Sail plans, spars, rigging and sails

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SAIL PLANS, SPARS, RIGGING AND SAILS.

A u t h o r , R o d e r i c k S t e p h e n s , J r . INDEX 1 .00 2.00 2, 2, 2. 2, 2, 2. 2. 2, 2. 3.00 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. I n t r o d u c t i o n . S a i l P l a n s .01 The S l o o p R i g .02 The Yawl R i g .03 K e t c h R i g .04 The Schooner R i g .05 F o r e T r i a n g l e .06 S i z e o f H e a d s a i l s .07 E f f e c t o f Measurement R u l e s .08 D i s c o u r a g e R i g Extremes Spars 01 S p r u c e t o Aluminum 02 Tangs 03 M a s t and Boom T r a c k s 04 S e l e c t i o n o f t h e R i g h t S e c t i o n 05 The Spar D e s i g n 06 M a s t s Stepped T h r o u g h Deck 07 S p i n n a k e r P o l e s 08 J o c k e y P o l e s 09 Mast J a c k e t f o r C o l d Weather S t a n d i n g R i g g i n g 01 W i r e vs. Rods 02 1 X 19 W i r e 03 Swaged T e r m i n a l s 04 Norseman T e r m i n a l s 05 T u m b u c k l e s 06 A v o i d C l o s e d B a r r e l s 07 A v o i d B l i n d T e r m i n a l s 08 Rods S t r o n g l y Secured 09 Rods T h r e a d i n g 64

3.10 L e n t i c u l a r Rods, " S i n g i n g " 3.11 Swaged Rods 3.12 T o g g l e s 3.13 C o t t e r P i n s 3.14 Rod v s . W i r e Headstays 3.15 S p e c i a l A t t a c h m e n t o f H e a d s a i l s t o H e a d s t a y 3.16 H y d r a u l i c T e n s i o n i n g 3.17 A v o i d Combined H y d r a u l i c s 3.18 Removable F o r e s t a y s 3.19 L u b r i c a t i o n 3.20 Adequacy o f S t a n d i n g R i g g i n g 4.00 R u n n i n g R i g g i n g 4.01 N a t u r a l F i b e r s t o S y n t h e t i c s 4.02 G a l v a n i z e d t o S t a i n l e s s 4.03 W i r e Sheave D i a m e t e r s 4.04 Reduced S t r e t c h Rope f o r H a l y a r d s

4.05 Reduced S t r e t c h Rope f o r Sheets and Guys 4.06 A v o i d R e e l Winches 4.07 Swing f r o m R o l l e r t o " J i f f y " R e e f i n g 4.08 S u g g e s t i o n s f o r " J i f f y " R e e f i n g 4.09 More A b o u t R e e f i n g 4.10 I n t e r n a l H a l y a r d s 4.11 H a l y a r d Replacement 4.12 Replacement o f L i n e s I n s i d e Rooms 4.13 E x t r a H a l y a r d s 4.14 Vangs 4.15 Boom S u p p o r t 4.16 T o p p i n g L i f t s 4.17 T o p p i n g L i f t s f o r R o l l e r R e e f i n g 4.18 Winches 4.19 L o c k - O f f s 4.20 L o c k - O f f s D o u b t f u l A g a i n s t a R o t a t i n g S u r f a c e 4.21 L o c k - O f f s on S p i n n a k e r H a l y a r d s 4.22 C h a i n and Cable S t e e r i n g 4.23 C e n t e r b o a r d Pennants 5.00 S a i l s 5.01 S y n t h e t i c S a i l s

5.02 S a i l Covers 5.03 S a i l s P r i m a r i l y f o r C r u i s i n g 5.04 The D o u b l e Head R i g 5.05 M i z z e n S t a y s a i l f 5.06 P l a s t i c Compounds t o P r o t e c t S t i t c h i n g 5.07 R o l l e r F u r l i n g H e a d s a i l s 5.08 R o l l e r F u r l i n g M a i n s a i l s 5.09 Need f o r E f f e c t i v e S a i l L i m i t a t i o n 5.10 O v e r s i z e d S p i n n a k e r s 5.11 Storm S a i l s 5.12 S t r e t c h y H e a d s a i l s

5.13 F o o t Grommets and Head Pennants 5.14 S a i l Stowage 5.15 H e a d s a i l s f o r Groove S t a y Sysl 5.16 S a i l S t o p p i n g 5.17 H a l y a r d M a r k i n g 5.18 M a i n s a i l L u f f Gauge 5.19 B a t t e n s

5.20 Change Down E a r l y When C r u i s i n g 5.21 R e e f i n g H e a d s a i l s

5.22 Low Booms

O, I n t r o d u c t i o n The a i m o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o r e v i e w i n sequence c u r r e n t p r a c t i c e s c o n c e r n i n g s a i l p l a n s , s p a r s , s t a n d i n g r i g g i n g , r u n n i n g r i g g i n g , and s a i l s , as c u r r e n t -l y u t i -l i z e d on f a s t a u x i -l i a r i e s d e s i g n e d w i t h emphasis on c a p a b i -l i t y f o r f a s t o f f s h o r e p a s s a g e s , be t h i s r a c i n g o r c r u i s i n g . Emphasis i s p l a c e d on p r a c t i c a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f a r r a n g e m e n t s t h a t a r e r u g g e d , and a v o i d compromises i n s e c u r i t y t o o o f t e n e n c o u n t e r e d when p e r h a p s t o o much emphasis i s d i r e c t e d t o w a r d maximum e f f i c i e n c y . I t i s hoped t h a t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n d i s c u s s e d i s o f s u f f i c i e n t p r a c t i c a l v a l u e t o compensate f o r a l a c k o f t h e o r e t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h n o r m a l l y w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d by t h o s e a t t e n d i n g t h i s Symposium. The f o l l o w i n g d e l i n e a t e s d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e l a t i n g t o S a i l P l a n s 1.00, Spars 2.00, S t a n d i n g R i g g i n g 3.00, R u n n i n g R i g g i n g 4.00 and S a i l s 5.00. 1.00 S a i l P l a n s

1.01 The s l o o p r i g i s t h e l o g i c a l s t a r t i n g p o i n t , and most s u i t a b l e up t o t h e r a n g e o f 30 t o 45 f o o t w a t e r l i n e s , t h e y a w l r i g b e i n g t h e n e x t s t e p . 1.02 The y a w l r i g o f f e r s more f l e x i b i l i t y f o r s a i l r e d u c t i o n , p l u s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f c a r r y i n g some s a i l a f t i f r e q u i r e d f o r b a l a n c e i n e x t r e m e c o n d i t i o n s . A tremendous a d v a n t a g e , c o n s i d e r a b l y o b s c u r e d by p r e s e n t day r e l i a n c e i n a u x i l i a r y power, i s s t e e r i n g c o n t r o l i n t i g h t p l a c e s , when t h e m i z z e n c a n be used as an a d j u n c t t o s t e e r i n g when l o s s o f way makes n o r m a l s t e e r i n g i n e f f e c t i v e .

1.03 K e t c h R i g - F i n a l l y i n t h e r a n g e above 45' w a t e r l i n e t h e r e i s t h e l o g i c a l s e l e c t i o n o f k e t c h r i g , f o r r a c i n g o r c r u i s i n g t o m i n i m i z e t h e s i z e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s a i l s r e q u i r e d .

1.04 The s c h o o n e r r i g i n t h e p a s t e n j o y e d w i d e use f o r l a r g e c o m m e r c i a l v e s s e l s and f o r many o f t h e e a r l i e r c r u i s i n g and c r u i s i n g - r a c i n g y a c h t s I n t h e r a n g e c u r r e n t l y under c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e r e seems n o t h i n g s t r o n g t o recommend i t s u s e .

1.05 F o r e T r i a n g l e - Whether a s l o o p , y a w l , o r k e t c h , optimum use o f t h e f o r e t r i a n g l e i s t h e most i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h i s i s b e s t a c h i e -ved by g o i n g t o t h e masthead, w h i c h p r o v i d e s maximum h o r s e p o w e r f o r

- - . . . ^

c o m p e t i t i v e s a i l i n g and maximum s i m p l i c i t y by u t i l i z i n g a permanent b a c k s t a y . I f o v e r 30' t o 35' w a t e r l i n e , t h e masthead f o r e t r i a n g l e s h o u l d be s u b d i v i d e d f o r added mast s u p p o r t i n c o m p e t i t i v e s a i l i n g , and f o r e f f e c t i v e use o f d i v i d e d h e a d s a i l s f o r c r u i s i n g p u r p o s e s , and f o r e i t h e r c r u i s i n g o r r a c i n g i n heavy w e a t h e r .

1.06 S i z e o f H e a d s a i l s - The ocean r a c e r w i l l have numerous l a r g e h e a d s a i l s , s u p p l e m e n t e d by d o u b l e - h e a d r i g o c c a s i o n a l l y f o r l i g h t a i r , and a g a i n when c o n d i t i o n s a r e r o u g h . The c r u i s e r s h o u l d m i n i m i z e t h e l a r g e h e a d -s a i l -s p r e f e r a b l y h a v i n g one c o m b i n a t i o n d r i f t e r , r e a c h e r , l i g h t genoa and t h e n go t o a f o r e s t a y s a i l used w i t h one o r more j i b t o p s a i l s . T h i s i s advantageous f o r m i n i m i z i n g s a i l stowage p r o b l e m s and keeps the crew work l i g h t e r by u s i n g i n d i v i d u a l l y s m a l l e r s a i l s .

