Marine training

I

River training

I

Earth control and

soil conservation

r Retaining structures

Landscaping

u Lining of canals a

Marine works

Rockfall protectio

Gabion baskets

an ancient concept in a modern form...

Although it is known that gabions

have been used from ancient times,

it is only in the last few decades

that their widespread use has led

them to become an accepted

construction material in civil

engineering. Modern technology has

made possible the manufacture of

these reliable and sound products,

using mild steel wire mesh.

The wire is woven into an hexagonal

pattern, with double twist joints

which prevent the whole mesh from

unravelling should a wire break or be

cut.

...supported today by laboratory tests.

Research into the behaviour of

gabions and Reno mattresses has

been carried out in both full and

model scales at:

Fig. 1 - U.S.A. - Colorado

Hydraulic Laboratory at the

Engineering Research Centre,

Colorado State University.

Fig. 2 - FRANCE - Grenoble

SOGREAH Ingenieurs Conseils.

Fig. 3 - HOLLAND - Rotterdam

Delft Hydraulic Laboratory at

Hartel Kanaal.

Fig. 4 - ITALY - Bologna

University of Bologna

Laboratorio di Scienza delle

Costruzioni.

Fig. 5 - ITALY - Bologna

Officine Maccaferri SpA

Factory,

in cooperation with

Bologna University's

Laboratorio di Tecnica

delle Costruzioni.

I

Advantages of Maccaferri gabion

and Reno mattress structures

I

1979

1987

Flexibility

An outstanding advantage of tine

gabion is its flexibility.

Its double-twist hexagonal mesh

construction permits it to tolerate

differential settlement without fracture,

fig. 6. This property is especially

important when a structure is on

unstable ground or in an area where

scour from waves or currents can

undermine i t

Strength

The strength and flexibility of the steel

wire hexagonal mesh from which

gabions and mattresses are made is

utilized to withstand and absorb the

forces generated by retained earth or

flowing water.

Permeability

Hydrostatic heads do not develop

behind gabion structures because of

their permeable nature.

Their ability to combine drainage and

retention functions make them ideal

structures for slope stabilization, fig. 7.

Durability

A Maccaferri gabion or Reno mattress

is a heavy monolithic gravity unit able

to withstand earth thrust.

Its efficiency increases instead of

decreasing with age since further

consolidation takes place as silt and

soil collect in the voids and vegetation

establishes itself (fig. 8-9).

Economy

Gabion installations are more

economical than rigid or semi-rigid

structures for a number of reasons.

The following are the most important

ones:

• Little maintenance is required.

• Gabion construction is simple, does

not require skilled labour.

• Suitable stone fill is available

normally on site or from nearby

quarries.

• Minimum foundation preparation is

required, the surface needs to be

only reasonably plane.

• No costly drainage provision is

required, as gabions are permeable.

Ecology

Because gabions permit the growth of

vegetation and maintain the existing

environment, they provide attractive

and natural building blocks for

decorative landscaping.

Description

of the l\/laccaferri box gabion

Applications

Z i n c c o a t e d box gabions

Box g a b i o n s c o n s i s t of r e c t a n g u l a r units, f a b r i c a t e d f r o m a d o u b l e - t w i s t , h e x a g o n a l m e s h of soft a n n e a l e d , heavily zinc c o a t e d wire. The wire quality a n d t h e zinc c o a t i n g m e e t all i n t e r n a t i o n a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . The m e s h panels are r e i n f o r c e d at all e d g e s w i t h w i r e s of a larger d i a m e t e r t h a n that used f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g t h e m e s h , t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e m a n d t o facilitate

c o n s t r u c t i o n . G a b i o n s may be d i v i d e d into cells by fitting d i a p h r a g m s w h i c h have t h e f u n c t i o n of r e i n f o r c i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d m a k i n g a s s e m b l y a n d e r e c t i o n easier.

