Charitable Initiatives of Warmia's Clergy in the 19th Century

Andrzej Kopiczko

Charitable Initiatives of Warmia’s

Clergy in the 19th Century

Echa Przeszłości 12, 113-121

A ndrzej Kopiczko

CHARITABLE INITIATIVES OF WARMIA’S

CLERGY IN THE 19

th

CENTURY

C h arity is d efin ed a s C hurch a c tiv itie s t h a t a im to “m in im ize and e lim i­ n a te poverty, to a s s is t th e n e ed y in b eco m in g fin a n c ia lly in d e p e n d e n t and fu rth er th e ir p e rso n a l gro w th ”1. T h is ty p e o f a s s is ta n c e d a te s b ack to th e b e g in n in g s of C h ristian ity, and th e first h isto rica l records m e n tio n in g ch a rity w ork are found in th e A cts o f th e A p o stles an d th e le tte r s o f th e A p ostles. B e g in n in g from th e 4t h century, a tte m p ts w ere m ad e to in stitu tio n a liz e ch ar­ itab le w ork b y o p en in g ch u rch -ru n h o sp ita ls and p oorhouses. T h e n eed y receiv ed h elp from b roth erh ood s and g u ild s, an d a s o f th e 15t h century, from m o u n ts o f piety, in s titu tio n a l p aw n b rok ers ru n a s a charity. T he ch aritab le in itia tiv e s th a t h ad o r ig in a ted before th e C ouncil o f T rent w ere con tin u ed th ro u g h th e en d o f th e 18t h century, and th e y b e g a n to ta k e on a d ifferen t form o n ly in th e fo llo w in g century. A lth o u g h ch u rch -ru n h o sp ita ls, sh e lte r s, fo u n d a tio n s, d o n a tio n s and g r a n ts for th e n ee d y w ere s till en cou n tered , m a n y co u n tries introduced a sy ste m o f sta te w elfa re p rovision. T he C hurch also b ecam e m ore com m itted to h e lp in g th e n e ed y a s p a rt o f th e n e w in s titu ­ tio n s, m o stly ch a rity and w elfa re o rg a n iza tio n s. In h istoriograp h y, th is body o f doctrine is referred to a s C ath olic so cia l teach in g.

In th e 19t h century, W arm ia w a s a p a rt o f P r u s s ia w h ere so cia l se rv ices w ere re g u la te d by th e G en eral S ta te L aw s for th e P r u ssia n S ta te s o f 1794. C itiz e n s w ho h a d no r e la tiv e s, b u t w ere re g iste r ed ta x p a y ers, w ere e n title d to a s s is ta n c e from th e ir resp ec tiv e province. T he o th ers c o n stitu te d th e re­ sp o n sib ility o f th e sta te , m o stly th ro u g h h o sp ices. U n io n s and a sso c ia tio n s o f th e poor ru n by se c u la r a u th o r itie s p la y ed a n im p ortan t role, b u t th e y w ere u n a b le to solve a ll social p rob lem s2. C h arity program s w ere also carried out

1 R. Ł u k as zy k , F. W oronow ski, D obroczynne d u sz p a ster stw o , in: E n cy k lo p ed ia k ato lick a , vol. 3, L u b lin 1985, col. 1 3 8 5 -1 3 8 9 .

2 W. Schaffer, S ta a tlic h e N e u o r d n u n g d e r A rm e n p fle g e se it A u fk lä r u n g u n d S ä k u la r is a ­

tio n , in: G eschichte d es k ir c h lic h e n L eb e n s in d e n d e u ts ch s p ra c h ig e n L ä n d e r n seit d e m E n d e des 18. J a h r h u n d e r ts , Bd. 5: C a rita s u n d so zia le D ien ste, h rs g . E. G a tz , F re ib u rg 1997, pp. 4 3 -4 5 .

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by religious institutions and organizations, b u t in the 19

century, most of

them were created on a local basis in parishes and m onasteries

. The Kul­

turkam pf policy put a temporary halt to the development of such organiza­

tions, bu t the law of 21 May 1886 reestablished the former role of nuns and

monks in charity institutions. This legislative change revived hospitals, or­

phanages and care homes, and it fostered the emergence of new initiatives

which, in the Warmia diocese, were introduced mainly by the Sisters of St.

Catherine and St. Elizabeth with the support of local parish priests

.

