A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ F O L I A S O C I O L O G I C A 14, 1987_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A n d r z e j M a j e r S P A T I A L O R G A N I Z A T I O N OF THE V I L L A G E - C O N T I N U I T Y AN D C H A N G E 1. An u n e q u a l p r o c e s s of c h a n g e s in the c o u n t r y s i d e C h a n g e s in the v i l l a g e are on e of th e m o s t v i s i b l e f e a t u r e s of the c h a n g e s in P o l a n d of toda y. The s u r m o u n t i n g of th e c i v i -l i z a t i o n d i s t a n c e an d t a k i n g o v e r of the ro -l e of an i m p o r t a n t s e c t o r of the n a t i o n s e c o n o m y o c c u r r e d h e r e in a s h o r t e r t i m e tha n the l i f e of on e g e n e r a t i o n . S u b j e c t to th e a t t i t u d e , th e r ate and r a n g e of th e s e c h a n g e s can be e v a l u a t e d in a d i f f e r e n t way. It is an u n e q u a l p r o c e s s w h i c h , in P o l a n d , as in m o s t d e v e l o p e d or d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , c a u s e d that, b e s i d e the a d v a n c e d s p h e r -es of l i f e an d ru r a l p r o d u c t i o n , t h e r e ar e s t i l l l a r g e a r e a s of b a c k w a r d n e s s an d s t a g n a t i o n .
In P o l a n d , thi s p r o c e s s als o ha s its ow n l o c a l s p e c i f i c i t y . T h e s e s u b j e c t s r e q u i r e d e e p r e f l e c t i o n s , w h e r e a s the p r e s e n t text d e a l s w i t h o n l y on e p r o b l e m : w h a t c h a n g e s ar e t h e r e in th e s p a -tia l o r g a n i z a t i o n of th e c o u n t r y s i d e ? W h a t u n d e r g o e s c h a nge s, and w h a t r e s i s t s to t h e m in t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n ? The us e of the p a r a d i g m of " c o n t i n u i t y an d c h a n g e " as a c e r -t a i n -t y p e of a p p r o a c h in -the a n s w e r -to -t h e s e q u e s -t i o n s m a k e i-t p o s s i b l e to i n d i c a t e t r a d i t i o n a l e l e m e n t s b e s i d e th e n e w o n e s or t h o s e r e s u l t i n g f r o m th e m o d e r n i z a t i o n . M a n y s t u d i e s w i t h i n m o d e r n s o c i o l o g y r e v e r t to th is c o n v e n t i o n in s e a r c h fo r s i g n s of t h e s y m b i o s i s or o p p o s i t i o n of t h e " o l d " an d th e "new ". Not i n f r e q u e n t l y it l e a d s to s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s or d e s c r i b e s c e r t a i n r e a l i t y f e a t u r e s w i t h e x a g g e r a t e d e x t r e m e n e s s . The i r r e g u l a r i t y of the p r o c e s s of c h a n g e s c r e a t e s a l s o s t e r e o t y p e s and s u p e r f i -c i a l j u d g e m e n t s a b o u t th e -c o u n t r y s i d e .
In the p r e s e n t text, the s u b j e c t u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n is s p a -ti a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , i.e. a s e l e c t e d f e a t u r e of th e v i l l a g e t r e a t -ed as a s y s t e m of i n t e r d e p e n d e n t pla n e s : s p a c e e c o n o m y s o -c i e t y ( -c o m m u n i t y ) . The m a n n e r of r u n n i n g a farm, s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e an d c u l t u r e p a t t e r n s d e t e r m i n e a s p a t i a l s h a p e of s e t t l e m e n t an d a f o r m of b u i l d i n g d e v e l o p m e n t 1 . T his s y s t e m is a f f e c t e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t i n t e n s i t y by the f a c t o r s of i n n e r r u r a l or o u t -e r - r u r a l g -e n -e s i s . The s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n c a n be u n d e r s t o o d as a wa y of a r r a n g i n g in s p a c e e l e m e n t s a d a p t e d and u s e d by c o m -m u n i t i e s in the p r o c e s s of f a r -m i n g . Thu s u n d e r s t o o d , e.g. t e r r i t o r i a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n or f o r m s of ru r a l b u i l d i n g w i d e -s p r e a d l o c a l l y ar e p a r t of th e -s y -s t e m th e o t h e r c o m p o n e n t -s of w h i c h ca n c h a n g e m o r e s l o w l y or last w i t h a l m o s t no c h a n g e s . The a i m of t h i s te xt is a l s o to s h o w the c h a n g e s of f o r m s of the v i l -l ag e b u i -l d i n g , but in a b r o a d e r c o n t e x t of th e s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a -t i o n c h a n g e s . A s i m p l i f i e d (by n e c e s s i t y ) d e s c r i p t i o n of c o n t i n u i t y an d c h a n g e d o e s no t c o n s i s t in e n u m e r a t i n g o l d or n e w s y m p t o m s . S u c h v a l u a t i o n m u s t e s p e c i a l l y be f r e e f r o m m e c h a n i c a l a s s i g n m e n t of p o s i t i v e or n e g a t i v e sig n s . Fo r i n s t a n c e , m o d e r n i z a t i o n of the c o u n t r y s i d e u n d e r s t o o d as a r e s u l t of i n d u s t r i a l i n n o v a t i o n i n -f l u e n c e , u r b a n i z a t i o n , c h a n g e s of c u l t u r e or o t h e r g r e a t p r o c e s s e s is a l w a y s t r e a t e d as a s p e c i f i c i n v a s i o n f o l l o w e d by s u c -c e s i o n . M e a n w h i l e , the s o c i e t i e s b e i n g m o d e r n i z e d o f t e n m a k e c o n s c i o u s s e l e c t i o n , t r y i n g to m i n i m i z e d e t r i m e n t c a u s e d by the о m o d e r n i z a t i o n . And, a l t h o u g h , a l o n g w i t h the i n d u s t r i a l r e v o l u -tion, t h e u r b a n i z a t i o n of the c o u n t r y s i d e h a s r e a c h e d a s t a g e f r o m w h i c h t h e r e is no w i t h d r a w a l 3 , the d e f e n s e of " c o n t i n u i t y " c o m p o n e n t s f r e q u e n t l y b e c o m e s th e s a m e n e c e s s i t y as the a c c e p t -a n c e of " c h -a n g e " . The v i l l a g e is no t d e p r i v e d of p o s s i b i l i t y of д s u c h d e f e n s e to s a v e its i n t e g r i t y or s e p a r a t e c h a r a c t e r . 1 B. J a ł o w i e c k i , S p o ł e c z e ń s t w o , p r z e s t r z e ń , gospodar-ka ( S o c i e t y , S p ace , E c o n o m y ) , "W i e ś i R o l n i c t w o " 1984, No. 3. 2 J. S z a c k i , S ł o w o w s t ę p n e ( I n t r o d u c t o r y No te ) , [in:] T r a d y c j a i n o w o c z e s n o ś ć ( T r a d i t i o n an d M o d e r n i t y ) , ed. J. S z a -c k i , W a r s z a w a 1984. 3 К. 0 а V i s, The O r i g i n a n d G r o w t h of U r b a n i z a t i o n in the Wo rl d , " A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of S o c i o l o g y " 1955, Vol. LX, No. 5. 4 R. D e w e y , The R u r a l - U r b a n C o n t i n u u m : real b u t r e l a -t i v e l y u n i m p o r -t a n -t , " A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of S o c i o l o g y " 1961, Vol. LXVI, No. 1.
