertie s w h e re b y th e y fo rm a link
w ith chernozem s. On th e o th er hand, how ever, th e re are facto rs w hich
m ay suggest th e ir possible typological rela tio n to black e a rth s [2, 5, 6, 18],
w hich also occur in th is area.
R EFEREN CES
[1] B i e l a j a О. P.: G en e tic z e sk ije o so b ien n o sti siern y ch le ś n y c h p oczw p ra w o - b ierieżn oj i lew o b ierieżn o j leso step n o j U k rain y. P o czw o w ied ien . 2, 1964.
[2] B o r o w i e c J.: C zarn oziem y W y ży n y L u b elsk iej. Cz. I, II, III (C zernozem s of th e L u b lin U pland. P arts I, II, III). A n n a les U n iv . M. C u rie-S k ło d o w sk a , L u b lin , sec. E, v o l. X IX , 1965; sec. B, vol. X X , X X I, 1967.
[3] B o r o w i e c J.: W p ły w w y le s ie n ia i u ży tk o w a n ia roln iczego na m o rfo lo g ię i w ła sn o śc i czarn oziem u w teren ie urzeźbionym . (The e ffe c t of d efo resta tio n and u se of fa rm la n d on th e m orp h ology and p rop erties of ch ern ozem s in an u n d u la tin g territory). A n n a les U n iv. M. C u rie-S k ło d o w sk a , L u blin, sec. E., v ol. X X I, 1967.
[4] B o ż k o S. K.: K ła sy fik a c ija czern ozem iw U RR S. T rudy N a u k o w o -D o slid n o h o In stitu ta S o czem lero b stw a , v ol. IV, K y iw -C h a r k iw 1939.
[5] D o b r z a ń s k i В., Z b y s ł a w В.: W p ły w erozji na e w o lu c je czarn oziem u (The in flu e n c e of erosion on th e e v o lu tio n of chernozem s). R oczn. N au k R oln., vol. 71, 1955.
258 J. B o ro w iec
[6] D o b r z a ń s k i В., Z b y s ł a w В.: C zarn oziem y na le s sa c h P rzed k arp acia (C hernozem s on lo e s se s in th e C arp ath ian F oreland). A n n a le s U n iv. M. C u rie- S k ło d o w sk a , L u b lin , sec. E, v ol. X , 1956.
[7] I w a n o w a E. N. , R o z o w N. N.: O pyt sistie m a tik i p o czw step n oj zony S SSR . S o o b szczen ije I. P o czw o w ied ien ., 12, 1958.
[8] I w a n o w a E. N. , N o g i n a N. A.: O p oczw ach P o lszi i ich k la s y fik a c ji (The so ils of P olan d and th eir cla ssifica tio n ). P o czw o w ied ien ., 3, 1959.
[9] J a г к o w S. P.: S ch em a k la s y fik a c ji p oczw leso step n o j i czern oziem n oj łu g o w o - -step n o j zony. Sb. “P o m ia ti akad. W. P. W ilia m sa ”, 1942.
[10] K o w a l k o w s k i A . i inni: G en ety czn a k la s y fik a c ja g leb P o lsk i (G en etical C la ssifica tio n of P o lish soils). R oczn. G lebozn., vol. 7, 2, 1959.
[11] K u n d l e r P.: Zur K en n tn is der R a sen p o d so le und g ïa u e n W aldböden M itte l ru ssla n d s im V erg leich m it den S ols le s s iv é s des w e stlic h e n Europas. Z. P fla n . D üng. B od enkun., 86, 1958.
[12] M i e c z y ń s k i T.: B oden der W o jw o d sch a ft L u b lin . M a teria ły do p oznania gleb P o lsk i, z. 2, P u ła w y 1932.
[13] M i k l a s z e w s k i S.: C zarnoziem y h r u b ie sz o w sk o -to m a sz o w sk ie ok olic D o ł h ob yczow a (The ch ern ozem s of th e H ru b ieszów , T om aszów and D o łh ob yczów regions). Spraw ozd. T ow . N auk W arsz., R. III, 1910, z. 8.
