Barge Carriers: Some Technical, Economic and Legal Aspects, Stichting Toekomstbeeld der Techniek, Koninklijk Instituut van Ingenieurs (summary)

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P r e f a c e b y L. S c h e p e r s 3 C o n t e n t s 5 S o m e t e c h n i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c a s p e c t s of barge c a r r i e r s y s t e m s by W . C o r d i s a n d N. W i j n o l s t . 7 C h a p t e r A . Introduction 9 1. G e n e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n s 9 2. H o w c a n w e r e d u c e t h e i n t e g r a l c o s t o f t r a n s -p o r t ? 9 3. S p e c i a l i s e d t y p e s of v e s s e l a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f g o o d s 12 4 . C o n s e q u e n c e s of t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t f o r t r a n s p o r -t e r s , s h i p p e r s a n d a u -t h o r i -t i e s 14 C h a p t e r B . D e s c r i p t i o n of barge c a r r i e r s y s t e m s . 16 1. I n t r o d u c t i o n 16 2. S u r v e y of b a r g e c a r r i e r s y s t e m s 16 C h a p t e r C . C o s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the b a r g e c a r r i e r s y s t e m 24 1. A n a l y s i s of t h e b a r g e c a r r i e r s y s t e m . . . . 2 4 2. P r o f i t - y i e l d r a t i o of t h e b a r g e c a r r i e r s y s t e m . 2 6 3. W h a t i s t h e m a r k e t p o s i t i o n o f t h e b a r g e c a r -r i e -r ? 27 C h a p t e r D. Application of the b a r g e c a r r i e r s y s t e m to v a r i o u s a r e a s 29 1. T w o h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d a r e a s , e a c h w i t h a w e l l d e v e l o p e d w a t e r w a y s y s t e m 30 2. T w o h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d a r e a s w i t h a w i d e l y r a m i -f i e d r i v e r s y s t e m in o n e o -f t h e a r e a s . . . . 30 3. T w o h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d a r e a s , b o t h l a c k i n g a w a t e r w a y n e t w o r k 31 4. O n e h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d a n d o n e d e v e l o p i n g a r e a , e a c h w i t h an e x t e n s i v e r i v e r s y s t e m . . . . 31 5. T w o d e v e l o p i n g a r e a s 31 C h a p t e r E . T h e b a r g e c a r r i e r s y s t e m c o m p a r e d to c o n t a i n e r transport 31 1. A d v a n t a g e s of t h e b a r g e c a r r i e r 31 2. D i s a d v a n t a g e s of t h e b a r g e c a r r i e r s y s t e m . . 32 3 T h e b a r g e has a r i g h t t o e x i s t e n c e a l o n g s i d e t h e c o n t a i n e r , a n d v i c e - v e r s a 32 4. T h e c o m b i n e d s y s t e m is t o b e p r e f e r r e d o n m a n y t r a d e r o u t e s 33 C h a p t e r F. M a r k e t i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s 33 1. T r a n s p o r t in m a r k e t i n g 3 3 2. T h e d e m a n d f o r t r a n s p o r t 34 3. M a r k e t i n g of t r a n s p o r t s e r v i c e s 34 C h a p t e r G . B a r g e c a r r i e r terminals 35 1. G e n e r a l s u r v e y 35 2. T h e s i t i n g o f t h e t e r m i n a l at R o t t e r d a m . . . 39 3. T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f q u e u i n g t h e o r y t o t h e b a r g e c a r r i e r t e r m i n a l a t R o t t e r d a m 41 4. D e t e r m i n i n g t h e r e q u i r e d n u m b e r o f b e r t h s . . 42 5. A s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e t e r m i n a l l a y - o u t . . 42 6. P o r t c h a r g e s at R o t t e r d a m 44

C h a p t e r H. B a r g e navigation on the Rhine . . . 4 5

1. P u s h t o w i n g o n t h e R h i n e 4 5 2. P u s h t o w i n g c o s t s 4 7 3. T h e n a v i g a b i l i t y o f t h e R h i n e in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

t h e d r a u g h t o f t h e b a r g e s 48

List of literature c o n s u l t e d 4 9

S o m e legal a s p e c t s of the k a n g a r o o ship b y G . J.

