Spatial diversity of gully density of the Lublin Upland and Roztocze Hills (SE Poland) - Biblioteka UMCS

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gullies occur only sporadically and only in the north; in the South Baltic and East

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gully density and indicated the relationship between gully distribution and diverse UHODWLYHDOWLWXGHVDQGRFFXUUHQFHRIORHVVSDWFKHV7KHVXUYH\RIWKHGHQVLW\RI

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The analysis of the topographic factors of gully distribution was performed using WKH'7('/HYHOHOHYDWLRQGDWDUHVROXWLRQFDPZKLFKDOlowed mapping the UHODWLYHDOWLWXGHVDQGPHDQVORSHUHGXFWLRQLQWKHVDPHEDVLF¿HOGV

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WKHPDUJLQDO]RQHRIWKHRGUDJODFLDWLRQDVZHOODVRSRNDVDQGJDL]HVRIWKH8SSHU

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GHQLYHODWLRQV7KHUHIRUHWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIJHRORJLFDOK\GURJHRORJLFDODQGSD- leogeographic factors as well as the high relative altitude values determine the KLJKJXOO\GHQVLW\LQWKLVUHJLRQ7KHSUHVHQFHRILPSHUPHDEOHJODFLDOWLOOGHSRVLWV

LQWKHORHVVVXEVWUDWHFRQWULEXWHVWRLQWHQVLYHVXIIRVLRQSURFHVVHVZKLFKLQWXUQ

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this area is attributed to intensive agricultural management and consequent defor- HVWDWLRQUHJDUGHGE\DUFKDHRORJLVWVWRKDYHWDNHQSODFHLQVHYHUDOSKDVHVVLQFHWKH

1HROLWKLFVLQFHFD\HDUVDVZHOODVWKHVSHFL¿FOD\RXWRI¿HOGVSURPRWLQJ

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.D]LPLHU]±1DáĊF]yZ – a region that covers the left side of the Bystra River FDWFKPHQWIURP1DáĊF]yZWRWKHULYHUHVWXDU\LQ%RFKRWQLFDDQGDIUDJPHQWRIWKH

*URGDU]5LYHUFDWFKPHQW7KHUHJLRQLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\VLPLODUIHDWXUHVDVWKH

3DUFKDWNDUHJLRQ7KH\DUHVHSDUDWHGE\WKHGHHSO\LQFLVHG%\VWUD5LYHUYDOOH\

:ąZROQLFD±=DU]HND±DVPDOONP²UHJLRQFRYHULQJDFRPSDFWV\V- tem of gullies that developed on the right slope of the Bystra River valley below 1DáĊF]yZ7KHGHWHUPLQDQWVRIWKHLQWHQVLYHGLVVHFWLRQLQWKHUHJLRQDUHVLPLODUWR

WKRVHGHVFULEHGLQWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGUHJLRQV

Dobre±DVPDOOVWURQJO\GLVVHFWHGNPNP²UHJLRQFRYHULQJWKHJXOOLHV

ORFDWHGZLWKLQWKHHVFDUSPHQWRIWKH9LVWXOD5LYHUYDOOH\DQGWKH%HáĪ\FH3ODWHDX

LQFOLQHGWRZDUGVWKH&KRGHO%DVLQ7KHPKLJKFXHVWDHVFDUSPHQWLVIRUPHG

RIRSRNDVDQGPDUOVIURPWKH8SSHU0DDVWULFKWDQGLWVFRXUVHFRLQFLGHVZLWKDQ

LPSRUWDQWDFWLYHWHFWRQLF]RQHĩHOLFKRZVNL7KHHVFDUSPHQWLVRYHUODLG by D±PWKLFNORHVVFRYHUSDUWLDOO\RYHUODSSLQJWKHVWHHSFXHVWDVORSH9VKDSHG

JXOOLHV W\SLFDO RI WKH HVFDUSPHQW GLVVHFW WKH EHGURFN LQ WKHFHQWUDO DQG ORZHU

SDUWLQWKHXSSHUSDUWZKHUHWKH\GLVVHFWWKHORHVVFRYHUWKH\KDYHDW\SLFDOO\

ORHVVLDOFKDUDFWHU*XOOLHVRIWKLVW\SHDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\YHU\ODUJHERWWRPGH- FOLQHVDQGVXEVWDQWLDOGHSWK

:U]HORZLHF is a gully region in the central part of the left slope of the :U]HORZLDQND5LYHUYDOOH\DQGWKHULJKWVORSHRIWKH3RGOLSLH5LYHUYDOOH\WKH

ULJKWWULEXWDU\RIWKH8U]ĊGyZND5LYHU$QDUURZFDPWKLFNZDWHUVKHGORHVV

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']LHU]NRZLFH is a region located on a fragment of the left slope of the :\ĪQLFD5LYHUYDOOH\EHWZHHQ.RORQLDDQG']LHU]NRZLFH'HQLYHODWLRQVLQWKLV

