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sediment transport in rivers flow of water in a curved open channel with a fixed uneven bed H.J. de Vriend and F.G. Koch report on experimental and theoretical investigations

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flow of water in a curved open channel

with a fixed uneven bed

H.J. de Vriend and F.G. Koch

report on experimental and theoretical

investigations

R 657-VI

M 1415 part II

November 1978

nil. • E l i - h - . - a - I

toegepast onderzoek

waterstaat

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CONTENTS L I S T OF SYMBOLS SUMMARY page 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n . 1 2 E x p e r i m e n t a l s e t - u p 2 2.1 C h a n n e l g e o m e t r y 2 2.2 F l o w c o n d i t i o n s 2 2.3 M e a s u r e d d a t a 3 3 R e s u l t s 4 3.1 E l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a 4 3.2 V e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y component 6 3.3 V e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y component 7 3.4 D e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y f i e l d 8 3.5 I n t e n s i t y o f t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w 9 3.6 Water s u r f a c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n and e n e r g y h e a d 10 4 C o n c l u s i o n s 12 REFERENCES TABLES FIGURES APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n M e a s u r i n g p r o c e d u r e E l a b o r a t i o n o f m e a s u r e d d a t a

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I Summary o f m e a s u r e m e n t s

I I V e r t i c a l s g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o d e p t h o f f l o w and Chêzy's f a c t o r I I I D e p t h - a v e r a g e d q u a n t i t i e s

I V W a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n V E n e r g y h e a d

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L I S T OF FIGURES 1 C h a n n e l g e o m e t r y 2 Bed e l e v a t i o n 3 D e p t h - a v e r a g e d i n f l o w v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n 4 S i m i l a r i t y of t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y 5 A p p l i c a b i l i t y of t h e l o g a r i t h m i c m a i n v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e 6 M a i n v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s compared w i t h p l a n e bed d a t a 7 S i m i l a r i t y o f t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e h e l i c a l v e l o c i 8 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t i e s 9 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n i n t e n s i t i e s o f t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w 10 S e c o n d a r y f l o w i n s e c t i o n D^ ( p l a n e bed) 11 W a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n 12 E n e r g y h e a d 13 T r a n s v e r s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e 14 T r a n s v e r s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n of t h e e n e r g y h e a d

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S l o p e o f t h e c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e o f t h e v e l o c i t y m e t e r V a l u e o f t h e v e l o c i t y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o z e r o p u l s e f r e q u e n c y V a l u e o f c ^ a t c a l i b r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e C o e f f i c i e n t o f p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y i n t h e d i r e c t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t C o e f f i c i e n t o f p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e c o r r e c t i o n o f c ^ L o c a l v a l u e o f C h e z y ' s r o u g h n e s s f a c t o r V a l u e o f C a t t h e r e f e r e n c e d e p t h o f f l o w h ^ D e p t h o f f l o w s c a l e i n t h e n u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o n o f t h e f l o w E n e r g y h e a d Mean v a l u e of e i n t h e r e l e v a n t c r o s s - s e c t i o n V e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n o f t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y component V e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n o f t h e h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y component V e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n o f t h e f l o w d e v i a t i o n a n g l e ((f)-a) F r o u d e number b a s e d on t h e o v e r a l l mean v e l o c i t y and d^

A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y L o c a l d e p t h o f f l o w R e f e r e n c e d e p t h o f f l o w f o r C h e z y ' s f a c t o r Number o f t h e g r i d p o i n t ( i = 1 n e a r t h e b e d ) L o n g i t u d i n a l s l o p e o f t h e e n e r g y l i n e N i k u r a d s e r o u g h n e s s l e n g t h ( e q u i v a l e n t s a n d r o u g h n e s s ) Number o f p u l s e s c o u n t e d b y t h e v e l o c i t y m e t e r d u r i n g a n o b s e r v a t i o n Number o f g r i d p o i n t s i n a v e r t i c a l D i s c h a r g e L o c a l r a d i a l c o o r d i n a t e R a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e o f t h e s t r e a m l i n e s o f t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d f l o w f i e l d Time-mean r e a d i n g o f t h e p o t e n t i o m e t e r d u r i n g f l o w d i r e c t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s R e f e r e n c e r e a d i n g o f t h e p o t e n t i o m e t e r d u r i n g f l o w d i r e c t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s D u r a t i o n o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d f o r a v e l o c i t y measurement E s t i m a t e o f t h e mean v e l o c i t y when d e t e r m i n i n g C f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d v e l o c i t i e s i n t h e l o w e r p a r t s o f a v e r t i c a l L o c a l time-mean h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y component

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L I S T OF SYMBOLS ( c o n t i n u e d ) V j ^ ^ ^ S e c o n d a r y f l o w i n t e n s i t y v ' ^ ^ j ^ N o r m a l i z e d h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y component V . L o c a l time-mean m a i n v e l o c i t y component _ m a i n ^ ^ v . D e p t h - a v e r a g e d v a l u e o f v m a i n ^ ° m a m V . E s t i m a t e o f t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y i n t h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e m a m f &

j

m e a s u r e d d a t a v ' . N o r m a l i z e d m a i n v e l o c i t y m a m v ^ L o c a l time-mean r a d i a l v e l o c i t y component v ^ D e p t h - a v e r a g e d v a l u e o f v ^ Vj. L o c a l time-mean t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y component v ^ D e p t h - a v e r a g e d v a l u e o f v ^ v ^ ^ L o c a l time-mean t o t a l v e l o c i t y _ t o t ^ v ^ ^ D e p t h - a v e r a g e d v a l u e o f v t o t ^ * t o t V . Main v e l o c i t y i n g r i d p o i n t i , c a l c u l a t e d f r o m m e a s u r e d d a t a mam. ^ B

• f

s y T r a n s v e r s e c o o r d i n a t e ( y = 0 a t t h e l e f t b a n k ) z V e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e t o t h e b e d z W a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n s Ze mean v a i u e or z i n cne r e i e v a n c c r o s s - s e c c i o n s 's o z * L e v e l a t w h i c h t h e l o g a r i t h m i c v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n becomes e q u a l t o z e r o a D i r e c t i o n o f t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y v e c t o r X]^ Dynamic v i s c o s i t y o f w a t e r a t t h e m e a s u r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e Dynamic v i s c o s i t y o f w a t e r a t t h e c a l i b r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e K Von Karman's c o n s t a n t (j) L o c a l time-mean f l o w a n g l e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c h a n n e l a x i s (()' L o c a l time-mean f l o w a n g l e , r e a d f r o m t h e f l o w d i r e c t i o n m e t e r (j)' R e f e r e n c e f l o w a n g l e , r e a d f r o m t h e f l o w d i r e c t i o n m e t e r /