In Warmia, the beginnings of the 19

century did not witness spectac­

ular change. All brotherhoods serving the poor were closed down, b u t hospi­

tals and hospices continued to operate. Most of them faced financial difficul­

ties. In 1772, the possessions of bishops and the Cathedral Chapter were

confiscated by the Prussian government which went on to seize the property

of the Collegiate C hapter in Nowe Miasto and Bernardine estates in 1810.

The Society of Jesus, which was not a major contributor of welfare services

in the Warmia diocese, was dissolved in 1780. The former principal donors,

the bishops and the Cathedral Chapter, were no longer able to give financial

support to all social and charity initiatives. The hospitals financed by the

Canons fell into decline. At the tu rn of the 18

and 19

centuries, Olsztyn

had two hospitals th a t were financed mostly by the Cathedral Chapter in

Frombork. The leprosy hospital and the Holy Spirit Hospital did not meet

the new requirem ents, and they were sold in 1825 and 1872, respectively.

The West witnessed the emergence of modern, well-equipped hospitals with

professional medical staff, bu t Warmia lagged far behind in this regard. New

epidemics and plagues, economic development and population growth forced

the local authorities to build new hospitals. This was also the case in Olsztyn.

A committee of 14 members was thus formed, and it was headed by Baltazar

Józef Oster, a local pharmacist, member of the city council and the parish

council. Archpriest Walenty Blockhagen, a highly esteemed member of the cleri­

cal community, a good organizer and a generous donor, also played an important

role in the committee. The committee’s composition testified to the local

community’s preference for parish-ran hospitals. This tradition was upheld

in the draft statu te which was forwarded for the approval of Warmia Bishop

Józef Ambroży Geritz in March 1858. The new hospital was opened in 1867

.

3 E . G atz, K irc h lich e M ita r b e it in d e r ö ffen tlic h en A rm en p fleg e. D ie N e u a n fä n g e ein er

eig e n stä n d ig en k ir c h lic h e n A rm e n p fle g e, pp. 5 7 -5 8 . I n th e p a s t, relig io u s b ro th e rh o o d s , ho sp ices

a n d o rp h a n a g e s h a d b e e n o p e ra te d m o stly b y p a ris h e s , b u t b ish o p s a n d c h a p te r s sig n ific a n tly c o n trib u te d to t h e ir efforts. In th e 1 9 th c en tu ry , th e y m a in ly in s p ire d a n d su p e rv ise d c h a ritie s, w h ile th e a c tu a l w o rk w a s done b y p a r is h p rie s ts a n d m o n a s te rie s . D u e to g ro w in g co sts a n d s m a ll re v e n u e s g e n e ra te d by g r a n ts a n d fo u n d a tio n s, c h a rity in itia tiv e s w ere la rg e ly fin an c ed by m u n ic ip a l a u th o ritie s .

4 R. T rab a, N ie m c y - W arm iacy - P olacy 1 8 7 1-1914. Z dziejó w niem ieckieg o ru c h u ka to lic ­

kiego i sto su n k ó w p o lsk o -n ie m ie c k ic h w P ru sa c h , O lsz ty n 1994, p. 112.