U r b a n i z a t i o n - as all o v e r th e w o r l d - is o n e of th e m a i n f a c t o r s of th e r u r a l c h a n g e s in P o l a n d . Th e u s e of t h i s t e r m ( t a k i n g no a c c o u n t of t h i s v a g u e c h a r a c t e r ) s u g g e s t s the g e n e s i s a n d d i r e c t i o n of c h a n g e s ; the y c o m e f r o m c i t i e s an d m a k e the vil-l a g e s i m i vil-l a r to u r b a n s t r u c t u r e s or s t a n d a r d s . The e f f e c t s of u r b a n i z a t i o n are, a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , th e c h a n g e s in th e q u a l i t y a n d f o r m of the r u r a l b u i l d i n g , m i g r a t i o n s to th e ci ty, s i m i l a -ri t y of b e h a v i o u r foll'owing u r b a n s t a n d a r d s 5 . But s t e r e o t y p e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the u r b a n i z a t i o n o b s c u r e s the i m a g e of the p r o -c e s s w h i -c h o -c -c u r s s e l e -c t i v e l y , i.e. d i f f e r e n t e l e m e n t s (of s p a tial o r g a n i z a t i o n in thi s c a s e ) are s u b j e c t e d to it to an u n e -q u a l e x t e n t .
T he goa l of thi s tex t is a l s o to s h o w that u r b a n i z a t i o n c h a n -g es of the v i l l a -g e in P o l a n d refe r, fi r s t at all, to the c o m m u -n i t y p l a -n e ( s o c i o - c u l t u r a l ), a-nd to a l e s s e r d e g r e e , to the f a r m i n g p l a n e ; w h e r e a s th ey o c c u r r e l a t i v e l y s u p e r f i c i a l l y on the p l a n e of s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . 2 ^ C o n t i n u i t ^ _ £ f _ t h e s g a t i a l o r £ a n i z a t i o n and c h a n g e s in the s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e In t he ru r a l p r o d u c t i o n m a n n e r , c u l t u r e and s p a t i a l o r g a n i -z a t i o n , f a r m l a n d h o l d s the m o s t i m p o r t a n t p o s i t i o n . The a g r a r i a n r e f o r m in P o l a n d a f t e r 1945 w as one of the fi r s t act s of s o c i a l e q u i t y in the c o n d i t i o n s of a n e w p o l i t i c a l s y s tem. It w as f u l -f i l m e n t o-f age - lo n g peasants ' d r e a m s a b o u t land, it a l l o w e d th e m to a p p e a s e t h e i r e c o n o m i c and e m o t i o n a l " h u n g e r " 6 .
In the p e r i o d b e f o r e W o r l d W ar II p e a s a n t f a r m i n g w a s sti ll, to a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g r e e , of n a t u r a l c h a r a c t e r , a nd w as c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a s m a l l s h a r e of c o m m o d i t y p r o d u c t i o n and a u t o c o n s u m p -tion. H o w e v e r , the s p l i t t i n g - up of the a g r a r i a n s t r u c t u r e was the m o s t n o t i c e a b l e (in 1938, 6 6 . 5X of p e a s a n t f a r m s had the
5 P. M e a d o w s , H. M i z r u c h i [ e d s . J , U r b a n i s m , Ur-b a n i z a t i o n and C h a n g e : C o m p a r a t i v e P e r s p e c t i v e s , R e a d i n g Mass. 1969. 6 D. G a ł a j, S o c j o l o g i c z n e a s p e k t y w ł a s n o ś c i zi e m i ( S o -c i o l o g i -c a l A s p e -c t s of the L a n d O w n e r s h i p ) , "Wieś i R o l n i c t w o " 1984. No. 3.
are a s m a l l e r tha n 6 h e c t a r e s , i n c l u d i n g 33% of t h o s e u n d e r 2 h e c t a r e s 7). It was the s t a t e i n h e r i t e d f r o m the p e r i o d of 19th c e n t u r y s p l i t t i n g - u p . The a g r a r i a n r e f o r m of 1945 c o m p r i s e d over a m i l l i o n p e a s a n t f a m i l i e s , 2 5 4 . 4 t h o u s a n d fa rms h a v i n g b e e n e n -la r g e d in the so c a l l e d old t e r r i t o r i e s , and 347.1 t h o u s a n d fa r m s w e r e f o u n d e d in the so c a l l e d R e g a i n e d T e r r i t o r i e s r e c a p t u r e d as a r e s u l t of the p o s t - w a r s h i f t of the b o r d e r s . Its m a i n c o n -s e q u e n c e , h o w e v e r , c o n -s i -s t e d in " a v e r a g i n g " of the i n d i v i d u a l a g r i c u l t u r e s t r u c t u r e in w h i c h m e d i u m s i z e f a r m s of the ar ea of
Q 5- 10 h e c t a r e s b e g a n to p r e d o m i n a t e .