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w a t e r i n a c u r v e d f l u m e , c o n s i s t i n g o f a 38 m l o n g s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n f o l l o w e d by a 90° b e n d w i t h a r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e of 50 m ( s e e F i g u r e 1 ) . The c r o s s - s e c t i o n was f o r m e d by two v e r t i c a l s i d e w a l l s and a c o n c r e t e bed w i t h a s c h e m a t i z e d l a r g e -s c a l e bed c o n f i g u r a t i o n a -s c a n be e x p e c t e d i n a n a t u r a l r i v e r bend. The w i d t h o f t h e f l u m e was 6 m and t h e d e p t h of f l o w v a r i e d b e t w e e n 0.05 m and 0.4 m, w i t h a mean v a l u e o f a b o u t 0.2 m. M e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t a k e n a t two d i s c h a r g e s : 0.463 m^/s

and 0.232 m^/s ( y i e l d i n g mean v e l o c i t i e s o f a b o u t 0.4 m/s and 0.2 m/s r e s p e c -t i v e l y ) . D u r i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t s t h e f o l l o w i n g phenomena w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d : a. t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e h o r i z o n t a l v e l o c i t y components v . ( i n t h e m a m m a i n f l o w d i r e c t i o n ) and v, ^ ( p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e m a i n f l o w d i r e c t i o n ) ; h e i b . t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y and t h e i n t e n s i t y of t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w ; and c . t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e e n e r g y h e a d . The e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n compared w i t h t h e r e s u l t s of a m a t h e m a t i c a l model o f s t e a d y f l o w i n c u r v e d open c h a n n e l s , d e v e l o p e d i n t h e L a b o r a t o r y o f F l u i d M e c h a n i c s o f t h e D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y of T e c h n o l o g y (de V r i e n d , 1976 and 1 9 7 7 ) . The v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y t u r n e d out t o be h i g h l y s i m i l a r t h r o u g h o u t t h e f l o w f i e l d , b u t t h e y a l l w e r e somewhat f l a t t e r t h a n p r e d i c t e d by t h e l o g a r i t h m i c p r o f i l e u s e d i n t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l . The v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y ( i . e . t h e s h a p e o f t h e c u r v e ) a g r e e d w e l l w i t h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c u r v e i n t h e d e e p e r p a r t s of t h e b e n d , b u t i n t h e s h a l l o w e r p a r t s t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a w e r e too i n a c c u r a t e t o draw c o n c l u s i o n s . The o b s e r v e d d e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y f i e l d showed an i m p o r t a n t d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h e p r e d i c t e d one: t h e o b s e r v e d s h i f t i n g o f t h e v e l o c i t y maximum t o w a r d s t h e o u t e r w a l l i n t h e bend was c o n s i d e r a b l y s t r o n g e r . T h i s phenomena, w h i c h was a l s o e n c o u n t e r e d d u r i n g e a r l i e r e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h a p l a n e bed (de V r i e n d and Koch, 1977) , must be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e a d v e c t i v e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w , w h i c h i s n o t i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l .

The o b s e r v e d i n t e n s i t y of t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w was c o n s i d e r a b l y s t r o n g e r t h a n t h e p r e d i c t e d one, w h i c h i s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r e s u l t s of t h e p l a n e bed e x p e r i m e n t s . The computed c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e and t h e e n e r g y s u r f a c e d e v i a t e d

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f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a i n t h a t r e s p e c t t h a t t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l h e a d l o s s e s w e r e l a r g e r , and a d i f f e r e n t t r a n s v e r s e s l o p e o f t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e i n t h e bend was f o u n d . An i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s c a n be e x p l a i n e d f r o m t h e d i f f e r -e n c -e s b -e t w -e -e n t h -e comput-ed and t h -e m -e a s u r -e d d -e p t h - a v -e r a g -e d v -e l o c i t y f i -e l d s .

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1 I n t r o d u c t i o n

T h i s r e p o r t i s a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e r e p o r t R657-V/M 1415, P a r t I , " F l o w o f w a t e r i n a c u r v e d c h a n n e l w i t h a f i x e d p l a n e b e d " ( d e V r i e n d and K o c h , 1 9 7 7 ) . The i n -v e s t i g a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d i n b o t h r e p o r t s w e r e e x e c u t e d w i t h i n t h e a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h g r o u p f o r s e d i m e n t t r a n s p o r t i n r i v e r s , i n w h i c h R i j k s w a t e r s t a a t D i r e c t o r a t e f o r W a t e r Management and R e s e a r c h , t h e D e l f t H y d r a u l i c s L a b o r a t o r y , and t h e D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y c o l l a b o r a t e . T h i s p r o j e c t i s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e b a s i c r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m TOW ( T o e g e p a s t O n d e r z o e k W a t e r s t a a t : A p p l i e d R e s e a r c h W a t e r -s t a a t ) . F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e b a c k g r o u n d o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t -s i -s g i v e n i n P a r t I .

P a r t I d e s c r i b e s e x p e r i m e n t s i n a w i d e s h a l l o w c u r v e d c h a n n e l w i t h a f i x e d p l a n e bed and a r e c t a n g u l a r c r o s s - s e c t i o n . The p r e s e n t r e p o r t g i v e s t h e r e s u l t s o f a s e r i e s o f e x p e r i m e n t s e x e c u t e d i n t h e same f l u m e w i t h a f i x e d u n e v e n b e d h a v i n g a l a r g e s c a l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n a s i n a n a t u r a l r i v e r b e n d . F o r t h i s t y p e o f e x p e r i -ment l i t t l e d a t a h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d i n l i t e r a t u r e ( d e V r i e n d , 1976; Y e n , 1967

and 1 9 7 0 ) .

The r e s u l t s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e b e e n compared w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f a mathemat-i c a l model o f s t e a d y f l o w mathemat-i n c u r v e d open c h a n n e l s , d e v e l o p e d a t t h e L a b o r a t o r y of F l u i d M e c h a n i c s o f t h e D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y ( d e V r i e n d , 1 9 7 6 ) . S u c h a c o m p a r i s o n i s t h o u g h t t o b e e v e n more i m p o r t a n t f o r t e s t i n g t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l model t h a n a c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e e a r l i e r f l a t b e d e x p e r i m e n t s , a s t h e c h a n n e l c o n f i g u r a t i o n was c l o s e t o t h e n a t u r a l o n e . The e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e b e e n e x e c u t e d by Mr. H.J. de V r i e n d o f t h e D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y of T e c h n o l o g y and by Mr. F.G. Koch o f t h e D e l f t H y d r a u l i c s L a b o r a t o r y .

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2 -2 E x p e r i m e n t a l s e t - u p 2.1 C h a n n e l g e o m e t r y D u r i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t s , d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s r e p o r t , t h e f l o w ( v e l o c i t y and d i r e c -t i o n ) and -t h e e l e v a -t i o n o f -t h e f r e e w a -t e r s u r f a c e w e r e m e a s u r e d i n a c u r v e d f l u m e w i t h a f i x e d u n e v e n bed h a v i n g a l a r g e - s c a l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n a s i n a n a t u r a l r i v e r b e n d .

The g e o m e t r y of t h e c h a n n e l i s shown i n F i g u r e s 1 and 2. The p l a n - v i e w c o n s i s t e d o f a 38 m l o n g s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n , f o l l o w e d by a 90° bend w i t h a r a d i u s of

c u r v a t u r e of 50 m ( s e e F i g u r e 1 ) . The c h a n n e l w i d t h was 6 m and t h e bed e l e v a t i o n v a r i e d a s shown i n F i g u r e 2 a . I n t h e s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n ( c r o s s - s e c t i o n s A^, A j , A^, B ^ ) t h e c h a n n e l was p r i s m a t i c , w i t h a p a r a b o l i c s h a p e of t h e bed and a z e r o l o n g i t u d i n a l s l o p e ( s e e F i g u r e 2 b ) . B e t w e e n c r o s s - s e c t i o n s BQ and C^ t h e bed e l e v a t i o n g r a d u a l l y changed f r o m a p a r a b o l i c c r o s s - s e c t i o n to a c r o s s - s e c t i o n w i t h a p o i n t b a r n e a r t h e i n n e r w a l l and a d e e p e r c h a n n e l n e a r t h e o u t e r w a l l ( s e e c r o s s - s e c t i o n C^ i n F i g u r e 2 a ) . A l l s u b s e q u e n t c r o s s - s e c t i o n s ( C j , D^, Dj and E ^ ) had t h e same c o n f i g u r a t i o n a s CQ, b u t w e r e s l o p i n g downward w i t h a s l o p e of

3 * 10""* a l o n g t h e c h a n n e l a x i s ( s e e F i g u r e 2 b ) . 2.2 F l o w c o n d i t i o n s Two s e r i e s of m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t , one w i t h a d i s c h a r g e of 0.463 m'/s, and t h e o t h e r w i t h a d i s c h a r g e of 0.232 m^/s. D u r i n g b o t h s e r i e s t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n a t t h e u p s t r e a m b o u n d a r y o f t h e c h a n n e l was k e p t c o n s t a n t , so t h a t t h e d e p t h of f l o w i n t h e c h a n n e l a x i s was a b o u t 0.26 m, ( y i e l d i n g a v e r a g e v e l o c i t i e s o f a b o u t 0.4 m/s and 0.2 m/s r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . The d i s c h a r g e and t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n w e r e r e g u l a t e d w i t h a m o v a b l e R o m i j n - w e i r and a t a i l - g a t e a s d e s c r i b e d i n P a r t I .

