RADIOCARBON DATING OF THE MIDDLE DNIEPER CULTURE FROM BELARUS

(1)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

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w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

AgnieszkaPrzybyª

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1999

ISBN83-86094-06-0

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CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

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CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber

PrintedinPoland

(5)

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

ASSUMPTIONS ... 7

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM

OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY

OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7

NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON

DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12

VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING

OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27

PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34

Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE

TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34

ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES

FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE

"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER

(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES

ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103

ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING

OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151

ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY

ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.

THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163

Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY

OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196

PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203

Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF

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CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211

JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREONGRZDASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER

TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221

VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM

PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251

CONCLUSION ... 264

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE

CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264

Referen es ... 283

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ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h

arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying

betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest

andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland

fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment

syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto

individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14

Cdates havebeen ompared.The

dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir

representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred

to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully

made in the same 14

C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental

Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of

fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.

Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history

(3150--1850BC)istherstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned

(8)

1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish

literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew

term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.

3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres

followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,

(9)

PLISSN1231-0344

MikolaM.Kryvaltsevi h,Nikolay Kovalyukh

RADIOCARBON DATING OFTHE MIDDLE DNIEPER

CULTURE FROM BELARUS*

Until now, radio arbon hronology had yet to be obtained for the Middle

Dnieper ulture (MDC). I.I. Artemenko suggested only one 14

C date. Barrow 5

of the Belynets emetery was dated to 2350

±

50 onv BC using the 14

C method

[Artemenko 1987:41℄.Thisdatewas publishedwithoutany laboratorynumberor

alibration.Thedatewasobtainedin1970fromgrave1,inwhi hmanyremains of

burntwoodwerefound.Thisgravealso ontainedsmallpie es of remated bones,

someredo hre,astoneaxe,twopolished intaxeswithare tangular ross-se tion,

a intknifeandtwo intblades[Artemenko1976a: 156℄.

Theelaborationofamorea urate hronologywasprovidedbya programme

ofinvestigation ofMDC from Belaruswhi h in ludesradio arbon dating(Fig. 1).

14

C analyses were arriedoutat theStateS ienti Center ofEnvironmental

Ra-diogeo hemistryoftheNationalA ademyofS ien esofUkraineinKiev(headDr.

N.N.Kovalyukh).

Aseriesof 14

C dates were obtained from5graves ofP rorva site1(nearthe

townofRaga how, Homel Region), whi hwas ex avated byMikola Kryvaltsevi h

andIgarYazepenkain1994-1997.CemeteryProrva1islo atedinthevalleyofthe

leftbankoftheDnieperandonthesouthernbankoftheProrvalake.Therewere

morethan20gravesatthis emetery,withsomeremainsofinhumedand remated

individuals. Prorva site1 isone ofthe numerous emeteries of MDC whi h have

beenopenedandex avatedinRaga howmi ro-regionbyI.I.Artemenko(some

bar-row emeteriesnearHodasavi hy),andM.Kryvaltsevi hwithI.Yazepenka(Prorva

site1and2, barrownear lake Kamaryn).Two radio arbon datesfrom Prorva site

78 BC [Kadrow, Szmyt 1996b:109-110℄.

Grave 2was situated in the highestpart of thebarrow mound. A ir ular tren h

(nearly7mindiameter)hadbeenmadearoundthisgraveinan ient times.Tra es

of graves were found 0.43-0.45m below the present ground level. The burial pit

penetratedthegroundmorethan0.2mdeeper thanthean ient surfa e.Thegrave

wasre tangularinshapeandorientedalongtheNE-SWline(Fig.2).Char oalfrom

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Fig.2.Prorvasite1,HomelRegion,grave2.

Cross-se tion and plan of grave showing lo ation of grave-goods (L egend: 1 - dark-grey layer and

har oal,2-laminar ake,3-pottery,4-blade,5-fragmentsofburntbones,6- intarrowheads,7

-pla eswhere har oalsamplesweretakenforradio arbonanalysis,8-sand,9- intaxe).Gravegoods

(12)

Table 1

Listof 14

CdatingsofMiddleDnieper ulturefromBelarus

Sites L ab.No.

