Widok Гендер и жанр: Мужской и женский варианты русского речевого жанра “разговор по дyшaм

I'e1-toep u :J1Ca1-tp: My:J1CcKou u :J1Ce1-tcKuu

eapua1-tmbz pyccK020 pe1.J,eeo20 :J1Ca1-tpa

''pa32oeop no oyUtaM "

BA,[{l1M B. ,lI,EMEHThEB

(Capamoe)

l. TiocTaHOBKa npo6JieMbl

flpo6neMa OTHOWeHIUI rett,n:epa 11 )l(aHpa, HaCKOITbKO HaM 113BeCTHO, He

paccMaTpl1Banacb B pOCCHHCKOH nHHrBHCTHKe pe'-111, HeCMOTpSI Ha aKTHBHOe

pa3BHTHe )l(attpoBe,n:ettHSI B Pocc1111 B nocne,n:Hee ,n:ecsiT11neT11e (CM., tta­

np11Mep, TaKHe q>yH,n:aMeHTanbHble 11ccne,n:OBaHHSI, KaK: EopHCOBa 2001;

CanHMOBCKHH 2002; Ce,n:oB 2002; <l>e,n:OCIOK 1997; lliMeneBa 1997; CM. TaK)l(e

o63op: ,[J,eMeHTbeB 1997), H3y'-leHHe MHOrHX )l(aHpOB pyCCKOH pe'-IH, B TOM

'-IHCne B KYITbTYPHO-COilOCTaBHTenbHOM nnatte ()KenbBHC 1997; KapaCHK

2002; HopMaH 2002; Y3,n:11Ha 2002; lllei1ran 2002; lliMeneBa, lliMeneB 2002).

JlHHrBHCTH'-lecK11e 11ccne,n:OBatt11si no reH,n:epy B Pocc1111 B uenoM eme He

o<f>opMHn11cb B cno)l(J,rnweecsi ttanpasneH11e (cM. o63opb1 pa6oT s: ropoWKo

1 996; KHpHnHHa 2001; KoHOBaneHKO 2003; flornnos 2002; cp.: "[ ... ] HanH'-IHe

TaK tta3brnaeMoro reH,n:epneKTa, o6cy)l(,n:asweecsi B psi,n:e TeopeT11'-!eCKHX

Tpy,n:os, He no,n:rnep,n:11nocb 11 tta MaTepHane pyccKoro SI3h1Ka" (K11p11n11tta

200 I : 36). BbICKa3b1Ban11Cb nHWb OT,n:enbHbie 3aMe'-!aHHSI rett,n:ep-rettp11CTH­

'-!eCKOro xapaKTepa (ttanp11Mep, s Ce,n:os 2002; CTepHHH 1999). TaK,

K.<I>. Ce,n:oB Ha3bIBaeT )l(aHpbI IlOBCe,n:HeBHOro HepHTOpH'-IeCKOro o6meHHSI

pyCCKHX, 6onee xapaKTepHbie MS! MY)l('-111H (a,-teKOOm) 11 )l(eHm11tt (6onm08lffi,

CflllemHJl, paCCKa3 06 yeuoeHHOM) (Ce,n:OB 2002: 296).

o

reH,11.epHOH o6ycnoBneHHOCTl1 pe'-leBoro / KOMMYHl1K8Tl1BHOrO )1(8Hpa nplłMO CBl1,11.eTenbCTByeT cyI..U.eCTBOB8Hl1e MY)l(CKOro 11 )l(eHCKOro Sł3b!KOB (KaK 113BeCTHO, TaKl1e Sł3b!Kl1 cyI..U.eCTByIOT y HeKOTOpblX COBpeMeHHblX KO'-leBblX Hap 0,11.0B ceBepHOH Acpp11K11; OCT8TKl1 .11.peBHero )l(eHCKOro Sł3b!K8 coxpaH11n11cb B '-IYKOTCKOM, K838XCKOM, anTaHCKOM Sł3b!Kax, B plł,11.e .u11ane­ KTOB apa6CKOro R3b!Ka (Jespersen

1 949;

Lakoff

1 975).

n106alł Sł3b!KOB8Sł Cl1CTeMHOCTb HMeeT KOMMYHl1K8Tl1BHO-pe'-IeByIO OCHOBy: eił npe,11.UiecTByIOT CTepeOTl1nbl pe'-111, TO eCTb pe'-IeBble )1(8Hpbi. 3Ty 11.uero Mbl pa3Bl1Ban11 B CT8Tbe: (,[(eMeHTbeB, Tiattcp11noB

2003).

KoHe'-IHO, OCHOBOH CBoeo6pa311Sł MY)l(CKOro J,f )l(eHCKoro Sł3b!KOB lłBnlłeTCSł CBoeo6pa311e o6I..U.eHl1Sł Ha 3Tl1X Sł3bll<8X.

B

H8CTOSłI..U.eił CT8Tbe Mbl BblCK83bIBaeM 11 nbITaeMCSł 3Mnl1p11'-IeCKH .UOK838Tb cne.uyroI..U.ee npe.unoJIO)l(eHHe: cyI..U.eCTBYIOT CTOJ!b 3H8'-111TeJlbHO OTRH'-18lOI..U.HeCSł MY)l(CKOH 11 )l(eHCK11H BapHaHTbl pyccKoro pe'-IeBoro )1(8Hpa pa32080p no OyutaM, '-ITO MO)l(HO roBOp11Tb O p83Hb!X )1(8Hpax ( C TO'-IKl1 3peHl1Sł tta116onee peneBaHTHblX no M.M. EaxTHHY )1(8HpOBblX napaMeTpoB: TeMbl, CTl1nlł 11 KOMTT03111..{H11). Ha3oBeM 11x cooTBeTcTBeHHO Pn)J;-M 11 Pn)].-)1(. Pn)J;-M 11 Pn)].-)1(, eCTeCTBeHHO, 11Me10T O'-leHb MHoro o6I..U.ero, o,uttaKo 3a 11x 11cnonb30B8HHeM CTORT pa3Hble THTTH'-IHble HHTeHl..{1111, HHTeHl..{HOH8JlbHbie COCTOSłHHSł 11 nc11xonor11'-1eCKHe ycTaHOBKH KOM MYHHK8HTOB, pa3Hble npe.ucTaBneHHSł o COl..{HanbHOH nonHOl..{eHHOCTH H 6JIH30CTH B Me)l(­ IlH'-IHOCTHblX OTHOUieHHSJx; KpoMe Toro, B Pn)J;-M 11 Pn)J;-)K B pa3HbIX nponopl..{HlłX COOTHOCSłTCSł cpaTH'-leCKOe H HHq>OpM8THBHOe Ha'-lana, Pn)J;-M H Pn)].-)1( no-pa3HOMY OTHOCSłTCSł K CMe)l(HblM )1(8HpaM (cpaTH'-leCKHM H He<paTH'-leCK11M).

2. KoH�enT "JJ.ywa" H )l(aHp "pa3roBOp no Jl.YlllaM" B pyCCKOH pe4eBOH

KYJihType

)Kattp pa3roBop no ,uyUiaM ():J.pyrne Ha3BaHHlł - opy:>1CecKuu pa320Bop, op­ y:>1CecKaR 6eceoa, "3K3UCmeHZ{UQJlb1-lblU pa32080p «O CQMOM 2J1Q8HOM»"

(A.)].. lliMeneB); B coBeTcKoił Pocc1111 nony'-l11na UIHpoKoe pacnpocrpattett11e pa3HOBH.UHOCTb Pn)]. "KyXOHl-lblU pa32080p") B l..{enoM 113Y'-leH eI..U.e

COBeprne-I'eHoep u :JICOHp: My:HCCKOU

...

BA.QHM 8. ,ll.EMEHTbEB

HH0 He,D.0CTaT0'IH0, X0TSI HMeeT HCKJilO'IHTeJlhH0e 3Ha'łeHHe .ll,JUI CHCTeMbl ocH0BHbIX �eHHOCTeił pyccKoił KYilhTypb11.

Hccne,zr.oBaTeJISIMH He0,D.H0KpaTH0 0TMe'łanacb 3Ha'IHM0CTb ,l],JISI pyCCKOH Sl3bIKOBOH KapTHHbl MHpa K0H�enTa "_.zr.yrna" (BMeCTe C "cy,nb6a", "TOCKa", "npas.zr.a") (AnpeCSIH

1995;

ApyTIOHOBa

1998;

6ynbirHHa, lllMeneB

1997;

Be)l(6H�asi

2002;

CTenaHOB

1997;

lllMenes

2002).

O,zr.HaKo K0H�enT ".zr.yrna" He,zr.ocTaT0'łH0 HCcne.zr.osaH s ero K0MMYHH­ KaTHBH0M 3Ha'łeHHH.

A. Be)l(6H�KaSI (2002) BbISIBHJia np0THB0TT0CTaBneHHe B pyCCK0M Sl3bIKe .D.BYX p a 3 Hb!X K 0 H QenT0B " n p a B,D.br " : nepsoro YHHBepcan b H 0f0 npe,D.HKaTHBH0f0 H BT0poro HaQH0HanbH0 cneQHq>H'IHOfO HpaBCTBeHH0f0.

�yMaeTCSI, np0THB0IT0CTaBneHbl H ,D.Ba pa3HbIX K0HQenTa ".zr.yrnH": yH1rnepcanbHblH nepBblH K0HQenT (B HaCTOSll.l{eH CTaTbe 0H He paccMa­ TpHBaeTCS!) H HaQH0HaJlhH0 YHHKanbHblH BTOpOH, HMelOl.l{HH 3Ha'IHTenhHYIO HpaBCTBeHHYIO C0CTaBflSIIOl.l{YIO H 3Ha'IHTenbHYIO K0MMYHHKaTHBHYIO C0CTaBnSIIOl.l{yIO.

TaK, B0-nepBbIX, neKCeMa o_yiua BX0,D.HT B Ha3BaHHSI K0MMYHHKaTHBHbIX )l(aHp0B (pa32080p no i)yuta.M), CTpaTerHH (U3J1Umb oyUly), a TaK)l(e B C0CTaB cppa3eonorH3MOB, ,nalOI..QHX 0QeH0'IH0e HaHMeH0BaHHe .zr.nsi Ba)l(HblX K0MMYHHKaTHBHbIX q>aKTOpOB. 3Ha'łeHHSI TT0'ITH Bcex H,D.H0M c neKCeMOH o_yiua B TOM HflH HHOH CTeneHH K0MMYHHKaTHBHbI: o_yUla 8 OYUIY, no oyUla.M, tJumamb e oyiue, c omKpblmou oyiuou, oyiua HapacnaU1KY, eoumu e oyiuy, 8Jle3mb 8 oyU1y, 6e3 Mb/Jla 8 oyU1y J1e3mb, omKpb1eamb oyU1y, 8btK!laObt8amb Oywy, U3JlU8amb iJywy, pacnaxueamb i)ywy H He CJlb/Utamb OyUlu, 30Kpbl8Qmb iJywy HQ 3Cl.MOK; cp. npHnaraTeilbH0e iJywe8HblU H MH. ,zr.p. B ,zr.pyrnx esponeHCKHX Sl3bIKax, KaK H3BeCTH0, HeT TaKoro MHOroo6pa3HSI H,D.H0M C neKCeMOH oyUla.