The w a t e r i n f l o w a t t h e u p s t r e a m end o f t h e c h a n n e l was a d j u s t e d i n s u c h a way t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y i n s e c t i o n Aj a g r e e d w i t h a t h e o r e t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . The l a t t e r was d e r i v e d by a p p l y i n g C h e z y ' s l a w t o a l l s t r e a m l i n e s , s u p p o s i n g t h e c h a n n e l t o be s t r a i g h t and p r i s m a t i c , w i t h a l o n g i t u d i n a l s l o p e o f t h e e n e r g y l i n e t h a t i s c o n s t a n t i n a c r o s s - s e c t i o n . F i g u r e 3 shows t h a t f o r Q = 0.463 m^/s t h e mean v e l o c i t y , e s t i m a t e d by t h e v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e d a t 0.4 h above t h e bed, was i n good a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h i s t h e o r e t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n .

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A t t h e d o w n s t r e a m end o f t h e f l u m e t h e w a t e r l e v e l was r e g u l a t e d by a t a i l g a t e . When t h e edge of t h i s t a i l g a t e was k e p t h o r i z o n t a l , t h e f l o w was drawn t o w a r d s

t h e i n n e r w a l l due t o t h e u n e v e n drawdown c a u s e d by t h e bed c o n f i g u r a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e t h e edge was made o b l i q u e , w i t h t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t n e a r t h e i n n e r s i d e w a l l , so t h a t t h e f l o w p a t t e r n i n s e c t i o n E ^ , and p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e mean f l o w a n g l e a , was a b o u t t h e same a s i n s e c t i o n D j .

2.3 M e a s u r e d d a t a

The e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t i n g o f t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l model was c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e f o l l o w i n g phenomena:

- The v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e h o r i z o n t a l v e l o c i t y components ( m a i n f l o w and h e l i c a l f l o w ) (T7 and 8, f o r 'a summary of t h e t e s t s s e e T a b l e I ) ;

t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e t o t a l d e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y and t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w i n t e n s i t y ( T 8 ) ; and t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n and t h e e n e r g y h e a d ( T 9 ) . I n o r d e r t o g a t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e s e phenomena, t h e t i m e -a v e r -a g e d m -a g n i t u d e -and d i r e c t i o n o f t h e v e l o c i t y v e c t o r w e r e m e -a s u r e d i n -a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l g r i d , u s i n g a combined c u r r e n t - v e l o c i t y / d i r e c t i o n m e t e r , and t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n was m e a s u r e d i n s e l e c t e d v e r t i c a l s of t h i s g r i d , u s i n g s t a t i c t u b e s ( s e e A p p e n d i x A ) . The m e a s u r i n g p r o c e d u r e u s e d i s d e s c r i b e d and m o t i v a t e d i n A p p e n d i x B. The g r i d p o i n t s w e r e d e f i n e d by 9 c r o s s - s e c t i o n s (numbered A j t o E ^ ; s e e F i g u r e l a ) , 13 e q u i d i s t a n t v e r t i c a l s i n e a c h c r o s s - s e c t i o n (numbered 1 t o 13, s e e F i g u r e l b ) , and a number of g r i d p o i n t s p e r v e r t i c a l v a r y i n g from 2 t o 10 a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p t h o f f l o w i n t h e r e l e v a n t v e r t i c a l . The minimum d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two g r i d p o i n t s i n a v e r t i c a l was 0.01 m.

C r o s s - s e c t i o n AQ, s i t u a t e d c l o s e t o t h e u p s t r e a m b o u n d a r y , t u r n e d o u t to be u n s u i t a b l e f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e g r i d a s t h e f l o w was n o t y e t f u l l y d e v e l o p e d t h e r e .

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4

-3 R e s u l t s

3.1 E l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a

The e l a b o r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d i n A p p e n d i x C was u s e d to s p l i t up t h e m e a s u r e d v e l o c i t i e s i n t o a m a i n and a h e l i c a l component, p a r a l l e l and p e r p e n -d i c u l a r to t h e s t r e a m l i n e s of t h e -d e p t h - a v e r a g e -d f l o w f i e l -d r e s p e c t i v e l y . The m a i n o u t l i n e s o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e a g r e e w i t h t h o s e o f t h e p r o c e d u r e u s e d f o r t h e r e c t a n g u l a r c h a n n e l d a t a ( d e V r i e n d and K o c h , 1 9 7 7 ) , b u t an a t t e m p t was made t o p r e v e n t one of t h e m a i n s o u r c e s o f e r r o r s , v i z . , t h e t r a p e z o i d a l i n t e g r a t i o n r u l e (de V r i e n d , 1 9 7 8 ) , by r e p l a c i n g t h e a v e r a g i n g i n t h e v e r t i c a l by a f i t t i n g o f t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a to g i v e n t h e o r e t i c a l c u r v e s . The n o r m a l i z e d m a i n and h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y components and t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d f l o w f i e l d r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h i s e l a b o r a t i o n a r e d e a l t w i t h l a t e r i n t h i s C h a p t e r . As t h e e l a b o r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e , h o w e v e r , c a n o n l y be u s e d i f C h e z y ' s c o n s t a n t C i s g i v e n , some a t t e n t i o n must be p a i d t o t h i s c o n s t a n t f i r s t . B e c a u s e i t m u s t be e x p e c t e d t o depend on t h e l o c a l d e p t h of f l o w h, a r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n C and h must be g i v e n . The r o u g h n e s s of t h e c h a n n e l shows no l a r g e v a r i a t i o n s , so t h e e q u i v a l e n t r o u g h n e s s l e n g t h of t h e bed c a n be assumed to be c o n s t a n t e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e c h a n n e l . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e bed may be e x p e c t e d t o be h y d r a u l i c a l l y r o u g h ( N i k u r a d s e r o u g h n e s s l e n g t h k ~ 1 * 10"^ m; v i s c o u s s u b l a y e r t h i c k n e s s 5 * 10""* m), so t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g l o g a r i t h m i c r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n C and t h e l o c a l d e p t h of f l o w h c a n be d e r i v e d f r o m t h e W h i t e - C o l e b r o o k f o r m u l a f o r s h a l l o w c h a n n e l s : C = C^ + 18 ^°log(h/h^) , ( 1 ) i n w h i c h C d e n o t e s t h e v a l u e o f C a t t h e r e f e r e n c e d e p t h o f f l o w h . T h e r e a r e o ^ o v a r i o u s p o s s i b i l i t i e s to e s t i m a t e C^, s u c h a s : - The W h i t e - C o l e b r o o k f o r m u l a f o r a h y d r a u l i c a l l y r o u g h b e d : = 18 ^ " l o g i f ^ , ( 2 ) w h e r e k d e n o t e s t h e e q u i v a l e n t s a n d r o u g h n e s s a c c o r d i n g t o N i k u r a d s e . F o r k = 1 * 10"^ m and h ^ = 0.25 m, t h i s y i e l d s C^ = 62 m V s . - C h e z y ' s l a w a p p l i e d t o t h e s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n u p s t r e a m . I n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h ( 1 ) t h i s y i e l d s :