A b o u t 1950, the a g r a r i a n s t r u c t u r e b e g a n to c r y s t a l l i z e f i -na ll y. It is w o r t h i l l u s t r a t i n g wit h som e da ta , a l s o for s u c c e - s i v e p e r i o d s un t i l the y r e a c h a p r e s e n t - d a y f o r m (dat a g i v e n in % for a p p r o p r i a t e r a n g e of f a r m size);
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0, 5 - 2 ha_ _ _ _ 2-5 ha_ _ _ _ 5-10 ha_ _ _ _ 10 and m o r e ha
195 0 21 33 33 13
1960 25 34 29 12
197 0 27 32 29 13
190 2 30 29 26 16
The a b o v e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s h o w s (if c h a n g e s in p a r t i c u l a r r a n -ges are n e g l e c t e d ) that thi s s t r u c t u r e h as not c h a n g e d ov e r the fo r t y p o s t - w a r y e a r s and, w h a t is m o r e i m p o r t a n t , it s t i l l p r e -s e r v e -s it-s -s p l i t t i n g - u p i n h e r i t e d fro m t he pa-st. Thu-s, it is a p e t r i f i e d s t r u c t u r e .
N u m e r o u s c h a n g e s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e in the a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c y in P o l a n d o v e r th e s e fo r t y year s. The y e a r s 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 4 9 , the tim e of the a g r a r i a n reform, led to the p r e s e r v a t i o n of s m a l l - s c a l e p r o d u c t i o n and s m a l l - h o l d i n g s t r u c t u r e of the c o u n t r y s i d e . The f o l l o w i n g y e a r s ( 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 5 6 ) are the p e r i o d to c o m p u l s o r y c o l -l e c t i v i s a t i o n (mad e w i t h o u t p r o p e r t e c h n o -l o g i c a -l and o r g a n i s a -t i o n a l b a c k - u p f a c i l i -t i e s , w i -t h s -t r o n g r e s i s -t a n c e of p e a s a n -t s ) .
R. T u r s k i , P r z e m i a n y s t r u k t u r y s p o ł e c z n e j wsi ( C h a n -ges in the S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e of the C o u n t r y s i d e ) , [in:] S t r u k t u r a i d y n a m i k a s p o ł e c z e ń s t w a p o l s k i e g o ( S t r u c t u r e an d D y n a m i c s of the P o l i s h S o c i e t y ) , ed. W. W e s o ł o w s k i , W a r s z a w a 1970.
The y e a r 1956 is the b e g i n n i n g of the p e r i o d when, as a r e s u l t of the f u n d a m e n t a l c h a n g e in p o l i c y , t he c o l l e c t i v i s a t i o n w as s t o p p e d and the m o d e l of a " f a m i l y fa r m " - p r e d o m i n a n t n o w a d a y s - w a s r e s u m e d . The f o l l o w i n g y e a r s b r o u g h t a t t e m p t s at " s o c i a l i z a t i o n with-ou t c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n " of the p e a s a n t f a r m i n g c o n s i s t i n g in the c r e a t i o n of se lf - m a n a g e m e n t - p r o d u c t i o n s t r u c t u r e s , the so c a l l e d a g r i c u l t u r a l c i r c l e s and the s u p p r e s s i o n of p e a s a n t a u t -a r k y by m -a k i n g i n d i v i d u -a l p r o d u c e r s i n c r e -a s i n g l y d e p e n d e n t on the s t a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n of m e a n s of p r o d u c t i o n and p u r c h a s e of f a r m p r o d u c t s . A f t e r 1970, a n a r r o w s p e c i a l i z a t i o n of f a r m s and - d i s c a r d e d r e l a t i v e l y s o o n - s e m i - c o l l e c t i v e b o d i e s r e f e r r e d to as te a m s of i n d i v i d u a l f a r m e r s b e g a n to be p r e f e r r e d in the a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c y . At the sam e time, s t a t e s e c t o r of the agri-c u l t u r a l e agri-c o n o m y , w h i agri-c h (in d i f f e r e n t f o r m s ) agri-c o m p r i s e s a b o u t 1/5 of the w h o l e a g r i c u l t u r a l a c r e a g e , b e g a n to be i n t e n s i f i e d . I n d u -s t r i a l b a c k - u p f a c i l i t i e -s w e r e d e v e l o p i n g e x t e n -s i v e l y w i t h o u t p r o a g r i c u l t u r a l a t t i t u d e , w h i l e i n t e n s i v e d e v e l o p m e n t w as t a k -ing p l a c e in the a g r i c u l t u r e . As a r e s u l t , the a g r i c u l t u r a l e c o n o m y has r e a c h e d a s t a g e of u t i l i z i n g the so c a l l e d s u p e r -9 f i c i a l r e s e r v e s in p r a c t i c e . Al l t h e s e p r o c e s s e s a l s o p a r t i c i p a t e d in the c h a n g e s which, a f t e r the war, h a v e t r a n s f o r m e d P o l a n d f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l i n d u -s t r i a l int o m e d i u m - d e v e l o p e d , u r b a n i z e d i n d u -s t r i a l - a g r i c u l t u r a l c o u n t r y . A m o n g o t h e r s , s i n c e 1946 the p o p u l a t i o n has i n c r e a s e d by a b o u t 14 m i l l i o n (6 0% of the f o r m e r s t a t e of p o p u l a t i o n ) , t h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n has i n c r e a s e d 2.5 t imes, the n a t i o n a l fi x e d a s s e t s h a v e i n c r e a s e d o v e r 5 time s. D i s t i n c t c h a n g e s in the p r o d u c t i o n t e c h n o l o g y a nd o r g a n i z a t i o n h a v e o c c u r r e d in the a g r i -c u l t u r e .
H o w e v e r , the m o s t i m p o r t a n t r u r a l c h a n g e s c o n c e r n the so- c i o - o c c u p a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e of i n h a b i t a n t s . N o w a d a y s , 14 .8 m i l -l i o n p e o p -l e ( 4 1 . 8 % of the t o t a -l ) -liv e in the c o u n t r y , b ut 40% of t h e m ma k e t h e i r l i v i n g s o l e l y by o f f - f a r m w o r k and still 9 Z. L a n d a u , G ł ó w n e t e n d e n c j e r o z w o j u g o s p o d a r c z e g o P o l s k i L u d o w e j (M ain T e n d e n c i e s of the E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t of P e o p l e ’ s P o l a n d ) , [i n : ] U ź r ó d e ł p o l s k i e g o k r y z y s u (At th e O r i -g i n of P o l i s h C r i s i s ) , ed. A. M u 1 1 e r, W a r s z a w a 1983.