W . d e V r i e s 51

I A list of the p r o b l e m s 53

C h a p t e r A . W h a t is the position of the lighter under

the law of p r o p e r t y ? 53 1. D o e s t h e l i g h t e r h a v e to be r e g i s t e r e d ? . . . 53 2. H o w m u s t o w n e r s h i p of t h e l i g h t e r b e t r a n s f e r -r e d ? 54 3. D o p r e f e r e n t i a l r i g h t s a t t a c h i n g t o t h e s h i p a n d i t s c a r g o e x t e n d t o t h e l i g h t e r a n d its c a r g o ? . 5 4 4 . Is m o r t g a g i n g of t h e l i g h t e r p o s s i b l e ? , , , 55 5. H o w is a r r e s t o f t h e l i g h t e r t o b e g o v e r n e d ? . 55 C h a p t e r B. W h a t law a p p l i e s to the c o n t r a c t b e -t w e e n s h i p p e r a n d c a r r i e r for c a r r i a g e from -the lighter's port of loading to the lighter's port of

d i s c h a r g e ? 55

1. Is m a r i t i m e l a w a p p l i c a b l e ? 56 2. A r e m a r i t i m e l a w + i n l a n d w a t e r t r a n s p o r t

l a w a p p l i c a b l e ? 5 6 3. Is an i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n v e n t i o n a p p l i c a b l e ? , , 5 6

C h a p t e r C . W h a t is the effect of e c o n o m i c

plan-ning l e g i s l a t i o n ? 57 1. E c o n o m i c p l a n n i n g l e g i s l a t i o n o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m t h e D u t c h n a t i o n a l l e g i s l a t o r 57 2, E c o n o m i c p l a n n i n g l e g i s l a t i o n o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e g i s l a t o r : t h e C o n v e n t i o n o f M a n n h e i m ( T r b . 1955 N o . 161) 58 C h a p t e r D. W h a t h a r b o u r d u e s c a n be l e v i e d on the l<angaroo ship in the Port of R o t t e r d a m ? . . 61

C h a p t e r E . W h a t p a p e r s a r e n e e d e d to navigate

with the lighter (in E u r o p e ) ? 61

1. W h a t p a p e r s d o e s t h e s e a g o i n g v e s s e l n e e d ? . 61

2. W h a t p a p e r s d o e s t h e i n l a n d v e s s e l n e e d ? . 62

C h a p t e r F. W h e r e d o e s the c a r r i e r ' s liability for d a m a g e to a n d / o r l o s s of g o o d s being c a r r i e d

begin and e n d ? 62

C h a p t e r G . W h a t c o n s e q u e n c e s d o e s L a s h t r a n s -port h a v e on the bill of l a d i n g ? , 63

1. T h e b i l l o f l a d i n g as a d e c l a r a t i o n o f r e c e i p t o f c e r t a i n g o o d s 63 2. The b i l l o f l a d i n g a s a d e c l a r a t i o n by t h e c a r r i e r t h a t h e w i l l t r a n s p o r t t h e g o o d s o f f e r e d f o r c a r -r i a g e t o a p a -r t i c u l a -r d e s t i n a t i o n 63 3. The b i l l of l a d i n g as a d e c l a r a t i o n by t h e c a r r i e r t h a t he w i l l d e l i v e r up t h e g o o d s t o t h e h o l d e r of t h e bill o f l a d i n g 64