5 A. K opiczko, S z p ita ln ic tw o w O lszty n ie w X I X i w p ie r w s z e j p o ło w ie X X w ie k u , in:

A d e ta iled lis t o f a ll fo u n d a tio n s an d ch a rity in s titu tio n s ra n by local p r ie sts w a s d evelop ed on 14 A u g u st 1837, in d ic a tin g th a t 2 6 o rg a n iza tio n s h ad b e e n su p erv ised b y th e C a th ed ra l C hapter. T he in itia tiv e s in clu d ed stu d e n t sc h o la rsh ip s aw ard ed by th e C an on s (15), a fo u n d a tio n for th e sick and needy, th e H oly S p irit H o sp ita l in From bork, d o n a tio n s for th e p a tie n ts, tw o fo u n d a tio n s su p p o rtin g th e needy, in c lu d in g farm ers, B ish op P otock i’s fo u n d a tio n in B ran iew o, a h o sp ita l in Ś w ię ta L ipka, a fu n d su p p o rtin g p eo ­ p le su fferin g from a n illn e s s or d isab ility, a fu n d for fire v ic tim s in W arm ia, fu n d s for y o u n g w o m en and en d o w m e n t fu n d s. T h ey w ere follow ed by c h a ri­ ty o r g a n iza tio n s ra n b y th e archdeaconry, in c lu d in g in O lszty n , K on igsb erg and O rneta. T h e la tte r h o sted th e H oly S p rit H o sp ita l an d St. G eorge’s H o sp ita l, w h ile O lszty n w a s th e s e a t o f th e H oly S p irit H o sp ita l and th e G em m s B en efic e in B a r tą g (p art o f th e O lszty n archdeaconry). T he h ig h e st n u m b er o f fo u n d a tio n s and ch a rity in s titu tio n s w ere s e t up in th e L idzbark arch d eacon ry (w h ich , in theory, w a s still a s e a t o f W arm ia’s b ish o p s), in clu d ­ in g th e c a stle h o sp ita l for p a tie n ts from th e b ish o p ’s p alace, a h o sp ita l for th e poor, St. G eorge’s h o sp ita l, a b en efice, tw o fo u n d a tio n s, a s w e ll a s four org a n ­ iz a tio n s in th e v illa g e s o f Ig n a lin (2 fo u n d ation s), K raszew o (h o sp ita l) and B a b ia k (fou n d ation ). T he D obre M iasto arch d eacon ry op erated five ch a rities in th e city (in clu d in g th e H oly S p irit H o sp ita l) and tw o h o sp ita ls in th e v illa g e s o f Ś w ią tk i an d E ld y ty W ielkie. B ra n iew o w a s th e s e a t o f four h o sp i­ ta ls o f S t. A n d rew ’s, M a a sia n u m , B a r sc h ia n u m and N o w e M iasto, w h ile P ie n ię ż n o h o ste d St. G eorge’s H o sp ita l an d th ree fo u n d a tio n s, in clu d in g a fu n d for u n m a rried girls. F iv e c h a ritie s ea ch w ere found in th e a rch d eacon ­ ry o f R eszel and Jeziorany, in c lu d in g tw o h o sp ita ls (one h o sp ita l for th e poor) and th e F ra n cisze k S ch m id t fo u n d a tio n for sin g le w o m en in R eszel, and a h o sp ita l and fo u n d a tio n s in Jeziorany. T h e B arczew o arch d eacon ry o p era t­ ed a h o sp ita l in th e city and th ree h e a lth in s titu tio n s in th e v illa g e s o f K lebark W ielk i, K lew k i an d R am sow o. K ö n igsb erg w a s m e n tio n ed a t th e end o f th e lis t a s th e s e a t o f on ly one fo u n d a tio n for ed u ca tio n6.

T he above in s titu tio n s an d c h a r itie s h ad b e e n crea ted before th e 19th

century, b u t th e y co n tin u ed to receive fin a n cia l su p p ort from th e C an on s o f th e C ath ed ral C h ap ter and p a r ish e s, te s tify in g to th e local clerg y ’s d ed ica ­ tio n to h e lp in g th e needy.

In th e 19t h century, th e S is te r s o f S t. C a th erin e an d St. E liz a b e th p a r ti­ cip a ted in th e efforts to b u ild m od ern h o sp ita ls, and th e y becam e in creasin gly in volved in n u rsin g services. From am on g 15 in stitu tio n s erected a t th e tim e, several w ere b u ilt u n d er th e su p erv isio n o f p a rish p riests. E dw ard H erm ann, th e p a rish p riest o f B isk u p iec R eszelsk i, la ter th e a u xiliary bishop o f the W arm ia diocese, in itiated th e construction o f a hospital in O lsztyn and St. Josep h ’s H ospital in B iskupiec R eszelsk i in 1858. In both in stitu tion s, th e board

6 A rchive o f th e W a rm ia A rchdiocese in O lszty n (AAWO), AB J A 4. T h e n ew h o s p ita l in K raszew o w a s b u ilt b y th e local p a r is h p rie s t, P io tr K rieger. - A. K ra n ich , K irch e u n d K ir c h ­

sp iel R eichenberg. E in G e d en k b la tt z u m 5 0 jä h rig en P rie s te rju b ilä u m d es P fa rrers A . H o s m a n n 1 8 5 3 -1 9 0 3 , B ra u n s b e rg 1903, p. 33.

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o f directors w a s h ead ed by p a rish p riests. St. J o sep h ’s H o sp ita l had 40 beds and a chapel, and th e p a tie n ts w ere n u rsed by th e S iste r s o f St. C ath erin e7.