Bo-BTOpbIX, npH TT0M0l.l{H neKCeMbl oyUla o603HallalOTCSI ,D.Ba Ba)l(Heiłurnx ,D.HanorH'łeCKHX M0MeHTa B rapM0HHl!eCK0M 061.l{eHHH: BbICKa3aTb rnaBH0e .zr.rrsi ce6si (omKpbtmb oywy) H ycJlh1rnaTb rnasttoe .zr.nsi co6ece,n;HHKa (eoumu e oywy).

Cp. paCCYJK,llCHHll

H.A. 6ep,lllleBa o pyccKOH MCHTIUJbHOCTH: «BCllKHH HCTHHHO pyccKHH

'lenOBCK HHTCpecyCTCll BOnpOCOM o CM bi Cne >KHJHH H HlllCT 061l.lCHHll C .llpyr11MH B HCKaHHH CMblCna, [ ..• ] YMY.llPllCTCll ,lla>Ke caMblM npaKTH'ICCKHM 061l.lCCTBCHHblM HHrepecaM npH,llaBaTb <j>Hnoco<j>cKHH xapaKTep» (6ep,lllleB

1998: 176).

Pa3rOBap11BaTb no o

_y

uta.M TaK )l(e nOHSITHO, ecTeCTBeHHO H HCnOJIHeHO

rrry6oKoro CMhicrra .zurn pyccKoro ąerroBeKa, KaK roBopHTh n

_p

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H mocKoaamb,

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y

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n

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a,

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p51,n:onorro)ł(eHhl H OTHOCSITC51 K "Kmo'łeBbIM CJIOBaM pyccKOM KYJihTypbI", no

onpe.n.eneHHIO A. Be)l(6HI.(KOM. KoMMYHHKaTHBHhte QeHHOCTH cooTHOCSITCSI c

.D.BYM51 JieKCeMaMH - o

y

uta H n

p

a60Q, npH 3TOM n

p

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p

Umb / CKQ3Qmb),

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y

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-

3a

q>aTH'łeCKOM (20Bo

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Bbipa)ł(eHHSI *CKQ3Qmb no o

y

uta.M, *

p

a3206QpU8Qmb no n

p

aaoe, 1CKQ3Qmb O

o

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we, pa3208Q

p

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p

a80U80.

KoMMYHHKanrnHaSl QeHHOCTb KOHQenTOB "npaB,n.a" H ".n.ywa", cornaCHO

A.

Be)ł(6HQKOM

(2002: 3 1 -32),

o6ycJIOBJIHBaeTC51 CQeHapHSlMH pyCCKOM

peąeB011 KYJihTYPhI:

(I) mo.nH roaopllT .nsa po.na Bell\eH .n.pyrnM JIIO.U.JIM

Bell\H o.n.ttoro po.u.a - npaa.na

xoporno, eCJIH KTO-TO XO'łeT fOBOpHTb Bell\H 3TOro po.n.a .n.pyrHM JIIO,nJIM

Bell\H BToporo po.na - ttenpaa.na

Hexopowo, ecm1 KTO-TO XO'łeT fOBOpHTb Bell\H 3TOro BTOporo po.n.a .npyrnM

JIIO.l{JIM

nnoxo,

eCJIH KTOTO XO'łeT, 'łT06hI .n.pyrne JllO,IJ.11 ,nyMaJIH, 'łTO 3TH Bell\H

-npaa.na

(2) xopowo, eCJIH 'łeJIOBeK XO'łeT CKa3aTb .n.pyrnM JIIO,nJIM, 'łTO OH Jl:yMaeT

xoporno, eCJIH 'łeJIOBeK XO'łeT CKa3aTb .npyr11M JIIO,IJ.JIM, 'łTO OH 'łYBCTBYeT

)KaHp Pn.LJ: B 3Ha'łHTeJibHOM CTeneHH HaQHOHaJibHO cneQHQ)H'łeH

(HeyHHBepcaJieH, "HenepeBO,D.HM"). Pn.LJ: o6Hapy)l(HBaeT 061.I..{He ąepTbl C

HeKOTOpbIMH pe'łeBbIMH )ł(aHpaMH, npHCYI.J.(HMH APYrHM KYJlbTypaM, HO HH C

O.D.HHM He COBna,n.aeT nOJIHOCTblO.

B OTJIH'łHe OT MHOrHX )ł(aHpOB KOOnepaTHBHOro 061.I..{eHHSI, a TaK)ł(e

061.I..{ero npe.n.cTaBJieHHSI o "xopoweM'' rapMOHH3HpyIOI.I..{eM pe'łH, npHCYI.I..{HX

APYrHM HaQHOHaJibHo-pe'łeBhIM KYJlbTypaM, B pyccKOM Pn.LJ: oYeHb Mano

QeHHTC51 HCKYCHOCTb pe'łH. l13JIHUJHSISI npaBHJlbHOCTb, pHTOpH'łeCKaSI

BbICrpoeHHOCTb H 113O1.I..{peHHOCTb pe'łH B Pn.LJ: )J.a)ł(e Bpe)J.Hhl. B pa6ornx,

nOCBSlll.{eHHbIX "HCTHHe", HHor.n.a OTMe'łaeTCSl, 'łTO "HCTHHa" .D.JISI mo.n.eił

HenocTH)ł(HMa H 'łTO "B KaKOM-TO CMbICJie HCTHHY 3HaeT TOJihKO Bor" (cp.

ByrrhirHHa, lliMerreB

1 997: 48 1).

3TO Ka'łeCTBO 06be,D.HH5IeT pyccKoe

I'eHiJep u :»ea1-tp: My:»ecKou

...

BA.LIHM 8 . .LIEMEHTbEB npe.n;cTaBJieHHe o xopoweH pe'łH C HnOHCKHM, r)J:e "o rrraBHOM" MO)l{HO TOJibKO M OJI'łaTb (Be)K6H.u;KaH, !OMap.n;

2002: 1 21).

O.n;HaKO ecrrH B H:nOHCKOH pe'łeBOH KYJibType o rrraBHOM rryqrne MO.II'łaTb, TO B pyccKOH pe'łeBOH KYJibType o rnaBHOM roBOpHT, HO roBOpHT Tpy.n;tto H Herrrawo (cp. pe'łb Ilbepa :Se3yx0Ba B "BoHHe H MHpe"

JI.H.

ToncToro, KHH3H MbIWKHHa B

"11.n;HOTe"

<l>.M.

,[(oCTOeBCKOro).

Pn,D;, no-BHAHMOMY' cpaTH'łeCKHH )KaHp: B HeM JIH'łHOCTH roBopm.u;Hx H HX OTHOllieHHH Ba)l{Hee, 'łeM npeAMeT pe'łH. B TO )Ke BpeMH pyCCKHH Pn,[( HaCT­ OJibKO OTJIH'łaeTCH: OT .n;pyrHX cpan1'łeCKHX )KaHpOB, 'łTO onpe)J:eJieHHe "npa3-AHOpe'łeBoił" no OTHOUJeHHJO 1< HeMy (B HeKOTOpbIX pa6oTax, HanpHMep,

(ApynoHoBa

1998),

3TO CHHOHHM TepMHHa "cpaTH'łeCKHH") OKa3bJBaeTCH COBepweHHO HeBepHbIM. qaCTO rrry6oKoe, cyr.u;HOCTHO Ba)KHOe AJIH y'łaCTHH­ KOB Pn,D; COAep)KaHHe TaJ<)Ke npHHQHnHaJibHO npOTHBOCTOHT 061..QHM npe.n;cTaBrreHHHM o cpaTH1:leCKOM o6r.u;eHHH, HAYI..QHM OT B. MarrHHOBCKOro (Malinowski

1 972).

PyccKHH Pn,D; HMeHHO He npa.3AHhIH pa.3roBop, a "pa.3r­ oBop O rnaBHOM" - )KH3HeHHbIX n03HQHHX H .u;eHHOCTHX. MeTacpopH'łeCKH Bbipa)KaHCb, MO)KHO CKa.3aTb, 'łTO pa.3roBop no AYWaM -3TO pa.3rOBOp O ,eywe:

- Be.u.b pycc1<He MaJib'łHKH KaK

.u.o

CHX nop opy.u.y10T? .. BoT, HanpHMep, 3,!J.eWHHH

BOHIO'łHH TPaKTHp, BOT OHH H CXOJJ.$1TC.!I, JaceJIH B yron. Bc!O )KJ,13Hb npe)K)J.e He 3H­

aJIH .n.pyr .n.pyra, a Bb!HJJ.YT W3 TPaKTWpa, copoK neT OTT.!ITb He 6y.n.yT3HaTb .n.pyr .n.p­

yra, HY 11 'łTO )K, o ąeM OHH 6y.n.yT paccy)KJ.J.aTb, noKa noi1MaJIH MHHYTKY B TPaKrnp­

e-To?

o

MHpOBblX BOnpocax, He HHaąe: eCTb JIH 6or, eCTb JIH 6eccMepT11e?

(<l>.M. )];ocTOeBcKHH. 6paTb.!I KapaMaJOBhI).

CKa3aHHOe HeJib3H, KOHe•rno, nOHHMaTb TaKHM o6pa30M, 6y)J:TO Hac­ TOHI..QHH Pn,D; 03Ha1:1aeT HenpeMeHHO rrry6oKHH nopO)KJ:i:aeMbIH CMbICJI -Ba)Kttee, 'łT06bI C T01:IKH 3peHHH caMHX co6ece)J:HHKOB pa3roBOp n0HHMaJICH KaK "pa3rOBOp O caMOM rnaBHOM". B 3T0M 0TH0UJeHHH HeT npHHQH­ n H aJibHOH pa3HH.Qbl Me)K,Ay o6MeHOM CJIO)KHeHWHMH, TOH'łaHUJHMH CMbICJiaMH (KaK B o6r.u;eHHH nepcoHa)KeH ,D;ocTOeBCKOro) H cypporaTaMH )Kattpa THna Tbi MeH.fl. yea:»eaewb?

KaK nHcan M . M . BaxTHH o ,n:11anore nepcotta)KeH ,D;oCToeBcKoro H o pyCCKOM .n;Hanore B .u;eJIOM, "6bITb - 3Ha1:IHT o6r.u;aTbCH )J:HaJIOrJ1l:IeCKH" (:SaxTHH

1963: 338).