1.07 E f f e c t o f Measurement R u l e s - Measurement r u l e s have a p r o f o u n d e f f e c t on r i g s , and t h i s has p r o d u c e d an a l l b u t s t a n d a r d r i g w i t h minimum m a i n s a i l and l a r g e f o r e t r i a n g l e . T h i s has been c o u n t e r e d w i t h i n -c r e a s e d -c h a r g e s f o r h e a d s a i l a r e a and r e d u -c t i o n f o r u n i t -c h a r g e f o r m a i n s a i l a r e a w h i c h has s t a r t e d a t r e n d a l r e a d y n o t i c e a b l e i n t h e s m a l l e r c l a s s e s f o r s m a l l e r 7 / 8 - t h s o r 3 / 4 - t h s f o r e t r i a n g l e w i t h l a r g e r m a i n s a i l s , and t h e r e have been some c o m p e t i t i v e b o a t s w i t h a c a t r i g o r a c a t k e t c h r i g u t i l i z i n g t h e more f a v o r a b l e c h a r g e f o r m a i n s a i l a r e a . Any r e l a t i v e i n c r e a s e i n s i z e o f m a i n s a i l , and r e -d u c t i o n o f f o r e t r i a n g l e , m i n i m i z e s s a i l stowage p r o b l e m s an-d as l o n g as a r e a s o n a b l e f o r e t r i a n g l e r e m a i n s , i t c o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a d e s i r a b l e t e n d e n c y . T h i s t e n d e n c y w o u l d a l s o r e d u c e t h e p r o b l e m o f w i l d b r o a c h i n g w h i c h i s a b y - p r o d u c t o f l a r g e s p i n n a k e r s m a t c h i n g t h e m a x i m i z e d f o r e t r i a n g l e d i m e n s i o n s . 1.08 D i s c o u r a g e R i g Extremes - A c c e p t i n g t h e p r o f o u n d e f f e c t o f measure-ment r u l e s on r i g d e v e l o p m e n t , a b e t t e r c o m b i n a t i o n o f r a c i n g and c r u i s i n g c o u l d be a c h i e v e d , i f r i g e x t r e m e s c o u l d be d i s c o u r a g e d . To a t t a i n a b a l a n c e , a s l i d i n g s c a l e w o u l d seem c l e a r l y needed, so t h a t when one segment as f o r example t h e f o r e t r i a n g l e i s o u t o f p r o p o r

-t i o n , -t h e p r o r a -t a c h a r g e w o u l d i n c r e a s e . On -t h e o -t h e r e x -t r e m e a l a r g e m a i n s a i l w i t h l i t t l e o r no a r e a i n t h e f o r e t r i a n g l e , w o u l d be l i m i t e d by t h e r a p i d l y i n c r e a s i n g c h a r g e f o r m a i n s a i l a r e a as i t s r e l a t i v e s i z e i n c r e a s e s .

2.00 Spars

2.01 Spruce t o Aluminum - Here we have seen a s w i n g f r o m h o l l o w s p r u c e s p a r s , a c c e p t e d s t a n d a r d t o t h e p e r i o d j u s t b e f o r e WW I I , t o v i r t u a l l y c o m p l e t e a c c e p t a n c e o f aluminum a l l o y s p a r s . T h i s m a t e r i a l has been s a t i s f a c t o r y , b e i n g r e a s o n a b l y c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n t b u t l o n g e v i t y i s a s s i s t e d by c o r r r e c t a n o d i z i n g o r by m a i n t e n a n c e o f e f f e c t i v e p a i n t p r o t e c t i o n .

2.02 Tangs The mast a t t a c h m e n t o f s t a n d i n g r i g g i n g now u t i l i z e s t a n g f i t -t i n g s , n o r m a l l y o u -t s i d e , b u -t under c o m p e -t i -t i v e p r e s s u r e , f r e q u e n -t l y i n s i d e t h e s h e l l , t o r e d u c e w i n d a g e . N o r m a l l y s t a i n l e s s s t r a p s a r e u t i l i z e d w i t h b o l t and t a p s c r e w a t t a c h m e n t . Tang a l i g n m e n t must be e x a c t and t h i c k n e s s s u f f i c i e n t t o e l i m i n a t e f l e x i n g w h i c h w o u l d l e a d t o f a t i g u e .

2.03 Mast and boom t r a c k s o r g r o o v e s may be a t t a c h e d o r may be p a r t o f t h e e x t r u s i o n . 2.04 S e l e c t i o n o f t h e r i g h t s e c t i o n i s o f e x t r e m e i m p o r t a n c e and t h e r e i s c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e f r o m t h e c o m p e t i t i v e s i d e t o c u t down e x c e s s i v e l y w h i c h o f c o u r s e i s most u n d e s i r a b l e f o r o b v i o u s r e a s o n s . B a s i c a l l y t h e mast d e s i n g s h o u l d t i e r i g h t i n t o t h e b a s i c s t a b i l i t y , u t i l i z i n g c h a i n p l a t e w i d t h and f o r e t r i a n g l e h e i g h t , as t h e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s f o r t h e r e q u i r e d s e c t i o n . T h e r e a r e bound t o be some s p a r s u n d e r s i z e d so t h a t i f some p e n a l t y c o u l d be d e v i s e d t h a t w o u l d n o t e x c l u d e any p a r -t i c u l a r b o a -t s b u -t w o u l d c e r -t a i n l y d i s c o u r a g e u n d e s i r a b l e p r a c -t i c e , t h i s w o u l d be a h e l p f u l a d d i t i o n t o measurement r u l e .

2.05 The s p a r d e s i g n , p r i m a r i l y f o r m a s t s , must be based on t h e e s t i m a t e d l o a d s w h i c h a r e i n t u r n g e n e r a t e d by s t a b i l i t y o f t h e b o a t p r i m a r i l y , b u t s e c o n d a r i l y by a d d i t i o n a l l o a d s g e n e r a t e d by t e n s i o n i n g o f t h e f o r e and a f t r i g g i n g p r i n c i p a l l y t o i m p r o v e w i n d w a r d p e r f o r m a n c e and m i n i -m i z e t e n d e n c y o f h e a d s a i l s t o beco-me -more d r a f t y as t h e b r e e z e i n c r e a s e s . By m a k i n g r e a s o n a b l e a s s u m p t i o n s f o r a p p r o p r i a t e f a c t o r s o f s a f e t y , i t ' s p o s s i b l e t o g e n e r a t e d i m e n s i o n s f o r masts as w e l l as booms g i v i n g moments o f i n e r t i a b o t h l o n g i t u d i n a l and t r a n s v e r s e a f t e r w h i c h r e v i e w o f a v a i l a b l e s e c t i o n s l e a d s t o s e l e c t i o n o f what i s most a p p r o -p r i a t e t o use.

2.06 M a s t s Stepped T h r o u g h Deck - I t seems i m p o r t a n t t o s t r e s s d e s i r a b i l i t y o f s t e p p i n g masts t h r o u g h t h e deck and on t h e k e e l as t h i s a r r a n g e -ment combined w i t h t h e p r o p e r s e c u r i n g where t h e mast passes t h r o u g h

the deck a t t h e p a r t n e r s c a n c o n t r i b u t e t r e m e n d o u s l y t o t h e s t a b i l i t y of t h e mast t e n d i n g t o r e d u c e f o r e and a f t pumping and, f o r a g i v e n spar d i m e n s i o n and w e i g h t , p r o v i d e s a more s e c u r e r i g , m i n i m i z i n g t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a d d i t i o n a l f o r e and a f t s u p p o r t . T h e r e s h o u l d be a t r a n s -v e r s e b o l t t o p r e -v e n t mast h e e l coming o u t o f s t e p i n case o f a c c i d e n t . 2.07 S p i n n a k e r p o l e s have changed f r o m c o n s i d e r a b l y t a p e r e d h o l l o w s p r u c e

s p a r s t o p a r a l l e l a l l o y t u b i n g w h i c h i s l i g h t e r f o r r e q u i s i t e s t r e n g t h and can b e t t e r c a r r y t h e b e n d i n g l o a d s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e p r e s e n t a b i l i t y t o use s p i n n a k e r s r e l a t i v e l y c l o s e r e a c h i n g , r a t h e r t h a n s i m -p l y f o r r u n n i n g .

2.08 "Jockey P o l e s " , a l s o t u b u l a r aluminum a l l o y , a r e w i d e l y used t o b e t t e r the a n g l e o f s p i n n a k e r guy, when s p i n n a k e r r e a c h i n g , r e d u c i n g b o t h c o m p r e s s i v e l o a d i n g , c h a f i n g and damage t o l i f e r a i l .

2.09 M a s t J a c k e t f o r C o l d Weather - A s i m p l e b u t e f f e c t i v e a c c e s s o r y , a p p l i c a b l e t o a l l o y s p a r s i s a q u i l t e d j a c k e t on t h a t p a r t o f t h e s p a r b e l o w deck, f o r use i n c o l d a r e a s where t h e l o w e r p a r t o f t h e s p a r w i l l a l w a y s f o l l o w t h e a i r t e m p e r a t u r e , and i f n o t j a c k e t e d , w i l l w a s t e much h e a t .

3.00 S t a n d i n g R i g g i n g

3.01 W i r e v s . Rods - Today t h e b a s i c c h o i c e i s b e t w e e n 1 x 19 s t a i n l e s s w i r e o r r o d s , and t h e r o d s may be r o u n d i n s e c t i o n o r may be l e n t i c u l a r , w h i c h l a t t e r p r o v i d e s some r e d u c t i o n i n d r a g when s a i l i n g c l o s e h a u l e d . Where emphasis i s on c r u i s i n g i t w o u l d seem a v e r y s i m p l e and s i n g l e o b v i o u s s e l e c t i o n t h a t w o u l d be t h e 1 x 1 9 w i r e . The f i r s t p l a c e where one c o u l d c o n s i d e r u t i l i z i n g rods' i s i n t h e masthead s h r o u d s , where r o d s become a d v a n t a g e o u s i f t h e s p r e a d e r s a r e s h o r t e n e d f o r com-p e t i t i v e com-p u r com-p o s e s , w h i c h i n t u r n i n c r e a s e s l o a d i n g and i n t h i s c a s e , the l e s s e r s t r e t c h o f t h e r o d p e r m i t s t h e mast t o s t a n d s t r a i g h t w i t h l e s s i n i t i a l t e n s i o n t h e n r e q u i r e d f o r w i r e . Such r o d u p p e r s h r o u d s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y b e n e f i c i a l , when c o m p e t i t i v e s a i l i n g emphasizes heavy l o a d s a t t h e m a s t h e a d , as when c a r r y i n g a heavy genoa i n t h e f r e s h b r e e z e . L e n t i c u l a r r o d s s h o u l d be used o n l y where t h e r e ' s t h e maximum emphasis on p e r f o r m a n c e i n l o n g - s h o r e r a c i n g ; n e v e r f o r l o n g d i s t a n c e s a i l i n g .