C h a p t e r H. S h o u l d the lighter on the d e c k of the m o t h e r ship be l o o k e d upon a s d e c k c a r g o of

the mother s h i p ? 64

II A n attempt to a n s w e r the q u e s t i o n s a s k e d in

part I 64

C h a p t e r A . T h e position of the lighter 64

1. T h e l i g h t e r is a s h i p 64 2. T h e L a s h l i g h t e r is ( s t i l l ) an i n l a n d v e s s e l . 65 3. T h e l i g h t e r is n o t a c o m p o n e n t p a r t o f t h e s h i p 66 4 . T h e l i g h t e r is n o t a n a p p u r t e n a n c e t o a s h i p 66 5. T h e l i g h t e r is p a c k i n g (?) 66 6. R e g i s t r a t i o n 67 7. T r a n s f e r 67 8. P r e f e r e n t i a l r i g h t s 67 9. M o r t g a g e 67 10. A r r e s t 67 C h a p t e r B . L a w a p p l i c a b l e to the c o n t r a c t b e t w e e n m e r c h a n t a n d c a r r i e r for c a r r i a g e from the lighter's port of loading to the lighter's port of

unloading 68 1. T h e c h a m e l e o n s y s t e m 68 2. T h e T C M C o n v e n t i o n 68 C h a p t e r C . T h e effect of e c o n o m i c planning l e g i s -lation 69 1. D u t c h e c o n o m i c p l a n n i n g l e g i s l a t i o n . . . 69 2, D r a f t E E C l e g i s l a t i o n 70 C h a p t e r D. H a r b o u r d u e s 70 C h a p t e r E. P a p e r s n e e d e d by the lighter in o r d e r to navigate in E u r o p e 71

C h a p t e r F. B e g i n n i n g and e n d of the c a r r i e r ' s

lia-bility 71 1. a. T h e c a r r i e r u n d e r t a k e s o n l y t o p e r f o r m all o r p a r t o f t h e s e a b o r n e s t a g e : t h e l i g h t e r s b e l o n g t o h i m 71 1. b. T h e c a r r i e r u n d e r t a k e s o n l y t o p e r f o r m all o r p a r t of t h e s e a b o r n e s t a g e : t h e l i g h t e r s d o n o t b e l o n g t o h i m 72 2. a. T h e c a r r i e r u n d e r t a k e s o n l y t o p e r f o r m a n i n l a n d s t a g e o f t h e r o u t e , w i t h his o w n l i g h t e r s 72 2. b. T h e c a r r i e r u n d e r t a k e s o n l y t o p e r f o r m an i n l a n d s t a g e o f t h e r o u t e , w i t h l i g h t e r s m a d e a v a i l a b l e t o h i m b y t h e s h i p p e r 73 3. T h e c a r r i e r u n d e r t a k e s t o c a r r y o u t b o t h t h e s e a b o r n e s t a g e s a n d t h e i n l a n d s t a g e s . . , 7 3 C h a p t e r G . T h e L a s h bill of lading 7 4 1. T h e b i l l o f l a d i n g as p r o o f o f r e c e i p t . . . 7 4 2. T h e b i l l o f l a d i n g a s e v i d e n c e o f t h e c o n t r a c t o f c a r r i a g e 74 3. T h e b i l l o f l a d i n g as a s e c u r i t y 7 5 C h a p t e r H. T h e lighter on d e c k : d e c k c a r g o . . . 75 1. L o a d i n g l i g h t e r s o n d e c k w i t h o u t p r e v i o u s l y i n -f o r m i n g t h e s h i p p e r is n o t a l w a y s n e g l i g e n t h a n d l i n g o f t h e g o o d s 75 2. T h e c a r r i e r c a n e x c l u d e o r l i m i t his l i a b i l i t y f o r d a m a g e t o o r l o s s o f l i g h t e r s c a r r i e d o n d e c k if h e s a t i s f i e s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a r t . 4 7 0 . . 7 5 List of literature c o n s u l t e d 7 6 List of a b b r e v i a t i o n s u s e d 79 L i s t of C o u r t D e c i s i o n s Q u o t e d 8 0 6