A N N A L E S
81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$ /8%/,1±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
ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɊɂȺ ɇɨɜɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ (VWRQLD DQG 8NUDLQH DJUHHG RQ FRRSHUDWLRQ LQ HFRQRP\ 5,$1HZV LQ 8NUDLQH ± $YDLODEOH DW KWWSULDQFRPXDHFRQRP\KWPO
7KH/HJDO1DWXUHRIWKH7D['XW\&RPSDUDWLYH&KDUDFWHULVWLFV
RI/HJLVODWLRQRI8NUDLQHDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLD
$//$2/,<1<.
&KDUDNWHUSUDZQ\RERZLą]NXSRGDWNRZHJRFKDUDNWHU\VW\NDSRUyZQDZF]D XVWDZRGDZVWZD8NUDLQ\L(VWRQLL$OODɈOL\Q\N
PRPHQWVRIWKH(XURLQWHJUDWLRQSROLF\LVWKHDSSUR[LPDWLRQRIWKHQDWLRQDOOHJLV-ODWLRQRI8NUDLQHWRWKHOHJLVODWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ
$GDSWDWLRQLVWKHPDLQZD\RIDSSURDFKLQJWKHOHJDOQRUPVRI8NUDLQHWRWKH OHJLVODWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ,WLVLQWKHSURFHVVRIGHYHORSPHQWDQGDGRS-WLRQ RI QRUPDWLYH OHJDO DFWV XVH ZLWK WKH DLP WR DFKLHYH IXOO FRPSOLDQFH ZLWK 8NUDLQLDQODZZLWK(XURSHDQODZ 7KHODZRI8NUDLQH³RQ1DWLRQDOSURJUDPRQDGDSWDWLRQRI8NUDLQLDQOHJLVOD-WLRQWR(XURSHDQ8QLRQOHJLVODWLRQ´GDWHG0DUFK1Rí,9GHILQHV DPHFKDQLVPWRDFKLHYHFRPSOLDQFHZLWK8NUDLQHWKHWKLUG&RSHQKDJHQDQG0D-GULGFULWHULDRIPHPEHUVKLSLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ7KLVPHFKDQLVPLQYROYHVWKH DGDSWDWLRQRIOHJLVODWLRQFUHDWLRQRIDSSURSULDWHLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGRWKHUDGGLWLRQDO PHDVXUHVQHFHVVDU\IRUHIIHFWLYHODZPDNLQJDQGODZHQIRUFHPHQW $WWKHGRPHVWLFOHYHOE\WKHGHFUHHRIWKH3UHVLGHQWRI8NUDLQH1R IURP0DUFKDSSURYHGWKHQDWLRQDODFWLRQSODQIRUWRLPSOHPHQW HFRQRPLFUHIRUPVIRUí³3URVSHURXVVRFLHW\FRPSHWLWLYHHFRQRP\HI-IHFWLYHVWDWH´WKHDLPRIZKLFKLVWKHDGDSWDWLRQRI8NUDLQLDQOHJLVODWLRQWRWKH OHJLVODWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQDQGWKHZRUOGWUDGHRUJDQL]DWLRQVWUHQJWKHQLQJ RIILQDQFLDODQGEXGJHWDU\GLVFLSOLQH3
,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW WKH QDWLRQDO OHJLVODWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ WD[ OHJLVODWLRQ PHPEHU6WDWHVRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQDOUHDG\DGDSWHGWR(XURSHDQVWDQGDUGVRI ODZ/RJLFDODQGZLVHRQWKHSDUWRI8NUDLQHLVERUURZLQJWKHSRVLWLYHH[SHULHQFH RIOHJDOUHJXODWLRQRIVRFLDOUHODWLRQVLQFOXGLQJWD[UHODWLRQVPHPEHU6WDWHVRI WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ $PRQJWKHGHVLJQDWHG6WDWHVWKHPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJLVWKHH[SHULHQFHRIOHJDO UHJXODWLRQRIWD[UHODWLRQVLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDZKLFKLVDPHPEHUVWDWHRI WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQDOPRVWWHQ\HDUVIURP