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WKH:\ĪQLFD5LYHUYDOOH\IRUPHGRI&UHWDFHRXVURFNV,QWKHVRIWKH^th cen- WXU\WRUUHQWLDO rain resulted in revival of large-scale erosion activity in the gullies RIWKLVUHJLRQ%XUDF]\ĔVNL:RMWDQRZLF]

6]F]HFNLH 'Rá\ – a region comprising gullies in the escarpment zone of WKH /XEOLQ 8SODQG DQG WKH VORSHV RI WKH .DUDVLyZND 5LYHU YDOOH\ QHDU :yOND

6]F]HFND7KHHVFDUSPHQWLVDQDFWLYHPRUSKRWHFWRQLF]RQHVHSDUDWLQJWKH/XE- OLQ8SODQGIURPWKHWHFWRQLF3UH&DUSDWKLDQ7URXJKWKHPDFURUHJLRQDOWHFWRQLFV

VFDOH7KLV]RQHKDVH[KLELWHGDORQJWHUPWHQGHQF\WRZDUGVUDLVLQJPRYHPHQWV

EHWZHHQWKH0LRFHQHDQGWKH4XDWHUQDU\7KHOLWKRORJLFDOFRPSOH[RI&UHWDFHRXV

DQG0LRFHQHFDUERQDWHURFNVLVFRYHUHGE\ORHVVDQGORHVVOLNHGHSRVLWV'HQLY- HODWLRQVH[FHHGPLQWKLV]RQH7KHJXOOLHVGLVVHFWWKHORHVVFRYHUDQGWKH

EHGURFN$FKDUDFWHULVWLFIHDWXUHLVWKHGLUHFWLRQDODUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHJXOOLHVFRU- UHVSRQGLQJWRVHFRQGDU\IDXOWVDQGWKHQHWZRUNRIIUDFWXUHVLQFDUERQDWHURFNV

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LQ WKH ZHVWHUQ SDUW RI WKH HVFDUSPHQW ]RQH RI *RUDM 5R]WRF]H IURP:LHU]FKR

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VHFWLRQVRIWKHFDWFKPHQWVRIWKH6DQQD%LDáDDQG%UDQHZ5LYHUVDVZHOODVVPDOO

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The upper sections of the catchment of the Sanna and Branew valleys are char- DFWHUL]HGE\DFOHDUO\KLJKHUGHJUHHRIJXOO\GLVVHFWLRQ7KHUHJLRQLVVXEMHFWWR

current raising PRYHPHQWVOLNHZLVHDOPRVWWKHHQWLUHDUHDRIWKH5R]WRF]H+LOOV

%DWRU]7RNDU\ – the region covers the upper part of the Por River catchment LQ5R]WRF]HDQGDEURDGQRUWKHUQWHFWRQLFHVFDUSPHQW]RQHRI5R]WRF]H/RHVV

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northern slope of Roztocze in this fragment is dissected by a system of dry val- leys that are oblique in relation to the main escarpment dislocation formed in the 3OHLVWRFHQHEHIRUHWKHPDLQVWDJHRIORHVVDFFXPXODWLRQGXULQJWKHODVWJODFLDWLRQ

$GHQVHJXOO\V\VWHPGLVVHFWVWKHVORSHVRIWKHVHODQGIRUPV

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LQWKHVRXWKHDVWHUQSDUWRI*RUDM5R]WRF]H7KHFRQVLGHUDEOHWKLFNQHVVRIWKH

loess cover in the inner ridge of the loess patch and substantial denivelations as- VRFLDWHGZLWKWKHGHHSO\LQFLVHGYDOOH\VRIWKHàDGD-ĊGU]HMyZNDDQG*RUDMHF

7HRGRUyZND5LYHUVKDYHFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHYHU\LQWHQVLYHGLVVHFWLRQRIWKHVH

areas by gulliHV

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RYHUNPRIJXOOLHVGLVVHFWLQJWKHVRFDOOHG6]F]HEU]HV]\Q+XPSLQWKHLQWHU- ÀXYHRIWKH:LHSU]*RUDMHFDQG3RU5LYHUV)LJ6SDWLDOGLYHUVLW\RIWKHGLV- VHFWLRQVLVDFKDUDFWHULVWLFIHDWXUHRIWKLVGLVWLQFWJXOO\UHJLRQZKLFKLVDWHFWRQLF

horst located between the tectonic grabens of the Gorajec River valley and the :LHSU]5LYHUYDOOH\'HQLYHODWLRQVUHDFKPLQWKHHDVWHUQSDUWRIWKLVUHJLRQ

1HDUO\WKHHQWLUHWKHUHJLRQLVFRYHUHGE\PWKLFNORHVV$PDMRUSDUWRIWKLVDUHD

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NP²WKDQLWVZHVWHUQWKH*RUDMHF5LYHUFDWFKPHQWNPNP²DQGQRUWKHUQ

WKH3RU5LYHUFDWFKPHQWNPNP²SDUWV7KHJXOOLHVLQWKH3RU5LYHUFDWFK- ment are typical branching escarpment landforms dissecting the steep northern VORSH RI WKH 5R]WRF]H HVFDUSPHQW 7KH ZHVWHUQ HVFDUSPHQW RI 6]F]HEU]HV]\Q