Z i n c c o a t e d box gabions with

P V e s l e e v e

The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s e p r o d u c t s are similar t o t h o s e of t h e z i n c - c o a t e d g a b i o n s ; h o w e v e r t h e wire, prior t o m a n u f a c t u r i n g t h e m e s h , is c o a t e d w i t h a 0.4 t o 0.6 m m t h i c k s p e c i a l PVC (polyvinyl chloride) c o n t i n u o u s s h e a t h . A c o m p l e t e p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t p o s s i b l e c o r r o s i o n is t h u s o b t a i n e d m a k i n g t h e g a b i o n s suitable f o r use in m a r i n e or p o l l u t e d e n v i r o n m e n t s . D i a p h r a g m s are a l w a y s r e c o m m e n d e d w h e n g a b i o n s are s u b j e c t t o c o n t i n u o u s stress c a u s e d by w a v e m o t i o n , or high w a t e r v e l o c i t y , etc. Filled w i t h s t o n e , g a b i o n s b e c o m e a large, f l e x i b l e a n d p e r m e a b l e building b l o c k f r o m w h i c h a b r o a d range o f s t r u c t u r e s m a y be built. R I V E R TRAINING

Applications

E A R T H C O N T R O L A N D S O I L C O N S E R V A T I O N J R E T A I N I N G S T R U C T U R E S

Fig. 14 - REPUBLIC OF CAPE VERDE. Fig. 15 - SAUDI ARABIA.

Series of structures for soil conservation in Santiago Island. PVC coated gabion wall near Dahran.

R E T A I N I N G S T R U C T U R E S • B R I D G E A N D C U L V E R T P R O T E C T I O N S

Fig. 16 - SWITZERLAND. Fig. 17 - BRASIL - S. Paulo.

Retaining wall for the protection of the railway near Aipnach. Bridge abutments on Turvo river, near S. José dos Campos.

L A N D S C A P I N G • M A R I N A S A N D S E A S H O R E P R O T E C T I O N

Fig. 18 - CANADA - Quebec. Fig. 19 - CANADA - Quebec.

River wall to a city parlc along the St. Lawrence in Candiac. Marina walls at Matane; the work was carried out using PVC coated gabions.

Description of the l\/laccaferri

Reno mattress

Z i n c c o a t e d Reno mattress

The Reno mattress is a special form of

gabion with a large plan area/thickness

ratio. It is fabricated from a similar but

smaller doubie-twist hexagonal mesh

of that used to manufacture the

gabions. The wire characteristics are

the same. Diaphragms are spaced

usually at 1.00 m centres, and a

continuous panel of mesh forms the

base, the side and the end walls of the

unit to obtain an open-topped multicell

container.

The same mesh is used for the base,

diaphragms, and the separate lid. All

panel edges are selvedged with a wire

of larger diameter than that used for

the mesh, so as to strengthen the

structure.

Z i n c c o a t e d Reno m a t t r e s s with

P V C sleeve

The wire of the Reno mattress can be

coated with PVC in the same manner

as that for gabions.

Applications

R I V E R T R A I N I N G • S O I L C O N S E R V A T I O N

Fig. 22 - U.S.A. - New York. Fig. 23 - ITALY - Tuscany.

Applications

Fig. 24 - IRAQ. Fig. 25 - U.S.A. - Maryland,

Revetment of the Razaza drainage channel near Kerbala. Lining of a stream near Frederick, along highway A40.

C U L V E R T P R O T E C T I O N • B R I D G E P R O T E C T I O N

Fig. 26 - CANADA - Ontario. Fig. 27 - AUSTRALIA,

Culvert protection near Cornwali. Protection of abutments of tfie "Sfieridan" Bridge, State Highvïay No. 2.

I M P E R M E A B L E LINING O F D A M S • M A R I N A S A N D S E A S H O R E P R O T E C T I O N

Fig. 28 - Reno mattresses can be seaied Fig. 29 - U.K. - Dawlish Warren.

by fiot poured sand aspiialt mastic, in order to provide Protection of the sand spit at the mouth of the Exe river an impermeable revetment to dams, reservoirs, channels, etc. with PVC-coated Reno mattress.

Description

of the l\/laccaferri sacic gabion

These consist of a single sheet of

mesh, which forms a cylinder open

either at one end or at the side.

The characteristics of mesh, wire, zinc

coating and PVC coating are identical

to those of the box gabions.

Applications

Fig. 31 - ITALY-Lombardy.

Assembly of a sack gabion using a special maciiine.

Fig. 32 - BRASIL - S. Paulo.

Sack gabion foundation for a bank protection wall on the Tamanduatéi river.

33

Fig. 33 - ITALY - Emiiia-Romagna.

Closing a breach of the Po river, near Ferrara.

Fig. 34 - IRAQ. Sack gabion foundation for a bank revetment on the Tigris river

I

Description of l\/laccaferri

^ rockfall protection netting

ij

Wire mesli netting is often used to

prevent rocl<s and debris from falling

on to roads and railw/ays. This solution

can also help to establish vegetation.