$V RI WRGD\ LQ 8NUDLQH WKHUH DUH QR VSHFLDO FRPSUHKHQVLYH VWXGLHV RI WKH OHJDOQDWXUHRIWKHWD[GHEWLQ8NUDLQHDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDRQWKHEDVLV RI WKH FRPSDUDWLYH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI OHJLVODWLRQ RI WKHVH 6WDWHV 6HSDUDWH TXHV-WLRQVEDFNERQHFDWHJRU\³WD[GXW\´ZHUHLQWKHVSKHUHRIDWWHQWLRQRIVFLHQWLVWV ɉɪɨ Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɭ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ ɪ 1R íȱ9 ȼɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨʀ Ɋɚɞɢɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ2QWKH1DWLRQDOSURJUDPIRUDGDSWDWLRQRI8NUDLQLDQOHJLVODWLRQWR(XURSHDQ8QLRQ OHJLVODWLRQ7KHODZRI8NUDLQHGDWHG1Rí,9%XOOHWLQRIWKH9HUNKRYQD5DGDRI 8NUDLQH±±1R±S 3ɉɪɨɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣɩɥɚɧɞɿɣɧɚɪɿɤɳɨɞɨɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɢɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɧɚ í ɪɨɤɢ ©Ɂɚɦɨɠɧɟ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚª ɍɤɚɡ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ ɪ 1R Ɉɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ $ERXW WKH 1DWLRQDO $FWLRQ 3ODQ IRU WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 3URJUDP RI HFRQRPLF UHIRUPV IRU í ³3URVSHURXV VRFLHW\ FRPSHWLWLYH HFRQRP\ DQG HIIHFWLYH JRYHUQPHQW´'HFUHHRIWKH3UHVLGHQWRI8NUDLQHIURPR1R2IILFLDO%XOOHWLQ RI8NUDLQH±±1R±S
The Legal Nature of the Tax Duty: Comparative Characteristics... QDPHO\ $ %U\]JDOLQ 9 *XUHHY 9 .LULFKHQNR ' .RE\OQɿ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³WD[GXW\´KDVEDFNERQHLPSRUWDQFHLQ WD[ODZDVKLVVWDWHRIH[HFXWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHUHSOHQLVKPHQWRIEXGJHWVRIDOO OHYHOVDQGFRPSOLDQFHZLWKWKHVWDWHVRFLDOJXDUDQWHHVLQUHVSHFWRIFLWL]HQVIRU-HLJQFLWL]HQVSHUVRQVZLWKRXWFLWL]HQVKLS 3URFHHGLQJIURPWKHSRVLWLRQVRIWKHWKHRU\RIWD[ODZWKHFRQWHQWVRIWD[ GXW\KDVFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHQDUURZDQGEURDGYDOXH ,QWKHQDUURZVHQVHRI³WD[GXW\´LVUHGXFHGWRDPHUHGXW\RQSD\PHQWRI FHUWDLQDPRXQWVRIWD[HVDQGRWKHUREOLJDWRU\SD\PHQWV,QWKHEURDGVHQVHRIµWD[ GXW\¶LQFOXGHVWKUHHLQWHUUHODWHGGXWLHVWKHGXW\WRFRQGXFWWKHWD[UHFRUGV WKHGXW\WRSD\WD[HVDQGRWKHUREOLJDWRU\SD\PHQWVWKHGXW\WRSURYLGH UHSRUW-LQJS 0RVWRIWHQWKHWD[GXW\LQWKHQDUURZVHQVHLVUHIOHFWHGLQWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDO QRUPVLQWKHQRUPVRIWKHQDWLRQDOOHJLVODWLRQ 6RLQ8NUDLQHWKHWD[GXW\LQWKHQDUURZVHQVHLVRIWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOGXW\RI HYHU\SHUVRQWRSD\WD[HVDQGIHHVLQWKHDPRXQWDQGRUGHUVWLSXODWHGE\WKHODZ UHJXODWHGE\SDUWRIDUWLFOHRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRI8NUDLQHRQ-XQH ZLWKFKDQJHVDQGDGGLWLRQV,QDGGLWLRQDOOFLWL]HQVKDYHVKDOODQQXDOO\VXEPLW WRWKHWD[,QVSHFWRUDWHDWWKHSODFHRIUHVLGHQFH'HFODUDWLRQDERXWWKHLUSURSHUW\ VWDWXVDQGLQFRPHIRUWKHSDVW\HDULQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHOHJLVODWLRQ %\WKHDUWLFOHRIWKHQRUPDWLYHOHJDODFWLQGLFDWHGDERYHGHWHUPLQHGWKDW H[FOXVLYHO\E\WKHODZVRI8NUDLQHVKDOOEHHVWDEOLVKHGVWDWHEXGJHWRI8NUDLQH DQGWKHEXGJHWDU\V\VWHPRI8NUDLQHV\VWHPRIWD[DWLRQWD[HVDQGOHYLHVSULQ- FLSOHVRIHVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGIXQFWLRQLQJRIILQDQFLDOPRQHWDU\FUHGLWDQGLQYHVW-PHQWPDUNHWVWKHVWDWXVRIWKHQDWLRQDOFXUUHQF\DQGDOVRWKHVWDWXVRIIRUHLJQ FXUUHQFLHVRQWKHWHUULWRU\RI8NUDLQHWKHSURFHGXUHRIIRUPDWLRQDQGUHSD\PHQW RIWKHVWDWHGRPHVWLFDQGIRUHLJQGHEWSURFHGXUHRILVVXDQFHDQGFLUFXODWLRQRI VWDWHVHFXULWLHVWKHLUW\SHVDQGIRUPVS5 ɄɭɱɟɪɹɜɟɧɤɨɇɉɄɭɪɫɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɭɱɦɟɬɨɞɩɨɫɨɛɜɬɇɉɄɭɱɟɪɹɜɟɧɤɨ ±ɏ/HJDV±Ɍȱȱȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɜɬɟɨɪɢɸɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨɩɪɚɜɚ,QWURGXFWLRQWRWKHWKHRU\RIWD[ ODZ±S 5ɄɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɹɍɤɪɚʀɧɢɡɿɡɦɿɧɬɚɞɨɩɁɚɤɨɧɍɤɪɚʀɧɢɜɿɞɪ1RɤȼɊ ȼɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨʀɊɚɞɢɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ±±1R±ɋ
$OODɈOL\Q\N +RZHYHUDVLPLODUOHJDOQRUPWKDWZRXOGUHJXODWHGWKHWD[GXW\LQWKHQDUURZ VHQVHLVQRWUHIOHFWHGLQIXOOLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDDWWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOOHYHO 6RWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQ0DLQ/DZRIWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDDGRSWHGRQ -XQH&KDSWHUµ)UHHGRP5LJKWVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV¶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±WKHSHRSOHWKURXJKDUHIHUHQGXPQDWLRQDOYRWLQJLVQRWHQWLWOHGWRPDNH DQ\TXHVWLRQVUHJDUGLQJWD[HVDQGWKHUHIRUHKDVRQO\WKHREOLJDWLRQWRFRPSO\ ZLWKWKHODZVRQLVVXHVRIWD[HVDOUHDG\DSSURYHGOHJLVODWLRQE\WKHVWDWH7KH ORJLFDO PHDQLQJ RI WKH DERYH SURYLVLRQ LV D UHIOHFWLRQ RI WKH EDVLF PHWKRGV RI WKHWD[ODZDQGZKLFKDUHWKHPHWKRGVRIWD[GXW\±WKHLPSHUDWLYHPHWKRGDQG PHWKRGRISRZHUUHTXLUHPHQWV ±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ɄɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɹȿɫɬɨɧɫɶɤɨʀɊɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢɜɿɞɪɜɪɟɞɚɤɰɿʀɫɬɚɧɨɦɧɚ ɪ7KH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDIURPLQHGLWLRQDVRI± $YDLODEOH DW ZZZ]DNRQ\HHLQGH[SKS"LG
The Legal Nature of the Tax Duty: Comparative Characteristics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
2QO\ WKH /DZ E\ YLUWXH RI FHUWDLQW\ VWDELOLW\ RI WKH VSHFLDO RUGHU DFFHSW-DQFHFDQSURYLGHWKHWD[SD\HUUHOLDEOHGDWDFRQFHUQLQJWKHRFFXUUHQFHFKDQJHDQG WHUPLQDWLRQLQFOXGLQJH[HFXWLRQRIWKHWD[GXW\,QRXURSLQLRQLIWKHHVVHQWLDO HOHPHQWVRIWKHJRYHUQPHQWWD[DQGRWKHUPDQGDWRU\SD\PHQWZLOOEHDVFHUWDLQHG PRGLILHGRUWHUPLQDWHGE\WKH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH5HSXEOLFRU([HFXWLYHDXWKRULWLHV WKHQWKHUHLVWKHWKUHDWWRWKHSULQFLSOHRIFHUWDLQW\RIWKHWD[GXW\VLQFHWKHWD[ GXW\IRUWKHWD[SD\HUFDQEHFKDQJHGLQDVLPSOLILHGZD\IRUWKHZRUVH