B pyccKOH KYJihType "qeJIOBeKa MO)KHO pac1<pb!Th - TO­ 'łHee, 3aCTaBHTb ero caMoro pacKph!TbCH - JIHllib nyTeM o6r.u;eHHH: C HHM, AHa­ JIOrH1:leCKH" (TaM )Ke). TaKHM o6pa30M, KOH.u;enT "oTKpbITHH AYWH" npe.n;cTaBJIHeT KYJihMHHaQHJO 061..QeHHH. KaK y)Ke 0TMe'łaJIOCb, B .n:pyrHX

HaQHOHaJibHO-peąeBbIX KYJibTypax TaKoe npeJJ.CTaBJieHHe O rapMOHH3H­ pyroll.\eM 06ll.\eHHH MO)l(eT OTCyTCTBOBaTb.

CneJ1,yeT }1,06aBHTb , ąTO qeJIOBeK He M0)l(eT caM nnaHHpOBaTb H C03HaTeJibHO ocylJ..\eCTBJISłTb npoQecc "oTKpbITJ,fSł JJ.yurn": OTKpbITHe }1,yurn eCTb ąy.n;o H, KaK J,f mo6oe ąyJJ.O, B03M0)1(H0 TOJlbKO npH HaJIHąJ,fH "caHKQHH CBbIWe". EcnH BCe nOBOpOTbl B 06ll.\eHHH HaXO,lJ;SITCSł TTOJJ. KOHTpOJieM, HMeeT MeCTO He Pn)]., a "łTO-TO HHOe (B03M0)1(H0, CBeTCKaSł 6eceJ1,a). IT pH 3TOM caMa no ce6e Herna,n;KaSł peąb, ecTeCTBeHHO, He 03HaąaeT HH KOOnepaTHBHOCTH, HH HCKpeHHOCTH.

B

pyccKoH KYJibType caMoe 6orrhruoe pa3oąapoBaHHe, caMalł 6onhwalł Hey}J,OBJieTBOpeHHOCTb OT o6meHHSł B03HHKaIOT y qeJioBeKa, KOr}J,a He npOHCXOJ];HT O)l(H,ZJ;aeMoro "oTKpbITHSł JJ.YWH". 3TO SłBJieHHe HCKmoąHTeJibHO SłpKO OT06pa)l(eHO B KJiaCCHąecKOH pycCKOH JIHTepaType - cp. npOH3Be.n;emrn

JI.H.

ToncToro, <I>.M. ,l].oCToeBcKoro.

Y

A.IT. qexoBa OTCYTCTBHe HHTerrrrH­ reHTHoro TTOHHMaIOll.\ero co6ece}J,HHKa npHB0}J,HT K TOCKe, 6e3b!CXOJ1,HOCTH, JJ.erpa.n;aQHH rrHąHOCTH.

B

Jfo1-1b1'łe "' II(lflame N!! 6 Bceo6ll.\alł nowrroCTb H 6e3JJ.YXOBHOCTb, OTCYTCTBHe KYJibTYPHbIX JIIOJJ.eił npHBOJJ.SłT K cpHJHąecKoił HJIH JJ.YXOBHOH rn6errH ABYX Bpaąeił: ,l].MHTpHH lfoHb[q CrnpQeB (Jf OHbllł) CJIOMJieH JJ.YXOBHO:

O6b1BaTem1 CBOHMH pa3roBopaMH, B3rm1,naMH Ha )l(lł3Hb Ił ,na)l(e CBOHM Blł)];OM pa3,npa)l(aJIH ero. OnbIT ttay'łHJI ero Mano-noMany, 'łTO noKa c o6bJBaTeJieM 11rpae1llb B KapTbl HJIH 3aKyCb!BaellJb C HHM, TO :no MHpHblH, 6naro,nylllHblH Ił ,na)l(e HernynblH 'łeJIOBeK, HO CTOHT TOJibKO 3afOBOpHTb C HHM o 'łeM-HH6y,nb HeC'be,no6HOM, HanpHMep, o nOJIHTHKe HJIH HayKe, KaK OH CTaHOBHTC$1 B TYfiHK HJIH 3aso,n11TTaKy10 qrnnocoqn110, TYfiYIO 11 3JIYIO, 'łTO ocTaeTCll TOJibKO pyKoił MaXHYTb Ił OTOHTH.

AHJJ.peił EcpHMbią ParHH (Ilanama N!!

6)

cTpacTHO noTlłHYJICSł K eJJ.HHCTBeHHOMY, no ero MHeHHIO, YMHOMY ąenoBeKy B ropo.n;e - MBaHy ,[J:MHTpHąy f'pOMOBY - H 0Ka3aJICSł BMeCTe C HHM B narraTe

NQ 6.

B

l/epHOM MOHaxe repoił nepe)l(HBaeT MfHOBeHHSł caMoro 60JibllJOfO cąacTblł, CTaHOBHTCSł TaJiaHTJIHBbIM, opHrHHaJibHbI M , B}1,0XHOBeHHbI M, 06ll.\aSłCb C B006pa)l(aeMbIM H.n;eaJibHbIM co6ece}J,HHKOM. MHTepecHa pOJib ąepHoro MOHaxa: 6y.n;yąH nopO)l(JJ.eHHeM Boo6pa)l(eHHSł repolł, OH TeM caMbIM oąeBH,ZJ;HO He MO)l(eT CKaJaTb ąero-TO HOBOro, HeH3BeCTHOfO eMy. O)1,HaKo 03apeHHe H TBOp'łeCKHe OTKpbITHSł BCe paBH0 npOHCXO}J,SłT. 3To CKOpee TTOJ];TBep)l(}J,aeT TO, ąTo HaCTOSłll.\HH Pn,[( eCTb B 6oJibWeH CTeneHH o6meHHe c EoroM, ąeM c peanbHbIM co6ece}J,HHKOM. Co6cTBeHHO fOBOPSł, BCe BOCTOprH

I'eHiJep u :JICaHp: My:J1CcKou ... BAAHM B. AEMEHTbEB H TBOp'!eCKHe 03apeHHSI KoBpHHa eCTb He 6onee 'łY.AO, 'łeM B "HaCTOSII.l\eM" Pn.Il:, TO'rnee, B TaKOM Pn.Il:, KaKHM OH AOJI)l(eH 6bITb B H,Aeane. (Ilaq>oc noBeCTH B TOM H coCTOHT, 'łTO Ka)l(,AbIH ąenoBeK ,nOJI)l(eH 6bITb TaK )l(e C'!aCTJIHB, KaK KoBpHH, B peam,HOłł )l(J,f3HH J,f 6e3 MaHHH Benwnrn).

IlOKa:3aTeJibHO cy�eCTBOBaHHe B pyccKOM Sl3b!Ke OJ.�eHO'IHbIX JieKCeM, KOTOpb1e o6o3ttaąaroT Ka'!eCTBa 'łeJioBeKa, .nenaro�He ero Hecnoco6HbIM y1.1acTBOBaTb B Pn.Il:, 11 caMoro TaKoro ąenoBeKa - npe)l(.n:e Bcero neKceMbI o6bleamellb, KaK H3BeCTHO, HenepeBO,AHMOH a,AeKBaTHO Ha .npyr11e Sl3blKH.

He M O )l(eT y'łaCTBOBaTb B Pn.n TaK)l(e l.leJIOBeK 3aKpbłmblU HJIH 3acme2Hymb1U Ha ece ny208Ul,lbl (caMH 3TH MeTaq>opbl npOTHBOnoCTaBJieHbl H,Aee "oTKpbITI-IH" ,nyurn). O,nHaKO B pyccKOH KYJibType C03HaTeJibHaSI 3aKpbzmocmb (KOTOpyIO MO)l(HO TaK)l(e nOHHMaTb KaK opHeHTHpOBaHHOCTb Ha ceemcKy10 6eceiJy B cq>epe qian1ąecKoro 06�eH11S1 - CM. HH)l(e), no-BH,AHMOMY, He BOCnpHHHMaeTCSI 0,AH03Hal.lHO HeraTHBHO, a KpOMe Toro, He BOCnpHHHMaeTCSI KaK HaCT0Sl�aSI H OKOHl.laTeJibHaSI: TO, I.ITO 3aCTerHyTo, MO)l(eT 6bITb paccTerHyTo (KaK y)l(e 6bmO CKa3aHO, 'leJIOBeK He MO)l(eT caM KOHTpOJil1POBaTb npoQecc "oTKpbITHSI ,nyurn", Tor.na KaK "3acTer11BaeTcsi" ąenoBeK caM) H, cKopee Bcero, 6y,neT pacCTerHyTo, ecJIH ąenoBeK B QenoM HpaBCTBeH (BCilOMHHM nyUJKHHCKOro OHerHHa, AH.npesi OOJIKOHCKOro H, Ka:3aJIOCb 6bi, e�e 6onee nopa3HTeJibHYIO MeTaMOpq>o3y' npOH30UJe,AUJyro co CTapbIM KapeHHHbIM, y JI.H. ToJICTOro).

Ilo-HaCTOSl�eMy He cnoco6eH OmKpblmb iJywy BCe )l(e TOJibKO 06b18a­ meJ1b - 3TO Ha3BaHHe K O M M Y H H K a T H B H O r O HeyMeHHSI OCHOBaHO Ha

H p a B C T B e H H O H OQeHKe.