T he leg a cy h a n d ed dow n by A m broży K am p fsb ach , th e p a rish p r ie st of Tolkow iec, en a b led th e co n stru ctio n o f th e M arian H o sp ita l in B ran iew o (1863) w h ich w a s ru n by th e local archdeaconry. K am p fsb ach p u rch ased a h o u se and a g a rd en n ea r th e From bork G ate, an d th e e s ta te w a s la ter tra n sfo rm ed in to a h o sp ita l. T he fa cility w a s exp a n d ed in 1865, 1879, 1880 an d 1 8 8 1 -1 8 8 2 . In 1 8 6 3 -1 8 8 7 , p a tie n ts w e re n u r se d by th e S is t e r s of St. B orrom eu s w ho w ere la te r rep laced by th e S iste r s of St. C ath erin e. The h o sp ita l w a s su p er v ised by th e cu ria h ea d ed by th e local a rch p riest8.

The C athedral C anons w ere in charge o f St. J o sep h ’s H o sp ita l in F rom ­ bork w h ich w a s reb u ilt in 1805 and exp an d ed in 1855. The h o sp ita l could accom m odate 16 pen sion ers. T he p a tie n ts w ere n u rsed by th e S iste r s o f St. C ath erin e and trea ted by p h y sicia n s from From bork9. T he a rch p riests o f D o­ bre M iasto ran a h o sp ita l by th e sam e n am e in th e city. The first b u ild in g w a s erected in th e 17th century, b u t it proved to be too sm all, and a n e w facility w a s b u ilt in 1878 in th e v icin ity o f St. N ic h o la s’ church. In 1892, th e h osp ital u n d erw en t y e t an oth er ex p a n sio n sch em e, and it w a s provided w ith a chapel six y ea rs later. M edical care w a s provided by th e local doctors, and n u rsin g services w ere offered by th e S isters o f St. C a th erin e10. T he M arian H osp ital in M albork w h ich w a s opened in 1866 also proved to be too sm all to accom m odate th e grow ing n eed s for m edical services, and a reconstruction effort b egan in 1896. A chapel w a s added, and th e bu ild in g w a s m erged w ith th e H oly Spirit H ospital. The S isters o f St. V incent de P au l w ere th e hosp ital’s n u rsin g sta ff u n til th e end o f World War I.11 St. G eorge’s H osp ital in P ieniężno, b u ilt in the 17th century, w a s refurbished in 1 8 8 7 -1 8 8 8 and adapted to m odern m edical standards. It continued to be operated by th e p arish , and th e p a tien ts rem ain ed in th e care o f local p h y sicia n s and th e S isters o f St. C atherine (1 8 8 8 )12.

E d w ard Stock, th e p a rish p r ie st o f B arczew o in 1 8 6 9 -1 8 8 9 , b o u g h t in 1889 a h o u se w h ich w a s tu rn ed in to S t. A n th o n y ’s H o sp ita l. T he d em an d for m ed ica l care soon o u tg rew th e h o sp ita l’s c a p a b ilitie s, an d in 1901, B arcze- w o’s n e w p a r ish p riest, J a n H irsch b erg, ordered th e co n stru ctio n o f a n e w b u ild in g . T h e project w a s com p leted in 1903. T h e n e w h o sp ita l h ad tw o o p era tin g th e a te r s, su rg ery p rep a ra tio n fa cilitie s, a s te r iliz a tio n room and a b ath. T h e h o sp ita l r e m a in ed p a r ish property, and it s s ta ff com p rised tw o doctors an d six S iste r s o f St. C a th e r in e 13.

7 R. Tfeichert, Geschichte d e r S ta d t B ischofsburg, B ischofsburg 1935, p. 105; J . Steinki,

K atholische C aritas u n d katholisches Vereinswesen in d er Diözese E rm la n d , B ra u n sb e rg 1931, p. 22.