7KH PDLQ OHJDO DFW RI 8NUDLQH UHJXODWHV UHODWLRQV DULVLQJ LQ WKH VSKHUH RI WD[HVDQGGXHVLQSDUWLFXODUJLYHVDQH[KDXVWLYHOLVWRIWD[HVDQGGXWLHVDQGWKH SURFHGXUHRIWKHLUDGPLQLVWUDWLRQWKHSD\HUVRIWD[HVDQGIHHVWKHLUULJKWVDQG GXWLHVSRZHUVRIFRQWURODJHQFLHVSRZHUVDQGGXWLHVRIWKHLURIILFLDOVGXULQJWKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWD[FRQWURODQGUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUYLRODWLRQRIWD[OHJLVODWLRQLV WKH7D[FRGHRI8NUDLQHGDWHG'HFHPEHUDPHQGHGDQGUHVWDWHG 6LQFHWKHDGRSWLRQDQGHQWU\LQWRIRUFHRIWKH7D[FRGHRI8NUDLQHWKHOHJDO FDWHJRU\RI³WD[GXW\´KDVIRXQGLWVUHJXODWRU\FRQVROLGDWLRQ 6RDUWLFOHVí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
$OODɈOL\Q\N ± OLTXLGDWLRQRIDOHJDOHQWLW\ ± WKHGHDWKRIDSK\VLFDOSHUVRQWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIKLPKHUDVLQFDSDEOHRU PLVVLQJ ± WKHORVVRIVLJQVRIWKHWD[SD\HUE\DSHUVRQDVGHILQHGE\WKLV&RGH ±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íSK\VLFDOSHUVRQRQWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQKLVLQWHUHVWVDQGPDQDJHPHQWRI$IIDLUV UHODWHGWRSD\PHQWRIWD[HVPXVWEHFHUWLILHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHFXUUHQWOHJ-LVODWLRQ5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKHWD[SD\HUHQMR\VWKHULJKWVHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKLV&RGH IRUWKHWD[SD\HUVDUWLFOHRIWKH7D[FRGHRI8NUDLQH
7KH WD[SD\HU FRQGXFWV EXVLQHVV UHODWHG WR SD\PHQW RI WD[HV SHUVRQDOO\ RU WKURXJKKLVUHSUHVHQWDWLYH3HUVRQDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIWKHWD[SD\HULQWD[UHODWLRQV QRWGHSULYHKLPRIWKHULJKWWRKDYHKLVUHSUHVHQWDWLYHDVWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIWKH WD[UHSUHVHQWDWLYHLVQRWGHSULYHVWKHWD[SD\HURIWKHULJKWWRSHUVRQDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQVXFKUHODWLRQV
ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɪ 7D[ FRGH RI 8NUDLQH DV RI
The Legal Nature of the Tax Duty: Comparative Characteristics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µWD[GXW\¶EXWIURPLWFRQWHQWIROORZVWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIWKHWD[GXW\RIVXE-MHFWVRIWD[,QWKHIXUWKHUWH[WRIWKHDUWLFOHWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHQRUPVRIWKLV/DZ VWLSXODWHVWKDWDOOVXEMHFWVRIWD[LQWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDDUH³WKHVXEMHFWRIWKH WD[GXW\DUWLFOH´ $UWLFOHVí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³WKHVXEMHFWRIWKH WD[GXW\´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