[14] M u s i e r o w i c z A.: K la sy fik a c ja gleb P o lsk i u sta lo n a przez P o lsk ie T o w a r zy stw o G leb ozn aw cze (A c la ssific a tio n of P o lish so ils by th e P o lish S o il-S c ie n c e S ociety). R oczn. G lebozn., vol. 3, 1954.
[15] M u s i e r o w i c z A.: C la ssifica tio n des soils pour la C arte P ed o lo g iq u e de la P ologn e. E sch elle 1:300 000, Rapp. V I-C ong. Inter. Sei., vol. E, V, 84, P aris 1956.
[16] P o n o m a r i e w a W. W.: O su szczn osti i g ieo g ra ficzesk ich zak o n o m iern o s- tiach p od zołoob razow an ija. P o czw o w ied ien ., 3, 1956.
[17] T e r l i k o w s k i F.: G leb y P o lsk i (P olish soils). R oczn. G lebozn., vol. 3, 1954. [18] T u r s k i R.: C h a ra k tery sty k a su b sta n cji organ iczn ej cza rn oziem ów W yżyn y
L u b elsk iej w a sp ek cie ich g en ezy (A ch a ra cteristic of th e organie su b sta n ces of czern ozem s of th e L u b lin U p lan d s from th e asp ect of th eir g en esis). A n n a les U n iv. M. C u rie-S k ło d o w sk a , L u b lin , sec. E, vol. X X I, 1957.
[19] Z o ł o t a r i e w S. A.: O g e n e z isie i k la s y fik a c ji sie r n y c h le śn y c h poczw . N auczn. T rudy Ukr. s-h , A kad., vol. 10, 1960.
j . B O R O W I E C
LE PRO BLÈM E DE L A TY PO LO G IE ET L ES T EN D A N C E S D E DÉV ELO PPEM ENT D ES TCH ER N O ZEM S SUR LE TER R ITOIR E DE LA POLO G NE
C h a i r e d e P é d o l o g i e d e la H a u t e É c o l e d ’A g r i c u l t u r e d e L u b lin
R é s u m é
L ’au teu r ou vre u n e d iscu ssio n sur le p rob lèm e de la ty p o lo g ie des sols ju sq u ’à p résen t a p p elés tch ern ozem s qui a p p a ra issen t d’u n e fa ço n fra g m en ta ire dans la p artie S u d -E st de la P o lo g n e (dess. 1).
En se b a sa n t sur les r ésu lta ts des o b serv a tio n s au cham p et au lab oratoire (dess. 2, 3, 4), a in si que sur la littér a tu re co n cern a n t ce su jet, on p eu t a ffirm er
T he p rob lem of ty p o lo g y 259
qu e le s sols su s -m e n tio n n é s on t p eu de caractères com m u n s av ec le s tch ern ozem s. Par contre, ces sols p résen ten t u n e gran d e sim ilitu d e a v ec le s sols gris fo restiers, très rép an d u s su r le s territo ires lim itro p h es de l ’U krain e.
D e la situ a tio n c i-d e ssu s p résen tée, T auteur co n clu t que, pour sy s té m a tise r d’un e fa ç o n ad éq u ate le s sols en q u estion , il fa u t in tro d u ire dans la sy sté m a tiq u e des sols de la P o lo g n e un n o u v ea u ty p e — le s sols gris c u ltiv é s (p roven an t de tch ern ozem s), av ec u n e su b d iv isio n en sols gris et so ls gris fo n cés.
j . B O R O W I E C
D A S PRO BLEM DER T Y PO LO G IE U N D D IE E N T W IC K L U N G SR IC H T U N G E N DER IN PO L E N A U F T R E T E N D E N TSCH ER N O SEM E
L e h r s t u h l f ü r B o d e n k u n d e d e r L a n d w . H o c h s c h u l e i n L u b l i n
Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g
Es w ird das P rob lem der T y p o lo g ie der sogen. T sch ern o sem e, d ie fr a g m e n ta risch im sü d ö stlich en T eil P o le n s a u ftreten (Abb. 1), vom V erfa sser erörtert.