Maccaferri rockfall mesh has the same

characteristics as that used for

gabions and Reno mattresses.

Thanks to the double-twist weaving, it

is strong enough to withstand the

force of the falling rocks and, unlike

chain-link mesh, does not unravel

should some of the wires break.

y

I

I

Fig. 39 - U.S.A. - Tennessee. Fig. 40 - ITALY.

Erection of netting by means of a crane, aiong interstate 40. Lacing the netting.

Tables of

weights and

sizes

The w e i g h t s listed here d o not i n c l u d e lacing a n d tie wire a n d are s u b j e c t t o usual t o l e r a n c e s .

BOX GABIONS - ZINC COATED

Sizes

10

_X

12

8

_X

10

6 X 8

Length Width Height A p p r o x i m a t e w e i g h t e a c h (Kg)

W i r e 0 2.7 m m W i r e 0 3.0 m m W i r e 0 2.7 m m W i r e 0 3.0 m m W i r e 0 2.7 m m m m m Without diaphragms With diaphragms Without diaphragms With diaphragms Without diaphragms With diaphragms Without diaphragms With diaphragms Without diaphragms With diaphragms 2 1 0.50 10.000 11.000 12.200 13.500 11.500 12.500 14.300 15.000 13.500 15.200 3 1 0.50 14.000 15.300 16.700 19.500 15.700 17.500 19.400 21.500 19.200 2 2 . 0 0 0 4 1 0.50 17.300 19.300 2 1 . 2 0 0 24.500 20.200 23.000 24.600 28.000

-

29.000 1.50 1 1 11.600

-

13.800

-

12.800

-

15.500

-

15.000

-2 ₁ 1 13.600 15.000 16.600 18.000 15.700 17.000 19.200 21.000 18.500 2 0 . 6 0 0 3 1 1 18.500 2 0 . 5 0 0 2 2 . 5 0 0 26.000 21.300 24.500 26.000 30.000 25.200 29.300 4 1 23.500 2 7 . 0 0 0 2 8 . 5 0 0 33.500 27.000 3 1 . 5 0 0 3 2 . 4 0 0 3 8 . 5 0 0 — _36.750

BOX GABIONS - ZINC AND PVC COATED

Sizes Diaphragms no.

10

X

12

8

X

10

Length m Width m Height m Diaphragms no. A p p r o x i m a t e w e i g h t e a c h (Kg) Length m Width m Height m Diaphragms

no. Wire 0 int. 2.7 - 0 ext. 3.7 Wire 0 int. 2.7 - 0 ext. 3.7 mm

2 ₁ 0.50 1 12.500 14.500 3 ₁ 0.50 2 18.000 21.000 4 ₁ 0.50 3 23.000 2 6 . 0 0 0 2 ₁ 1 1 17.000 20.000 3 ₁ 1 2 24.000 28.500 4 ₁ 1 3 31.000 3 6 . 5 0 0

JUMBO GABIONS

Sizes Diaphragms no.

10

X

12

8

X

10

Length m Width m Height m Diaphragms no. A p p r o x i m a t e w e i g h t e a c h (Kg) Length m Width m Height m Diaphragms no.

Zinc coated Zinc and PVC coated

Wire mm 0 int. 2.7 0 ext. 3.7

Zinc coated Zinc and PVC coated Wire mm 0 int. 2.7 0 ext. 3.7 Length m Width m Height m Diaphragms

no. Wire 0 2.7 mm Wire 0 3.0 mm

Zinc and PVC coated

Wire mm 0 int. 2.7

0 ext. 3.7 Wire 0 2.7 mm Wire 0 3.0 mm

Zinc and PVC coated Wire mm 0 int. 2.7 0 ext. 3.7 3 2 0.50 2 26.500 33.000 3 1 . 0 0 0 3 0 . 5 0 0 3 9 . 0 0 0 3 6 . 0 0 0 4 2 0.50 3 3 5 . 0 0 0 4 3 . 0 0 0 4 1 . 0 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 50.500 4 7 . 0 0 0 5 2 0.50 4 4 3 . 0 0 0 53.000 5 0 . 0 0 0 4 9 . 0 0 0 6 1 . 0 0 0 5 8 . 0 0 0 3 2 1 2 3 6 . 0 0 0 4 3 . 0 0 0 4 2 . 0 0 0 4 1 . 5 0 0 4 9 . 0 0 0 4 7 . 5 0 0 4 2 1 3 4 7 . 0 0 0 56.000 54.500 5 4 . 5 0 0 65.000 62.500 5 2 1 4 5 8 . 0 0 0 68.000 66.000 6 7 . 0 0 0 8 0 . 0 0 0 7 6 . 0 0 0