3.02 ! X 19 W i r e - The 1 x 1 9 c o n s t r u c t i o n m i n i m i z e s s t r e t c h f o r w i r e w h i l e a t t h e same t i m e p r o v i d i n g j u s t a l i t t l e d e s i r a b l e e l a s t i c i t y t o t a k e the shock o u t o f peak l o a d i n g . T h i s w i r e i s a v a i l a b l e i n two t y p e s

- 302/304 a l l o y g e n e r a l l y used i n t h e U.S. and 316 g e n e r a l l y used i n S c a n d i n a v i a and i n U.K. and p e r h a p s o t h e r p a r t s o f Europe. The 316 i s more r e s i s t a n t t o c o r r o s i o n , b u t t h e s t a n d a r d used i n U.K. averages a b o u t 13% under t h e maximum b r e a k i n g s t r e n g t h s a v a i l a b l e e l s e w h e r e . 3.03 Swaged T e r m i n a l s - The b e s t w i r e t e r m i n a l s are t h e swaged f i t t i n g s

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3.04 Norseman T e r m i n a l s - An a l t e r n a t i v e where s w a g i n g i s n o t a v a i l a b l e , and p a r t i c u l a r l y s u i t e d f o r on b o a r d r e p a i r s , i s t h e Norseman mecha-n i c a l f i t t i mecha-n g . I t i s somewhat more b u l k y t h a mecha-n t h e True-Loc t y p e amecha-nd below i n maximum s t r e n g t h b u t appears t o have a l o n g e r l i f e as t h e p r e s s u r e o f s w a g i n g t h e TrueLoc t y p e s o o n e r o r l a t e r l e a d s t o l o n g i t u -d i n a l c r a c k s i n t h e b a r r e l w h i c h i n t u r n l e a -d s t o t h e n e c e s s i t y o f r e p l a c e m e n t . A l s o t h e Norseman t y p e can be i n s p e c t e d and i t ' s p e r h a p s more easy t o a s c e r t a i n t h a t a c o r r e c t i n s t a l l a t i o n has been made. I n e i t h e r t y p e i t i s o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e t h a t t h e f i t t i n g s match e x a c t l y t h e w i r e on w h i c h t h e y a r e a p p l i e d and t h e r e i s room f o r problems be-tween m e t r i c and i n c h measurements. F u r t h e r i n t h e case o f t h e swaged t y p e i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t enough p r e s s u r e be a p p l i e d - n o t e x c e s s i v e p r e s s u r e - and t h e s w a g i n g be n o t done t o o r a p i d l y , t o a v o i d l a m i n a t i o n . Swaging e q u i p m e n t s h o u l d n e v e r be used f o r d i a m e t e r s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e maximum f o r w h i c h t h e t o o l i n g has been d e s i g n e d . O c c a s i o n a l p r o o f t e s -t i n g o f sample a s s e m b l i e s o f each s i z e i s a v i -t a l s a f e q u a r d . For l o n g t r i p s , s p a r e w i r e w i t h a t e r m i n a l a t one end and o f s u f f i c i e n t l e n g t h t o r e p l a c e any p a r t i c u l a r p i e c e and a p p r o p r i a t e s i z e d Norseman t y p e o f f i t t i n g s makes i t q u i t e easy t o p r o d u c e an o n - b o a r d r e p l a c e m e n t , where some d e t e r i o r a t i o n i s e n c o u n t e r e d . A l s o a s h r o u d o r s t a y can be s h o r t e n e d on b o a r d , i f t h i s s h o u l d become n e c e s s a r y .

3.05 T u m b u c k l e s - W i t h t h e 1 x 19 w i r e , n o r m a l t u r n b u c k l e s s h o u l d be era-p l o y e d , a l t h o u g h i n areas where t h e a t r e s t t e n s i o n i s rainimal i t i s f e a s i b l e t o use a h a l f t u r n b u c k l e w h i c h m i n i m i z e s t h e chance o f a n y t h i n g coming undone because o f f a i l u r e o f c o t t e r p i n s o r w h a t e v e l o c k i n g d e v i c e i s used. F i l i s t e r head machine screws a r e good i n p i o f c o t t e r p i n s on l a r g e t u r n b u c k l e s . Any l o c k i n g d e v i c e s h o u l d be

s e a l e d and padded w i t h s i l i c o n e s e a l e r and t h e n t a p e d .

3.06 A v o i d C l o s e d B a r r e l s - W i t h f u r t h e r r e g a r d t o t u m b u c k l e s , t h e open c e n t e r t y p e , as f u r n i s h e d f o r y e a r s by M e r r i m a n , makes i t easy t o see t h a t s u f f i c i e n t t h r e a d i s b u r i e d as compared t o t h e t u b u l a r o r c l o s e d b a r r e l t y p e s where t h e r e i s no way t o see how much t h r e a d i s b u r i e d . T h i s makes t h e l a t t e r t y p e most i n a p p r o p r i a t e and i t i s s t r o n g l y a d v i s e d t h a t t h e y n e v e r be used.

3.07 A v o i d B l i n d T e r m i n a l s - The same p r o b l e m s o c c u r w i t h r o d r i g g i n g , t h e r o d f r e q u e n t l y t h r e a d e d on each e n d , so t h a t w i t h i t s t e r m i n a l s i t

becomes i n e f f e c t a v e r y l o n g t u r n b u c k l e . End t e r m i n a l s m u s t be s l o t t e d t o show amount o f t h r e a d and p e r m i t use o f c o t t e r p i n s .

3.08 Rods S t r o n g l y S e c u r e d - I n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h r o d r i g g i n g , t h e r e i s a p a r t i c u l a r d a n g e r because t h e l e e r i g g i n g i n e v i t a b l y bows o u t t o l e e -w a r d -w i t h t h e s l a c k -w h i c h o c c u r s , and -when t h e b o a t p i t c h e s i n t o s e a , t h i s p r o d u c e s a v e r y s t r o n g r o t a t i n g moment n o t p r e s e n t w i t h w i r e , f o r w h i c h r e a s o n l o c k i n g c o t t e r p i n s s h o u l d be o f generous d i a m e t e r and s t a i n l e s s s t e e l w h i c h c a n do a r e a l j o b . A l t e r n a t e l y , an u n d e r s i z e d b r a s s c o t t e r p i n can be s h e e r e d o f f , o r t h e b a r c a n be t u m e d by m e r e l y b e n d i n g t h e p i n down p r e t t y f l a t a g a i n s t t h e t h r e a d e d p o r t i o n , a f t e r w h i c h i t can unscrew i t s e l f w h i l e s a i l i n g . 3.09 Rods T h r e a d i n g - A most i m p o r t a n t s a f e q u a r d f o r t h r e a d e d r o d s i s t o h a v e r i g h t hand t h r e a d s on b o t h ends e x c e p t f o r t h e f i n a l l o w e s t mem-b e r w h i c h w o u l d h a v e r i g h t and l e f t hand t h r e a d s t o e n a mem-b l e t h e f i n a l

t e n s i o n i n g t o be a c c o m p l i s h e d b u t t h i s makes i t l i t e r a l l y i m p o s s i b l e f o r t h e u p p e r r i g g i n g t o become d i s c o n n e c t e d even i f t h e r e has b e e n some s h o r t c o m i n g i n t h e l o c k i n g , and w i t h d e f e r e n c e t o t h e f a c t t h a t i t ' s h a r d e r t o check on t h i n g s a l o f t as compared t o t h e l o w e s t v e r t i c a l w h i c h can be c l e a r l y w a t c h e d on deck. The r o u n d b a l l headed N a v t e c r o d s a v o i d t h i s d a n g e r , as t h e y c a n r o t a t e w i t h o u t c h a n g i n g a d j u s t m e n t . And i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h b a r r i g g i n g , when i t i s b e i n g assembled t h e r e m u s t be most m e t i c u l o u s c l e a n l i n e s s as any g r i t w h i c h causes u n d e s i r e d f r i c t i o n i n t h e t h r e a d s c a n l e a d t o g a l l i n g - a f t e r w h i c h i t i s gene-r a l l y i m p o s s i b l e t o e i t h e gene-r a d j u s t o gene-r even d i s a s s e m b l e t h e p i e c e i n q u e s t i o n , c a l l i n g f o r i t s r e p l a c e m e n t . 3.10 L e n t i c u l a r Rods " S i n g i n g " - A n o t h e r d a n g e r i s t h e t e n d e n c y f o r c e r t a i n c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t e n s i o n and l e n g t h t o c r e a t e a h i g h - f r e q u e n c y v i b r a t i o n w h i c h comes t h r o u g h w i t h a v e r y a u d i b l e humming o r s i n g i n g . T h i s l e a d s t o r i g g i n g f a i l u r e and s h o u l d be e l i m i n a t e d b y a d j u s t m e n t f o r

example by r e d u c i n g t e n s i o n i f t h e s i n g i n g o c c u r s a t a n c h o r . I f t h e s i n g i n g o c c u r s o n l y u n d e r s a i l , i t ' s n e c e s s a r y t o add a s m a l l b u t s u f f i c i e n t w e i g h t p e r h a p s i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e s p a n , as f o r example a number o f wraps o f r i g g i n g t a p e t o a f f e c t t h e f r e q u e n c y and s t o p t h e s i n g i n g . W i t h l e n t i c u l a r r o d i s t h e need f o r k e e p i n g i t p r e c i s e l y a l i g n e d w h i c h i n t u r n l e a d s t o t h e use o f c o m p r e s s i o n l o c k n u t s w h i c h a r e n o t s a t i s f a c t o r y as t h e y l o o s e n u n d e r l o a d , and f u r t h e r m o r e t h e r e i s no v i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n t h a t w i l l d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e y a r e r i g h t . Thus t h e t e r m i n a l s o f t h e l e n t i c u l a r r i g g i n g s h o u l d be s l o t t e d and t h e r i g g i n g s h o u l d be l o c k e d w i t h s t a i n l e s s s t e e l c o t t e r p i n s . .11 Swaged Rods Round s e c t i o n r o d s a v a i l a b l e w i t h t h e swaged end f i t