IloKa3aTeJibHO nepeOCMbICJieHHe Tpa,AHQHOHHbIX pyccKHX Kym,TypHbIX QeHHOCTeH, oTo6pa)l(eHHbIX B JIHTepaType

XIX

BeKa, B coBpeMeHHOH pocc11iłcKoił m1TepaType 11 KHHO. TaK, B q>HJibMe AneKcesi Bana6aHoBa " BpaT-2", ycneBUJeM cTaTb Knacc111.1ecKHM (oco6eHHO nocne cMepTH 11 cnontt11Tensi rnaB H O H pon11 Cepresi Bo,npoBa) 3 MOQHOHaJih H O H KYJibMHHaQ11eił CTaHOBl1TCSI Pn.Il: Me)l(J);y TpOHMl1 pyccKHMl1 (J:o3oe MY)l('IHH 11 )l(eH�l1Ha) y KOCTpa, pa3Be,AeHHOro B QeHTpe q11Karo - "cep.n:�e KaMeHHblX JJ;)l(yttrnei1:".

rep011HSI .n:emncsi, nO)l(aJIYH, "rnaBHbIMH" - caMbIMl1 TeMHbIMH 11 caMbIMl1 CBeTJiblMH - Bne'laTJieHl1SIMH 113 CBOeH )l(H3HH, 'łTO CBl1,AeTeJibCTByeT O Ba)l(HOCTH pa3roBopa. HecMOTpS! Ha nonbITKY CHH311Tb TeMy pa3rOBopa, caM011pOHl1IO (JiaiJHO, 6aHQJlbHO ece 3mO, CKYI/HO) 11 Ha TO, I.ITO TeMa BCnJibIBaeT OT'!aCTH acCOQHaTHBHO (HO'lb y KOCTpa - B0CnOMHHaH11e o

p;pyroM KOCTpe: 3Haeutb, R nocneOHuu pm maK 8 BoceMbOecRm ttemBepmoM 200y CUOena), 'łTO B006JJ..{e CBOHCTBeHHO pa3rOBOpHOH pe'łl1 (C11pOTl1Hl1Ha

1 974: 131-134),

KOHe'łHO, 3TO He TOJlbKO accou11aum1: TeMbl, HaCTpOeH11e, OTKpOBeHHOCTb 11 "oTKpblTOCTb „ co6ece,n;Hl1KOB onpe,n;emnoTCH o6JJ..{ei1 TOHaJibHOCTblO pa3rOBOpa - "o caMOM rnaBHOM". 11HTepeCHO, 'łTO Ha npOTH.e Hl111 � 11Jl b M a pyccK11e KYJibTYPHhle ueHHOCTl1 noCTOHHHO npOTl1BOnocTaBJIHlOTCH aMep11KaHCKl1M ("3oecb 80o6iąe 8Ce npocmo maK, KpoMe OeHe2"), np11 3TOM o,n;Hoił 113 ueHHOCTeił pyccKoił pe'łeBoił KYJibTYPhI, OTJ111'łalOJJ..{11X ee OT aMep11KaHCKOH, HBJIHeTCH 11MeHHO pyccKl1H Pn.ll., l1Jl1,I 11CKpeHHl111 pa3rOBOp "o caMOM rnaBHOM".

)J.awa: BoceMb neT - :no MHoro. MHe TOr)J.a e�e JJ.Ba)J.l\an1 He 6bJJIO.

YH1-1Bepc11TeT, nepecrpoi1Ka, AMep11Ka, co-co-co. 3aMy)K BblWJia, noToM cpa3y

pa3BeJiaCb. CHa'łana B HblO-l10pKe, B 3CKOpT-cepBHCe pa6oTana, 3TO no Bbl3OBy.

IloToM - KOKa11H, Kp3K. Yexana c OJJ.HHM TOJICTbIM B q11Karo, 6poc11n Mem1. C

KO3JIOM 3Tl1M ąepHblM CBH3aJiaCb. Xorn O nOKOHHHKax nnoxo HeJib3JI. na)J.HO,

6aHaJibHO Bee 3TO, CKY'łHO ... 3Haewb,

Jl

nocJie)J.HHH pa3 TaK B BOCeMb)J.eCJIT

'łeTBepTOM ro.ny c11.nena. Mbl B nOXOA XOAHJil1 Ha fnyxoe O3epo.

)J.aH11na: Iloexan11 c HaM11 .noMoi1. TaM xopowo.

)J.awa: A 'łTO

Jl

TaM .nenaTb 6y.ny?

)J.aHHJia: A 3)J.eCb Tb! 'łTO )J.enaewb?

B11KTop: A MHe 3,necb HpaB11TcJ1. B AMep11Ke BCJI c11na M11pa.

)J.aHłma: A B 'łeM CHJia, 6paT?

BHKTOp: A BOT B 'łeM! B .neHbrax BCJI CHJia, 6paT! )J.eHbfl1 npaBJIT M11pOM.

11 TOT Cl1JlbHee, y Koro 11X 60Jibllle.

)].aH11na: Hy, xopowo. BoT MHoro y Te6J1 .neHer. 11 'łTO Tb! c.nenaewb?

B11KTOp: Kymno Bcex!

)J.aHHJia: 11 MeHJ!?

(CMEIOTC51)

TeMa

B tte.M cwia, 6

pam? nonyqaeT npo.n;orr•eHHe 11 B KaKOM-TO CMbicne CTaHOBl1TC51 neiłTMOTl1BOM �HJlbMa: B KOHUe �11JlbMa repoił Cepre51 Eo.n;poBa ,AaH11na rOBOp11T, 'łTO c11na B npa80e, TeM CaMblM CB513b1Ba51 Pn.ll. C ,n:pyr11M KJilO'łeBbIM KOHuenTOM pyccKoił KYJibTyphr. To'łKa 3peH1151 B11KTopa (KcTaT11, npo�ecc110HaJ1bHOro K l1JIJiep a ) , YTBep•.n;aIOJJ..{ero " aMep11 K a H CK11e" ueHHOCTl1

(B

AMepuKe 8CR CUJIQ MUpa;/ĘeHb2U npa8Rm MUpOM), onpoBepraeTC51 BCeił nor11KOH �11JlbMa, XOT51, ecTeCTBeHHO, np113blB K npaB,n;e OT He MeHee KpoBaBoro y611HUbl npeBpall.{aeT 11,n;e10 naTp11OTl13Ma B ropbKYlO HaCMellIKy. B TO •e BpeM5ł B uenoM COBepweHHO eCTeCTBeHHO KapHaBaJlbHOe OCMe5łHl1e

I'eHiJep u :J1CaHp: My:J1CcKou

...

BA.l\11M B . .I\EMEHTbEB

"cH113Y" mo6oił CJIO)ł(HBWeHCH CHCTeMbl u,eHHOCTeH. MO)ł(HO npHBeCTH

Mttoro rrpHMepoB o6birpbIBaHHH u,eHHOCTeił Pn,n: B pyccKHX aHeK,ll.OTax H

AP·

lOMOpHCTHlJeCKHX TeKCTaX (CM. HH)ł(e).

B coBpeMeHHOH pyccKoił pe'!eBott I<YJibType Pn,n: 3aHHMaeT oco6oe MecTo

cpe.n.H )ł(aHpOB rapMOHHlJeCKOro cpaTHlJeCKOro 06ll.{eHHH. C O,ll.HOH CTOpOHbl,

CTOHJJ.{aH 3a .n.aHHbIM )ł(aHpOM CHCTeMa u,eHHOCTeH , HOpM H npHOpHTeTOB

SIBJTHeTCSI onpe.n.errHlOJJ.{eH .ll.flSI 06ll.{eH CHCTeMbl npe.n.CTaBJieHHH o xopowett

cpaTHlJeCKOH petJH; C .n.pyroi,i CTOpOHbl, Ha3BaHHaSI CHCTeMa rrpe,ll.CTaBJieHHH

,ll.BOHCTBeHHa H c orrpe.n.erreHHoro BpeMeHH (np116n11311TenbHO c

XVIII-XIX

BB.) opHeHTHPYeTCSI He TOJlbKO Ha HOpMbl Pn,n:, HO H HOpMbl COBepweHHO

,Apyroro - 3aHMCTBOBaHHoro H3 3arra.n.Ho11 KYJTbTYPbI

2

- )ł(aHpa cpaTHtJecKoro

06ll.{ettm1 ceemcKClfl 6eceiJa (.ll.arree - CE).

)l(attp CE npH 3aHMCTBOBaHHH HaJTO)l<HJTCsi Ha cyll.{eCTBYJOJJ.{yJO CHcTeMy

petJeBbIX )ł(aHpOB, a TaK)ł(e '1pe3BbI'laHHO 6oraTy10 CHCTeMy CTHJIHCTHlJeCKHX

cpe,ll.CTB pyccKoro fl3b!Ka H pe'IH. MO)ł(HO npe.n.noJIO)ł(HTb, 'ITO B

Tpa,ll.HU,HOHHOH (.ll.orreTpOBCKOH) pyCCKOH HapO,ll.HOH peąeBOH KYJTbType o6e

3TH CHCTeMbl OCHOBb!BaJTHCb Ha npe,ll.CTaBJieHHH O rnaBeHCTByIOJJ.{eH Il03HU,HH

TeMaTHKH H CTHJIHCTHKH )ł(aHpa pa3rOBOpa no .n.ywaM. )l(aHp Prr,n:

npHHU,HTTHaJTbHO rrpOTHBOCTOHT TTOHflTHJO COU,HaJibHOro HepaBeHCTBa, Tor.n.a

KaK )ł(aHp CE 6bm 3aHMCTBOBaH KaK O.li.HO 113 cpe,ll.CTB rrpOTHBOTTOCTaBHTb

BJiaCTb 'lepHH (BMeCTe C BBe,ll.eHHbIM I1erpoM

I

rpe6oBaHHeM, lJT06bI ,ll.BOpHHe

HOCHJIH HeMeU,KOe nnaTbe H rOBOpHJIH no-cppaHU,Y3CK11).

)l(aHp CE tJY)ł(.ll. OCHOBHbIM u,eHHOCTHM pyCCKOH Hapo,ll.HOH KYJTbTYPbl.

Orp11u,aTeJibHaH ou,eHJ<a CBeTCKoro o6ll.{eHHH BbICKa3bIBanacb ell.{e pyCCKHMH

cjrnnococpaMH, n11caTeJISIMH, ny6n11u,11cTaM11

XIX

BeKa - KaK pa3HOBH,ll.HOCTH

06ll.{emrn H e TOJibKO 6ecco.n.ep)ł(aTeJibHOro 11 cp aJib WHBOro , H O H

tJy)ł(epo.n.Horo .ll.flH Pocc1111. OTMetJanocb, tJTO HOpMbI CE (w11pe

-

u,enaH

CTOHJJ.{af! 3a )ł(aHpOM CHCTeMa KOMMYHHKaTHBHblX HOpM, u,eHHOCTeH H

rrpHopHTeTOB, ")ł(aHpOBafl KapTHHa MHpa") rrpoTHBopetJaT o6ll.{HM HOpMaM

11 u,eHHOCTHM pyccKOH petJeBOH KYJibTYPbl (CTepHHH

2003). B

"cBeTe" He

rrpHHHTO BbICKa3bIBaTb CBOH H,ll.eH 11 B3rJTSl,ll.bl; HapyweHHe :noro HerrracHoro

Tpe6oBaHHfl rrpHBO.ll.11T K KOHq>JIHKTaM, KOTOpbie urnpOKO OT06pa)ł(eHbl B

PYCCKOH JIHTepaType HalJHHaSI c 'TopH OT yMa" A.C. rpH6oe.n.oBa. KpoMe

Toro, o6pall.{aeT Ha ce6H BHHMaHHe HeCOBMeCTHMOCTb c CE KJTJOlleBblX CJTOB

2 ,llo npoBe/leHHll cneu11aJ1bHOrO HCCJle/lOB3HHll lK3Hp0B 061.UeHHll B pa3Hb1X KYJlbTypax

PYCCKOH KYITbTYPbl o

y

uw 11 npa80Q (a TaK)l(e c

y

o&6a 11 CO(JeCmb):

ManoBepOstTHO 11X 11cnOITb30Batt11e yąaCTHHKaMH CE 11 npaKT11ąeCKH

11CKmoąeHbl KOMMYHl1KaTl1BHbie <!>aKTOpbl ()l(aHpbl, BHYTPl1)1(aHp0Bbie

CTpaTer1111 11 TaKTHKH, KaTerop1111 <!>aT11ąecKoro H HH<!>0pMaTHBHOro

06ll.{eH11st), Ha3bIBaeMbie nocpe)].CTB0M 3Tl1X CIT0B.