8 Ib id em , p. 23. 9 Ib id em , p. 35. 10 Ib id em , pp. 2 4 -2 5 . 11 Ib id em , pp. 2 7 -2 8 . 12 Ib id em , p. 28.

13 Ib id em , p. 29; A. Kopiczko, D u c h o w ień stw o ka to lick ie diecezji w a r m iń s k ie j w la ta c h

J a n B riese, th e p a rish p r ie st o f O rn eta, w a s also d eep ly co m m itted to ch a rity w ork. H a v in g a ssu m e d p a sto ra l r e sp o n sib ilitie s in 1896, h e b ecam e a m em b er o f th e P r u ssia n L an d tag. In 1879, h e o rgan ized celeb ra tio n s com ­ m em o ra tin g th e 5 0 0t h ju b ile e o f th e p a rish in O rneta. B r ie se b u ilt St. E lis a ­ b e th ’s H o sp ita l in th e city an d sta r te d a fo u n d a tio n by th e sa m e nam e. F u n d s w ere d on a ted b y a fem a le r e sid e n t o f K ark ajm y by th e la s t n a m e o f vo n S h au . T he fir st p a rt o f th e n e w b u ild in g w a s p u t in to u se in 1875, and th e e n tire h o sp ita l w a s ex p a n d ed in 1899 to accom m od ate 70 p a tie n ts. N u r s ­ in g serv ices w ere provided by th e S iste r s o f St. C a th e r in e1 4.

In th e 19t h century, th e W arm ia diocese w a s d eep ly co m m itted to carin g for ch ild ren , in p a rticu la r orp h an s. A lth o u g h orp h an care w a s th e d o m ain o f n u n s (th e S is te r s o f S t. V in cen t, St. C a th erin e an d St. E lisa b e th ), th e clergy rea d ily offered th e ir a ssista n c e , an d care c e n te r s w ere o ften e sta b lish e d in local p a rish es. T he a c h ie v e m e n ts o f St. J o se p h ’s o rp h an age in L idzbark W arm iń sk i d eserv e sp ecia l m en tio n . T h e fa cility w a s op en ed in 1859 by W arm ia B ish op J ó z e f G eritz, a d istin g u ish e d su p p orter o f ch a r ity in itia tiv e s. In 1851, G eritz donated 4,0 0 0 th a lers to a church in K w idzyn and 10,000 th a lers to a m issio n in th e diaspora. T hree y ea rs later, h e gave fin an cial support to a g irls’ school in Jezio ra n y (1,000 th alers). H is contribution fostered th e recon stru ction o f th e form er b ish op s’ ca stle in L idzbark W arm iński in 1859, w h ich w a s tu rn ed into a n orphanage for 160 children aged 2 to 15 years. The bishop in itia lly donated 2 5 ,0 0 0 m ark s to th e project, ex p an d in g h is con tri­ b u tion by a fu rth er 10,000 and 6,000 th a lers in J a n u a ry and M arch o f 1863. The C athedral C hapel w a s placed in charge o f th e orphanage, and it appointed tw o curators for th e job. P a sto ra l care w a s provided by ch ap lain s, and th e orphanage received fin an cial support from m a n y m em b ers o f th e clergy15.

A n to n i A ren d t, h ea d o f th e T each in g S e m in a r in B ran iew o, p ion eered a project for te a c h in g d e a f child ren . In 1845, h e op en ed a sm a ll school for h ea rin g -im p a ired stu d e n ts in B ran iew o. A sim ila r in itia tiv e w a s la u n ch e d in R e szel in 1 8 8 116. T he local arch p riest, P a w e l R om ahn, also co n trib u ted to th e c a u se b y cr e a tin g th e W arm ian S o ciety for H e lp in g th e D eaf. H e w as a s s is te d in h is w ork by v icar E u g e n iu sz B ra ch v o g el17.

N e w fo u n d a tio n s for th e poor w ere sta r te d in th e 19t h ce n tu ry by C anons J a n F e y e r ste in (1888), R u d o lf B orow sk i (15 A pril 1888, a fa c ility for im p over­

14 J . S te in k i, K a th o lisch e C a rita s u n d k a th o lisc h es V ereinsw esen in d e r D iözese E r m la n d , pp. 2 9 -3 1 ; A. Kopiczko, D u c h o w ień stw o ka to lick ie diecezji w a r m iń s k ie j w la ta c h 1 8 2 1 -1 9 4 5 , p a r t 2: S ło w n ik , p. 38.

15 T he lis t h a s b e en pu b lish ed in K a ta lo g du ch o w ień stw a katolickiego w diecezji w a rm iń skiej

(do 1945 roku), p. 92. cf. D as S t. J o se p h i-S tift in H eilsberg 1 8 5 9-1933, H eilsb erg 1933, p. 15nn.