RENO MATTRESS WITH POCKETS

6 X 8 5 X 7

Sizes A p p r o x i m a t e w e i g t i t (Kg) Sizes A p p r o x . w e i g t i t (Kg)

Length Width Height Zinc coated Zinc and

PVC coated Length Width Height Zinc coated Poci<ets

Wire 0 2.2 mm Wire

0int2.2mm 0ext.3.2mm Wire 0 2.0 mm

m m m i<g/each l<g/each m m m i<g/each no.

4 2 0.23 26.500 3.300 32.500 4 . 1 0 0 4 2 0.15 26.500 3.300 4 5 2 0.23 3 2 . 0 0 0 3.200 4 0 . 0 0 0 4.000 5 2 0.15 32.000 3.200 5 6 2 0.23 3 8 . 0 0 0 3.150 4 6 . 5 0 0 3.900 6 2 0.15 37.000 3.100 6 4 2 0.30 28.000 3.500 3 4 . 0 0 0 4 . 3 0 0 4 2 0.25 28.000 3.500 4 5 2 0.30 3 4 . 0 0 0 3.400 4 2 . 0 0 0 4 . 2 0 0 5 2 0.25 34.500 3.450 5 6 2 0.30 39.600 3.300 4 9 . 5 0 0 4.150 6 2 0.25 4 1 . 0 0 0 3.400 6

SACK GABIONS

8

X

10

Sizes A p p r o x i m a t e w e i g h t e a c h (Kg)

Length Diameter Capacity Zinc coated Zinc and PVC coated

m m m-^ Wire 0 3.0 mm Wire 0 int. 2.7 mm 0 ext. 3.7 mm

2 0.65 0.65 10.000 9.400

3 0.65 1.00 13.500 13.000

2 0.95 1.40 15.700 15.200

3 0.95 2.15 2 1 . 0 0 0 20.200

DOUBLE TWIST HEXAGONAL NETTING

Z i n c c o a t e d Z i n c a n d PVC c o a t e d

Mesh type Wire

0 mm Approx. weight I<g/m2 Rolis width m fyiesh type Wire 0 mm int./ext. Approx. weight kg/m2 Rolls width m

10

X

12

2.7 1.200 2-3

10

X

12

2.7/3.7 1.450 2-3

10

X

12

3.0 1.450 2-3

₈

X

10

2.7/3.7 1.750 2-3

8

X

10

2.7 1.400 2-3 6 X 8 2.2/3.2 1.500 2-3

8

X

10

3.0 1.700 2-3 A b o v e listed n e t t i n g is s u p p l i e d in 2 5 t o 2 0 0 m l o n g rolls 6 X 8 2.2 1.150 2-3 A b o v e listed n e t t i n g is s u p p l i e d in 2 5 t o 2 0 0 m l o n g rolls 6 X 8 2.7 1.750 2-3 A b o v e listed n e t t i n g is s u p p l i e d in 2 5 t o 2 0 0 m l o n g rolls 5 X 7 2.0 1.250 2-3 A b o v e listed n e t t i n g is s u p p l i e d in 2 5 t o 2 0 0 m l o n g rolls

Fig. 58 • SWEDEN.

Retaining wall along ttie coast road near Stromstad.

Fig. 59 - U.S.A. - California.

Longitudinal wails along ttie Guadalupe river.

Fig. 60 - SAUDI ARABIA. Coast protection near Damman.

Any reproduction, including pi^otocopy, film and microfilm, is forbidden.

All n g / i t s r e s e r v e d worldwide

O F F I C I N E M A C C A F E R R I S.p.A.

40123 B o l o g n a - Italy Via A g r e s t i , 6 - P.O. Box 3 9 6 Tel. (051) 27.97.01 - 23.43.03 Telegr.; G a b b l o n i m a c - B o l o g n a Telex: 510649 - 510371 G a b i o n I Telefax: 0 0 3 9 - 5 1 - 2 3 4 3 0 4 G a b i o n f a x

1987 Officine Maccaferri S.p.A. - Bologna - Italy / Printed by Ronografica Bologna

In N e d e r l a n d v e r t e g e n w o o r d i g d door:

K W S

- HEERHUGOWAARD

Celsiusstraat 6