60 1892-1746 1972-1684 grave53? Stralitsa Ki-6589 3440

±

55 1872-1840 1884-1610 grave56? 1812-1808 1550-1538 1780-1676 Aziarnoye1 Ki-6209 3580

±

50 2014-2010 2100-2098 1976-1876 2036-1858 1878-1818 1854-1752 1798-1784 Aziarnoye1 Ki-6210 3520

±

40 1886-1864 1934-1740 1850-1766

The vessel (Fig. 2:8)from theburial omplex was standingbottomupin the

grave. Atthebottomofthepit a intaxe (Fig. 2:9), 2laminar akes(Fig.2:4, 6)

and a blade (Fig. 2:7), 4 int arrowheads (Fig. 2:1-3, 5), a bowl (Fig. 2:10), and

fragmentsofburntboneswere found.Itispossiblethat remationwasusedasthe

burial ustominthisgrave.

A ordingtohorizontaland verti alstratigraphy,grave 2 ouldbeoneofthe

latestMDC burialsatProrva-1.Thismay be onrmedby 14

Cdating(Table 1).

Grave10(dimensionsofthepitwere2.70x1.95m)wasorientedalongtheE-Waxis

(Fig. 3). The depth of the pit, measured from thean ient surfa e, rea hed more

than0.70m.Alargevessel(Fig.3:19)wasstandingbottomupintheburialpit.The

surfa eof thevessel was de oratedwith ordornaments andimprints of a stamp

with a patternof short lines.A portionof sootfrom theinside ofthis vessel was

submittedtothe 14

(14)

Cross-se tionandplanofgraveshowinglo ationofgrave-goods(L egend:1- har oal,2-fragmentsof

burntbones,3-pottery,4-stoneaxe,5-bones,6- intprodu ts,7-greylayer,8-dark-greylayer,9

(15)

Cross-se tionandplanofgraveshowinglo ationofnds(L egend:1-bowl,2- har oal,3-afragment

of rematedbone,4-sand).Abowlfromthegrave.

Besidesthisvessel,thefeaturein ludedthefollowingelements:apotde orated

with rowsofimprints (Fig.3:1), intprodu ts(blades, knives,laminar akes;Fig.

3:2-18),andastoneaxe(Fig.3:20).Thereweresome smallfragmentsof remated

bonesandtheremainsofun rematedbonesinthellingandatthebottomofgrave

10.The remated bones were human andanimal. The remains of a tortoisetesta

wereamongthem 1

.Theremainsofun rematedboneswerefoundinpilesofbrown

layer(tra es ofsomeanimal ar asses?).The same fragmentswere alsosubmitted

tothe 14

Canalysis(Ki-6206-Table 1).

Grave 18(dimensions ofthepitwere 1.85x0.83m) wasoriented alongtheNE-SW

axis. Thedepthof thepit,measuredfrom thean ientsurfa e, rea hed more than

0.45m. There were severalseparate minorpie es of har oaland remated bones

in thelling ofthegravepit(Fig. 4).Around-bottomedbowlwas standinginthe

grave(Fig.4).Manypie esof har oalwerefoundinthebowl,someofwhi hwere

submittedtothe 14

C analysis(Ki-6707-Table1).

Grave 20 was overed by a rm ultural layer, in whi h tra es of a building with

Sosnitsa-type erami s were found. At a depth of 0.37 m below the outline of

1

(16)

thegrave, tra es of burntwooden stru tureswere dis overedalong three walls of

the grave pit, below the Sosnitsa ultural layer. The burial pit (dimensions were

2.80x1.85 m) was oriented along the NE-SW line (Fig. 5). The depth of the pit

rea hed more than 0.20m from the an ient surfa e. There were tra es of burnt

wooden stru tures along three walls (ex epting theNE edge of thegrave). Some

har oalforthe 14

Canalysiswastakenfromthesouth-easternwall ofthegrave-pit

(Table1).Tra es ofposts(?)10-15 mindiameterwerefoundinthe ornersofthe

grave.Thellingofthepit ontainedsmallfragmentsofburntbones,somepie es

of har oal,astone ylinderfromtheholeofastoneaxe(Fig.5:10),andfragments

ofabowl(Fig.5:9).Atthebottomofthegravepit,thereweretwopat heswiththe

remainsofhumanteeth,whi hmaybeinterpretedastra esoftwohumanskeletons

(?). Possibly, one of themlay along thegrave pit andwas oriented with its head

towardssthenorth(?).Underneaththegravepit,therewasalayerofsand,inwhi h

manyfragmentsofMDC erami swere found(Fig. 5:1-2,4-8,9-11).