PacnpocTPaHeHHOH stBnsteTcst TOąKa 3pett11st, cornacHo KOTopoi,i Pn,ll.

-Tennoe, )].06po)l(enaTenbHOe, 11cKpeHHee o6ll.{eHHe 6nH3Kl1X mo.n:ei:ł, K0T0pbre

mo6stT )].pyr )].pyra, a CE - 06ll.{ett11e qy)l(l1X (Man03HaKOMb!X) mo)].eH,

paBH0,lcyllIH0 11 X0IT0)].HO OTHOCSłll.\HXCSł )].pyr K )].pyry. O,n:HaKo yąaCTHl1Kl1 CE

B0BCe He nnoxo OTHOCSłTCSł )].pyr K .n:pyry: B xo.n:e CE ocyll.{eCTBmieTCSł

COl..\-11an113al..\11Sł (KaK B mo6011 pa3HOB11AHOCTl1 cpaT11ąecKoro o6ll.{eH11Sł) "' ycT­

attaBITl1BaeTCSł 6n1130CTb, XOTSł C TOąK11 3peHl1Sł ąenoBeKa,

op11eHTl1-poBaHHOro Ha Pn,ll. B c<!>epe <!>aTHąecKoro 06ll.{eHHSł, 3Ta 6nH30CTb 6y,n:eT HeH­

acTOstll.{eH.

,lJ.yMaeTCSł, CE 11 Pn,ll. npOTl1B0n0CTaBneHbl B HeCK0ITbK0 HHOM OTH­

OllleHl111.

B Pn)]. xopolllee OTHOI1Iett11e K co6ece)],HHKY npostBnsteTCSł B 11CKpeHHeM yq­

aCTl111 K HeMy, roTOBHOCTl1 BbicnylllaTb ero 11 no)],en11TbCSł C H11M CB0HMl1

Ha-116onee CYll.\HOCTHbIMl1 nepe)l(HBaHHSłMH. B OCH0Be 3TOM 6nH30CTH ne)l(HT YB­

a)l(ett11e K co6ece)].HHKY KaK MbICITstll.\eH, ąyBCTBYIOI.I..\eH 11H)].HB11.rcyan:bHOCT11.

B CE xopowee OTHOI1Iett11e K co6ece)].HHKY npo.srnnsreTcst B crpeMnett1111 AO­

cTaB11Tb eMy YAOBOITbCTBHe, pa3Bneqb np11stTHblM pa3rOBOp0M. YBa)l(eH11e K

co6ece)],HHKY 3,n:ecb n0Hl1MaeTCSł KaK yBa)l(eH11e K ero COI..\HaITbHOMY CTaTycy'

pecneKTa6enbHOCTl1, BITHSITeITbHOCTH, B0CTTl1TaHH0CTl1. CE stBnsteTCSł

p11Top11ąeCKl1M )l(attpOM, 11 Bna,n:eHl1!0 HM HY)l(HO yą11TbCSł.

B rapMOH11ąeCKOM <1>an1ąecKOM o6ll.{eHl111 0)].Hl1X "' Tex )l(e mo.n:ełi: Bnontte

eCTeCTBeHH0 ąepeJl.YIOTCst 3neMeHTbI Pn,ll. 11 CE, np11 3T0M co6ece)].Hl1K11 nerno

nepexo,n:stT H e TOITbKO OT )l(attpa K )l(attpy (3TO ecTeCTB eHHeHllIHH

KOMMyH11KaTHBHbIH npol.(ecc, no M.M. EaxT11Hy), HO 11 no cyTH OT O)].HOH

Cl1CTeMbl l.(eHHOCTeH K )].pyro11.

IloH11Mast pa3rOBOp no o

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K c<1>opMyn11poBaHHbIM A. Be)l(6HI..\KOH Cl.(eHapHstM pyccKOH KYITbTypbl ( 1 ) 11

(2) (CM. Bblllle) Cl.(eHap1111, onpe)].eITSłlOI.I..\He OTHOllleHHe K 3TOH TeMe:

(3) xopowo, Kor.na qenoBeK XO'łeT rOBOplffb c .APYrHMH illO)I,bMH o rnaBHOM (4) mrnxo, Kor.u.a 'łenoBeK XO'łeT roBOpHTb c JI.PYrHMH nlO,UbMH o rnaBHOM

I'eHiJep u J1CaHp: My:J1ccKou

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BA,D,11M B. ,D,EMEHTbEB

CQeHapHH (3) H (4) 3a)J,alOT npOTHBOIIOJIO>KHbie 0pHeHTHpbl B o6m.eHHH H TeM He MeHee cocym.ecTByroT B pyccKoii peąeeoii KYnhType.

Ha3BaHHOe npOTHB0II0CTaBneHHe JJ.BYX K0MMYHHKaTHBHhIX CTHJieH )J,aBH0 npHBJieKano K ce6e BHHMaHHe HCCJie)J,oBaTeneH, IIHCaTeneif "' "npaKTHKOB o6m.eHH a " . O H O O C M hICJiaJI0Ch no-pa3 H 0 M Y ' H a n p H M e p , K a K np-0THBOilOCTaBJieHHe pyccKOH npOBHHQHH C ee TPaJJ.HQHOHHOH Hapo,D,H0H Ky­ JlbTypoH H CT0nHQbl, >KHBylil,eH no COBeprneHHO JJ.pyrHM 3aK0HaM H np­ aBHJiaM, B TOM 'łHCJie npaBHJiaM o6m.eHHa. BceM 3THM npaBHJiaM np­ OBHHQHan ,ll,0JI>KeH 6bIJI Y'łHTbCa K8K H0BhIM � ce6a. B

XIX

BeKe Ha3BaHHOe np0THBOIIOCTaBJieHHe OCMbICJillJI0Cb TaK>Ke KaK np0THB0II0CT8BJieHHe "MOCKOBCKoro" H "neTep6yprcKoro" CTHJieH:

MoeKBa

)KeHCKOro po.n.a, Ilerep6ypr -

My)l(eCKOrO. B M oeKBe Bee HeBeeTbl, e

IleTep6ypre - eee )l(eH11x11. Ilerep6ypr Ha6mo.n.aeT 6onbwoe np11nw-rne B eeoei.:\

o.n.e)l(.n.e, He mo611T neeTPblX l..{BeTOB 11 Hl1KaKl1X pe3Kl1X 11.n.ep3Kl1X orerynneHl1H OT

MO.D.bl; 3aTo M oe1<ea TPe6yer, een11 y)I( nowno Ha Mo.ny, - 'IT06 BO ecei.:\ <jlopMe

6bma Mo.n.a: een11 ranm, .D.Jil1HHa, ro O Ha nye1<aer ee eme .D.Jil1HHee; een11 ornoporb1

<jlpaKa BeJil1Kl1, TO y Hel.:\, KaK eapaHHble .n.eep11. Ilerep6ypr - aKKypaTHblH '!eJI­

OBeK, eoeepweHHblH HeMel..{, Ha Bee rJill.D.11T e pae'leTOM 11 npe)l(.n.e, He)l(eJil1 3a.D.­

yMaeT .n.arb

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HY)l(Ha Poee1111; .D.JI.ll IleTep6ypra HY)l(Ha Poee11.ll. B Moe1<ee pe.n.Ko BCTPeTlłWb

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erapyxH C TaKl1Ml1 y3eHbKHMl1 TaJil1.llMl1, '!TO .n.enaere.ll CMeWHO; Ha ryJI.l!Hb.llX H

M oCKBe eeer.n.a nona.n.ere.ll B eaMOH cepe.n.HHe MO.D.HOH TOJITibl KaKall-HH6y.n.b

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(H.B. rorOJib. llemep6yp2cKUe 3Qnt(CKU

1836

200a).

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3a HHMH.

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2002: 188).

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2000; 2002;

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1999)

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noBe,ll,eHH.H, OTpa)KaIOw,ero Bb!ClllHM ypoBeHb KOMMYH11KaT11BHOH KOM­

neTeH�HH ąenoBeKa:

- 3x / )KHJHb Hawa norattaJI / MaTb . . . [HeueHJ.]!

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2000: 307).

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2002: 75-76).

Cp. 06blrpbIBaHHe TaKoro cypporarn Pn,[( B necHe B. BbICOI..\KOro: Hy o 'leM c mo6010 20eopum&!

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llIMeneaa H A.,[(. llIMenea He pa3rpaHH'łHBaIOT aHeK)J.OTbl )J.JIH MY)l(1.fl1H 11 aHeK.L{OTbl .L{JIH )l(eHll.(HH, a TaK)l(e aHeK.n;OTbl, paccKa3bIBaeMble MY)l('łl1HaMH 11 )l(eHll.(HHaM11. PacCMOTpett11e C 3TOH TO"łKH 3pemrn aHeK,L{OTOB O pycCKl1X MY)l(1.fl1Hax 11 )l(eHll.(HHax He Bb!HBJIHeT cyll.(eCTBeHHbIX npoT11aope"ł11i1 c .n;aHHhIMl1

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A

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He)l(enaHHe nepeKJIIO'!aTbC.R Ha 6b!T0Bble ("HHJKHe". X03.RHCTBeHHble) TeMbl, oco6eHHO B

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KOMH'łeCKHl1 3q>q>eKT co3.n;aeTCSI TaK)ł(e TeM, '-ITO Mbl CJlb!WHM TOJibKO O.ll:HY H3 CTOpOH, HO 6e3 TJ)y.n:a MO)ł(eM BOCCTaHOBHTb a6COJilOTHOe 6onbWHHCTBO penJIHK co6ece.n;HHl..(b( B CHJIY Toro, 'łTO 11 HHHl..(HaJibHble, H OTBeTHble penJIHKH CTepeOTHITHbl - HX CTepeoTHnHOCTb npoHCTeKaeT 113 )l(aHpa Pn,D.-)l{ (H

.R. me6.R., u .R. me6e, u .R. y me6R).

Kotte'-IHO, ąame Bcero Mbl "cnbJWHM" penJIHKH OTCyTCTBYIOI.I.\eH co6ece.n;HHl..(bl ITOTOMY, '-ITO HX TO'łHO ITOBTOpSIIOT-3TO TO'-IHOe BOCnpOH3Be.n;eHHe ('łTO TO)l(e C03.n;aeT KOMH'łeCKHH 3q>q>eKT) Bb!ITOJIHSleT <PYHKl..(HlO Bb!pa)l(eHHSI cornaCHSI 11 con11.n:apHOCTH.