-t i n g s and a l s o w i -t h u p - s e -t ends s e a -t e d i n an a p p r o p r i a -t e end -t e r m i n a l as made b y N a v t e c , have t h e a d v a n t a g e o f e l i m i n a t i n g any t o r q u e as t h e s l a c k b a r can t u r n a t l i b e r t y w i t h o u t c h a n g i n g a d j u s t m e n t and o f c o u r s e e l i m i n a t e s u n d e s i r a b l e l o a d i n g on t h e c o t t e r p i n used t o s e c u r e t h e a d j u s t m e n t w h i c h i n v o l v e s e i t h e r a t u r n b u c k l e o r a h a l f t u r n b u c k l e . 12 T o g g l e s - R e g a r d l e s s o f what t y p e o f s t a n d i n g r i g g i n g , w i r e o r b a r s , i t ' s a b s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l t h a t a l l l o w e r ends a r e f i t t e d w i t h t o g g l e s t o p r o v i d e f o r a n g u l a r f r e e d o m t h e r e b y p r e v e n t i n g f a t i g u e on t e r m i n a l T o g g l e s a r e r e q u i r e d a l o f t o n l y on h e a d s t a y and f o r e s t a y t o t a k e c a r e o f t h e m i s a l i g n m e n t o c c u r r i n g as a r e s u l t o f t h e d i a g o n a l l o a d i n g p u t on t h e s t a y s by t h e h e a d s a i l t h a t ' s b e i n g c a r r i e d . T o g g l e s s h o u l d be k e p t as s h o r t as p o s s i b l e t o m i n i m i z e e c c e n t r i c l o a d i n g and t h e y a r e n o t a s u b s t i t u t e f o r t h e p r o p e r a l i g n m e n t o f c h a i n p l a t e s and a l l l o w e r a n d / o r u p p e r end f i t t i n g s f o r s t a n d i n g r i g g i n g . I f t o g g l e s d o n ' t c o r r e c t l y f i t t h e c h a i n p l a t e o r p o s s i b l y a masthead web, shims o r washers s h o u l d be u s e d t o c e n t e r them c a r e f u l l y f o r optimum l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n . I t ' s i m p o r t a n t t o a v o i d t h e use o f c a s t t o g g l e s w h i c h h a v e p r o v e d u n r e l i a b l e . They s h o u l d be f o r g e d , machinec o r w e l d e d b u t n e v e r c a s t .

3 C o t t e r P i n s - W h i l e c o n s i s t e n t l y abused and hence d i s l i k e d , a r e t h e b e s t a l l a r o u n d method o f s e c u r i n g a l l p a r t s o f t h e s t a n d i n g r i g g i n g . The c o r r e c t l e n g t h s h o u l d be IJ t i m e s t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e p i e c e t h a t t h e y a r e used t o s e c u r e , and use o f u n r e a s o n a b l y s m a l l c o t t e r p i n s s h o u l d be a v o i d e d . The h o l e t h a t t h e y go t h r o u g h i s n o r m a l l y a t t h e e x t r e m e end o f t h e p i n t o be s e c u r e d so t h e r e ' s no harm i n m a k i n g t h i s h o l e l a r g e enough. A { " b a r o r t h r e a d e d s e c t i o n s h o u l d have a 3/32"

c o t t e r p i n and t h e h o l e s h o u l d be j u s t l a r g e r t h a n t h e c o t t e r p i n and s l i g h t l y c o u n t e r sunk on each end t o f a c i l i t a t e e n t r y o f t h e c o t t e r p i n . 3/8" d i a m e t e r r e q u i r e s 1/8" c o t t e r p i n ; d i a m e t e r , 5/32" c o t t e r p i n ; i " d i a m e t e r , 3/16" c o t t e r p i n ; and 1" d i a m e t e r , 7/32" c o t t e r p i n . When t h e c o t t e r p i n has been c u t t o l e n g t h , a l l s h a r p edges a t t h e end must be c a r e f u l l y r o u n d e d and when i t has been i n s t a l l e d , t h e c o t t e r p i n s h o u l d be s p r e a d n o t more t h a n 20° i n c l u d e d a n g l e (10° each s i d e ) and t h e c o t t e r p i n s h o u l d be t u r n e d so t h a t when i t i s d o i n g i t ' s b l o c k i n g j o b , each o f t h e s p r e a d ends, w i l l b l o c k a t t h e same t i m e , w h i c h means t h e s p r e a d s h o u l d n o r m a l l y be v e r t i c a l i n s t a n d i n g r i g g i n g . S i l i c o n e s e a l e r s h o u l d be used t o h o l d t h e c o t t e r p i n s i n t h e r i g h t p o s i t i o n and t o pad them p r i o r t o a p p l i c a t i o n o f good he'avy r i g g i n g t a p e . A l l t e r m i n a l s o r t u r n b u c k l e s s h o u l d have d a c r o n o r s i m i l a r b o o t s a f t e r t h o r o u g h l y l u b r i c a t i n g them. See 3.19 b e l o w .

.14 Rod v s . W i r e H e a d s t a y s - P r i o r t o l a t e 1960s i t was n o t u n u s u a l f o r c o m p e t i t i v e b o a t s t o use a r o d h e a d s t a y , sometimes mated w i t h r o d b a c k s t a y . I t was e a s i e r t o s e c u r e maximum d e s i r e d t e n s i o n due t o l e s s e l a s t i c s t r e t c h t o be t a k e n i n . W i t h r o d s n o r m a l hanks w e r e used t o s e c u r e h e a d s a i l s t o h e a d s t a y s . I t ' s most i m p o r t a n t t o r e a l i z e t h a t f o r p e r f o r m a n c e i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o m i n i m i z e s a g g i n g o f t h e h e a d s t a y . The i n e v i t a b l e t e n d e n c y o f t h e s t a y t o sag i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e t e n s i o n so t h a t p r e s u m i n g t h e r e a s o n a b l e maximum l o a d i s a p p l i e d t h e s t a y w i l l be e x a c t l y t h e same w h e t h e r i t ' s w i r e o r r o d , o r e x p r e s s e d i n a n o t h e r way, i t ' s much b e t t e r t o have t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f w i r e as t h e use o f r o d s i s n o t a m a g i c way t o r e d u c e u n d e s i r a b l e sag. A l s o t h e v e r y s l i g h t a b i l i t y o f t h e w i r e t o g i v e i n t h e f a c e o f e x c e s s i v e peak l o a d i n g , c l e a r l y adds t o t h e o v e r a l l s a f e t y and s e c u r i t y o f t h e r i g .

15 S p e c i a l A t t a c h m e n t o f H e a d s a i l s t o H e a d s t a y - There were a few t r i e s a t t r a c k s s e c u r e d t o w i r e (1933 VAMARIE) and t r a c k s on s p r u c e s p a r s s e r -v i n g as c o m p r e s s i o n members, b u t no r e a l a c c e p t a n c e u n t i l t h e Sea S t a y (Hood) i n 1969. T h i s was a s t a i n l e s s member f o r m e d t o a "C" w h i c h accommodated t h e l u f f r o p e , u t i l i z i n g an i n g e n i o u s f e e d e r . T h i s has been f o l l o w e d by v a r i o u s systems r e t a i n i n g one, and l a t e r two l u f f r o p e s (some can accommodate 3 b u t t h e r e ' s l i t t l e b e n e f i t f r o m t h i s ) w h i c h g r e a t l y e x p e d i t e h e a d s a i l changes. These schemes a r e o f i n t e r e s t t o c o m p e t i t i v e s a i l o r s b u t a r e n o t recommended f o r c r u i s i n g , p r i m a r i l y because a s a i l t h a t i s l o w e r e d i s i m m e d i a t e l y d i s c o n n e c t e d and needs more b e e f t o keep i t u n d e r c o n t r o l . T h e r e f o r e , s t a y w i t h hanks on a l l

h e a d s a i l s , and s l i d e s on l u f f and f o o t o f mains and m i z z e n s . 3.16 H y d r a u l i c T e n s i o n i n g W i t h a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l s w i n g t o masthead f o r e -t r i a n g l e , h y d r a u l i c c y l i n d e r s have been a c c e p -t e d f o r -t e n s i o n i n g v a r i o u s f o r e and a f t s t a y s , w i t h t h e most p r o d u c t i v e a p p l i c a t i o n s on t h e permanent b a c k s t a y . These u n i t s f a c i l i t a t e a d j u s t m e n t o f p r e s s u r e f o r v a r i a t i o n s i n w i n d s t r e n g t h s and d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s o f s a i l i n g -p r i m a r i l y o f i n t e r e s t f o r r a c i n g and b a s i c a l l y an u n n e c e s s a r y comp l i c a t i o n f o r c r u i s i n g . The g r e a t d a n g e r i s t h e t e m comp t a t i o n o f o v e r -t e n s i o n i n g f o r u p - w i n d speed. Never exceed 1/3 o f r i g g i n g s -t r e n g -t h , and ease o f f when r o u g h .