16 Cf. A. S teinki, K atholische C aritas u n d katholisches Vereinswesen in d er Diözese E rm la n d , pp. 8 2 -8 4 ; A. A re n d t also b e q u e a th e d fu n d s to h o sp itals a n d c h arities (including 11,000 m a rk s for B raniew o a n d aro u n d 355 m a rk s in a n n u itie s for O rneta). - E rm lä n d isch e s K irch en b latt, 1936, p. 247; F. B uchholz, B ild e r a u s W orm ditts Vergangenheit, 2nd ed., W orm ditt 1931, p. 130.

17 Ib id em , p. 24; J . S te in k i, K a th o lisch e C a rita s u n d k a th o lisc h e s V ereinsw esen in d er

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ish e d m a id e n s an d w id ow s) and J ó z e f N e u m a n n w ho e s ta b lish e d a n en d o w ­ m e n t fund o f 4 ,5 0 0 m a rk s for e ld erly w o m en in B isz ty n e k , d on a ted 7,500 m a rk s to th e p u rch a se o f F ir st C om m u n ion su p p lie s and 3 ,0 0 0 m a rk s to St. J o se p h ’s o r p h an age in L idzbark W arm iń sk i. E x te n siv e su p p ort w a s also pro­ v id ed by W arm ia’s b ish o p s, in p a rticu la r A ndrzej S. H a tte n , J ó z e f G eritz (ord ain ed b efore 1821) and A ndrzej T hiel. U p on le a r n in g th a t som e child ren from th e p oorest fa m ilie s could n o t afford a h o t m ea l a t school, T h iel ordered th a t 30 m e a ls be serv ed ev ery day a t h is e x p en se. H e d on ated 5 6 5 m ark s, ra ise d d u rin g celeb ra tio n s o f h is 8 0 th birthday, to a ch u rch con stru ction project in O rzechow o n e a r O lsz ty n 18. H e also g a v e fin a n cia l su p p ort to th e reco n stru ctio n o f a h o sp ita l in R eszel in 1897. C anon K arol D ite r s v on D it­ te r sd o r f m ad e a b e q u e st to a m o n a ste r y school in B ra n ie w o 19.

W arm ia’s p a rish p r ie sts also m a d e freq u en t d isp la y s o f gen erosity. G eorg M a tern m e n tio n e d a n u m b er o f b en efa cto rs, a m on g th em fa th e r s F ra n cisze k A u sten , P iotr B a ra n o w sk i, K azim ierz K oitka, J a n N eu b au er, J a n P u lta and J ó z e f S e tta (w ho m ad e a b e q u e st o f 1,500 m a rk s to sin g le w o m en in B is z ­ ty n ek ), a d d in g th a t th e lis t w a s in c o m p lete20. F a th e r J a n S za d o w sk i p ur­ ch a sed property in W ielbark w h ere h e sta r te d a n o rp h an age for P o lish chil- d ren 21. F a th e r D o m in ik W obbe crea ted a tr u st for th e u p k eep o f tw o ch ild ren in S t. J o se p h ’s o r p h an age in L idzbark W arm iń sk i22. F a th e r A n to n i P a sch k e e sta b lish e d a m ortg a g e bond o f 7 ,0 0 0 th a le r s in h is w ill, an d th e fu n d s w ere to be d ivid ed e q u a lly b e tw e e n th e S is te r s o f St. B orrom eu s (S iste r s o f M ercy) in B ra n iew o and th e C ath ed ral C h ap ter in aid o f th e poor in E a s t and W est P r u s s ia 23. F a th e r J ó z e f T esch n er w a s a lso a g e n e r o u s donor w ho b u ilt ch u rch es in P a sy m and K lebark W ielki, a s w e ll a s tw o ch u rch es in O lsz ty n in th e 2 0 th cen tu ry 24. T h e lis t w ou ld n o t be com p lete w ith o u t fa th e r F e lik s S ch reib er w ho in itia te d th e C opernicus C ath olic H om e project in O lsz ty n and p er so n a lly p a rticip a ted in con stru ctio n w o rk s25.

18 AAWO, O lsz ty n 935 (13 O c to b er 1906); E. P o s c h m a n n , D er K reis R ößel. E in o s t­

p reu ß isc h es H e im a tb u c h , 3 rd ed., K a lte n k irc h e /H o ls te in 1991, p. 300.

19 A. Kopiczko, D u c h o w ień stw o ka to lick ie diecezji w a r m iń s k ie j w la ta c h 1 5 2 5 -1 8 2 1 , p a r t 2:

S ło w n ik , O lsz ty n 2000, p. 54.