a n o t h e r 12% a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s of n o n - f a r m m e a n s of l i v i n g . • T h u s , o n l y 2 2 . 5 % of r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n are th e f a r m e r s e a r n i n g their liv-ing e x c l u s i v e l y o n f a r m i n g . The d e g r e e of s o c i o - o c c u p a t i o n a l u r b a n i z a t i o n , m e a s u r e d w i t h p e r c e n t a g e of n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l p o p u -l a t i o n in t he c o u n t r y s i d e is d i f f e r e n t , bu t on the a v e r a g e it a m o u n t s to 4 3% of the t o t a l d i s t r i c t p o p u l a t i o n b a s a l a d m i n i -s t r a t i v e m i c r o r e g i o n -s , an d r o u n d c i t y a g g l o m e r a t i o n s , e.g. in th e s o u t h of P o l a n d , it e x c e e d s 3 / 4 1 0 . I n d u s t r i a l a c c e l a r a t i o n c r e a t e d n e w w o r k i n g p l a c e s , ta ke n , to a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t , by m i g r a n t s f r o m v i l l a g e . In g e n e r a l , ru-ral m i g r a t i o n a l l o s s e s in f a v o u r of th e i n d u s t r y a n d c i t i e s a m o u n t to a b o u t 5 m i l l i o n in th e y e a r s 1 9 4 6 - 1 9 7 8 . H o w e v e r , they ar e r e l a t i v e l os s e s , t a k i n g i nt o a c c o u n t th e fa c t t h a t th e ru r al p o p u l a t i o n ha s r e m a i n e d on the s a m e l e v e l of a b o u t 15 m i l l i o n s i n c e 1 95 0 till n o w a d a y s 1 1 .
Thus, two f u n d a m e n t a l c o n s t i t u e n t c a t e g o r i e s of the v i l l a g e : the a g r a r i a n s t r u c t u r e an d p o p u l a t i o n r e m a i n s t a b l e , d e f i n i n g at the s a m e time, m a i n a s p e c t s of " c o n t i n u i t y " ; t he y are a c c o m p a n i e d on the o t h e r ha nd , by t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of th e s o c i a l s t r u c t u -re of i n h a b i t a n t s . Th e s t r u c t u r e of m o s t s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s y s t e m s is, t h r o u g h 1 ? t h e i r n a t u r e , c h a r a c t e r i z e d by c e r t a i n i n e r t i a or p e t r i f a c t i o n . As a r e s u l t , t h e i r s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n m u s t a l s o be p e t r i f i e d ; th e P o l i s h c o u n t r y s i d e b e i n g a g o o d e x a m p l e . Th e e c o n o m i c p o l i -cy, a i m e d at g e n e r a l c h a n g e s in the s p h e r e of p r o d u c t i o n and o v e r c o m i n g d e v e l o p m e n t d i f f i c u l t i e s , c h a n g e s of the g l o b a l s t r u c t u r e of the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s y s t e m s an d its o r g a n i z a t i o n h a v i n g b e e n n e g l e c t e d . T a k i n g i nt o a c c o u n t e v i d e n t c h a n g e s in the i m a g e of P o l a n d it c o u l d s e e m t h a t c h a n g e s in th e s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of i n -10 L . F r ą с к i e w i с z , S f e r y n i e d o s t a t k u ( S p h e r e s of I n d i g e n c e ) , W a r s z a w a 1983. 11 A. S t a s i а к, L u d n o ś ć i o s a d n i c t w o na o b s z a r a c h w i e j -s k i c h ( P o p u l a t i o n and S e t t l e m e n t in R u r a l R e g i o n s ) , [i n: ] Wi e ś p o l s k a 2 0 0 0 ( P o l i s h C o u n t r y s i d e of 200 0 ) , B i u l e t y n K P Z P PAN, No. 110, W a r s z a w a 1980. 12 S. M. K o m o r o w s k i , P r z e s t r z e n n a o r g a n i z a c j a g o s -p o d a r k i -p o l s k i e j . P r ó b a a n a l i z y k r y t y c z n e j ( S p a t i a l O r g a n i z a -t i o n of P.olish E c o n o m y . An A t t e m p t at C r i t i c a l A n a l y s i s ) , B i u l e -tyn K P Z K PAN, No. 117, W a r s z a w a 1981.
d u s t r y , s e t t l e m e n t , ect. ar e i n e v i t a b l e as w e l l . S u c h c h a n g e s , h o w e v e r , h a v e no t t a k e n p l a c e , a n d s p a t i a l p e t r i f a c t i o n of the v i l l a g e is, in t h i s s i t u a t i o n , an e x a m p l e of f o r c e d c o n t i n u i t y . S t a b i l i t y of th e s t r u c t u r e s a r r a n g e d in th e s p a c e is d e c i -s i v e of t h e i r s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n i n v a r i a b i l i t y . T h i s f e a t u r e p a r t i c u l a r y c o n c e r n s th e s e t t l e m e n t s y s t e m : it is in er t in the a b o v e s e n s e , s i n c e b a s i c o b j e c t s of t h i s s y s t e m u s u a l l y have p e r -m a n e n c e e x c e e d i n g t h e i r p h y s i c a l d u r a b i l i t y . T he s y s t e m of ru r a l s e t t l e m e n t a n d it s s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n ar e e x a m p l e s of d u r a -t i o n r e s i s -t a n -t -to m a j o r f u n c -t i o n a l c h a n g e s . In t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d p o l i t i c a l - e c o n o m i c d i m e n s i o n , the c o u n t r y s i d e is n o w d i v i d e d i nt o b a s a l m i c r o - r e g i o n s , r u r a l d i s -t r i c -t s (so c a l l e d g m i n a ) , r e a c t i v a t e d in 1973. It s e e m s th at p r e s e n t - d a y g m i n a s h a v e c o n f i r m e d t he c o r r e c t n e s s of t h i s s o -l u t i o n o v e r th e p e r i o d of t h e i r e x i s t e n c e . B u t it a l s o w o r t h n o t i n g th a t th e p r e s e n t n u m b e r of g m i n a s ( 2 7 3 0 ) is c l o s e to the n u m b e r of p r e v i o u s P o l i s h d i s t r i c t s d i s s o l v e d in 19 54 ( 30 0 1 ). Thus t hi s is a n o t h e r i n d i c a t o r of c o n t i n u i t y of the s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a -tio n. Th e g l o b a l s t r u c t u r e of th e r u r a l s e t t l e m e n t s y s t e m is, to a l a r g e x t e n t , the f u n c t i o n of th e a g r a r i a n s p l i t t i n g - u p . The N a t i o n a l C e n s u s of 1 978 f o u n d th e n u m b e r of c o u n t r y s i d e p l a c e s to be 4 3 . 2 t h o u s a n d , b u t a s t a t i s t i c a l p l a c e n u m b e r e d , on the a v e r a g e , 435 i n h a b i t a n t s an d 81 % of t h e s e p l a c e s w a s i n h a b i t e d by f e w e r t h a n 500 p e o p l e 1 3 . 3. C o n t i n u i t y a n d c h a n g e in the r u r a l b u i l d i n g d e v e l o p m e n t W h a t is t h e i m a g e of r u r a l h o u s i n g in th e l i g h t of th e a b o v e f a c t s ? The m os t d i s t i n c t f e a t u r e of th e s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n c h a n g e s are, a b o v e all, c h a n g e s in t y p e s an d f o r m s of th e h o u s -ing d e v e l o p m e n t , b u t th e s y m p t o m s n o t i c e a b l e w i t h a " n a k e d e y e " do n o t s i g n i f y r a d i c a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s in t h i s case. The s p e c i f i c i t y of all th is b u i l d i n g m o v e m e n t is d e t e r m i n e d by p r e d o m i n a n c e of t he so c a l l e d r e p r o d u c t i o n b u i l d i n g ( w h i c h c o n s i s t s in b u i l d i n g a n e w h o u s e n e x t to or p a r t l y on the s i t e 1 3 S t a s i a k , op. cit.