3.17 A v o i d Combined H y d r a u l i c s - One i m p o r t a n t recommendation on

h y d r a u l i c s i s n o t t o combine - keep systems i n d e p e n d e n t so one f a i l u r e w i l l n o t e f f e c t s e v e r a l f u n c t i o n s , and t o m i n i m i z e c o n f u s i o n i n o p e r -a t i n g c o n t r o l s . The s -a f e s t -a r r -a n g e m e n t i s t o s i m p l y use h y d r -a u l i c on t h e b a c k s t a y and t h e b e s t u n i t t o use i s t h e H y d r a T e n s i o n e r made b y K r u e g e r , w h i c h i s a v e r y w e l l d e s i g n e d and c o n s t r u c t e d c o m p l e t e u n i t , c o m b i n i n g s t o r a g e , pump and p r e s s u r e gauge, and t h i s i s f i t t e d w i t h t h e t u r n b u c k l e and i t i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t l e n g t h s be w o r k e d o u t so t h a t i f t h e r e was h y d r a u l i c f a i l u r e , t h e t u r n b u c k l e c o u l d p r o v i d e

r e a s o n a b l e t e n s i o n .

3.18 Removable F o r e s t a y s - F o r r e m o v a b l e f o r e s t a y s many systems have been used s t a r t i n g w i t h a t u r n b u c k l e f i t t e d w i t h c a p t i v e h a n d l e s and f a s t p i n , t o l e v e r , t o h y d r a u l i c s ( t o o s l o w ) t o r e i n f o r c e d r o l l e r s l i d e s on s u i t a b l e t r a c k o r s u i t a b l e b l o c k s and t a c k l e , w h i c h l a t t e r systems p e r m i t v e r y q u i c k r e l e a s e i n t h e m i d d l e o f a r o u g h w a t e r t a c k and f a c i l i t a t e s o p e r a t i o n w i t h o u t e x p o s u r e on f o r e d e c k . 3.19 L u b r i c a t i o n - An o f t n e g l e c t e d d e t a i l a p l l i c a b l e t o a l l p a r t s o f t h e s t a n d i n g r i g g i n g i s t h e p r o p e r l u b r i c a t i o n . The most o b v i o u s p l a c e i s t h e t u r n b u c k l e s where c o r r o s i o n can b u i l d up on t h e t h r e a d s and o f t e n

make t h e n e c e s s a r y a d j u s t m e n t s d i f f i c u l t t o a c c o m p l i s h and o c c a s i o n a l l y l e a d s even t o o v e r s t r e s s i n g t u r n b u c k l e w i t h t o r q u e , so i t i s v e r y i m -p o r t a n t t h a t t h e c o r r e c t l u b r i c a t i o n be em-ployed. I t a l s o a -p -p l i e s t o p i n s w h i c h h o l d t h e u p p e r t e r m i n a l s t o t h e mast t a n g s and t h e l o w e r t e r m i n a l s t o t h e t u r n b u c k l e . T h i s i s a p l a c e where t h e r e ' s l o t s o f m o t i o n on t h e l e e s i d e and w i t h o u t l u b r i c a t i o n i t can l e a d t o q u i t e r a p i d wear w h i c h a g a i n l e a d s t o a f u t u r e weakness. F i n a l l y , i n t h e same a r e a , t o g g l e s w h i c h a r e used t o m i n i m i z e e c c e n t r i c l o a d i n g can t e n d t o f r e e z e and t h e n f a t i g u e i s c r e a t e d i n t h e w i r e o r t h e t e r m i n a l .

or maybe t h e t a n g f i t t i n g . A l s o as a s a f e t y m a t t e r i f t h e c o t t e r p i n s were p r o p e r l y l u b r i c a t e d , t h e y can be e x t r a c t e d q u i c k l y i f t h e need

f o r a d j u s t m e n t o r , more i m p o r t a n t , t o d i s c o n n e c t i n t h e e v e n t d i s -m a s t i n g , c a n be o f g r e a t i -m p o r t a n c e . The -most d e s i r a b l e -m a t e r i a l f r o -m my ovm p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e , i s a n h y d r o u s l a n o l i n w h i c h i s a g r e a s e

-l i k e p r o d u c t a v a i -l a b -l e f r o m d r u g s t o r e s . A -l t e r n a t e -l y , F o r b e s Morse has recommended Exxon P290, a d e v e l o p m e n t f o r W o r l d War I I a i r c r a f t w h i c h i s r e s i s t a n t t o o x i d a t i o n and w a t e r and changes v e r y l i t t l e w i t h

t e m p e r a t u r e . 3.20 Adequacy o f S t a n d i n g R i g g i n g - A s i m p l e r u l e f o r j u d g i n g adequacy o f s t a n d i n g r i g g i n g , r e l a t e d t o i n c l i n i n g moment, i s a t t a c h e d . A p p e n d i x A. 4.00 R u n n i n g R i g g i n g 4.01 N a t u r a l F i b e r s t o S y n t h e t i c s - I n t h e p o s t - w a r p e r i o d t h e r e has b e e n a c o m p l e t e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m n a t u r a l f i b e r s - hemp, l i n e n o r even c o t t o n t o d a c r o n w i t h some n y l o n and o t h e r f i b e r s . 4.02 G a l v a n i z e d t o S t a i n l e s s - I n t h e same p e r i o d , f o r w i r e r o p e t h e r e h a s been a t r a n s i t i o n f r o m h o t - d i p p e d g a l v a n i z e d t o s t a i n l e s s s t e e l and

t h i s change has been e x p e d i t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t c u r r e n t l y t h e o n l y g a l v a n i z e d w i r e a v a i l a b l e i s e l e c t r o - p l a t e d w h i c h a p p e a r s t o be p o r o u s and p r o v i d e s v e r y l i t t l e p r o t e c t i o n . I t ' s u n f o r t u n a t e because a good, h o t - d i p p e d g a l v a n i z e d p l o w s t e e l was more f a t i g u e r e s i s t a n f r t h a n t h e a v e r a g e s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , t h o u g h t h i s l a t t e r v a r i e s c o n s i d e r a b l y de-p e n d i n g on t h e amount and r a de-p i d i t y w i t h w h i c h i t has been drawn. The more d r a w i n g , t h e more r a p i d d r a w i n g b u i l d s up t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , w h i c h i s n o t p r i m a r i l y a p r o b l e m , and i n c r e a s e s h a r d n e s s , w h i c h h a s t e n s f a t i g u e as a r e s u l t o f c o l d w o r k i n g where p a s s i n g o v e r a sheave, p a r -t i c u l a r l y c r i -t i c a l i n -t h e case o f h e a d s a i l h a l y a r d s . Sugges-ted h a l y a r d d i a m e t e r s k e y e d t o h e a d s t a y a r e f o u n d i n A p p e n d i x B.

4.03 W i r e Sheave D i a m e t e r s - F o r any w i r e h a l y a r d , sheave d i a m e t e r as w e l l as t h e sheave s c o r e , i s v e r y c r i t i c a l . A d i a m e t e r a t sheave c e n t e r o f l e s s t h a n 16 t i m e s t h e w i r e d i a m e t e r s h o u l d n e v e r be used. The s c o r e w h i c h c o n t a c t s t o t h e w i r e s h o u l d be a good f i t . Sheaves c a n be made of b r o n z e w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e b u s h i n g s , a l s o a p p r o p r i a t e aluminum a l l o y a g a i n w i t h more emphasis on t h e b u s h i n g s and a l s o some g r a d e s o f p l a s -t i c as f o r example D e l r i n o r C e l c o n , b u -t n o -t s o f -t e r p l a s -t i c s l i k e

N y l o n o r T e f l o n , w h i c h c o l d f l o w under heavy l o a d .

T u f f n o l , made o f what w o u l d appear t o be i m p r e g n a t e d c l o t h under h i g h p r e s s u r e , i s q u i t e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r w i r e as i t w i l l d e l a m i n a t e under heavy l o a d and p a r t i c u l a r l y a f t e r a b r a s i o n .

4.04 Reduced S t r e t c h Rope f o r H a l y a r d s - An i n t e r e s t i n g and r e l a t i v e l y new d e v e l o p m e n t i s s p e c i a l r o p e w i t h l o w e r s t r e t c h - t h e most common o f w h i c h comes f r o m Germany - t h e f i r m G l e i s t e i n , m a r k e t i n g i t as "Cup" r o p e . The e l a s t i c i t y o f t h i s m a t e r i a l i s somewhere midway be-tween a good g r a d e o f d a c r o n and n o r m a l 7 x 19 w i r e , making i t e n t i r e l y s u i t a b l e f o r h a l y a r d s f o r any t y p e o f c r u i s i n g and some r a c i n g , g e t t i n g away f r o m t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f r o p e and w i r e s p l i c e s and p r e s u m a b l y more r e s i s t a n t t o f a t i g u e t h a n any t y p e o f w i r e . "Cup" r o p e , combined w i t h a s u i t a b l e 2-speed w i n c h p r o v i d e s t h e s a f e s t , q u i c k e s t and e a s i e s t way t o h a n d l e m a i n , m i z z e n and h e a d s a i l h a l y a r d s . Normal Dacron p r o v i d e s j u s t t h e r i g h t e l a s t i c i t y t o be b e s t f o r s p i n n a k e r h a l y a r d s .