20 G. M a te rn , D ie k a th o lisc h e n W o h lth ä tig k e its -A n sta lten u n d -V ereine sow ie d a s k a th o ­

lisch -so zia le Vereinsleben in d e r D iözese E r m la n d , F re ib u rg 1900, pp. 4 7 -4 9 .

21 T. G rygier, Z za g a d n ie ń d ia sp o ry n a W a rm ii i M a zu r a c h , KMW, 1959, No. 2, p. 171.

22 D a s S t. J o s e p h i-S tift in H e ilsb erg 1 8 5 9 -1 9 3 3 , p. 21.

23 AAWO, AB, H 295e (P re s b y te ri in C ro ssen ), p. 40.

24 Cf. W. B arcz ew sk i, K ier m a sy n a W a rm ii i in n e p is m a w y b ra n e, ed. W. O grodziński, O lsz ty n 1984, p. 162.

25 M a n y p r ie s ts fin an c ed th e c o n stru c tio n o f n ew c h u rc h e s in M azury. F in a n c ia l g r a n ts s u p p o rtin g th e c o n stru c tio n o f a s h rin e in P r a b u ty w e re m ad e b y M a rcin B e h la u o f Sątopy, A dolf K eu ch el o f D obre M iasto , F e rd y n a n d E n g e lb re c h t o f G lotow o a n d P io tr B a ra n o w s k i of Tychnow y. - E rm lä n d is c h e V o lksblätter, 17 F e b r u a ry 1874. L is ts o f th e clerg y w ho su p p o rte d c h u rc h e s in M a z u ry w e re p u b lis h e d b y P a sto ra lb la tt f ü r die D iözese E r m la n d a f te r collections o rg a n iz ed b y th e S t. A d a lb e rt A sso ciatio n a n d th e S t. B ru n o n A sso ciatio n . J a n O sw ald, a p ro ­ fesso r a t th e H o s ia n u m S e c o n d ary School, b e q u e a th e d 15,000 m a rk s to p rie s ts in m issio n

O th er aid projects in itia te d by W arm ia’s clergy in th e 19t h cen tu ry w ere a c o n tin u a tio n o f ch a rity tra d itio n s from th e p rev io u s ce n tu r ie s, an d th ey in clu d ed sch o la r sh ip s. E d u ca tio n a l su p p ort w a s a p riority goal in th e ch arity w ork o f b ish o p s, th e C a th ed ra l C h ap ter and p a rish clergy. S e v era l sch olar­ sh ip sc h e m e s from th e p rev io u s c e n tu r ie s h ad b e e n p reserv ed , m o stly th e tr u sts an d fu n d s crea ted by From bork C an on s J a n P reu ck2 6, K azim ierz M ichał D ąb row sk i, P a w e ł D o m in ik D rom m ler, J a n H a n n o w a , E u sta c h y K no­ belsdorf, M ich ał K on arsk i, J a n K reczm er, J ó z e f K retzm an n , J a n J erzy Ku- n ig k , M arq u ard t a n d R u n e siu s, M aciej M o n ta n u s, J a n R u ck i (R udzki), M ichał S iedler, P r zecisła w S zem b orow sk i, S zym on T reter an d E u ch ard Zorn­ h a u se n , R eszel C anon L a u ren ty F red ler and S ą to p y C anon P iotr F ilitz2 7. T he e x te n t to w h ich sch o la rsh ip fu n d s co n tin u ed to be aw ard ed in th e 19th

cen tu ry r e m a in s u n k n o w n , b u t th e fa ct th a t th e y w ere lis te d by th e d iocesan cu ria te s tifie s to th e ir sign ifican ce.

In th e fir st h a lf o f th e 19t h century, th e sch o la rsh ip sch em e received a c a sh in jection from a tr u s t crea ted by B ish o p A ndrzej S. H a tte n . The b ish o p b e q u e a th e d 1 0 ,0 0 0 th a le r s to sc h o la r sh ip s for y o u th s a tte n d in g a secon d ary school in B r a n iew o2 8. F in a n c ia l su p p ort w a s also provided by H enryk S ch m ü llin g, principal o f B ran iew o’s secondary school in 1 8 1 1 -1 8 2 72 9.

B ish op J ó z e f H o h en zo ller n fu n d ed th ree a n n u a l a w a rd s for S em in a ry a lu m n i w ho d elivered th e b e s t serm on s. The stu d e n ts o f J ó z e f S c h eill and B ern ard B u sse fin a n ced sc h o la r sh ip s for th e a u th o rs o f b e s t p ap ers in th e su b jects th e y ta u g h t3 0.