$OODɈ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³2Q WD[DWLRQ´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
7KH UHSUHVHQWDWLYH RI WD[HV KDV DOO ULJKWV DQG REOLJDWLRQV RI WKH UHJLVWHUHG HQWLW\RIWKHWD[íQRQUHVLGHQW7KHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWD[HVPXVWHQVXUHWLPHO\
The Legal Nature of the Tax Duty: Comparative Characteristics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íRIWKH/DZRIWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLD³2QWD[DWLRQ´GDWHG )HEUXDU\ZLWKFKDQJHVDQGDGGLWLRQV7D[DGPLQLVWUDWRUSXEOLVKHVDOLVWRI WKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWD[HVRQLWVZHEVLWH )URPWKHIRUHJRLQJLVHYLGHQWWKDWGHVSLWHGLIIHUHQFHVRIWKHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQG VWUXFWXUHRIQRUPDWLYHDFWVWKHUHDUHWKHF R P P R Q I H D W X UH V RIWKHOHJDOQDWXUH RIWKHWD[GXW\ZKLFKUHJXODWHGE\0DLQ/DZVDQGVSHFLDOQRUPDWLYHOHJDODFWVRI 8NUDLQHDQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDQDPHO\
'HVSLWH WKH IDFW WKDW WKH /DZ RI WKH 5HSXEOLF RI (VWRQLD ©2Q WD[DWLRQª GDWHG)HEUXDU\ZLWKFKDQJHVDQGDGGLWLRQVGRHVQRWSURYLGHDGHILQL-WLRQRIWKHOHJDOFDWHJRU\RI³WD[GXW\´IURPLWVFRQWHQWVIROORZVWKHDYDLODELOLW\RI WKLVGXW\UHODWLYHWRWKHVXEMHFWRIWKHWD[GXW\ %RWKLQ8NUDLQHDQGLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDFRQFHUQLQJWKHVXEMHFWRIWKH WD[GXW\WKHUHLVDGXW\RQSD\PHQWRIWD[HVDQGRWKHUPDQGDWRU\SD\PHQWVHVWDE-OLVKHGE\WKH/DZ
,Q 8NUDLQH DQG WKH 5HSXEOLF RI (VWRQLD WKH REOLJDWLRQ WR SD\ WD[HV DQG RWKHUREOLJDWRU\SD\PHQWVDUHHVWDEOLVKHGVROHO\E\WKH/DZ7KDWLVWKHHVWDEOLVK-PHQWWKHDOWHUDWLRQWKHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHWD[GXW\LQUHVSHFWRIWKHVXEMHFWRIWKH WD[GXW\LVWKHH[FOXVLYHFRPSHWHQFHRIOHJLVODWRUVRIHDFKRIWKH6WDWHV %RWKLQ8NUDLQHDQGLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDWKHWD[GXW\RIWKHVXEMHFW RIWKHWD[GXW\DULVHVWRHDFKLQGLYLGXDOWD[RURWKHUREOLJDWRU\SD\PHQWHVWDE-OLVKHGE\/DZ ɉɪɨɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɁɚɤɨɧȿɫɬɨɧɫɶɤɨʀɊɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢɜɿɞɪRQ7D[DWLRQ/DZRI WKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDIURP±$YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZ]DNRQ\HHLQGH[SKS"LG
$OODɈOL\Q\N ,Q8NUDLQHDQGLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDLVYHU\VLPLODUFRPSRVLWLRQRI WKHVXEMHFWRIWKHWD[GXW\6RE\WKHVXEMHFWRIWKHWD[GXW\LQ8NUDLQHDUHWD[ SD\HUVWD[FROOHFWRUVRWKHUSHUVRQVEHDULQJWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\EHIRUHWKHODZ IRUWKHGXW\RIWD[SD\HUVDQGWD[FROOHFWRUVWRSD\WD[HV ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWDFFRUGLQJWRLWVOHJDOQDWXUHWKHFDWHJRU\©WD[SD\HUª KDVWKHVDPHGHILQLWLRQDVLQ8NUDLQHDQGLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLD7KHOHJDOFDW-HJRU\RIµWD[DJHQW¶LQ8NUDLQHDQG³WD[FROOHFWRU´LQWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLD KDYHDVLPLODUFRQWHQWGHILQLWLRQWKHVHOHJDOFDWHJRULHVSURYLGHGDERYH$VWRWKH UDWLRRIWKHGHILQLWLRQVRI³UHSUHVHQWDWLYH´LQ8NUDLQHDQG³RWKHUSHUVRQV´LQWKH 5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDWKHOHJDOFDWHJRU\RIµRWKHUVSHUVRQV¶LVEURDGHUWKDQ³UHS-UHVHQWDWLYH´EXWLWDOUHDG\LQFOXGHVWKHVXEMHFWRIWKHWD[GXW\±WKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYH WKDWLQRXURSLQLRQDPRUHFRPPRQIHDWXUHWKDQGLIIHUHQFH 7D[GXW\LQERWK6WDWHVLVWKHVXEMHFWLYHOHJDOGXW\íW\SHDQGH[WHQWRIWKH SURSHURUWKHUHTXLUHGEHKDYLRURIWKHVXEMHFWRIWKHWD[ODZWKDWHVWDEOLVKHGE\ OHJDOQRUPVWRPHHWWKHLQWHUHVWVRIWKHHOLJLEOHSHUVRQDQGSURYLGHGE\WKHVWDWH
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¶VVRFLDOIXQFWLRQ 6SHFLDOQRUPDWLYHOHJDODFWUHJXODWLQJWKHULJKWVDQGREOLJDWLRQVRIWKHVXE-MHFWRIWKHWD[GXW\LQWKH5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDGRHVQRWUHIOHFWWKHOHJDOFDWHJRU\ RIµWD[GXW\¶QRWJLYHQLWVGHILQLWLRQDQGFRQWHQW *URXQGVIRUWKHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHWD[GXW\LQ8NUDLQHDUHOLTXLGDWLRQ
RIDOHJDOHQWLW\GHDWKRISK\VLFDOSHUVRQWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIKLPKHUDVLQFD-The Legal Nature of the Tax Duty: Comparative Characteristics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
$OODɈOL\Q\N RIKXPDQULJKWV6WDWHVWKDWµHYHU\RQHKDVGXWLHVWRWKHFRPPXQLW\LQZKLFKDORQH WKHIUHHDQGIXOOGHYHORSPHQWRIKLVSHUVRQDOLW\¶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¶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ȼɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɉɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɢ $,,,ȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣȺɫɫɚɦɛɥɟɢɈɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɈɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯɇɚɰɢɣɨɬɞɟɤɚɛɪɹɝɨɞɚ 7KHXQLYHUVDO'HFODUDWLRQRIKXPDQULJKWV$GRSWHGDQGSURFODLPHGUHVROXWLRQ$,,,RIWKH *HQHUDO$VVHPEO\RIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVRQ'HFHPEHU±$YDLODEOH DW KWWS]DNRQUDGD JRYXDODZVVKRZB
The Legal Nature of the Tax Duty: Comparative Characteristics... /HJDOQDWXUHRIWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOGXW\IRUWD[HVDQGIHHVSD\PHQWKDVEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGRQ WKHEDVLVRIDQDO\VLVRIWKH)XQGDPHQWDO/DZRI8NUDLQHDQG5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLD6XEMHFWWRWKH SURYLVLRQVRIWKH7D[&RGHRI8NUDLQHDQGOHJLVODWLRQ5HSXEOLFRI(VWRQLDH[DPLQHVWKHQDWXUHRIWKH REOLJDWLRQWRSD\WD[HV7KHDWWHQWLRQLVIRFXVHGRQWKHFRQWHQWRIWKHFDWHJRU\RI³ILVFDOUHVSRQVLELO-LW\´LQSDUWLFXODURQWKHSUREOHPRILWVUHODWLRQVZLWKWKHWHUP³WD[OLDELOLW\´ ,WKDVEHHQSURSRVHGIXUWKHULPSURYHPHQWVLQWKHOHJDOQDWLRQDOWD[OHJLVODWLRQRIERWK6WDWHV