Thus,ananalysisoftheseriesofradio arbondatingsoftheProrvasite1graves

may leadto the on lusionthatthe emeterywas a long-standingburial omplex.

Ina ordan ewithapreliminary assumption,this orrespondstoitsar haeologi al

date.The earliestdatingobtained fortheProrvagravesis2740-2550BC(grave1).

A ordingto 14

C hronology,thelatestMDCgraveattheProrvasite1wasgrave2.

Itsintervalsof alibratedageare1960-1740BC.A 14

C hronologyofthe emetery

istobe orre tedand alibrated; somedates haveyettobere eived.

AnMDCgrave wasalsofoundatP rorvasite2.Ex avationswere arriedout

byI.Yazepenkain1994-1998.Grave1waslo atedonthehighestpartofthehill.A

ir ulartren hwasprobably madearoundthisgravein an ient times.The feature

musthavebeenorientedalongtheW-Eaxis.Therewere manygrave goodsatthe

bottom of the burial pit (Fig. 6): (1) a vessel with the lay mass tempered with

pie esofne-grained har oal(Fig.6:1);thisvesselwasstandingbottomupinthe

gravepit;(2) intknives,bladesandlaminar akeswithretou h(Fig.6:4,6-11);(3)

arrowheads(Fig.6:12-16);(4)a intaxe (Fig.6:3);(5)astoneaxe(Fig.6:2);(6)a

large ore (Fig.6:5);(7) a bronzeawl with some tra es andremains of a wooden

helve.

Smallfragmentsof rematedanimalbones(birds,a pike,andatortoisetesta)

were found among the ontents of thepit. The pie es of har oal from the lay

massofthevessel(Fig.6:1)weresubmittedtothe 14

Canalysis(Ki-6590-Table 1).

Somematerials fromold olle tionsof I.I.Artemenko were usedforthe 14

C

dating,too.Inparti ular,asamplefromthebarrow emeteryHodasavi hysite

\Siar-geyevaGryva"(HomelRegion).Someteethandremainsofhumanbonesfromgrave

2(barrow3)were takenforthe 14

Canalysis(Ki-6592-Table 1).Barrow3(0.65m

inheightand10mindiameter)yielded5burials.A ordingtoI.I.Artemenko,the

entralgrave1wastheearliestburialinthisbarrow.Burial2was arriedoutsome

(17)

Cross-se tion and plan of grave showing lo ation of grave-goods (L egend: 1 - dark-grey layer and

har oal,2-fragmentsofburntbones,3-pie esofthebowl,4-remainsofhumanteeth,5-pie esof

(18)

Planofgraveshowinglo ationofgravegoods(L egend:1-vessel,2-arrowheads,3- intknives,blades

and akes,4-bones,5-stoneaxe,6- ore,7-bronzeawl,8- intaxe).Gravegoods(1-vessel,2

(19)

Fig.7.Aziarnojesite1.MinskRegion.Onepotoftype1whi hwasdatedusingthe 14

C-method.

N-Saxis,and ontainedtheremainsofa humanskeleton 2

.Thebonesbelonged to

a hildwhoseagewasestimatedtohavebeen5-6years.Thebody ouldhavebeen

orientedwithitsheadtowardsthenorth.Thegravegoodsin ludedanornamented

lay vessel, astoneaxe, intknivesandblades,an arrowhead,anda intaxe

[Ar-temenko1964:67-68℄.Judgingfromthe 14

C hronology,itmaybestatedthatsome

MDCgravesofbarrow3were ontemporarywith theintervalsof alibratedageof

theProrvasites1and2(ex ept forgrave 2).

Wemadeanattemptto arryout 14

C datingofsomematerials fromthe

well--known emetery at Stralitsa (near thevillages of Yurkovi hyand Rudnia

Shlia-2

(20)

ginskaya, in theVetkaDistri t of theHomel Region). The Stralitsa emetery was

ex avatedin 1963-1965byI.I.Artemenko.A ordingtoI.I.Artemenko,theMDC

gravesat Stralitsadatedfrom thersthalf ofthe2

nd

millennium BC[Artemenko

1976b:89-96℄.