Berr11Ka CMb1cnoBasi Harpy3Ka q>HHaJibHOH qipa3br: Hu1-1, ee/lu 0020uuwb,

npuBem eMy om MeUR nepeoaaa1

t C "My)l(CKOH" TO'-IKH 3peHHSI TaKaSI penJIHKa 6bma 6bl HenpHeMneMa: OHa CBH.ll:eTeJibCTBOBarra 6b! o paBHOJl:YWHH HJil1 .n:a)l(e npe.n:aTeJibCTBe. Ho s Pn,D.-)l{ 3Ta penn11Ka He S1BnS1eTcS1 HHopo.n;Hb!M 3JieMeHTOM. HaM .n:yMaeTCSI, 'łTO 3TO OTpa)l(eHHe TaKoro Ba)l(HOro OTJIH'łHSI Pn,D.-)K, KaK ero 6nH30CTh K )l(aHpy Co 11n11, n o Kpai1Hei1 Mepe, HenponrnopeąHH eMy.

Mbl, KOHe'łHO, He XOTHM CKa3aTb, 'łTO Bee pyccK11e )l(eHI.I.\HHbl opHeH­ THposaHbl Ha Co, HO, ITO-BH.ll:HMOMY, HOpMbl, l..(eHHOCTH 11 11.n;eaJibl Co 60JibUie COOTBeTCTBYIOT )l(eHCKHM KOMMYHHKaTHBHblM l..(eHHOCTSIM . PyccKoMy '-lerroBeKy rrer'-le npe.n:cTaBHTb ce6e cseTcKyIO )l(eHI.I.\HHY, '-leM cseTcKoro MY)l('łHHy. He.n:apoM K.<l>. Ce.n:oB .n:a)l(e cą11TaeT o6si3aTeJibHbIM ycnOBHeM Co "[ ... ] npHCYTCTBHe B Ka'-leCTBe a.n:pecaTa 11HTeJinHreHTHOl1, ryMaHHTapHO o6pa30BaHHOl1 (CBeTCKOH) )l(eHI.I.\HHb!" (Ce.n:oB

2002: 288).

CornaCHO CHCTeMe l..(eHHOCTei1, Jie)l(amei1 B OCHOBe npe.n:crnsrreHHH o

Pn,D.-M,

nc11xonor11ąeCKl1!1 "Bb!Hrpb!UI" roBOpsimero COCTOHT B ąyBCTBe .n:yUieBHOrO po.n:cTsa c co6ece.n;HHKOM, B omymeHl1H ce6si COl..(HaJibHO ITOJIHOl..(eHHOH JIH'łHOCTblO, a TaK)l(e s TOM, "!TO co6ece.n;HHKH COBMeCTHO y'-laCTBYIOT B po)ł(.n:eHHH HeKoero COKpOBeHHOro 3HaHHSI.

CorrracHo CHCTeMe l..(eHHOCTeii, ne)l(all.{eii B octtoBe npe.n:cTaBrreHHH o Pn.[(-)l{, ITCHXOnorH'-leCKl111 "Bb111rpb!UI" roBopsimeii TaK)l(e COCTOHT B 'łYBCTBe .n:yUieBHOrO po.n:cTBa c co6eceJJ.HHl..leH, B omymeHl1H ce6si COl..(HaJibHO nonHOl..(eHHOH. 3JJ.eCb, KaK 11 B Pn,D.-M, HeT Tpe6osaHHH K rna.n:KOH cpopMe peąw, o.n:HaKO COl..(11aJibHaSI nonHOl..(eHHOCTb npOSIBJISleTCSI TOJibKO B omymeHHH ce6si JJ.OCTOHHOH TIOJJ.JJ.ep)ł(KH 11 CO'-IYBCTBl1SI, HO He B cnoco6HOCTH y'-laCTBOBaTb B pO)l(Jl:eHHH COKpOBeHHOrO 3HaHHSI.

I'eHoep u :>1eaHp: My:>1ecKou

...

BA){HM B . .l\EMEHTbEB

Pa3yMeeTCSI, H3 Toro, 'ITO )ł(eHI.l{HHbl pe)ł(e o6cy)ł(,l(aIOT u.enb )ł(H3HH, He cne.l(yeT, 'ITO OHH He OC03HaIOT 3TOH u.enH HITH 'ITO OHa Mettee BbICOKa, l!eM y MY)ł('IHH. TipeKpaCHbie npHMepbl )ł(epTBeHHOCTH, ITI06BH 11 6eCKOpblCTHOro cny)ł(eH11si, a TaK)ł(e nyqume )ł(eHCK11e o6pa3bI pyccKoH n11TepaTyphr He OCTaBnfilOT HHKaKHX COMHeHHH B TOM, 'ITO npe.ncTaBneHHe O u.en11 )ł(l13HH y PYCCKHX )ł(eHII.{HH Ol!eHb BbICOKOe. Tio-BH,l(HMOMY' rnaBHOe OTITHl!He COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO H,l(eSI caM opean113aU.HH y )ł(eHII.{HH He HMeeT OTHOUJeHH.11 K KOMMYHHKaU.HH, nepe.n.aqe HH<pOpMaU.HH, TOr,l(a I<aK y MY)ł('IHH - HMeeT. B caMblX ny'IUJHX, caMblX 3a.n.yweBHblX pa3rOBOpax )l(eHII.{HH npe,l(naraeTC.11 6ecxopblCTHa.ll nOMOII.{b, T. e. nyYUJee B 3THX pa3rOBopax HaXO,UHTC.11 3A npe.n.enaMH pa3roaopoa, Tor.n.a KaK y MY)ł('IHH - BHYTPM. MHeHHe

A.

Be)ł(6HU.KOH o TOM, 'ITO pyccKasi npaeoa 6onee KOMMYHHKaTHBHa, YeM a Hm.

truth,

cnpaae.nmrno TOITbKO .nn.11 MY)ł(CKOH npaBObl, KaK H MY)ł(CKOH u.em, )ł(H3HH: ee HY)ł(HO HCKaTb H HY)ł(HO o6cy)ł(,UaTb, TTOCKOTihKY OHa cpopMHpyeTC.11 a o6cy)ł(.ll.emrn, "oTKpblTHH .n.yw".

Bo3Bpall.{aS!Cb K TeMe pa30'łapoBaHH.II OT HeCOCTOS!Blllerocsi Pn.LI: (B pac­ CKa3aX ąexoaa), OTMeTHM, 'ITO HalllH paccy)ł(.n.eHHSI KacanHCb Pn.IJ:-M. Pa30l!apoBaHHe OT HeCOCTOS!Blllerocsr Pn.IJ:-M .n.ei-l:CTBHTenbHO CBSl3aHO C OTC­ YTCTBHeM HeKoeił rno6anbHOH H,l(eH, Tor.n.a KaK pa30l!apoBa HHe OT Hec­ OCTOSIBUJerocsi Pn.IJ:-)K npOHCTeKaeT H3 COBCeM .n;pyrHX Bell.{eH, KaK nOK­ a3bIBaeT npHMep HH)ł(e - pa3rOBOp MaTepH My)ł(a H MaTepH )ł(eHbl, OCT­ aBlllHXCSI B KOMHaTe nocne ceMei-l:Horo o6e.n.a:

,ll

3a 4TO oHa TaK? B. Hy :no )l(e xapaxTep.

)

l Pa3se si 3acny)l(Hna? B. 3TO )l(e xapaKTep.

Jl..

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B. 51 He 3acJiy)l(HJia 11 Bb1 He 3acny)l(HJIH.

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cnnA l.JET) 51 Tepnena Bee BpeM.11. Bee MOJI4Y H BCe MOJI'-ly . . .

B. H o 3TO ecTeCTBeHHO. Kor.na oHa np11e3)1(aeT scero Ha ABe He.L{eJIH, '-!eM Ka)l(){bJH ,i{eHb MOTaTbC.11 Ty.na . . .

Jl..

HeT, MHe He Ha,L{O 6bIJIU :noro ,L{eJiaTb. H o .li 00.11Tb nowna H a nOBO.LlY y HHX BCC J].HMa, 6onbHa, Mbl He MO)l(eM Ty.na npHHTH. Ho pa3 HM He XO'-leTC.11 Ty.na HATH, H

MHe He Ha,i{O 6blJIO CIOAa HATH.

B. Ho 110'-!eMy Tor.na . . .

Jl..

A CMOTPHTe KaK . . .

B. Bb1 nr1we O.LlHO noi1MHTe: 3AeCb cao6o.nHei1, 3AeCb Mecrn MHoro, 11 a caAHK BblWITH - OT,D.OXHYTb H BCe, a . . .

.n. Ho HO BCe-TaKH

B. 11 JleHKe 3.11.ecb xopowo.

,n.

PaHhWe HM TaM 6hmo Hennoxo. OHH c10.11.a nown11, TYT, a ceiiqac pew1rn11, He

no.11.yMana. Mo>KeT 6bITb OHH pewHnH, qTO OHH He npHAYT H H CI0.11.a He np11.11.y. B. Hy, A.O., HY He HaKpyq11aai1Te TaK. TipocTo H 6e3 Toro >KH3Hb TPYAHaH. 3aqeM ee HaKpyq11BaTh el.L\e?!

,n.

Tpy.11.HeH MOCH >KH3HH HH y Koro H�T.

B. TipoCTO noHHMaeTe, npHMHTe K cae.11.eHHIO, qTo xopowaH >KH3Hb, noTOMY qTo

CnHWKOM MHOfO nnoxoro.

,n.

Y MeHH xopowero 6onbwe HeT H He 6y.11.eT HHKoro. B. Cnywai1Te, y MeHH TO>Ke B >KH3HH H11qero HeT.

,n.

M-M. Bb1 coBceM .11.pyroe. Bb1 coBceM .11.pyroe, H.H. BoTy MeHH He nonyq11noch y MeHH. Oco6eHHO . . . Tiocne neTHero nocne.11.Hero cj>oKyca, qTo OHH co MHOH c.11.enanH ... MHe Ha.Il.O 6binO B0061.1.\e CHHTb. He B0061.L\e CHHTb

B. He Ha.11.0 ce611. Y Bac 0.11.Ha .Il.O%. OHa Bac mo6HT H He Ha.11.0 H11qero.

,n.

HeaepHo. He 6y.11.eT HH JleHbI, HH . . . 3aqeM TbI He e.11.ewh a PocToB! Be.11.b OHH He JBanH B PocTOB, HY 3aqeM 11 noe.11.y!

B . HeT, HY JaqeM Bb1 3TO roBopHTe?!

,n.

BbI ee 6panH Ha MOpe, B03bMHTe ee B POCTOB.

B. Hy 3aqeM 3TO fOBOpHTb! Ho ecnH Bbl 6y.11.eTe BCe BpeM.H 3TO KpYTHTb 3TO >Ke He . . .

,n.