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/ • ( f ) * - l o g C f ) d(|)

c Q _ _ _ J 1 p 0 o O

' ^ /

( f ) d ( | )

/

(f)

d(f)

0 O 0 o i n w h i c h Q i s t h e t o t a l d i s c h a r g e , B i s t h e c h a n n e l w i d t h , I i s t h e s l o p e o f s t h e e n e r g y l i n e and y i s a h o r i z o n t a l c o o r d i n a t e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e c h a n n e l a x i s ( y = 0 a t t h e l e f t bank, y = B a t t h e r i g h t b a n k ) . F o r t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t s t h e v a l u e s o f C found i n t h i s way w e r e 58 m^/s f o r Q = 0.463 m^/s and 61 m V s f o r Q = 0.232 m V s . G r a p h i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e m e a s u r e d m a i n v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n s e m i -l o g a r i t h m i c p -l o t s , e s t i m a t i n g t h e m a i n v e -l o c i t y by t h e t o t a -l v e -l o c i t y ( i f t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w i s r e l a t i v e l y w e a k ) o r by t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y o b t a i n e d from an e l a b o r a t i o n b a s e d on t h e t r a p e z o i d a l i n t e g r a t i o n . A l o g a r i t h m i c v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n p l o t t e d t h i s way y i e l d s a s t r a i g h t l i n e u n d e r a s l o p e of d ( v . ) I—. V mam _ • g mam ,.10-, z^ KG 0.435 ' d ( ' " l o g - ) w h e r e v . i s t h e mean v e l o c i t y i n t h e r e l e v a n t v e r t i c a l . So C ( a n d h e n c e , mam •' ' t h r o u g h ( 1 ) , C^) c a n be e s t i m a t e d f r o m t h e s l o p e o f a s t r a i g h t l i n e f i t t e d t h r o u g h t h e p l o t t e d d a t a . T h i s method was a p p l i e d to t h e r e c t a n g u l a r c h a n n e l d a t a t o y i e l d C = 70 m V s a t t h e h i g h e r and C = 50 m V s a t t h e l o w e r d i s -c h a r g e (de V r i e n d and K o -c h , 1 9 7 7 ) . F i t t i n g t h e l o g a r i t h m i c c u r v e V . = V (1 + ^ + ^ I n - ) ( 5 ) m a i n ^ KG KG h^ t h r o u g h t h e m a i n v e l o c i t i e s m e a s u r e d i n t h e l o w e r p o i n t s o f a v e r t i c a l , s t a r t i n g f r o m t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i s l o g a r i t h m i c %) n e a r t h e bed. A d o p t i n g a l e a s t - s q u a r e s method t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o n s t a n t s V and i n e a c h v e r t i c a l , G c a n be d e r i v e d f o r m G t h r o u g h ( 1 ) . I n t h e K.U O p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t s t h i s y i e l d e d v a l u e s of G i n t h e s t r a i g h t c h a n n e l s e c t i o n i o o f a b o u t 70 m^/s. T h i s method d i f f e r s f r o m t h e f o r e g o i n g one i n t h a t t h e l o g a r i t h m i c d i s t r i b u t i o n i s assumed c l o s e t o t h e bed r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e w h o l e v e r t i c a l . G o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e unknown c o n s t a n t v f i g u r e s i n ( 5 ) i n s t e a d o f t h e v e r t i c a l mean v e l o c i t y V . . m a m

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6 -W i t h o u t d i s c u s s i n g t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e v a r i o u s methods, C h a s b e e n c h o s e n i ° 60 m / s f o r b o t h d i s c h a r g e s and h ^ = 0.25 m. 3.2 V e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y component I n o r d e r t o make t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y c o m p a r a b l e f r o m v e r t i c a l t o v e r t i c a l , v . h a s b e e n n o r m a l i z e d by i t s v e r t i c a l mean v a l u e m a m ^ V . = ^ ( s e e A p p e n d i x C ) : m a m t o t V' . = . ( 6 ) m a m v ^ ^ ^ I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r e c t a n g u l a r c h a n n e l c a s e , t h i s n o r m a l i z e d m a i n v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n h a s b e e n more c l o s e l y e x a m i n e d w i t h r e l a t i o n t o two q u e s t i o n s t h a t a r e i m p o r t a n t i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a m a t h e m a t i c a l model o f c u r v e d c h a n n e l f l o w (de V r i e n d , 1976 and 1 9 7 7 ) : t o w h a t e x t e n t i s v ' . s i m i l a r f r o m v e r t i c a l t o v e r t i c a l ? and m a m - c a n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n be d e s c r i b e d by t h e l o g a r i t h m i c p r o f i l e ? So - ; a i n = ' ^ - ^ ' - é 0 • Compared w i t h t h e r e c t a n g u l a r c h a n n e l c a s e , h o w e v e r , c o m p l i c a t i o n s a r i s e h e r e f r o m t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e d e p t h o f f l o w , l e a d i n g t o v a r i a t i o n s i n C ( f o r t h e p r e s e n t v a r i a t i o n o f h, C v a r i e s b e t w e e n 40 and 65 m^/s, i f C^ = 60 m^/s and h ^ = 0.25 m). As v ^ ^ ^ ^ i s most l i k e l y t o depend on C, t h i s i m p l i e s t h a t , a s l o n g a s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n v ' . and C h a s n o t b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d ( c f . ( 7 ) ) , ^ m a i n v //» o n l y v e r t i c a l s w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same v a l u e s o f C, i . e . , t h e same d e p t h o f f l o w , c a n be c o n s i d e r e d when i n v e s t i g a t i n g s i m i l a r i t y . T h e r e f o r e t h e v e r t i c a l s h a v e b e e n g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r d e p t h o f f l o w i n T a b l e I I , and a s e l e c t i o n of v e r t i c a l s f r o m e a c h group was u s e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e s i m i l a r i t y . I n F i g u r e 4, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n t h r e e c l a s s e s o f C (and h ) f o r t h e two d i s c h a r g e s , no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s 1 v e r t i c a l s i n a c l a s s c a n be o b s e r v e d , e x c e p t may be f o r C = 60 - 65 m^/s, w h e r e t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y n e a r t h e bed t e n d s t o be h i g h e r i n t h e bend t h a n i n t h e s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n ( F i g u r e s 4 c and 4 f ) . KC F i g u r e 5 shows t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e q u a n t i t y -j=^ ^'^main ~ ' ^ v a r i o u s v e r t i c a l s o f e a c h o f t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n s A j , C^ and D^, A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s f i g u r e , t h e r e i s no o r h a r d l y any s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e v e r t i c a l s o f one c r o s s - s e c t i o n .

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Hirtien c o m p a r i n g t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s w i t h t h e l o g a r i t h m i c d i s t r i b u t i o n ( 7 ) , s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s seem t o o c c u r ( s e e F i g u r e s 4 and 5 ) : i n t h e l o w e r p a r t of a v e r t i c a l t h e m e a s u r e d v e l o c i t i e s a r e h i g h e r t h a n p r e d i c t e d by ( 7 ) , and i n t h e u p p e r p a r t , e s p e c i a l l y c l o s e t o t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e , t h e y a r e l o w e r . A l t h o u g h t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s o c c u r t h r o u g h o u t t h e f l o w and a t b o t h d i s c h a r g e s , t h e y t e n d t o b e t h e l a r g e s t i n t h e bend and a t t h e h i g h e r d i s c h a r g e ( s e e F i g u r e 5 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o F i g u r e 4, t h e d e p e n d e n c y o f t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d d i f f e r e n c e s on t h e p l a c e i n t h e f l u m e (bend o r s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n ) h a r d l y v i o l a t e s s i m i l a r i t y . H e n c e i t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t a s i m i l a r i t y a p p r o x i m a t i o n c a n be made f o r t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y . R e g a r d i n g t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f t h e l o g a r i t h m i c c u r v e , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a and ( 7 ) g i v e r i s e t o r e s e r v a t i o n s n o t o n l y f o r t h e p r e s e n t c a s e o f a n u n e v e n b e d , b u t a l s o f o r a p l a n e b e d , w h e r e t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e q u a l i t a t i v e l y and q u a n t i t a t i v e l y t h e same ( F i g u r e 6; s e e a l s o de V r i e n d and K o c h , 1 9 7 7 ) .