D ie E rg eb n isse der G e lä n d e - und L a b o ru n tersu ch u n g en (Abb. 2, 3, 4) und d ie s b ezü g lich e L itera tu r zeigten , d ass die o b en erw ä h n ten B öd en w e n ig g em ein sa m es m it den ech ten T sch ern o sem en haben. S ie sind dag'egen den im b en a ch b a rten G eb iet der U k ra in e v e r b r e ite te n grau en W aldböden seh r äh n lich .
A u f Grund der fe s tg e s te llte n L age k o m m t der V erfa sser zu dem S ch lu ss, dass fü r ein e rich tig e K la ssifik a tio n der erw ä h n te n B öden ein n eu er T yp — grau e K u ltu rb od en , m it der T eilu n g d erselb en au f zw ei U n terty p e, und zw ar: g ra u e und d u n k elg ra u e B öden, e in g efü h rt w erd en so llte.
J . B O R O W I E C
Z A G A D N IE N IE TY PO L O G II I K IE R U N K I ROZW OJOW E C ZA RNOZIEM Ó W W Y ST Ę PU JĄ C Y C H N A O BSZAR ZE P O L SK I
K a t e d r a G l e b o z n a w s t w a W S R , L u b lin
S t r e s z c z e n i e
A u tor p o d ejm u je d y sk u sję nad p rob lem em ty p o lo g ii tzw . czarn oziem ów , w y stęp u ją cy ch fra g m en ta ry czn ie w p o łu d n io w o -w sc h o d n ie j części P o lsk i (rys. 1).
Na p o d sta w ie w y n ik ó w badań teren o w y ch i la b o ra to ry jn y ch (rys. 2, 3 i 4) oraz w oparciu o w y k o rzy sta n ą litera tu r ę m ożna tw ierd zić, że w y m ie n io n e g leb y m ają m ało cech w sp ó ln y ch z czarn oziem am i. N a to m ia st w y k a z u ją d u że p o d o b ień stw o do szarych g leb leśn y ch , szeroko rozp rzestrzen io n y ch na są sied n ich obszarach U k rain y.
N a tle p rzed sta w io n ej sy tu a c ji autor w y c ią g a w n io se k , że dla w ła śc iw e g o za szereg o w a n ia ro zp a try w a n y ch g leb n a leży w p ro w a d zić do sy s te m a ty k i gleb P o lsk i n o w y typ — szare g leb y u p ra w n e (poczarnoziem ne), z p od ziałem na d w a p od typ y — szare i ciem n oszare.
260 J. B o ro w iec Ю . Б О Р О В Е Ц ТИПОЛОГИЯ И Н А П Р А В Л Е Н И Я Р А З В И Т И Я Ч ЕРН О ЗЕМ О В Н А Т Е РРИ Т О РИ И ПО ЛЬШ И К а ф е д р а П о ч в о в е д е н и я , В ы с ш а я С е л ь с к о х о з я й с т в е н н а я Ш к о л а , Л ю б л и н Р е з ю м е В н астоящ ей работе автор о б су ж д а ет вопросы типологии ч ернозем ов, вы ступ аю щ и х ф рагм ен тарн о в ю ж н о-в осточ н ой части П ольш и (рис. 1). А н а л и зи р у я р езул ьтаты п ол ев ы х и лабораторн ы х и сследован ий, а т а к ж е и сп ол ь зуя дан н ы е л и тер атур н ы х источников, автор у т в ер ж д а ет , что н азв ан н ы е почвы по своим свойствам м ало п о х о ж и на чернозем ы . В м есто этого они имеют много общ его с серы ми лесны м и почвами, ш ироко распространенны м и в со сед н и х обл астях У краины . Н а основе в ы ш еск азан н ого автор п ри ходи т к вы воду, что дл я н а д л еж а щ ей систем ати зации р ассм атриваем ы х почв сл ед у ет ввести в систем ати ку почв П ольш и новы й тип — серая п ахотн ая почва (почернозем ная), которы й в свою очередь дел и тся на два подтипа — сер ая и тем носерая.