of th e ol d one, and it d oe s no t c h a n g e th e d e v e l o p m e n t of the lot of s e t t l e m e n t as a rul e ) . T h i s is i l l u s t r a t e d by th e n u m b e r c h a r a c t e r i z i n g the h o u s i n g s u b s t a n c e of th e c o u n t r y s i d e o v e r the p a s t d e c a d e s (data in t h o u s a n d s ) :
T h e y i n d i c a t e that the s t e a d y t e n d e n c y in i n c r e a s e in the n u m b e r of h a b i t a b l e r o o m s ( h e nce , th e i m p r o v e m e n t of h o u s i n g c o n -d i t i o n s ) wa s a c c o m p a n i e d by a c o n s i d e r a b l y s l o w e r t e m p o of i n -c r e a s e in the n u m b e r of n e w a p a r t a m e n t b u i l d i n g s . T o t a l l y , the i n c r e a s e in s u c h b u i l d i n g s in the y e a r s 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 8 is e s t i m a t e d to be 16%, w h i l e t he a v e r a g e n u m b e r of h a b i t a b l e r o o m s i n c r e a s e d 14 by 45 % at the sa m e time
Thu s, the v i l l a g e c h a n g e s its h o u s i n g s u b s t a n c e r e l a t i v e l y s l o w l y , bu t in the m a n n e r r e s u l t i n g in no c o n s e q u e n c e s fo r the s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . A c o n s i d e r a b l e p a r t of the h o u s i n g r e s o u r -ces d a t e s b a c k f r o m b e f o r e 1918: 17. 1% , a n o t h e r 2 9 . 3 % w a s b u i l t in 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 4 4 1 "’. It m e a n s th a t a l m o s t h a l f of the b u i l d i n g s r e -p r e s e n t r e l a t i v e l y t r a d i t i o n a l c o n v e n t i o n s of r u r a l b u i l d i n g and its " c o n t i n u i t y " in th e a e s t h e t i c an d f u n c t i o n a l s e n se . A s s u m i n g t h a t w a r l o s s e s in the c o u n t r y s i d e b u i l d i n g a m o u n t e d to a b o u t 2 2 % 1 6 , t h e n the p o s t - w a r c h a n g e s w i l l t u r n o u t to be o n l y i n -c o m p l e t e r e p r o d u -c t i o n of the h o u s i n g s u b s t a n -c e , w h i c h c a n be c o n s i d e r e d a n o t h e r a s p e c t of th e s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n i n v a r i a -b i l i t y . T h e s e c o m m e n t s do n o t r e f e r to r u r a l b u i l d i n g s fo r l i -v e s t o c k , w h e r e th e p r o c e s s of s u b s t i t u t i o n is f a s t e r a n d g i v e s M. G o r c z y c a , Z r ó ż n i c o w a n i e r e g i o n a l n e s t o p n i a z a -s p o k o j e n i a p o t r z e b m i e -s z k a n i o w y c h ( R e g i o n a l D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of th e D e g r e e of S a t i s f a c t i o n of H o u s i n g N e e d s ) , S t u d i a K P Z K PAN, Vol. L X X V I I , W a r s z a w a 1981. 1 5 M. C h i l c z u k , J. S i e m i ń s k i , P r z e k s z t a ł c e n i a o s a d n i c t w a w i e j s k i e g o w P o l s c e ( T r a n s f o r m a t i o n s of R u r a l S e t t -l e m e n t in P o -l a n d ) , W a r s z a w a 1977. F l a t s ( h o u s e s ) - t o t a l H a b i t a b l e ro o m s 1960 1970 1978 1983 3 466 3 574 3 585 3 760 8 371 10 739 11 770 12 651 I b i d e m .