Mo>KHO >Ke 6bJJIO TaK c.11.enaTb? TaK MO>KHO 6hmo c.11.enaTb! B npownoM ro.11.y B TaKOM COCTO.HHHH H MHe CKaJaTb: HeT, Mbl Te6.ii He B03bMeM. 11 .H On.HTb K HHM 11.11.y. B. TioTOMY qTO AeTH eCTb AeTH.

,n.

HeT.

B. He TPe6y10TcH HawH 0611.11.bI. TioToMy qTo Tor.11.a >KHTb Henb3H. OTc10.11.a >KH3Hb TaKaH. )!(11Tb-TO OCTanOCb. ,L{eTH eCTb .11.ern.

,n.

Hy y .11.pyrnx TO>Ke .11.ern ecTb.

B. Hy qTO >K, y ,n;pyrnx CBOH TPYAHOCTH ecTh. [ ... ]

.n. Kor.11.a JleHKa CTaHeT CTapwe, OHa OTBepHeTCH OT HHX. OHa ceiiqac ManeHbKaH, O Ha He nOHHMaeT. Tip11nacKalOT -O Ha OnHTb K HHM. A TaK . . . Henb3H K pe6eHKY OTHOCHTbCH. OHa )K qyacrayeT 3TO. KaK 30BYT, Tor.11.a ee TYT HeT H o6H>KalOTCH Ha Hee, "qTO . . . Ho OHa KaK BCe .11.eTH: nepennaqeT 11 OnHTb K HHM HJl.eT. 3TO >Ke 6onb. B. Pa.11.ocTb. Ko MHe 3TH .11.HH He n0.11.XOAHT. OHa Bee BpeMH K MaMe npOCHTCH.

,n.

Ho 3TO BnonHe ecTecTBeHHO. TipocTo noKa OHa oqeHb Mana.

B. KoHeqHo . .51 cq11Taro, TaK 11 AOn>KHO 6b1Tb . .n. A B0061.1.\e TaK K pe6eHKY He OTHOCHTCH.

B. ,L{ywHo 3.11.ecb.

,n.

)l(apKO. CerO)J.HH >KapKO oqeHb.

B . .na, HaBepHOe, JI.YWHO oqeHb.

I'eHiJep u :m:aHp: My:m:cKou

_...

BA.l\11M B . .l\EMEHTbEB KOMMYHHKaTHBHhIH 1111,n;ep .[(. Hy)I(,n;aeTCH He B HHTeJIJIHreHTHOM co-6ece,n;HHKe, a B co6ece,n;HHKe CO'łYBCTBYIOI..QeM H npH 3TOM npH3HaIOI..QeM ee HCKJIIO'łHTeJibHOCTh ( TpyiJHeU MOeU :JICU3HU HU y K020 Hem). TaKaH 3roHCTHtJecKaH no3HQHH He ycTPaHBaeT co6ece,n;HHQY B . , KOTopaH, o,n;HaKo, He BbICKa3bIBaeT npHMOrO npOTHBOpe'łHH He H3-3a BHYTPeHHero cor11ac1-rn, a )];JIH coxpaHeHHH po,n;CTBeHHhIX OTHOilieHHH. B . TTbITaeTCH ype30HHTb H ycnOKOHTb MaTh, ocy)I(,n;aIOI..QYIO )];Olfb H )1(8JiylOI..QyIOCH Ha cy,n;h6y, H B KOHI.�e o6pbrnaeT pa3r0Bop q>pa3oił,ayumo 3iJecb. Ec1111 6b1 .[(. xoTeJia, oHa Morna 6hr npo,n;OJI)I(HTh pa3rOBOp, HO, BH)];HMO, OH HC'łepnaJI ce6H: )];OJI)I(HOH no,n;,n;ep)l(KH .[( He HallIJia, HO Bee )I(e HeCKOJihKO ycnoKOHJiaCb.

***

M H O r H M H H CCJie,n;oBaTeJIHMH OTMe'łaJIOCh, "!TO pyccKoe KOMMy­ HHKaTHBHOe npocTPaHCTBO CTPYKTyp11poBatto onno3HTHBHO, B 0T1111ą11e, HanpHMep, OT aHrJIO-aMepHKaHCKoro H MH. npoą. "3ana,n;Hh!X".

3To npOHBJIHeTCH B )I(eCTKOH npOTHBOTTOCTaBJieHHOCTH B pyccKOH KOMMYHHKaQHH Tex THTTOB H )I(aHpOB 061..QeHHH, KOTOpbie B aHrJIHHCKOH KOMMYHHKal.\HH He npOTHBOTTOCTaBJieHhl BOBCe 1rn60 npOTHBOTTOCTaBJieHbI B ropa3,L{O MeHbllieH CTeneHH - cp. )I(eCTKOe npOTHBOTTOCTaBJieHHe B pyccKOH KOMMYHHKal.\HH Oq>Hl.\HaJibHOro H HeOq>Hl.\HaJibHOro THTTOB 061..QeHHH, HHCTHTYI..\HOHaJibHOro 11 HeHHCTHTYQHOHaJihHOro THTTOB ,lJ;HCKypca4.

B TO )I(e BpeMH rapMOHH'łeCKOe q>aTH'łeCKOe 061..Qem1e B pyccKOH pe'łeBOH KYJibType HMeeT ropa3,n;o 6011ee JIH'łHOCTHhIH xapaKTep, 'łeM B 3ana,n;HOH, Tpe6yeT 3KCTTJIHKaQHH Me)I(JIH'łHOCTHOH TenJIOThl H npHH3HH. lloc11e,n;Hee yTBep)I(,L{eHHe, BnpoąeM, Hy)I(,n;aeTCH B TTOHCHeHHH. llpe,n;CTaBJieHHe o rapMO­ HH'łeCKOM q>aTHtJeCKOM 061..QeHHH y COBpeMeHHbIX pyccKHX opHeHTHpOBaHO H a )];Ba npOTHBOTTOJIO)I(HbIX o6pa31.\a: Tpa.n;HQHOHHhIH )];JIH Hapo,n;HOH KYJihTYPhI pa32oeop no iJymaM c np11cy1..QHM H eMy HCKpeHHOCThIO, )];OBepHTeJibHOCTbIO, OTKpbITOCTblO 11 TenJIOTOH, 11 ceemcKy/0 6eceoy- )KaHp, c

4 KaK noKa3ana B caoeił KaHJUl,UaTCKOH .u11ccepTaU1-IH A.B. llieMJIKHHa (2004), B pyCCKOH

KOMMYHHKawrn HHCTHT)'l..lHOHanbHblH MCKypc 6onee lKeCTKO crpyKTyp11posaH, 'łeM B

aHrnHHCKOH. 3Ta 6onblllaJI CB06o.ua aHrnHHCKOro HHCTHTYl..lHOHanbHOro AHCKypca

npOHCTeKae-r 113 CB060,ub1 Ha 11cnonb3OBaH11e cjlaTHKH (AalKe 06J13aTenbHOro

11cnonbJOBaH11J1 small talk), Tor.na KaK B pyccKoM HHCTHTYl..lHOHanbHOM ,u11cKypce small talk

He pacnpocrpaHeH 11n11 Haxo,u11TCJ1 no.n JanpeTOM.

O,ll,HOH CTOpOHbl, 38HMCTBOB8HHblH, C .u.pyroH CTOpOHbl, OTCyTCTBYJO�HH B TaKOM BH,ll,e B 3ana,ll,Hb!X pe'-leBblX KYTTbTypax (H3BeCTHO, '-ITO Bb!pa)KeHHe ceemCKClR 6eceoa HeB03MO)KH0 a.u.eKB8THO nepeBeCTH Ha aHrnHHCKHH H MH . .u.p. H3b!KM). CBeTCKaH 6ece.u.a ,ll,nH pyccKHX - 3TO 6ece.n.a CBeTCKHX mo.n.ei:ł , KOHI..(enT )Ke ceemcKocmb5 TO)Ke OTCYTCTBYeT, no Kpai:łttei1 Mepe, c TaKHM )Ke KOMMYHHKaTHBHblM co.u.ep)KaHHeM, KaK B pyCCKOH KYnhType, B 3ana}J.HblX KynhTypax (no-aHrnMHCKH MO)KHO CK838Tb high society, Teope­ TH'łeCKM MO)KHO cKa3aTb 7 high society talk, HO TaKoe Bb1pa)Kem,1e HHKaK He HB­ JUieTCH pacnpocTpaHeHHblM H He cjnrnc11pyeTCH CJIOBapHM116) (CM.: <l>eH11Ha

2003). Tipe.n.CTaBneHHe o rapMOHH'łeCKOM cj>arn'łeCKOM o6�eHHH B 3ana}J.HblX

pe'-leBblX KynhTypax, nmueHHOe }J.BOHCTBeHHOCTH, B OTJill'łHe OT pyccKOH, BK­ moąaeT B ce6H KaK o6H3aTeITbHYIO '-laCTb 3neMeHTbl Toro, 'łTO ,ll,nH pyCCKHX 6bmo 6bJ ceemcKOU 6eceoou, npOTHBOilOCTaBneHHOH BCeM OCT8TTbHbIM THnaM KOMMYHHKal(HH.

McTOKM 3TOH KOMMYHHK8THBHOH onn03HTHBHOCTH MO)KHO HCK8Tb B TpaJJ.HI-lHHX pyccKoi-f Hapo}J.HoH KYJibTYPhl, npe)K.n.e scero, ee oco6oi1 JUl'ł­ HOCTHOCTM, npOHBTTHIO�eHCH, C O}J.HOH CTOpOHbl, B JiaCKOBOCTH 11 cep­ }J.e'-IHOCTH pe'-111 Ha }J.MaJieKTe (cp. BHyTpeHHIOIO cj>opMy Tp8}J.111..(MOHHblX o6p­ a�eHHH K '-IY)KHM JIIOJJ.HM :>1eeJ1aHftb1u, 6a:>1eaHHbtu, .AtamywKa, MWlbtu, poOuMeL/

5 KoHuenT

ceemCKOCmb

TOJKe 6blJI 3aHMCTBO8aH. lO.M. JlOTMaH (1994) noKa3bl8aeT, '!TO ero

<j>opMHp08aHHe 8 KYJibType pyccKoro .U8OpJ1HCT8a XVIII-XIX 88. npOHCXO.UHJIO

noCTeneHHO, "no.unHTblBaJICb" H nOHJITHJIMH H3 pb!UapCKOro KO.lleKca '!eCTH, H

<j>paHUY3CKOH 3THKeTHOCTblO, H aHrJIHHCKHM .ueH.llH3MOM.

6 Cp. cnoea JIH6perro William S. Gilbert "Regular Royal Queen":

Whenever she condescends to walk,

Be sure she' li shine at that,

W ith her haughty stare

And her nose in the air,

Like a well-born aristocrat!