3.3 V e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y component

The h e l i c a l v e l o c i t i e s i n t h e v a r i o u s v e r t i c a l s o f a c l a s s o f C and h a r e made c o m p a r a b l e by n o r m a l i z i n g v^^-j^ by " h e l i n w h i c h v ^ ^ ^ i s d e t e r m i n e d f o r e a c h v e r t i c a l by f i t t i n g t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c u r v e , z/h I n ( f ) ^ / „ z/h I n ^ ( J ) ^ \ e l K? ^ . J z , "^^h^ KC z , ' ^ W Z*/h 1 Z^/h 1 o h o h O KG w i t h — = exp(™ 1 ) and v ' . a s g i v e n i n ( 7 ) , t o t h e m e a s u r e d h e l i c a l 0 /. m a i n ^ g v e l o c i t i e s ( s e e A p p e n d i x C ) . F i g u r e 7 shows t h e h e l i c a l v e l o c i t i e s n o r m a l i z e d i n t h i s way f o r t h r e e c l a s s e s i of C and f o r t h e two d i s c h a r g e s . E x c e p t f o r C = 50 - 55 m V s , w h e r e t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a a r e w i d e l y s c a t t e r e d due t o t h e s m a l l number o f m e a s u r i n g p o i n t s i n a v e r t i c a l and t h e s m a l l v a l u e s o f t h e h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y component, t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a l i e w i t h i n a n a r r o w band and no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s o c c u r b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s v e r t i c a l s i n a c l a s s .

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8 -I n a d d i t i o n , t h e d a t a l i e c l o s e t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c u r v e s r e p r e s e n t i n g ( 9 ) , e x c e p t f o r C = 6 0 - 6 5 m^/s, w h e r e | v ^ ^ j ^ | t e n d s t o be l a r g e r n e a r t h e bed and s m a l l e r n e a r t h e s u r f a c e . T h e s e d e v i a t i o n s a r e i n q u a l i t a t i v e a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e d e v i a t i o n s o f t h e n o r m a l i z e d m a i n v e l o c i t y f r o m t h e l o g a r i t h m i c c u r v e ( s e e F i g u r e 5 ) , t h e " s o u r c e " o f t h e s e c o n d a r y c i r c u l a t i o n b e i n g - J - C^^^) i f R<, o Z Kg ^ d e n o t e s t h e r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e o f t h e s t r e a m l i n e s o f t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d f l o w f i e l d ( R o z o v s k i i , 1 9 6 1 ; de V r i e n d , 1 9 7 3 and 1 9 7 8 ) . The c o n c l u s i o n s drawn f r o m t h e s e r e s u l t s a r e :

- The h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y component p e r m i t s a s i m i l a r i t y a p p r o x i m a t i o n , and t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c u r v e ( 9 ) g i v e s a good d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u -t i o n of V, , i f -t h e v e r -t i c a l d i s -t r i b u -t i o n of -t h e m a i n v e l o c i -t y d e v i a -t e s o n l y h e l s l i g h t l y f r o m t h e l o g a r i t h m i c p r o f i l e . 3.4 D e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y f i e l d A p p e n d i x C d e s c r i b e s t h e e l a b o r a t i o n of t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a , y i e l d i n g i . e . t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y v ^ ^ ^ . The r e s u l t i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e I I I and F i g u r e 8. The d e p t h - a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y f i e l d h a s a l s o b e e n s i m u l a t e d n u m e r i c a l l y u s i n g a c o m p u t e r programme d e v e l o p e d a t t h e L a b o r a t o r y o f F l u i d M e c h a n i c s o f t h e D e l f t H y d r a u l i c s U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y ( d e V r i e n d , 1 9 7 6 and 1 9 7 7 ) . The c o m p u t a t i o n a l g r i d c o n s i s t e d o f a c a r t e s i a n p a r t , c o v e r i n g t h e s t r a i g h t p a r t o f t h e f l u m e f r o m s e c t i o n AQ on, and a p o l a r p a r t , c o v e r i n g t h e c u r v e d p a r t of t h e f l u m e up t o s e c t i o n EQ. The l o n g i t u d i n a l s t e p s i z e was 1 . 0 0 m i n t h e c h a n n e l a x i s , w h i l e t h e t r a n s v e r s e s t e p s i z e was 6 . 0 0 / 1 6 = 0 . 3 7 5 m. At t h e u p s t r e a m b o u n d a r y t h e m e a s u r e d mean v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v o r t i c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n w e r e

i m p o s e d . A t t h e d o w n s t r e a m b o u n d a r y a l i n e a r p r o f i l e was a d o p t e d f o r t h e s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n , s o t h a t t h e mean t r a n s v e r s e s l o p e was t h e same a s t h e m e a s u r e d one. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g v a l u e s o f t h e c o n s t a n t s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d : K = 0 . 4 ; and C = 6 0 m V s f o r d = 0.2 m and F r = 0 . 2 7 5 and 0. 1 3 8 f o r t h e h i g h e r and t h e l o w e r d i s c h a r g e r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e m a i n v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s r e s u l t i n g f o r m t h e n u m e r i -c a l s i m u l a t i o n o f t h e f l o w a r e g i v e n i n F i g u r e 8. C o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a shows t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l model t o f a i l a t e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same p o i n t a s i n c a s e o f a p l a n e bed ( c f . de V r i e n d and K o c h , 1 9 7 7 ) : t h e s h i f t i n g o f t h e v e l o c i t y maximum t o w a r d s t h e o u t e r w a l l i s i n a d e q u a t e l y p r e d i c t e d . As i n t h e p l a n e bed c a s e , t h i s s h o r t c o m i n g must be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e a d v e c t i v e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e s e c o n -d a r y f l o w on t h e m a i n f l o w , w h i c h i s n o t i n c l u -d e -d i n t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l m o -d e l .

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T h i s i s r e a d i l y i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e good a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e m e a s u r e d and t h e p r e d i c t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f ^ i n t h e s h a l l o w p a r t o f t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n s D„ ^ t o t