l a r g e r i n c r e a s e in the n e w s u b s t a n c e . It s h o u l d be a d d e d t h a t h o u s i n g a n d f a r m i n v e s t m e n t in the p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e ar e d i v e r -s i f i e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y in p a r t i c u l a r r e g i o n s of the c o u n t r y . D e s p i t e t h e s e s i g n s of i n e r t i a ( " c o n t i n u i t y " ) in the s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , f as t a r c h i t e c t u r a l c h a n g e s in the r u r a l l a n d s c a p e a r e f a c t s . A g a i n s t th e w i s h e s of a m a t e u r s of f o l k m a t e r i a l c u l -t ur e , t h e f o r m e r r u r a l b u i l d i n g an d d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s of b u i l d -in g w i t h s p e c i f i c s t y l i s t i c and f u n c t i o n a l s o l u t i o n s h a v e n e a r l y d i s a p p e a r e d 1 7 . Th e m o s t p o p u l a r a n d th e w o r s t , as r e g a r d s g o o d ta st e, is a m o d e l of th e h o u s e with, a f la t roof, q u i t e u n r e l a t e d to the p a t t e r n s of r u r a l b u i l d i n g . O n l y in th e r e g i o n s of t r a d i t i o n a l -ly s t r o n g s t y l i s t i c s e p a r a t e n e s s , e.g. in th e p i e d m o n t r e g i o n of th e T a t r a s t h e r e is a t e n d e n c y to m a t c h it w i t h th e lo c a l s t a n -d a r -d s . Th e b l a m e for th e p a u p e r i z a t i o n of th e m o d e r n v i l l a g e b u i l d -in g d e v e l o p m e n t is a t t r i b u t e d to. the w e a k n e s s of s p a t i a l p re -- p l a n n i n g the n o n - r e a l i z a t i o n of p l a n s an d the i n c o n s i s t e n c y of 1 fl th e a r c h i t e c t u r a l p o l i c y t o w a r d s the c o u n t r y s i d e . O n e t r i e s to lay th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on A t h e n ’ s C h a r t a n d its p o s t u l a t e s of e x t r e m e f u n c t i o n a l i s m w h i c h , u s e d on a l a r g e s c a l e , t u r n e d i n t o d i s t o r t e d e l y p o o r p r o v i n c i a l i s m . Th i s d i a g n o s i s is c o r r e c t , a l t h o u g h it d o e s n o t d e s c r i b e t he e n t i r e p r o b l e m . It s h o u l d be n o t e d h e r e , f o l l o w i n g a w e l l - k n o w n t h e o r y of c e n t r e s a n d p e r i -19 p h e r i e s t h a t all th e v a r i a t i o n s of the p a t t e r n u s u a l l y d i f f e r f r o n the o r i g i n a l in the s o c i o - c u l t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n . On the o t h -er h a n d , th e g e o m e t r i z e d a n d s i m p l i f i e d u r b a n a r c h i t e c t u r e is a r e f e r e n c e m o d e l fo r th e " b o x - l i k e " r u r a l b u i l d i n g . Th e s t u d i e s of p r e f e r e n c e s of th e p o p u l a t i o n of s e l e c t e d О П d i s t r i c t s ( g m i n a s ) fo r s p a t i a l p r e - p l a n n i n g a l l o w e d us to f i n d ou t w h a t p o p u l a r i t y s o m e d e f i n i t e t y p e s of b u i l d i n g gained. 17 М. P о к г о p e k, B u d o w n i c t w o l u d o w e w P o l s c e ( F o lk B u i l d i n g in P o l a n d ) , W a r s z a w a 1976. 18 W. K o s i ń s k i , S t a n i p e r s p e k t y w y o d n o w y k r a j o b r a z u w s i p o l s k i e j ( S t a t e a n d P r o s p e c t s f or the R e s t o r a t i o n of P o l i s h C o u n t r y s i d e L a n d s c a p e ) , B i u l e t y n K P Z K PAN, No. 110, W a r s z a w a 1980. 19 E. A. S h i 1 s, C e n t e r an d P e r i p h e r y , [ i n : ] L o g i c an d P e r s o n a l K n o w l e d g e , [ e d J E. A. S h i 1 s, L o n d o n 1961. 20 M. K o w a l s k i , A. M a j e r , P. S t a r o s t a ,
For i n s t a n c e , in the g m i n a of P i l a w a , s i t u a t e d in th e n e i g h b o u r -h o o d of m e d i u m s i z e t o w n S i e d l c e , 4 2 % of r e s p o n d e n t s ( m o s t of a ll ) p r e f e r r e d a d o u b l e - s t o r i e d , o n e - f a m i l y h o u s e w i t h a h i g h c e l l a r an d w i t h a h i p - r o o f , c o r r e s p o n d i n g to th e m o s t p o p u l a r s t a n d a r d of c u b i c "b ox " m e n t i o n e d a b ov e . We th in k, h o w e v e r , th at t hi s c h o i c e c o u l d d e p e n d on a n u m b e r of f a c t o r s . F i r s t l y , it d i s c l o s e d a t e n d e n c y to i m i t a t e "th e c i t y c h a -r a c t e -r " u n d e r s t o o d in s t e r e o t y p e f a s h i o n , w i t h the m o d e r n p r e d o -m i n a n c e of c u b i c f o r -m s of b u i l d i n g - u p . Th e a s p i r i n g of th e c o u n -t r y s i d e r i s i n g in c u l -t u r a l s t a t u s to o u t e r s i g n s of th e " u r b a n c h a r a c t e r " h a s its i m p o r t a n t , p r e s t i g e d i m e n s i o n , an d b r e a k i n g up w i t h t r a d i t i o n c a n be felt, in t h i s case , as a m e a s u r e of p r o g r e s s . S e c o n d l y , w h a t m ay be th e m o s t i m p o r t a n t , s u c h b u i l d i n g s a -t i s f i e s a n u m b e r of e s s e n t i a l c o n d i t i o n s , n a m e l y : it u s e s c h e a p an d a v a i l a b l e r e a d y - m a d e d e s i g n s an d is r e l a t i v e l y e a s i e s t to r e a l i z e by o n e ' s ow n m e a n s , w i t h o u t an y s p e c i a l t e r r i t o r i a l d e -v e l o p m e n t an d w i t h p e r s o n a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n of i n -v e s t o r s , u s i n g the m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e in the m a r k e t . T h i r d l y , the c u b i c a r c h i t e c t u r e g i v e s p o s s i b i l i t i e s of o b t a i n i n g r e l a t i v e l y bi g u s a b l e area, w h i c h f u l f i l s b o t h f u n c t i o -nal an d p r e s t i g e c r i t e r i a (the h o u s e is l a r g e and s u i t a b l y " l a r -g e - s c a l e " , t h a n k s to it). If th e p e t r i f a c t i o n of th e s p a t i a l o r -g a n i z a t i o n d e s c r i b e d a b o v e is a l s o t a k e n in t o a c c o u n t , t h e n the c h o i c e of t h i s m o d e l of an a p a r t a m e n t b u i l d i n g - p l a n n e d , as a ru le , fo r a few g e n e r a t i o n s an d a p o s s i b l e d e c i s i o n to s t a r t b u i l d i n g is a c c o u n t e d for, f i r s t of all, by p r a c t i c a l r e s p e c t of s p a c i o u s n e s s , s i m p l i c i t y of e x e c u t i o n and d u r a b i l i t y . The fa c t of p r e f e r e n c e of t h i s t y p e of s t a n d a r d ca n be t r e a t e d as an e f -f e c t o-f c h o i c e o-f the th i n g s , o u t of the u r b a n o f f er , t h a t m e e t a r ea l d e m a n d of the c o u n t r y s i d e . In o t h e r w o r d s , we t h i n k t ha t t he o u t w a r d l y " a n t i r u r a l " p r e f e r e n c e s h i d e r a t i o n a l c a l c u l a t i o n of c o s t s a nd e f f e c t s of the r e a l i z a t i o n . Th e y ar e t he c r i t e r i a c l o s e to t r a d i t i o n a l , r u r a l u t i l i t a r i s m or p e a s a n t ' s c o m m o n sens e. T hi s t r a d i t i o n a l i s m ha s a l s o its t e c h n i c a l and c i v i l i z a t i o n P o t r z e b y i o c z e k i w a n i a m i e s z k a ń c ó w w o b e c p l a n u p r z e s t r z e n n e g o g m i n y ( N e e d s an d E x p e c t a t i o n s of I n h a b i t a n t s T o w a r d s t he G m i n a s S p a t i a l P l a n n i n g [ n o t p u b l . ] , Ł ó d ź 1985.