Manyoftheins riptionsontheboxesinwhi htheorgani remainsandsome

ndsfromtheStralitsa emetery werekept didnott thedes ription ofthe

sepa-rate features. Thisbeing the ase, 14

C dates obtained fromthe Stralitsa emetery

shouldbeper eivedas 14

C hronologynotforanyseparategravesbutforthewhole

emetery(Table 1).

Teeth (grave 14?), some remains of the organi fa ing of a opper artefa t

(grave 43? and grave 53?), some bone beads (grave 56?), and the remains of

some animal bones (grave 53?) were used as the samples for radio arbon data

(Ki-6585-6589-Table 1).WeshouldnotethatthedatesobtainedforStralitsahave

a late 14

C age. Several intervals of alibrated age are of approximately thesame

timeasthatforgrave 2fromtheProrvasite1.

ThemajorityofmaterialsfromtheAziarnoyesite1settlement(LubanDistri t

of the Minsk Region) orresponded to the late phase of MDC in Palessye. The

settlement was ex avated by M. Kryvaltsevi h in 1985-1988 [Kryvaltsevi h 1999℄.

The shards of two pots of type 1 (the nal stage of MDC; Fig. 7) were dated

a ordingtotheresultsof ananalysisof sootusing the 14

C method(Ki-6209-6210

-Table 1).The same intervalsof alibratedage maybe foundattheProrvasite1

(grave2)asat Stralitsa.They possiblyrepresent thelate ageofMDCin Belarus.

Thispapersubmitstherst seriesof 14

C dates obtainedfrom several sitesof

MDCin Belarus.Itisonlythebeginningofourinvestigativeproje t.Weintendto

in rease the numberof 14

C dates, whi h will make itpossible forus to omplete

the alibrationofsomeMDC radio arbondates.

(21)

AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.

AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.

BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.

EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.

FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.

KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.

KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,

Kiev.

KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy

kul-tury,Moskva.

KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo

Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.

NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi

Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.

SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.

ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.

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IvanI.Chernyakov

InstituteofAr haeology

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

ElkeKaiser

Seminarf urUr-undFrehgesi hte

FreieUniversitatBerlin

Altensteinstrae15

14195Berlin

Germany

ViktorI.Klo hko

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

AleksanderKo±ko

InstituteofPrehistory

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

±w.Mar in78

61-809Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:koskomman.poznan .pl

NikolayN.Kovalyukh

DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry

InstituteofGeo hemistry

andPhysi sofMinerals

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

VladimirA.Kruts

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

MykolaN.Kryvaltsevi h

InstituteofHistory

A ademyofS ien esofBelarus

F.Skaryna1

Minsk220072

Belarus

VadimL.L akiza

InstituteofHistory

A ademyofS ien esofBelarus

F.Skaryna1

Minsk220072

Belarus

JanMa hnik

InstituteofAr haeologyandEtnology

PolishA ademyofS ien es

Sªawkowska19

31-016Kraków

Poland

SergeyV.Nazarov

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

AllaV.Nikolova

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

VadimV.Skripkin

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

MarzenaSzmyt

InstituteofEasternStudies

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

Nowowiejskiego55

61-734Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:marzenamain.am u.e du. pl

MihailoY.Videiko

Vydubi kaya40

252014Kiev

Ukraine

(41)

Vol.2:NomadismandPastoralismintheCir leofBalti {Ponti EarlyAgrarian

Cultures: 5000{1650B C,editedbyAleksanderKo±ko

Vol.3: CemeteriesoftheSoevkatype:2950{2750B C, editedbyAleksander

Ko±ko

Vol.4: Eastern Exodus of the Globular Amphora People: 2950 - 2350 B C,

editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.

Vol.5: BeyondBalkanization,edited byLu ynaDoma«ska,KenJa obs and

Aleksander Ko±ko.

Vol.6:TheTrz inie AreaoftheEarlyBronzeAgeCivilization:1950{1200B C,

editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.

Orders regardingB-PS should beadressed dire tlyto theEditorialOÆ e

(Balti -Ponti Studies,InstituteofPrehistory,w.Mar in78,61-809Pozna«,

Poland).

Thepubli ationsis arriedoutwithintheresear hproje tNo.1H01G05912

(in part No. 1H01G01810)nan ed in the years 1997{1999 by the

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