^

0 t h r o u g h EQ, w h e r e t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w , and h e n c e i t s a d v e c t i v e i n f l u e n c e , i s s m a l l . From t h e s e r e s u l t s i t must be c o n c l u d e d t h a t , i n s p i t e o f t h e g r e a t i n f l u e n c e o f t h e bed c o n f i g u r a t i o n on t h e mean v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t h e m e a s u r e d and t h e p r e d i c t e d v e l o c i t y f i e l d s i s c o n s i d e r a b l e . T h i s i s i n c o n t r a s t w i t h what h a d e a r l i e r b e e n e x p e c t e d ( d e V r i e n d and K o c h , 1977) on t h e b a s i s o f c o n c l u s i o n s drawn f r o m s i m u l a t i o n s o f u n e v e n bed f l o w ( E n g e l u n d , 1974; de V r i e n d , 1976 and 1 9 7 7 ) . 3.5 I n t e n s i t y o f t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w One o f t h e q u a n t i t i e s r e s u l t i n g from t h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a i n a v e r t i c a l i s ^^^^i w h i c h c a n be c o n s i d e r e d a s a m e a s u r e o f t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w i n t e n s i t y i n t h e r e l e v a n t v e r t i c a l . A c c o r d i n g t o F i g u r e 9, s h o w i n g t h e d i s t r i -b u t i o n o f v^g-|^ i n t h e v a r i o u s c r o s s - s e c t i o n s , t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w i n t e n s i t y i s c o n s i d e r a b l e o n l y i n t h e d e e p e r p a r t s o f t h e bend, w i t h t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e s i n s e c t i o n CQ, T h e r e t h e c u r v a t u r e o f t h e c o n t o u r l i n e s o f t h e bed i s t h e l a r g e s t and c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e c u r v a t u r e 1/R o f t h e s t r e a m l i n e s o f t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d s f l o w f i e l d ( a n d h e n c e t h e s o u r c e o f t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w ) i s l i k e l y t o r e a c h i t s maximum n e a r t h i s c r o s s - s e c t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e t h e o r y u n d e r l y i n g t h e n u m e r i c a l model ( d e V r i e n d , 1976 and 1977; a l s o R o z o v s k i i , 1 9 6 1 ) , v, , i s e q u a l t o v h/R . T h e r e f o r e v, , i s h e l ' t o t s h e l compared w i t h v . h/R ( F i g u r e 9 ) . T h e n t h e m e a s u r e d s e c o n d a r y f l o w i n t e n s i t y maxn a p p e a r s t o be c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r t h a n t h e p r e d i c t e d one, w h i c h i s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p l a n e bed e x p e r i m e n t s ( d e V r i e n d and Koch, 1 9 7 7 ) , a s

* ) shovm by F i g u r e 10 An e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t h e m e a s u r e d and t h e p r e d i c t e d s e c o n d a r y f l o w i n t e n s i t y c o u l d p o s s i b l y be f o u n d i n t h e assumed v e r t i c a l d i s t r i -b u t i o n o f t h e eddy v i s c o s i t y , a s was s t a t e d a l r e a d y i n t h e r e p o r t on t h e p l a n e T h i s f i g u r e a l s o shows t h e n o r m a l i z e d h e l i c a l v e l o c i t i e s r e s u l t i n g from t h e p l a n e b e d . e x p e r i m e n t s t o be s p r e a d o v e r a much w i d e r r a n g e t h a n t h o s e r e s u l -t i n g f r o m -t h e u n e v e n bed d a -t a , due -t o -t h e u s e of a n i m p r o v e d v e r s i o n o f t h e c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y / d i r e c t i o n m e t e r d u r i n g t h e u n e v e n bed e x p e r i m e n t s ( s e e A p p e n d i c e s A, B ) ,

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1 0 -bed e x p e r i m e n t s . I n a d d i t i o n , p a r t o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s c a n be e x p l a i n e d from s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r s i n t h e e l a b o r a t e d m e a s u r e d d a t a ( d e V r i e n d , 1 9 7 8 ) , b u t t h e s e e r r o r s a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r t h a n t h e d i f f e r e n c e s o b s e r v e d , i n p a r t i c u l a r now t h a t t h e most s e r i o u s s o u r c e o f s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r s , t h e t r a p e z o i d a l i n t e g r a t i o n r u l e u s e d f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of d e p t h a v e r a g e d q u a n t i t i e s , h a s b e e n e l i -m i n a t e d f r o -m t h e e l a b o r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e ( s e e A p p e n d i x C ) . 3.6 W a t e r s u r f a c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n and e n e r g y h e a d M e a s u r e d w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I V and e n e r g y h e a d s i n T a b l e V. I n F i g u r e 11 t h e m e a s u r e d w a t e r s u r f a c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s compared w i t h t h e com-p u t e d one, f r o m w h i c h t h e c o n c l u s i o n c a n be drawn t h a t t h e m e a s u r e d f a l l of t h e w a t e r l e v e l h a s b e e n f a i r l y w e l l p r e d i c t e d , e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e h i g h e r d i s -c h a r g e ( s e e F i g u r e 1 1 ) . The a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s l o p e s o f t h e e n e r g y h e a d seems to be e v e n b e t t e r ( F i g u r e 1 2 ) , b u t i t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h e s c a l e s i n t h i s f i g u r e a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e i n F i g u r e 11. The t r a n s v e r s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s o f t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e ( F i g u r e 13) show a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s c r e p a n c y , i n p a r t i c u l a r i n t h e b e n d . The computed w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n i s too h i g h i n t h e o u t e r p a r t o f t h e bend and too l o w i n t h e i n n e r p a r t , and i n t h e c h a n n e l a x i s t h e t r a n s v e r s e s l o p e i s much l a r g e r t h a n t h e s l o p e f o l l o w i n g f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a . I n t h e d i r e c t i o n p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e s t r e a m l i n e s o f t h e d e p t h - a v e r a g e d f l o w f i e l d t h e s l o p e o f t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e must be p r o p o r t i o n a l t o v^ ^/R , when R d e n o t e s t h e r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e o f t h e s t r e a m l i n e i n t h e p o i n t

t o t s ' s

c o n s i d e r e d (de V r i e n d , 1976 and 1 9 7 7 ) . Hence t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n must i n c r e a s e i n r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n , a t l e a s t i n r e g i o n s w h e r e t h e s t r e a m l i n e s a r e a l -most p a r a l l e l t o t h e c h a n n e l a x i s . The computed e l e v a t i o n s , h o w e v e r , show an o u t w a r d d e c r e a s e n e a r t h e o u t e r w a l l , f r o m w h i c h i t must be c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e computed t r a n s v e r s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e i s i n e r r o r . The e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s e r r o r c a n be f o u n d i n t h e c o m p u t a t i o n method a d o p t e d : n o t t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n b u t t h o s e f o r t h e e n e r g y h e a d h a v e b e e n i n t e g r a t e d , and s u b s e q u e n t l y t h e w a t e r l e v e l was d e r i v e d f r o m t h e e n e r g y h e a d . The d e v i a t i o n z - z o f t h e w a t e r l e v e l f r o m i t s mean v a l u e i n s s t h e r e l e v a n t c r o s s - s e c t i o n , h o w e v e r , amounts t o o n l y a few p e r c e n t s of t h e e n e r g y h e a d . So a s m a l l e r r o r i n t h e e n e r g y h e a d , due to n u m e r i c a l i n a c c u r a c i e s i n t h e i n t e g r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e , f o r i n s t a n c e , may h a v e an i m p o r t a n t e f f e c t on t h e q u a n t i t y z z . T h i s e x p l a n a t i o n i s c o n f i r m e d by F i g u r e 14, s h o w i n g t h e t r a n s v e r s e c o n f i g -s -s u r a t i o n o f t h e e n e r g y h e a d . The d e v i a t i o n s of t h e computed d i s t r i b u t i o n s of

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e - e f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d ones c a n be e x p l a i n e d by t h e d e v i a t i o n s o f t h e mean v e l o c i t i e s , a t l e a s t f o r t h e g r e a t e r p a r t . The w a t e r l e v e l c a l c u l a t i o n c a n be i m p r o v e d e i t h e r by i n c r e a s i n g t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e e n e r g y h e a d c a l c u l a t i o n s ( b y r e d u c i n g t h e mesh s i z e , w h i c h i s r a t h e r e x p e n s i v e , o r b y a d o p t i n g a h i g h e r o r d e r i n t e g r a t i o n r u l e ) , o r by i n t e g r a t i n g t h e e q u a t i o n s f o r z^ i n s t e a d o f t h o s e f o r e . I n t h e p l a n e bed c a s e , t h e computed t r a n s v e r s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e a g r e e d much . b e t t e r w i t h t h e m e a s u r e d o n e s t h a n i n t h e p r e s e n t c a s e . T h i s must be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e much s m a l l e r v a r i a t i o n o f t h e mean v e l o c i t y , and s o o f e , g i v i n g r i s e t o much s m a l l e r v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e i n t e g r a t i o n e r r o r i n e and h e n c e t o much s m a l l e r e r r o r s i n z - z .