d i m e n s i o n . O n l y e v e r y f i f t h r u r a l f l a t is e q u i p p e d w i t h r u n n i n g w a t e r , e v e r y t e n t h w i t h a WC, a n d 1 in 10 u s e s ga s f r o m the gas 21 g r i d . T h e y ar e v e r y fe w p r i v a t e t e l e p h o n e s in the c o u n t r y s i d e . W h e r e a s , o t h e r s t u d i e s o n t he i n h a b i t a n t s ’ a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s 22 th e h a b i t a t i o n e n v i r o n m e n t c a r r i e d o u t at t h e en d of 1 9 7 0 s in 9 d i s t r i c t s ( g m i n a s ) of d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s of P o l a n d , a l l o w e d us to s t a t e , a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , t h a t b o t h in n e w an d o l d buildings th e c e n t r e of f u n c t i o n i n g of t he f a m i l y is s t i l l , li k e in the p a s t , th e ki t ch en , in w h i c h m o s t of h o u s e h o l d - f a m i l y activities t ak e p l a c e a n d w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s to the f u n c t i o n s of a c i t y l i v i n g - r o o m a n d a b e d r o o m . T h i s p a t t e r n of o r g a n i z a t i o n of th e f a m i l y l i f e h a s a l o n g t r a d i t i o n an d is a r e p e t i t i o n of a f u n c t i o n a l di-v i s i o n of t h e o l d c o t t a g e i n t o a " w h i t e " - f e s t i v e p a r t an d a " b l a c k " one, u s e d e v e r y day. It c o n c e r n e d e v e n m u l t i r o o m e d b u i -l d i n g s i n h a b i t e d by n o n - f a r m e r s . O n l y e v e r y f i f th , ou t of 1664 f a r m s s t u d i e d , h a s t e c h n i c a l or f u n c t i o n a l i n d i c e s of u r b a n i z a -t i o n of th e f a m i l y l i f e s t y l e , an d t he y di d n o t r e s u l t f r o m th e s t a n d a r d of f l a t s b u t f r o m i n d i v i d u a l p r e f e r e n c e s of u s er s. On th e w h o l e , the q u a l i t i e s of the c o u n t r y s i d e as the e n v i r o n -m e n t of l i v i n g d e t e r -m i n e d the a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s o n e ’s o w n flat.
4. B e t w e e n c o n t i n u i t y an d c h a n g e
S t a b l e e l e m e n t s of the s p a t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n c r e a t e a s t a t e of u n i n t e n t i o n a l , r e l a t i v e but - as we t h o u g h t - a c c e p t e d by the v i l l a g e " c o n t i n u i t y " . O n e h a s t r i e d to p o i n t o u t t h e s e f e a t u r e s of c o n t i n u i t y w h i c h are i n h e r i t e d f r o m th e p a s t and the " c h a n g e " of w h i c h by d e g r e e s s e e m s to be f u n c t i o n a l n e c e s s i t y . The o t h e r o b j e c t i v e s i z e by r e t a r d a t i o n , e.g. th e w e a k n e s s of t e c h n i c a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d f a r m i n g s e r v i c e c e n t r e s , u n d e r d e v e l o p e d n e t -w o r k of r o a d s or, f i n a l l y , c o m m u n a l - e c o n o m i c b a c k w a r d n e s s of the 21 S t a s i a k , op. cit. 2 2 ' A. M a j e r , Ś r o d o w i s k o m i e s z k a l n e w p o s t a w a c h l u d n o ś -ci g m i n ( H a b i t a b l e E n v i r o n m e n t in the A t t i t u d e s of C o m m u n i t i e s I n h a b i t a n t s ) [ d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t . , not p u b l . ] , Ł ó d ź 1984. It was a r e s u l t of the s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o ut by th e t e a m of the D e p a r t a -m e n t of R u r a l An d U r b a n S o c i o l o g y of th e U n i v e r s i t y of Łó d ź in th e y e a r s 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 8 0 , s u p e r v i s e d by Pro f. Dr W a c ł a w P i o t r o w s k i .
c o u n t r y s i d e h a v e b e e n n e g l e c t e d . The b a c k w a r d n e s s of d e v e l o p m e n t in r e l a t i o n to its i n h a b i t a n t s ’ a s p i r a t i o n s an d n e e d s h a v e a ls o b e e n d i s r e g a r d e d .