5R]WRF]HZKLFKLVFRQVHTXHQWWRWKHGLSRI8SSHU&UHWDFHRXVURFNVDQGGHFOLQHV

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QXPHURXVUHODWLYHO\VKRUWGU\YDOOH\VZLWKPDQ\JXOOLHVGLVVHFWLQJWKHLUVORSHV

7KHHDVWHUQSDUWDSSHDUVWREHGLIIHUHQW7KHZDWHUVKHGEHWZHHQWKH*RUDMHFDQG

:LHSU]5LYHUVYDOOH\VUXQVDV\PPHWULFDOO\LQUHODWLRQWRWKHORQJLWXGLQDOD[LVRI

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whose slopes are dissected by an extremely dense system of gullies; these some- WLPHVGLVSOD\FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDW\SLFDO³EDGODQG´ZKHUHVHFRQGDU\ZDWHUVKHGV

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exhibits a particularly distinct impact of the primary subloessial relief determined E\WKHEHGURFNVWUXFWXUHRQWKHGLVWULEXWLRQDQGG\QDPLFVRIWKHJXOO\ODQGIRUPV

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5R]WRF]HLQWKHFDWFKPHQWRIWKHXSSHU7RSRUQLFD5LYHUDWWKHZHVWHUQHGJHRI

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5LYHUDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQDUURZORHVVEHOWRQWKHVORSHRIWKH*LHáF]HZ+HLJKWVGH- VFHQGLQJWRZDUGVWRWKHGHHSO\LQFLVHGĩyáNLHZND5LYHUYDOOH\KHQFHWKHGHQLY- HODWLRQVH[FHHGPLQWKHUHJLRQ

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occur in the watershed zone descending onto the slopes of the valleys character- L]HGE\DQDOPRVWODWLWXGLQDOFRXUVH'HQLYHODWLRQVLQWKHUHJLRQUHDFKFDP

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5LYHU YDOOH\ DQG RQ WKH OHIW VORSH RI WKH :RMVáDZND 5LYHU YDOOH\ SDUWLFXODUO\

QHDU%U]H]LQ\DQG=DVWDZLH7KHGHQVLW\RIWKHJXOO\V\VWHPZLWKLQWKH*LHáF]HZ

+HLJKWVLVLQFRQVLGHUDEOHDKLJKHUGHQVLW\KDVEHHQUHSRUWHGRQO\RQWKHULJKW

VORSHRIWKHFHQWUDODQGORZHUĩyáNLHZND5LYHUYDOOH\

7DEOH*XOO\GHQVLW\NPNP²LQJHRPRUSKRORJLFDOVXEUHJLRQVRIWKH/XEOLQ8SODQGWKH

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NPNP²) /HQJWKNP 7KH/XEOLQ8SODQG

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Gap of the Middle Vistula  

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Chodel Basin  

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1DáĊF]yZ3ODWHDX  

– western part 

– eastern part 

– in the Bystra River catchment 

7KH9ROK\QLD8SODQG

6RNDO3ODWHDXULGJH  

+UXELHV]yZ%DVLQ  

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5R]WRF]H

Goraj Roztocze  

– Szczebrzeszyn Roztocze 

 ±LQWKH:LHSU]5LYHUFDWFKPHQW 

– in the Gorajec River catchment 

– in the Por River catchment 

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Rawa Roztocze  

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1$0( 'HQVLW\

NPNP²)

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Szewnia  

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Niemienice  

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Total 644.68 (5.64%)

Total length of the gullies NP  RI WKH OHQJWK RI WKH

gullies

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In the analysis of gully distribution using maps of relative heights and loess SDWFKUDQJHV0DUXV]F]DNLQGLFDWHVRURJUDSKLFDQGOLWKRJUDSKLFIDFWRUVRI

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P7KHYLFLQLW\RI%LDáD*yUD7RPDV]yZ5R]WRF]HZKHUHGHQLYHODWLRQVDUH

WKHJUHDWHVWLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DVORZJXOO\GHQVLW\DVNPNP²$VLPLODU

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,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHOHIWVORSHRIWKH:LHSU]5LYHUYDOOH\EHWZHHQ,]ELFDDQG.UDV- nystaw with denivelations exceeding even 90 m is dissected by only few gul- OLHV,Q+RURGáR3ODWHDXULGJHJXOOLHVKDYHGHYHORSHGRQO\VSRUDGLFDOO\GHVSLWH

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a higher gully density can be found in regions that exhibit a distinct tendency to QHRWHFWRQLFUDLVLQJPRYHPHQWV7KLVDSSOLHVSDUWLFXODUO\WRWKHVWURQJO\GLVVHFWHG

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advantage of the gully systems and develop new tourism products based on the ODQGVFDSHDQGJHRWRXULVWLFYDOXHVRIWKHVHDUHDVGHVLJQHGJHRSDUNVSDUWO\FRYHU- LQJWKH1DáĊF]yZ3ODWHDXDQG5R]WRF]H+LOOV

REFERENCES

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