4.05 Reduced S t r e t c h Rope f o r Sheets and Guys - F o r n o r m a l s h e e t s v a r i o u s t y p e s o f d a c r o n r o p e a r e e x c e l l e n t , t h o u g h a g a i n f o r s p i n n a k e r g u y s , t h e G l e i s t e i n "Cup" r o p e can be a s u b s t i t u t e f o r w i r e w i t h o u t com-p l i c a t i n g t h e com-p r o b l e m o f w i n c h drums w h i c h must be b r o n z e o r com-p r e f e r a b l y s t a i n l e s s s t e e l o r T i t a n i u m , i f w i r e i s u s e d , b u t can be aluminum a l l o y s a v i n g i n w e i g h t and expense, i f r o p e , o n l y , w i l l be used. A compro-m i s e i s p o s s i b l e where w i r e can be l a i d up i n s i d e o f r o p e b u t i t i s more e x p e n s i v e and l e s s handy t h a n t h e s t r e t c h r e s i s t a n t r o p e .

4.06 A v o i d R e e l Winches - A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n r u n n i n g r i g g i n g p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e m a i n h a l y a r d , i s t h e d a n g e r o f r e e l w i n c h e s . These o f f e r e d a s h o r t c u t , f r e e i n g t h e crew o f t h e need o f c o i l i n g down a h a l y a r d , e i t h e r a f t e r h o i s t i n g , o r more i m p o r t a n t , b e f o r e l o w e r i n g . I t added a c o n s i d e r a b l e p r i c e o f i n j u r y t o crew members, because o f t h e b a s i c f a c t t h a t w i t h t h e r e e l w i n c h t h e drum must t u r n f o r l o w e r i n g and m o s t p e o p l e e r r o n e o u s l y t r y t o u t i l i z e t h e c r a n k t o g e t a more c a r e f u l c o n t r o l o v e r l o w e r i n g . Under u n e x p e c t e d l o a d s o r l u r c h e s , t h e c r a n k can s p i n a r o u n d w i t h e x t r e m e l y s e r i o u s r e s u l t s . 4.07 Swing f r o m R o l l e r t o " J i f f y " R e e f i n g - R o l l e r r e e f i n g p r o v i d e d a

q u i c k and easy method o f s a i l r e d u c t i o n as l o n g as m a i n s a i l s w e r e q u i t e f l a t and c l e w s were h i g h enough t o p r o v i d e an a n g l e c o m f o r t a b l y u n d e r 90° a t t h e c l e w . The a d v e n t o f more d r a f t y s y n t h e t i c s a i l s w i t h l o w c l e w s and s h o r t booms has b r o u g h t a b o u t an a l m o s t c o m p l e t e s w i t c h

t o what i s now c a l l e d " J i f f y " o r " S l a b " r e e f i n g .

4.08 S u g g e s t i o n s f o r " J i f f y " R e e f i n g - S e v e r a l d e t a i l s have e x p e d i t e d and s i m p l i f i e d t h e r e e f i n g o p e r a t i o n . P r i m a r i l y t h e s h o r t e r booms and t h e use o f v e r y s t a b l e and s t r o n g s y n t h e t i c c l o t h so t h a t f u l l p r e s -s u r e can be p l a c e d on t h e -s a i l a-s -soon a-s t h e l u f f and t h e l e e c h r e e f c r i n g l e s have been b r o u g h t t o t h e c o r r e c t p o i n t w i t h o u t h a v i n g t o w a i t t o t i e up i n d i v i d u a l r e e f p o i n t s w h i c h were n e c e s s a r y on c o t t o n s a i l s , and t i m e consuming when c o u p l e d w i t h a l o n g boom. Hooks a r e g e n e r a l l y used a t t h e gooseneck, one each s i d e f o r t h e l u f f r e e f c r i n g l e s , and t h e hooks can be made s m a l l e r and l i g h t e r i f D - r i n g s a r e f a s t e n e d t o t h e s a i l i n p l a c e o f t h e o t h e n - 7 i s e sometime b u l k y c i r c u l a r grommets. The l e e c h r e e f i n g p e n n a n t i s now f r e q u e n t l y l e d i n s i d e t h e t u b u l a r a l u m i n u m a l l o y booms, c o m i n g o u t a t t h e gooseneck and a v e r y e f f e c t i v e l o c k - o f f d e v i c e as n o r m a l l y i n c l u d e d b u t t h e p e n n a n t a l s o l e a d s o v e r a deck b l o c k i n t o a p o w e r f u l c o n v e n i e n t l y l o c a t e d deck w i n c h w h i c h g r e a t l y e x p e d i t e s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e n e c e s s a r y t e n s i o n t o b r i n g t h e l e e c h c r i n g l e home. I t i s p e r h a p s n o t amiss t o m e n t i o n t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f l a s h i n g t h e l e e c h c r i n g l e t o t h e boom b e f o r e t h e few r e e f p o i n t s a r e t i e d o t h e r w i s e i f t h e p e n n a n t i s i n a d v e r t e n t l y s l a c k e n e d w i t h o u t l a s h i n g on t h e l e e c h c r i n g l e and w i t h t h e r e e f p o i n t s t i e d , t h e s a i l w i l l be s e r i o u s l y damaged.

4.09 More a b o u t R e e f i n g - The n o r m a l a r r a n g e m e n t f o r t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l scheme g o i n g h i s t o r i c a l l y b a c k , i n c l u d e s two cheek b l o c k s , one each s i d e o f t h e boom a t each r e e f , b u t t h e r e a r e l i m i t a t i o n s h e r e . F i r s t o f a l l , as t h e p e n n a n t i s b e i n g hove i n , i t ' s p o s s i b l e t o damage t h e s a i l b y p u l l i n g i t p a r t i a l l y i n t o t h e b l o c k ; s e c o n d l y , i f y o u a r e l u c k y enough

t o have more t h a n one m a i n s a i l , y o u g e t a w h o l e l o t o f d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s as g e n e r a l l y two m a i n s a i l s d o n ' t have e x a c t l y t h e same d e p t h o f r e e f and i f t h e d e p t h o f r e e f i s t h e same i t may n o t be t h e same d i s -t a n c e due -t o v a r i a -t i o n s i n d r a f -t . A l l -t h i s can b e overcome b y u s i n g an a s y m n e t r i c scheme where t h e p e n n a n t comes f r o m a cheek b l o c k o r sheave r i g h t a t t h e e x t r e m e boom end g o i n g t h r o u g h t h e l e e c h c r i n g l e and d e a d - e n d i n g on t h e boom a t a p o i n t d i c t a t e d b y t h e p a r t i c u l a r s a i l , i d e a l l y by h a v i n g a gromraet i n t h e f o o t o f t h e s a i l a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p o i n t a c o u p l e o f i n c h e s o u t s i d e o f t h e f i n a l p o s i t i o n . W i t h t h i s scheme t h e r e i s no way t h a t t h e s a i l can be p u l l e d i n t o t h e sheave and i t i s f e a s i b l e t o r e e f any s a i l on any boom.

4.10 I n t e r n a l H a l y a r d s - A n o t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t u n d e r r u n n i n g r i g g i n g i s t h e

g e n e r a l a c c e p t a n c e o f i n t e r n a l h a l y a r d s w h i c h had s t a r t e d s i m p l y w i t h t h e a f t e r n o o n r a c i n g b o a t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y 6, 8, 10 and 12 m e t e r s , and o n l y j u s t s h o r t l y b e f o r e t h e war began t o be r e q u e s t e d by ocean r a c e r s . The i n i t i a l r e a c t i o n was t h a t i t was q u i t e i n a p p r o p r i a t e f o r o f f s h o r e b u t as a r e s u l t o f p e r s o n s who i n s i s t e d , schemes h a v e been w o r k e d o u t w h i c h p r o v i d e r e l i a b l e i n s t a l l a t i o n and g e n e r a l l y r e a d y r e p l a c e m e n t , p r e f e r a b l y s o m e t h i n g t h a t can be p u t o u t s i d e i n case w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s a r e u n f a v o r a b l e b u t w h e r e p r o p e r r e p l a c e m e n t i n s i d e i s made as s i m p l e as p o s s i b l e .

4.11 H a l y a r d Replacement - The i n t e r n a l h a l y a r d r e p l a c e m e n t has been f u r t h e r f a c i l i t a t e d b y use o f s i m p l i f i e d e x i t s g e n e r a l l y e l i m i n a t i n g t h e

two sheaves s e t i n a box w i t h number o f f a s t e n i n g s u s u a l l y v e r y d i f f i -c u l t t o remove. I n s t e a d , a s i m p l e o v a l s l o t w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e r e p l a -c e a b l e c h a f i n g s t r i p s f o r w i r e h a l y a r d s makes i t easy t o f i s h o u t a h a l y a r d t h a t has been d r o p p e d down f r o m t h e masthead, o n l y r e q u i r i n g a m e t a l c o a t h a n g e r f o r m e d i n t o a p r o p e r l y shaped hook. The recommended h a l y a r d e x i t i s shown i n A p p e n d i x C. F i n a l l y , t h e i n t e r n a l h a l y a r d s m i n i m i z e t h e p r o b l e m o f t h e h a u l i n g end g e t t i n g a r o u n d t h e s p r e a d e r s and m i n i m i z e t h e p r o b l e m o f q u i e t i n g h a l y a r d s when t i e d up u n d e r w i n d y c o n d i t i o n s . A l l i n a l l , t h e y can be c o n s i d e r e d a c c e p t a b l e f o r c u i s i n g as w e l l as c o m p e t i t i v e p u r p o s e s . F o r t h e m a i n h a l y a r d i t i s f r e q u e n t l y f e a s i b l e t o have a messenger p e r m i t t i n g p u l l i n g i n a s p a r e h a l y a r d f r o m t h e deck w i t h o u t h a v i n g t o be a h e r o by g o i n g a l o f t . A back-up c a p a b i l i t y o f r i g g i n g e x t e r n a l h a l y a r d s i s most d e s i r a b l e .