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- 1 2 " 4 C o n c l u s i o n s 1 T h e u s e o f t h e i m p r o v e d t y p e c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y / d i r e c t i o n m e t e r ( s e e A p p e n d i x A) l e a d s t o a n i m p o r t a n t r e d u c t i o n o f t h e s c a t t e r i n t h e m e a s u r e d h e l i c a l v e l o c i t i e s . 2 I n v e r t i c a l s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e same c l a s s o f Chêzy f a c t o r s , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e n o r m a l i z e d m a i n v e l o c i t i e s a r e q u i t e s i m i l a r . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e v e r t i c a l K C d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e q u a n t i t y - = = ( v ' . - 1) i n a c r o s s - s e c t i o n h a r d l y d i f f e r maxn f r o m one a n o t h e r , s o t h a t t h e m a i n v e l o c i t y c a n be c o n c l u d e d t o a l l o w a s i m i l a r i t y a p p r o x i m a t i o n . 3 The n o r m a l i z e d m a i n v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s show m o s t l y s m a l l , b u t s t i l l s i g n i f i c a n t , d e v i a t i o n s f r o m t h e l o g a r i t h m i c p r o f i l e : i n t h e l o w e r p a r t o f a v e r t i c a l t h e m e a s u r e d v e l o c i t i e s a r e h i g h e r , i n t h e u p p e r p a r t , and e s p e c i a l l y c l o s e t o t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e , t h e y a r e l o w e r t h a n p r e d i c t e d b y t h e l o g a r i t h m i c d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s o c c u r t h r o u g h o u t t h e f l o w and a t b o t h d i s c h a r g e s , b u t t h e y t e n d t o be t h e l a r g e s t i n t h e bend and a t t h e h i g h e r d i s c h a r g e . 4 I n v e r t i c a l s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e same c l a s s o f Chêzy f a c t o r s , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y component show g r e a t s i m i l a r i t y . A s , i n a d d i t i o n , t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a l i e c l o s e t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c u r v e s t o be d e r i v e d f r o m t h e l o g a r i t h m i c m a i n v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e , i t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e h e l i c a l v e l o c i t y component a l l o w s a s i m i l a r i t y a p p r o x i m a t i o n i n w h i c h t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d t h e o r e t i c a l c u r v e s c a n s e r v e t o d e s c r i b e t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . 5 T h e s m a l l c o u n t e r - r o t a t i n g s e c o n d a r y c i r c u l a t i o n f o u n d n e a r t h e o u t e r w a l l d u r i n g t h e p l a n e b e d e x p e r i m e n t s ( d e V r i e n d and K o c h , 1977) was n o t o b s e r v e d i n t h e u n e v e n b e d c a s e . 6 T h e p r e d i c t e d d e p t h a v e r a g e d v e l o c i t y f i e l d shows q u a l i t a t i v e l y t h e same d e -v i a t i o n s f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a a s t h e p l a n e bed c a s e : t h e p r e d i c t e d s h i f t of t h e v e l o c i t y maximum t o w a r d s t h e o u t e r w a l l i s t o o s m a l l . I n s p i t e of t h e g r e a t i n f l u e n c e o f t h e bed c o n f i g u r a t i o n on t h e mean v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h e d e v i a t i o n s a r e n o t i m p o r t a n t .

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7 T h e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t h e m e a s u r e d and t h e computed mean v e l o c i t y f i e l d m u s t be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e a d v e c t i v e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w on t h e m a i n f l o w , w h i c h was n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l model. 8 The i n t e n s i t y of t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o w was c o n s i d e r a b l e o n l y i n t h e d e e p e r p a r t s o f t h e b e n d , e s p e c i a l l y i n c r o s s - s e c t i o n C^. As i n t h e p l a n e bed c a s e , t h e p r e d i c t e d i n t e n s i t y i n t h e s e d e e p e r p a r t s was a b o u t a f a c t o r 1.5 s m a l l e r t h a n t h e m e a s u r e d one.

9 R e g a r d i n g t h e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t h e m e a s u r e d and t h e computed mean v e l o -c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s , t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l -c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of t h e w a t e r s u r f a -c e and t h e e n e r g y h e a d w e r e r a t h e r w e l l p r e d i c t e d .

10 T h e t r a n s v e r s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e and t h e e n e r g y head p r e d i c t e d by t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l model show much s t r o n g e r d e v i a t i o n s from t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a t h a n i n t h e c a s e of a p l a n e b e d , a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e much

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REFERENCES 1 BROLSMA, P. ( 1 9 7 3 ) , T e m p e r a t u r e c o r r e c t i o n f o r m i c r o p r o p e l l e r m e a s u r e m e n t s ( i n D u t c W a t e r l o o p k u n d i g L a b o r a t o r i u m , I n f o r m a t i e H 18, 1973. 2 DHL ( 1 9 7 5 ) , Combined c u r r e n t - v e l o c i t y / d i r e c t i o n m e t e r . D e l f t H y d r a u l i c s L a b o r a t o r y , T e c h n i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n , M a r c h 1975. 3 ENGELUND, F . ( 1 9 7 4 ) , F l o w and b e d t o p o g r a p h y i n c h a n n e l b e n d s , P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e ASCE, J o u r n a l o f t h e H y d r a u l i c s D i v i s i o n , 100, HY 11, November 1974, p. 1631. 4 KOCH, F.G. ( 1 9 7 7 ) , C u r r e n t d i r e c t i o n m e t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n ( i n D u t c h ) , W a t e r l o o p k u n d i g L a b o r a t o r i u m , I n f o r m a t i e R 6 5 7 - V I , O c t o b e r 1977. 5 ROZOVSKII, I . L . ( 1 9 6 1 ) , F l o w o f w a t e r i n bends o f open c h a n n e l s , I s r a e l P r o g r a m f o r S c i e n t i f i c T r a n s l a t i o n s , J e r u s a l e m , 1961. 6 VRIEND, H . J . de ( 1 9 7 6 ) , A m a t h e m a t i c a l model o f s t e a d y f l o w i n c u r v e d s h a l l o w c h a n n e l s , C o m m u n i c a t i o n s on H y d r a u l i c s , D e p t . of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g , D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y , R e p o r t 7 6 - 1 , 1976. 7 VRIEND, H . J . de ( 1 9 7 7 ) , A m a t h e m a t i c a l model o f s t e a d y f l o w i n c u r v e d s h a l l o w c h a n n e l s , J o u r n a l o f H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h , Jl_5 ( 1 9 7 7 ) , no. 1 , pp. 37 - 54. 8 VRIEND, H . J . de ( 1 9 7 8 ) , A c c u r a c y o f m e a s u r e m e n t s i n a c u r v e d open c h a n n e l . D e l f t H y d r a u l i c s L a b o r a t o r y / D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y , TOW-report R 6 5 7 - V I I / M 1415, P a r t I I I , March 1978.

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9 VRIEND, H.J. de and KOCH, F.G. ( 1 9 7 7 ) , F l o w of w a t e r i n a c u r v e d open c h a n n e l w i t h a f i x e d p l a n e bed, D e l f t H y d r a u l i c s L a b o r a t o r y / D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y , TOW-report R 657-V/M 1415, P a r t I , O c t o b e r , 1977. 10 YEN, G.L. ( 1 9 6 7 ) , Bed c o n f i g u r a t i o n and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s n b c r i t i c a l f l o w i n a m e a n d e r i n g c h a n n e l , Ph.D. T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f I o w a , I o w a C i t y , I o w a ( U S A ) , 1967. 11 YEN, G.L. ( 1 9 7 0 ) , Bed t o p o g r a p h y e f f e c t on f l o w i n a meander. P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e ASCE, J o u r n a l of t h e H y d r a u l i c s D i v i s i o n , 96, HY 1, J a n u a r y 1970, p.,57.