At elegant

high society talk

She'II bear away the bell,

With her "How de do?"

And her "How are you?"

And "I trust I see you well!"

I'eHiJep u :>1CaHp: My:>1CcKoii ... BA.lll1M B . .llEMEHTbEB

11 no.u.) (roJib,lJ;HH

1 997: 17- 1 8)

7, a c ,z:i;pyroi1 CTOpOHbl - B rpy6ocrn: 11 ,z:i;a)Ke arpeCCHBHOCTH B Tex CHTyal.lmIX, KOTOpb!e CKOpee Bcero He Bbl3BaJIB 6bI arpeCCHH B 061.QeHHH He Ha ,lJ;HaJieKTe. IlpHMep TaKHX ,uonycTHMbIX Ha ,z:i;11ane1<Te rpy6hIX Q)OpM (npaB.z:i;a , OTHOUJeHHe K HHM HHOe, 'łeM B JIHTepaTypHOM .Sł3hIKe) npHBO,uHT B.M. )l{eJihBHC: "3a6oTJIHBa.Sł KpeCTh.SłHKa CKa3ana aBTopy: "Tym eoiJa Ha JlaBKe npolluma, He 3ClMO'-IU :>IC . . y-mo!" ,

npOS!BHB BHHMaHHe K roCTJO H y)I( HHKaK He )KeJiaSI ero OCKOp6HTh. B pe'łH )Ke KpeCTh.SłH o )l(HB0THblX - 3T0 11 B0BCe e,n:HHCTBeHH0 B03M0)1(H0e cnoao" (

1 997:

140).

XapaKTepHO, 'łTO B 061.QeHHH Ha ,z:i;HaJieKTe 0O'łTH He pa3JIH'łaJOTC.Sł pe'łeBbie CHTyal.lHH cnopa H CCOpbl (fOJih,lJ;HH

1997: 18);

cp.: Ilopy2QJ1UCb

cmapyUlKU. J1 eeiJb eom iJypHG.R. iJepeeeHCKa5/. npuBbl'-IKa: iJeoe nopy2a10mcR, a

ec,o poiJH10 c o6eux cmopoH c,oi)a :>!Ce npuUlbłOm. HuKaK He Mo2ym 6e3 3mo20!

Bcex nOMflHym U ecex 8pa3 ciJeJ1a10m nllOXUMU - U :>ICU8blX, U nOKOUHblX, ecex.

(B.M.

lllyKUJHH). ,[(nsi MHOrHX pyccKHX B T.SłrOCTb npaBIma

CE,

SIBJI.SłlOTC.Sł ecTeCTBeHHhIMH no,uMeHbl

CE

HJIH B CT0pOHY .upy)l(eCK0ro 061.QeHH.Sł, HJIH KOHQ)JIHKTHOrO 061.QeHH.Sł.

CE

MO)KeT BOCnpHHHMaTbC.Sł KaK o6�eHHe, OTJIH'łaIOll{eec.s:i OT .upy)KeCKOro 061.QeHHSI TeM, 'łTO :no o6�eHHe C 'IY'.IKHM, a CJie,UOBaTeJibHO, 0CHXOJIOrH'łeCKH HeKOMQ)OpTHOe, OTCIO,lJ;a KOHQ)JIHKTHOCTh, npHcy1.Qa.s:i ,uHcrapMoH11'łecKHM )l(aHpaM.

C

,z:i;pyroił CTOpOHhl,

CE

MO)KeT BOC­ npHHHMaTbC.Sł KaK 061.QeHHe Be'.IKJIHBOe, OTCIO)J;a JiaCKOBOCTb, HHTHMHOCTh, npHCyll{He ,z:i;py)KeCKOMY 061.QeHHlO. flo.z:i;o6Hble no,uMeHbl OTMe'łaJIHCb ell{e B XIX BeKe.

O,uHaKO B l.leJIOM KOMMYHHKaTHBHa.Sł onn03HTHBHOCTb, HeCOMHeHHO, .SłBJI.SłeTcsi ą a cThlO 061.Qeił o n n o 3 HTHBHOCTH pyccKoił K YJibTYPhI .

7

HHTepecHbie npHMepbI H3 pyccKoił .uHaneKrnoił pe'!H npHBOAHT

B.E.

fonb,!lHH. Ha

PYCCKOM ceeepo-Jana.ue MO)KHO BCTpeTHTb ceoeo6pa3Hoe o6pameHHe K 3HaKOMOMY H

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nocne Ha'laJia nepepb1ea, npHroeapHeaeT: "TioTOM npH,!lewh, )KeJJaHHblH, noToM,

)KeJJaHHbIH, -3aKpbITO ... ,[{a '!TO )Ke :no TaKOe? )l{eJJaHHblH, BbIXOAH!" (fOJJb,!lHH 1978: 72).

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MaTepH, He K CBeKpOBH HJJH TeIUe, a K mo6oił )KeHIUHHe HJlH K JJI060MY MY)KlJHHe (!) ,!lJISI

Bblpa)KeHHSI o6meił Jl06po)KeJJaTeJlbHOCTH; 3BY'lHT OH H Tor.ua, KOf,!la roaopn C )KłfBOT­

HblMH. «YTo Tbl ece JanHCbJBaewb, MarywKa?» - cnpawHBaJJa y aBTOpa 3THX CTpOK CTapy­

WKa, C KOTO poił OH Jl0Jlf0 6ece.uoean B OJlHOH H3 JtepeeyweK no.u Pb16HHCKOM. Otta CH,!leJJa y

KpblJlbUa ceoero JlOMa H CJie,!lHJJa 3a HrpaBWHM Ha TPaBe BHYKOM. «He 6eraił, He 6eraił TaK,

MaTywKa!» - TO H .ueno ocTeperana O Ha ero" (TaM )Ke: 80-81 ).

IO.M. JloTMaH H

o.A.

YcneHCKHH

( 1994)

ycMaTpHBaIOT ee HCTOpHKO-Kyn­ bTYPHbie HCTOKH B TOM, 'łTO B npaBocnaBHH OTCYTCTByeT nOHSłTHe 'łHCTHJrn�a, oąeHb Ba>KHoe Allil 3ana,n;HOH, KaTonHąecKOH KynhTYPhI, H 'łTO B CBSl3H C 3THM >KH3Hb Ha 3eMne TO>Ke npe,n;cTaBJISłeTCSł HnH KaK rpeurnaSł, 1,urn KaK CBSłTaSł, 6e3 npoMe>KyTO'iHOH 3OHbl. Ha 3ana,n;e npoMe>KyTO'łHaSł 3OHa, CBSł3aHHaSł C nOHSłTHeM 'iHCTHnH�a. CTana nocne PecpopMaU.HH CTp}'I<TYPHblM pe3epBOM, Ha OCHOBaHirn KOTOporo ,Ua)l(e B npoTeCTaHTCKHX c-rpaHax Morno pa3BHTbCSł npe,n;cTaBneHHe O HeHTpaJibHOH )l(H3HH Ha 3eMJie, B TO BpeMSł KaK p y c c K a Sł K y n h T y p a n p o,n;O n )l( aJia p a 3 B H B a Tb CSł H a O C H O B a H H H nonSłpH3OBaHHbIX, qepHo-6eJibIX MO,UeJieH.

liTaK, YHHKaJibHOCTb pyccKoro )KaHpapa32080p no oyuwM npOSIBJISłeTCSł He TOJlbKO B YHHKanbHOCTH KOMMYHHKaTHBHO-HpaBCTBeHHOro KOHu.enTa oyuw, HO H B TOM, '-łTO 3TOT >KaHp 3aHHMaeT oco6oe MeCTO B CHCTeMe >KaHpOB rapMOHH'ieCKoro cpaTH'łeCKOro o6�eHHSł, CHCTeMe npe,n;cTaBJieHHH o xopoweił cpaTH'ieCKOH pe'łH (c onpe,n;erreHHoro BpeMeHH cocy�ecTBySł c HOpMaMH >KaHpa ceemCKOU 6eceObl), a TaK)l(e B TOM, '-łTO 3TOT >KaHp HMeeT ,n;Be pa3HOBH,[{HOCTH: MY>KCKYlO H )l(eHCKYIO, B Ka)l(,UOH H3 KOTOpbIX 3a )l(aHpOM CTOHT HeCKOJibKO HHaSł CHCTeMa u.eHHOCTeH, HOpM H npHOpHTeTOB. Pn,D;-M J,j Pn)J;-)K no-pa3HOMY OTHOCSITCSI K KOMMYHHKaTHBHOMY H,n;eany: cy�eCTByeT ,n;Ba pa3HhIX - MY)l(CKOH H )l(eHCKHH - npe,n;cTaBJieHHSł o xopomeił pe'łH, npH 3TO M )KeHCKOe 6JIH)Ke K CE H , no-BH,ll.HMOMY, MeHee HaU.HOHaJibHO YHHBepcaJibHO. BbI,ll.eJISłeMbie pa3HblMH HCCJie,ll.OBaTeJISIMH oco6eHHOCTH Pn)];, KaK H co.n.ep)KaHHe Kottu.enToB pyccKoH KYJihTYPhI oytua H npaeoa B Hx KOMMYHHKaTHBHO-HpaBCTBeHHbIX H3MepeHHSIX, HMeIO�HX nepBOCTeneHHOe 3Ha'ieHHe ,ll.JISI ceMaHTHKH .n.aHHOro )l(attpa, Mbl norraraeM, CBOHCTBeHHbl B nOJIHOH Mepe TOJlbKO Pn,D;-M, HO He Pn)J;-)K.

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)KaHpbl petJU. Bbm.

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auccepma11uJ1 8 8UOe HaytJH020 OOKJWOa

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OOKmopa QJWIOJI. HayK, CapaTOB.

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Oco6eHHocmu My:>1ecK020 u :>1CeHcK020 pe1Jeeo20 noeeoeHUJt

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...

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3eMCKM, E.A., K11Taiiropo.ncKaR, M.B., P03attoaa, H.H., 1993, Oco6eHHocmu MY:>!C·

CKOU U :)ICeHCKOU petJU.

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PyccKUU J/3blK 8 ezo QJYHK/,/UOHUp08QHLIU. KoMMyHUK·

amu8Ho-npa2Mamu1JecKuu acneKm, MocKBa.

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Oco6eHHOcmu u meHOeHt/UU pa3eumuR zeHoepHblX

UCCJle008QHUU 8 poccuuCKOU JIUH28LICmUKe. -a OKJIQOb/ fl ep80L( M eJICOyHapOOHOU

KOHQJepeH/,/Ull «I'eHOep: J/3b1K, KYllbmypa, KOMMYHUKGL/UJI». MoCK08CKULt

2ocyiJapcm8eHHblU JIUH28UCJnU'-JeCKULi YHU8epcumem, 25-26 HOR6pR 1999 200a,

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