4.12 Replacement o f L i n e s i n s i d e Booms - I n p r a c t i c e may i n c l u d e two o r more r e e f p e n n a n t s i n s i d e t h e boom and p o s s i b l y a c l e w o u t h a u l t a c k l e and p o s s i b l y a t o p p i n g l i f t . I f c a r e f u l l y l a i d o u t so t h e l i n e n s a r e a l l c l e a r t h i s i s a good way t o c l e a n up t h e r i g b u t i t s h o u l d o n l y be employed when a s i m p l e method f o r r e p l a c e m e n t o f any o f t h e s e l i n e s i s c l e a r l y a v a i l a b l e . Most i m p o r t a n t a r e ample o p e n i n g s on each end o f t h e boom t o see w h a t i s g o i n g on and t o f a c i l i t a t e r e e f i n g l i n e s c l e a r . A l o n g w i t h t h i s i s t h e need t o have a snake - t h i s can be p l a s t i c t u b i n g o r 1 x 19 w i r e o r s o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r , i t must have a good eye t o c a r r y a l a n y a r d w h i c h i n t u r n can s e c u r e i t t o t h e f l e m i s h eye i n t h e end o f any p i e c e o f l i n e t h a t i s p l a c e d i n s i d e t h e boom. W i t h t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s t h e need f o r r e p l a c e m e n t w i l l a l m o s t a u t o m a t i c a l -l y be r e d u c e d b u t i f i t ' s needed i t s h o u -l d go q u i c k -l y and e a s i -l y . 4.13 E x t r a H a l y a r d s - A l o n g w i t h t h e a c c e p t a n c e o f i n t e r n a l h a l y a r d s has

been t h e d e s i r a b l e a r r a n g e m e n t t o i n c l u d e e x t r a h a l y a r d s - g e n e r a l l y two genoa h a l y a r d s i n i t i a l l y t o p r o v i d e a s p a r e b u t t o d a y t o p r o v i d e f o r s a i l c h a n g i n g where v a r i o u s l u f f systems a l l o w f o r t w o s a i l s a t once. S p i n n a k e r h a l y a r d s - i n i t i a l l y a s p a r e - b u t t o d a y w i t h t h e numerous s p i n n a k e r s o f d i f f e r e n t s h a p e s , t h e d o u b l e h a l y a r d s p e r m i t q u i c k s p i n n a k e r changes, v i r t u a l l y e l i m i n a t i n g any l o s t speed i n t h e

c o u r s e o f t h e change.

4.14 Vangs - There i s n o t h i n g a t a l l new t o h o l d t h e boom f o r w a r d and f r o m a c o m p e t i t i v e s t a n d p o i n t t o h o l d i t down, b u t r e c e n t l y t h e b i g g e r b o a t s have p i c k e d up s o m e t h i n g o r i g i n a t i n g w i t h v e r y s m a l l o n e s , where t h e r e i s a c e n t e r o r permanent vang t o h o l d t h e boom down w i t h o u t need t o a d j u s t i t as t h e m a i n s h e e t i s e i t h e r t r i m m e d o r s l a c k e n e d . T h i s v a n g can be a p o w e r f u l t a c k l e and more r e c e n t l y has been m e c h a n i c a l , f r e -q u e n t l y d o u b l e a c t i n g so t h a t i t can a l s o s u p p o r t t h e boom. H y d r a u l i c s has g o t t e n i n and p r o v i d e s a v e r y easy way t o g e t power, t h e d i s a d v a n -t a g e b e i n g i -t may be -t o o easy -t o p u l l -t o o h a r d . W h a -t e v e r -t h e s y s -t e m - h y d r a u l i c o r m e c h a n i c a l - i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o h a v e some shock a b s o r b e r t o m i n i m i z e peak l o a d s o c c u r r i n g when g y b i n g i n a h e a v y b r e e z e j u s t a t t h e moment t h e l e e c h f l i c k s a c r o s s . I f t h e r e i s no g i v e i n t h e v a n g s o m e t h i n g has t o go - p e r h a p s t h e boom o r gooseneck o r v a n g o r i t s a t t a c h m e n t t o t h e boom o r t h e m a s t , o r t h e m a i n h e a d b o a r d . Hence a s t r o n g b u t a l w a y s a v a i l a b l e " g i v e " under peak t e n s i o n l o a d i s d e s i r a b l e . F u r t h e r , w i t h t h e c e n t r a l v a n g s , a v e r y i m p o r t a n t a d v a n t a g e i s t h a t i f

t h e b o a t r o l l s t h e boom h e a v i l y i n t h e w a t e r , t h e boom i s a l w a y s f r e e t o come i n b o a r d , w h i c h i s n o t t h e case i f t h e t a c k l e has been s e t up t o t h e l e e d e c k , a l i t t l e b i t f o r w a r d o f t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e boom t o h o l d i t b o t h down and f o r w a r d . W i t h t h e c e n t e r v a n g i t ' s s t i l l d e s i r a b l e t o use t h e p r e v e n t e r b u t t h i s s h o u l d be r e a s o n a b l y l i g h t and i n h e a v y w e a t h e r i t s h o u l d be l e d t o t h e boom e n d , so t h a t i f t h e boom d i p s h e a v i l y i t has t o come b a c k w i t h t h e r u s h o f t h e w a t e r , t h e boom i t s e l f w i l l n o t be damaged. Long l i g h t n y l o n p r o v i d e s d e s i r a b l e g i v e and r e -member a l l vangs and guys s h o u l d be s e c u r e d a m i d s h i p s t o f a c i l i t a t e r e l e a s e i n case o f knockdown.

4.15 Boom S u p p o r t - P r e s u m i n g t h e v a n g i s d o u b l e a c t i n g , a l s o s u p p o r t i n g t h e boom, t h e r e must be s o m e t h i n g t o t a k e c o m p r e s s i v e shocks o c c u r r i n g e i t h e r when t h e r e i s a f a i l u r e i n t h e h e a d b o a r d o r t h e m a i n h a l y a r d , o r when t h e s h e e t i s b e i n g t r i m m e d v i g o r o u s l y w i t h o u t a p p r o p r i a t e a d -j u s t m e n t t o t h e v a n g . The v e r y b e s t s t i f f vangs h a v e h a d l o n g r a n g i n g

c o m p r e s s i o n s p r i n g s so even i f t h e boom had been h e l d u p , and t h e m a i n s h e e t was b e i n g t r i m m e d q u i c k l y t h e t e n d e n c y t o bend e i t h e r boom o r v a n g was e l i m i n a t e d by t h e vang p e a c e f u l l y a c c e p t i n g t h e added c o m p r e s s i o n and l a t e r b e i n g a p p r o p r i a t e l y a d j u s t e d . A s t r o n g f i x e d gooseneck i s b e s t w i t h a permanent v a n g .

A.16 T o p p i n g L i f t s - E x c e p t f o r cases where t h e r e i s a t o t a l l y r e l i a b l e d o u b l e a c t i n g v a n g , t h e main boom l i f t i s a most i m p o r t a n t p i e c e o f r u n n i n g r i g g i n g and e x c e p t f o r b o a t s s m a l l enough t o a c c e p t t h e boom's d r o p p i n g down on y o u r head w i t h o u t more t h a n momentary i n c o n v e n i e n c e , t h e t o p p i n g l i f t s h o u l d a l w a y s be used. The most common f a u l t w i t h a t o p p i n g l i f t i s t h e t e n d e n c y t o use t h e s p a r e m a i n h a l y a r d sheave a l o f t o r e l s e p o s s i b l y hang a b l o c k a t t h e masthead. I n e i t h e r case t h e r e i s i n e v i t a b l e c h a f e p l u s t h e n o r m a l t e n d e n c y o f a w i r e t o f a t i -gue as t h e r e ' s a l o t o f m o t i o n i n t h e t o p p i n g l i f t w h i c h i s s l a c k as t h e b o a t i s s a i l i n g a l o n g . F o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e o n l y s e a m a n l i k e a r r a n g e m e n t i s a s t a n d i n g end a l o f t , most c e r t a i n l y w i t h a t o g g l e o r s h a c k l e so i t ' s c o m p l e t e l y f r e e and any a d j u s t m e n t s r e q u i r e d accom-p l i s h e d a t t h e l o w e r end accom-p r e f e r a b l y w i t h a n y l o n t a c k l e so t h a t assuming h a l y a r d s i n a d v e r t e n t l y r e l e a s e d o r t h e h e a d b o a r d s p u l l s o u t of t h e s a i l , e t c . as t h e boom d r o p s t h e n y l o n w i l l p r o v i d e a c u s h i o n and shock a b s o r b e r f o r t h e t o p p i n g l i f t p e n n a n t .

4.17 T o p p i n g L i f t s f o r R o l l e r R e e f i n g - W i t h t h e r o l l e r r e e f i n g t h e r e s h o u l d be a s m a l l m u l t i - p a r t p e n n a n t r i g h t a t t h e boom end t o keep t h e boom c l e a n f o r t h e r o l l i n g b u t w i t h c o n v e n t i o n a l r e e f i n g t h e h a u l i n g p a r t can come a l o n g t h e s i d e o f t h e boom o r even c a n be l e d i n t o t h e boom. An i m p o r t a n t p o i n t , j u s t as m e n t i o n e d f o r t h e m a s t , i s t h e a r r a n g e m e n t t h a t f a c i l i t a t e s r e p l a c e m e n t o f any l i n e s t h a t a r e l e d i n s i d e t h e boom w h e t h e r i t be r e e f i n g l i n e s o r t o p p i n g l i f t o r o u t h a u l t a c k l e - j u s t so l o n g as t h e r e i s a l i n e t h e r e , t h e r e i s a p o s s i b i l i t y o f i t s b e i n g i n a d v e r t e n t l y p u l l e d o u t o r p o s s i b l y j u s t b r e a k i n g f r o m o l d age, o r o v e r l o a d i n g .