D o m i n a t e d by i n d i v i d u a l o w n e r s h i p , th e a g r i c u l t u r e is s t i l l t r y i n g to f i n d its p l a c e a nd c h a n c e s for g r o w t h in t h e c o n d i -t i o n s of s o c i a l i s -t s y s t e m of Po l a n d . The fac t th a t the o b j e c t i v e ( o r g a n i z a t i o n a l - s p a t i a l ) an d s u b j e c t i v e ( s o c i o - c u l t u r a l ) p l a n e s do no t o v e r l a p an y m o r e is a s y m p t o m of p r o c e e d i n g c h a n g e s in the v i l l a g e an d a f o r e c a s t of t h e i r d r i e c t i o n . " The c i v i l i z i n g p r o m o -t i o n of -th e v i l l a g e wi ll , m o r e an d m o r e o p e n l y , f o r c e a p r o g r e s s in th e e c o n o m y and s p a ce , b u t u n d o u b t e d l y , an e v o l u t i o n a l and c o r -r e s p o n d i n g to a d a p t a t i o n n e e d s of the i n h a b i t a n t s . Fo r th e p r e -s en t , th e p l a c e of the v i l l a g e , in r e l a t i o n to o t h e r e l e m e n t -s of the s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e , is m i d w a y b e t w e e n " c o n t i n u i t y " a n d " c h a n -ge". A n d r z e j M a j e r O R G A N I Z A C J A P R Z E S T R Z E N N A WSI W P O L S C E - C I Ą G Ł O Ś Ć I Z M I A N A 1. N i e r ó w n o m i e r n y p r o c e s p r z e m i a n wsi. Z m i a n y na wsi są j e d n ą z n a j b a r d z i e j w i d o c z n y c h c e c h p r o c e s u p r z e m i a n we w s p ó ł c z e s n e j P o l s c e . M i m o to z a c h o d z ą w s p o s ó b n i e r ó w n o m i e r n y w o b e c z a a w a n s o w a n y c h d z i e d z i n p r o d u k c j i i ż y c i a w y -s t ę p u j ą na w-si p r z e m i a n y ; e l e m e n t y " c i ą g ł o ś c i " m i e s z a j ą s i ę z w y -s t ę p o w a n i e m " z m i a n y " . O r g a n i z a c j a p r z e s t r z e n n a wsi, ” r o z u m i a n a o d p o w i e d n i o s z e r o k o j a k o e l e m e n t u k ł a d u p r z e s t r z e n i - g o s p o d a r k a - s p o ł e c z e ń s t w o , j e s t p r z y k ł a d e m s f e r y, w k t ó r e j w i d o c z n e g o ł y m o k i e m z m i a n y (m. in., z a b u d o w y w s i ) . w y s t ę p u j ą o b o k t e n d e n c j i do p e t r y f i k a c j i . N a j s z y b c i e j z m i e n i a ł a s i ę po w o j n i e s t r u k t u r a s p o -ł e c z n o - z a w o d o w a m i e s z k a ń c ó w wsi, w m n i e j s z y m s t o p n i u s p o s ó b g o s -p o d a r o w a n i a , n a j m n i e j s z e z m i a n y d o t y c z ą -p ł a s z c z y z n y o r g a n i z a c j i p r z e s t r z e n n e j . 2. C i ą g ł o ś ć o r g a n i z a c j i p r z e s t r z e n n e j i z m i a n y s t r u k t u r y s p o -ł e c z n e j . W w i e j s k i m s p o s o b i e p r o d u k c j i i o r g a n i z a c j i p r z e s t r z e n n e j najw a ż n i e j s z ą r o l ę o d g r y najw a z i e m i a u p r a najw n a , t y m c z a s e m s t r u k t u r a a g r a r -na z d o m i n o w a n a p r z e z i n d y w i d u a l n e r o l n i c t w o p r z e d s t a w i a o b r a z r o z d r o b n i e n i a i n i e u l e g a z m i a n o m . N i e z d o ł a ł y jej z m i e n i ć n a -s t ę p u j ą c e po -s o b i e r e o r i e n t a c j e p o l i t y k i r o l n e j i d z i ś s t a n o w i ona d y s f u n k c j o n a l n y e l e m e n t g o s p o d a r k i w i e j s k i e j , ś w i a d c z ą c z a r a -ze m o s w o i s t e j " c i ą g ł o ś c i " o r g a n i z a c j i p r z e s t r z e n n e j . M i m o p o w a ż -n y c h zirua-n s k ł a d u s p o ł e c z n o z a w o d o w e g o m i e s z k a ń c ó w wsi i " k u r c z e -ni a s i ę ” r o l n i k ó w , p r o d u k c j a w i e j s k a u t r z y m u j e si ę na n i e z m i e
-n i o -n y m p o z i o m i e . N i e z m i e n n a j e s t t a k ż e s t r u k t u r a o s a d n i c z a . W s z y -s t k i e te a -s p e k t y w y -s t ę p u j ą o b o k p r o c e s ó w , k t ó r e po w o j n i e z a s a d -n i c z o p r z e o b r a z i ł y P o l s k ę . 3. C i ą g ł o ś ć i z m i a n a w z a b u d o w i e wsi. Z a b u d o w a m i e s z k a l n a wsi z m i e n i a s i ę n a j s z y b c i e j p o d w z g l ę d e m f o rm y , l e c z n i e p o c i ą g a to za s o b ą z m i a n w o r g a n i z a c j i przestrzen-n e j i s t r u k t u r z e o s a d przestrzen-n i c z e j . P o n a d t o n i e m a l p o ł o w a w i e j s k i c h b u -d y n k ó w r e p r e z e n t u j e d a w n e k o n w e n c j e b u d o w n i c t w a . Z m i a n y " p e j z a ż u a r c h i t e k t o n i c z n e g o " , w i e l o k r o t n i e k r y t y k o w a n e - w p r o w a d z a j ą na wsi o b c e , n i e w i e j s k i e g o r o d o w o d u w z o r y b u d o w l a n e (np. p u d e ł k o w e p s e u - d o w i l l e ) . Ja k p o k a z u j ą b a d a n i a , a n t y w i e j s k i e p r e f e r e n c j e w w y -b o r z e w z o r ó w z a b u d o w y są p o d y k t o w a n e k a l k u l a c j ą o p a r t ą na t r a -d y c y j n e j " z -d r o w o r o z s ą -d k o w o ś c i " i o d w i e c z n y m u t y l i t a r y z m i e , s t a n o -w i ą c p r z y k ł a d y " z m i a n y " p r z e m i e s z a n e j z e l e m e n t a m i d z i e d z i c z o n y -mi. Z k o l e i w d o m a c h n o w o w z n o s z o n y c h na w i e j s k ą m o d ę m o ż n a o d -n o t o w a ć t r a d y c y j -n e w z o r y u ż y t k o w a -n i a p r z e s t r z e -n i m i e s z k a l -n e j . 4. M i ę d z y c i ą g ł o ś c i ą a z m i a n ą . W y m i e n i o n e w y ż e j e l e m e n t y o r g a n i z a c j i p r z e s t r z e n n e j t w o r z ą s t a n w z g l ę d n e j p e t r y f i k a c j i . P o s t ę p u j ą c e na ws i z m i a n y i p r o c e s y b ę d ą w y m i e r z a ć z w r o t ku n o w o c z e s n e j o r g a n i z a c j i p r z e s t r z e n n e j , k t ó r a d z i ś j e s z c z e s y t u u j e si ę m i ę d z y c i ą g ł o ś c i ą a z m i a n ą .