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measuremen t discharg e descriptio n measurement s locatio n seria l (mVs ) numbe r T 5 inflo w an d outflo w condition s cross-sectio n A j T5-1 0.46 3 inflo w distributio n flo w velocti y al l verticals ^ ^ 0. 4 h abov e th T5 -2 0.46 3 influenc e shap e tai l gat e flo w directio n cross-sectio n T 6 tes t serie s T6-1 0 .46 3 accurac y o f velocit y measurement s flo w velocity , 3 0 observation s 5 point s i n vertica l 4 o f 3 0 s duratio n 5 point s i n vertica l 4 T6-2 0.46 3 accurac y o f directio n measurement s flo w direction , 3 0 observation s 4 point s i n vertical s 7 an o f 27 0 s duratio n 4 point s i n vertical s 7 an T6-3 0.46 3 correlatio n o f error s i n velocit y flo w velocit y an d direction , 3 0 3 point s i n vertica l 4 an d directio n measurement s observation s o f 6 0 s duratio n 3 point s i n vertica l 4 T 7 vertica l distributio n o f 6 0 s averag e flo w velocit y an d vertical s 7 , 4 , 1 , 4 velocit y (mai n flo w an d helica l directio n measure d twic e i n an d E Q 1 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 1 3 T7-1 0 .46 3 flow ) eac h gri d point ^ ^ an d E Q 1 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 1 3 T7-2 0.23 2 T 8 tota l three-dimensiona l flo w 6 0 s averag e flo w velocit y an d al l cross-sections ^ ^ T8-1 0 .46 3 fiel d directio n measure d twic e i n al l verticals^ ) T8 -2 0.23 2 eac h gri d poin t T 9 horizonta l distributio n o f wate r wate r surfac e elevatio n al l cross-sections ^ ^ T9-1 0.46 2 surfac e elevatio n measure d twic e durin g vertical s 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 1 T9-2 0 .23 2 measurement s T 7 an d T S O i.e . cross-section s Aj , A^ , BQ , , C^ , Cj , D^ , Dj , E Q 2 ) i.e . vertical s 1 t o 1 3 incl . se e Sectio n B.2. 1 fo r a descriptio n o f gri d poin t location s se e Figur e 1 Tabl e I Summar y o f measurement s

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sec

-tio

n

0 .46 3 0 . 23 2

Q

(mVs

)

sec

-tio

n

45-5 0 50-5 5 55-6 0 60-6 5 45-5 0 50-5 5 55-6 0 60-6 5 C

(mVs

)

sec

-tio

n

0.04-0.0 7 0.07-0.1 3 0.13-0.2 5 0.25-0.4 7 0.04-0.0 7 0,07-0.1 3 0.13-0.2 5 0.25-0.4 7

h (m

)

^

1 6,7, 8 1 2,3,4, 5 6,7, 8

^

1 3 9,10,11,1 2 1 3 9,10,11,1 2 ^ 2 1 2,3,4, 5 6,7, 8 1 2,3,4, 5 6,7, 8 1 3 9,10,11,1 2 1 3 9,10,11,1 2

\

1 2 J 3 J ^ 5 5 6,7, 8 1 2 3 4 5 6,7, 8

\

1 3 9,10,11,1 2 1 3 9,10,11,1 2 1 2 3,4,5, 6 1 2 3.4.5, 6 12,1 3 7,8,9,10,1 1 12,1 3 7,8,9,10,1 1 12,1 3 10,1 1 1 2,3,4,5, 6 12,1 3 10,1 1 1 2,3,4,5, 6 7,8, 9 7,8, 9 12,1 3 10,1 1 1 2,3,4,5, 6 1 3 10,11,1 2 1 2,3,4,5, 6 7,8, 9 7,8, 9 ^ 0 12,1 3 10, 1 1 1 2,3,4,5, 6 1 3 10,11,1 2 1 2,3,4,5, 6 ^ 0 7,8, 9 7,8, 9 12,1 3 10,1 1 1 2,3,4,5, 6 1 3 10,11,1 2 1 2,3,4,5, 6 7,8, 9 7,8, 9 1 3 10,11,1 2 1 2,3,4,5, 6 10,11,12,1 3 I 2,3,4,5, 6 7,8, 9 7,8, 9 Tabl e I I Vertical s groupe d accordin g t o dept h o f

flo

w

an d Chezy' s facto r

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1 0.230 0,0 0.0031 0.0007 2 0.303 0,3 0.0034 0.0010 3 0.380 0.4 0.0012 0.0005 4 0.410 0.7 0.0005 0.0002 5 0.428 0,6 0.0000 0.0000 6 0.445 0,2 0.0009 0.0004 7 0.446 -0.3 0.0014 0.0007 8 0.436 0,1 0.0014 0.0007 9 0.427 0.3 0.0007 0.0003 10 0,391 0.1 0,0000 0.0000 1 1 0.365 0.1 - 0 . 0 0 1 5 - 0 . 0 0 0 5 12 0.292 - 0 . 1 -0.0029 -0,0008 13 0.240 0,3 -0.0013 -0.0003 S e c t i o n Aj v e r t . ^ t o t (m/s)

a

( d e g )

a,

\ e l (m/s) 1 0.227 -0.1 0,0034 0.0008 2 0,312 -0.6 0.0030 0.0010 3 0.366 -0.5 0.0024 0.0009 4 0,403 -0.4 0.0017 0.0008 5 0.431 0.3 0.0026 0.0011 6 0.444 -0.3 0.0004 0.0002 7 0.450 -0.7 0.0009 0.0004 8 0.443 -0.9 0.0007 0.0003 9 0.425 -0.6 0.0006 0.0002 10 0.403 -1 .1 0.0002 0.0001 1 1 0.371 -0.8 -0.0003 -0.0001 12 0.323 -0,2 -0.0018 -0.0006 13 0,252 -0.2 -0.0022 -0.0006 S e c t i o n B 1 0.247 0.6 0.0030 0.0007 2 0.315 0,6 0.0025 0.0008 3 0.377 0.9 0.0007 0,0003 4 0.407 0.3 0.0012 0.0005 5 0.429 0.6 0.0002 0.0001 6 0.449 0.3 0.0006 0.0003 7 0.449 0.0 0.0006 0.0003 8 0.439 0.0 0.0000 0.0000 9 0.420 0.3 -0.0001 - 0 , 0 0 0 2 10 0.396 0.0 -0.0005 - 0 , 0 0 0 2 11 0.364 0.0 - 0 . 0 0 1 5 - 0 . 0 0 0 6 12 0.305 -0.1 - 0 . 0 0 2 3 -0,0007 13 0.246 -0.2 -0.0014 - 0 , 0 0 0 3 S e c t i o n v e r t . ^ t o t (m/s)

a

( d e g ) \el (m/s) 1 0.269 0.8 0.0078 0.0021 2 0,342 1.4 0.0007 0.0026 3 0.394 2,2 0.0074 0.0029 4 0.425 2.8 0,0071 0,0030 5 0.441 3.3 0.0062 0.0027 6 0.445 3.6 0.0055 0.0025 7 0.435 3.8 0.0044 0.0019 8 0.426 4.3 0.0035 0.0015 9 0.406 4.2 0.0033 0.0014 10 0.384 3.5 0.0025 0.0009 11 0.344 2.7 0.0028 0.0010 12 0.304 2.0 0.0022 0.0007 13 0.244 0.8 0.0014 0.0003 S e c t i o n B T a b l e I I I D e p t h - a v e r a g e d q u a n t i t i e s ( f o r r e f e r e n c e s e e A p p e n d i x C) a . Q - 0,463 mVs

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