4.18 Winches - Winches have been a c c e p t e d more and more and g o t t e n b i g g e r and b i g g e r - n o t t o m e n t i o n more and more e x p e n s i v e , b u t t h e y do a good j o b and v i r t u a l l y a l l h a l y a r d s and s h e e t s a r e o r g a n i z e d w i t h a v i e w t o l e a d i n g t o a w i n c h . A r e l a t i v e l y new d e v e l o p m e n t i s v e r y e f f e c t i v e s e l f - t a i l i n g c a p a b i l i t y w h i c h i s h e l p f u l t o t h e c r u i s e r as w e l l as t h e c o m p e t i t i v e s a i l o r as once t h e l i n e comes under t e n s i o n by t a k i n g j u s t h a l f a t u r n a r o u n d t h e s e l f - t a i l i n g head o f t h e w i n c h

i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e v o t e a l l e n e r g y t o c r a n k i n g t h e w i n c h , and nobody i s n e e d l e s s l y t a k i n g i n t h e s l a c k .

4.19 L o c k - O f f s - F i n a l l y , t h e r e has been c o n t i n u e d d e v e l o p m e n t o f " l o c k - o f f d e v i c e s w h i c h e s s e n t i a l l y p e r m i t one w i n c h t o do two j o b s o r p o s s i b l y more. Perhaps t h e most a p p r o p r i a t e p l a c e f o r t h e s e d e v i c e s i s i n c o n -n e c t i o -n w i t h l e e c h r e e f p e -n -n a -n t s . I -n t h e p a s t t h e s e m i g h t be l e d t o a s m a l l w i n c h on t h e boom b u t t h i s t e n d s t o s l o w down t h e r e e f i n g p r o -cess as a good d e a l o f power i s needed t o g e t t h e l e e c h r e e f c r i n g l e home, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n c o m p e t i t i v e s a i l i n g where you want t o keep t h e b o a t speed up d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s , b u t t h i s a l s o a p p l i e s t o o f f s h o r e

c r u i s i n g where i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o m i n i m i z e t h e f l o g g i n g o f t h e m a i n -s a i l . To g e t t h e n e c e -s -s a r y power on t h e l e e c h r e e f p e n n a n t , i t i -s more a p p r o p r i a t e l y l e d t o t h e gooseneck down t o t h e deck and t o a good s i z e d w i n c h , most a p p r o p r i a t e l y t h e s p i n n a k e r h a l y a r d w i n c h , as w i t h t h e c u r r e n t r e l a t i v e s i z e s o f m a i n s a i l and f o r e t r i a n g l e , t h e r e i s no excuse f o r s e t t i n g a s p i n n a k e r w i t h a n y t h i n g b u t t h e f u l l m a i n s a i l . I n any c a s e , assuming t h e l e e c h p e n n a n t i s l e d t o a p o w e r f u l d e c k -mounted w i n c h , i t ' s d e s i r a b l e t o f r e e up t h e w i n c h and a l s o so t h e l e a d w i l l be c l e a r o f a c e n t e r permanent boom v a n g , e t c . , so t h e l o c k - o f f i n o r n e a r t h e gooseneck i s most a p p r o p r i a t e , 4.20 L o c k - O f f s D o u b t f u l A g a i n s t a R o t a t i n g S u r f a c e - L o c k - o f f s have a l s o been f u r n i s h e d on t h e f o o t b l o c k commonly used t o t u r n t h e genoa s h e e t

t h r o u g h 180 d e g r e e s p r i o r t o l e a d i n g t o a w i n c h p e r h a p s l o c a t e d more a m i d s h i p s , b u t any l o c k a g a i n s t a r o t a t i n g sheave r e q u i r e s t h e l o a d be t a k e n on one s i d e o f t h e r o p e and i n f a c t , i t j u s t d o e s n ' t w o r k under h i g h l o a d . F o r a l o c k t o be r e a l l y e f f e c t i v e i t must w o r k a g a i n s t a f i x e d s u r f a c e , shaped t o g e n e r a t e f r i c t i o n w i t h o u t damaging t h e r o p e , p l u s an a d j u s t a b l e cam s u r f a c e w h i c h s h a r e s t h e h o l d i n g j o b and has p r o v e n q u i t e e f f e c t i v e .

4.21 L o c k - O f f s on S p i n n a k e r H a l y a r d s - The s p i n n a k e r h a l y a r d i s a v e r y l o g i c a l t h o u g h seldom used l i n e on w h i c h a l o c k - o f f c o u l d be v e r y h e l p f u l . E i t h e r a t t h e mast e x i t , o r i f i t ' s an e x t e r n a l h a l y a r d p e r -haps a f f i x e d t o t h e mast a b o u t 7' above t h e d e c k , t h e r e can be a l o c k - o f f d e v i c e w h i c h can be d e a c t i v a t e d . I t s f u n c t i o n i s t o p r e v e n t t h e s p i n n a k e r h a l y a r d g e t t i n g away when t h e s a i l i s b e i n g s e t . T h i s can be h e l p f u l any t i m e a s p i n n a k e r i s b e i n g used t h o u g h o b v i o u s l y o f g r e a t e s t h e l p i n t h e c o m p e t i t i v e a r e a . Once t h e s a i l i s f u l l y h o i s t e d and s e c u r e , t h e l o c k - o f f w o u l d be d e a c t i v a t e d so t h e r e w o u l d

be no i n t e r f e r e n c e when i t comes t i m e t o t a k e t h e s p i n n a k e r i n . 4.22 C h a i n and Cable S t e e r i n g - W h i l e i t ' s n o t l i t e r a l l y r u n n i n g r i g g i n g ,

the c h a i n and c a b l e i n t h e n o r m a l s t e e r i n g gear s h o u l d be t r e a t e d i n the same g e n e r a l way i n t h a t t h e sheave s h o u l d be o v e r s i z e d as much as m e c h a n i c a l l y f e a s i b l e w i t h a s c o r e t h a t f i t s t h e w i r e and w i t h p r e c i s e a l i g n m e n t a l s o c l o s e l y f i t t e d w i t h q u a r d s p r e v e n t i n g a s l a c k c a b l e f r o m d r o p p i n g o f f t h e sheave w h i c h w o u l d i m m e d i a t e l y i n a c t i v a t e t h e gear. I t ' s most i m p o r t a n t t o have a c o m p l e t e s p a r e c h a i n and c a b l e assembly w i t h t h e c e n t e r o f t h e c h a i n marked t o match t h e k i n g s p o k e and most i m p o r t a n t t o be c e r t a i n t h a t t h e r e ' s s u f f i c i e n t access and c l e a r a n c e and n e c e s s a r y t o o l s t o p e r m i t q u i c k i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h i s s p a r e assembly. I n o r d e r t o i n s t a l l t h e r e p l a c e m e n t c a b l e s , i t ' s f r e q u e n t l y n e c e s s a r y t o have t h e end o f t h e w i r e f r e e w i t h no p r e -a p p l i e d t e r m i n -a l s . The n o r m -a l w i r e cl-amps -a r e o n l y e f f e c t i v e i f t h e c a b l e i s c a r e f u l l y t a p e d and t h e n t i g h t l y s e r v e and i f t h i s i s

o m i t t e d much o f t h e h o l d i n g power i s l o s t . A p p e n d i x D shows a d e s i r a b l clamp f o r t h e s t e e r i n g c a b l e , w h i c h a l s o f u r n i s h e s t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f a t h i m b l e t o m i n i m i z e c h a f i n g and f a t i g u e and maximum h o l d i s d e v e l o p e d w i t h o u t s p e c i a l s e r v i n g - o n l y an end s e r v i n g t o keep t h e w i r e f r o m u n d e s i r a b l y b e c o m i n g u n l a y e d .

4.23 C e n t e r b o a r d P e n n a n t s - The use o f n y l o n l i n e i s recommended t o e l i m i n a t e e l e c t r o l y t i c p r o b l e m s , t h u s m i n i m i z i n g p o s s i b l e f a i l u r e . A r r a n g e m e n t s s h o u l d be such t h a t i t ' s f e a s i b l e on b o a r d , and s i m p l y by swimming, t o r e p l a c e t h e c e n t e r b o a r d p e n n a n t . I t i s a l s o d e s i r a b l e t h a t t h e c e n t e r b o a r d p e n n a n t can e a s i l y be i n s p e c t e d t h r o u g h o u t i t s e n t i r e l e n g t h , w i t h o u t need f o r any s h i p y a r d o r s h o r e s i d e h e l p . A recommended scheme i s b a s i c a l l y a two p a r t p e n n a n t , w i t h a s t a n d i n g end r e a s o n a b l y above t h e d e e p e s t w a t e r l i n e , and c o v e r e d w i t h a w a t e r p r o o f cap and g a s k e t . The p e n n a n t passes o v e r a s i n g l e sheave i n t h e c e n t e r b o a r d , t h e h a u l i n g end comes o u t on d e c k , where t h e

Luke t y p e ( f o r m e r l y M e r r i m a n ) d a v i t w i n c h i s u t i l i z e d , t o s p o o l on t h e n y l o n l i n e . The p e n n a n t s h o u l d be c l e a r l y marked, and l o n g enough t o have two t u r n s on t h e drum, when t h e b o a r d i s f u l l y l o w e r e d . W i t h t h e b o a r d f u l l y down and a g a i n s t a s t o p , t h e p e n n a n t can be f u r t h e r

s l a c k e n e d and d i s e n g a g e d f r o m t h e drum. I t s h o u l d have a f l e m i s h eye on w h i c h a messenger can be a t t a c h e d , and t h e n f r o m t h e s t a n d i n g end, the e n t i r e p e n n a n t can be p u l l e d o u t . T h i s p e r m i t s a c o m p l e t e i n s p e c -t i o n , a f -t e r w h i c h -t h e p e n n a n -t can be i m m e d i a -t e l y p u l l e d b a c k , s e c u r e d