C anon p r ie st R u d o lf B orow sk i (d ied in 1890) b e q u ea th ed 6 ,0 0 0 m a rk s in P r u ssia n bon d s w ith 3.5% in te r e s t to th e d io cesa n curia. T he fu n d s w ere to fu rth er th e ed u c a tio n o f y o u th s from th e B orow sk i fa m ily a s w e ll a s oth er stu d e n ts. The b e q u e st w a s officially approved by th e P r u ssia n g o v ern m en t in

o u tp o sts (in clu d in g K ę trzy n , W y stru c, B arto szy ce). T h e legacy w a s a p p ro v ed by th e K o n ig sb erg g o v e rn m e n t o n 8 N o v e m b er 1885 - G e h eim es S ta a ts a r c h iv P re u s s is c h e r K u ltu rb e s itz B e rlin ­ - D a h le m (G StA ), HA, R ep. 76 IV, S ect. 2, A bt. XIX, No. 10, Bd. 1 S c h e n k u n g e n u n d V e rm äc h t­ n isse z u G u n s te n d e s B isc h ö flich en S tu h ls u n d d es D o m k a p ite ls von E rm la n d 1 8 6 9 -1 9 3 0 (d a te d 6 S e p te m b e r a n d 8 N o v em b er 1885).

26 F o r m o re in fo rm a tio n , re fe r to th e s u b c h a p te r o n th e acad em ic s tu d ie s o f W a rm ia ’s clergy. Cf. A. Kopiczko, D uchow ieństw o katolickie diecezji w a rm iń skie j w la ta ch 1525-1821, p a r t 1, O lsz ty n 2000, p. 152. A lis t o f s c h o la rs h ip s for se c o n d ary school s tu d e n ts w a s d eveloped by F ra n c is z e k D ittric h in O ctober 1906. T he b e n e fa c to rs w ere: P a w e ł D o m in ik D rom m ler, A ndrzej S. H a tte n , J a n K reczm er, J a n J e r z y K u n ig k , M a rc in M üller, J ó z e f N e u m a n n , M ich ał S id ler a n d K u h n , a s e c u la r donor. - AAWO, S c h o la rs h ip re q u e s t files.

27 Cf. AAWO, AB J A 4 (14 A u g u s t 1837).

28 Z u m A n d e n k e n a n A n d r e a s S ta n is la u s von H a tte n , B is c h o f von E r m la n d . F estsch rift

z u m fü n fz ig jä h r ig e n P r ie s te r ju b ilä u m d e s H e rr n P rä la te n J o s e f C a ro lu s, B r a u n s b e rg 1887,

pp. 3 3 -3 4 ; B.M . R o sen b erg , D a s k ö n ig lich e u n d sta a tlic h e G y m n a s iu m 1 8 1 1-1933, Z eitsc h rift fü r die G e sch ich te u n d A lte rtu m s k u n d e E rm la n d s , 1966, Bd. 30, p. 547.

29 B.M . R o sen b erg , D a s k ö n ig lich e u n d sta a tlic h e G y m n a s iu m 1 8 1 1-1933, p. 547.

30 A. Kopiczko, D u ch o w ień stw o ka to lick ie diecezji w a r m iń s k ie j w la ta c h 1 8 2 1 -1 9 4 5 , p a r t 1:

120

a d ecisio n o f 25 J u n e 1 8 8 73 1. In h is w ill d a ted 27 M ay 1876, C anon p riest J a n L in gk b e q u ea th ed 6 ,6 0 0 m a rk s (in m ortg a g e bon d s w ith 4% in te r e st) to a sch o la rsh ip fund for C ath olic stu d e n ts. T he fund w a s la te r exp a n d ed to in clu d e th e b e q u e st o f A n to n i F in ck , th e p a rish p r ie st o f M łyn ary3 2. A u g u st H erm a n n , th e p a rish p r ie st o f K olno, d on ated 1 2 ,000 m a rk s to th e co n stru c­ tio n o f a ch urch in B a rto szy ce, a n eq u a l a m o u n t to a sch o la rsh ip fu n d for ta le n te d y o u th s h o p in g to stu d y th eology an d 4 ,0 0 0 m a rk s to th e co n stru c­ tio n o f a belfry clock in K olno3 3. In 1861, can on p r ie st J ó z e f N a u m a n m ade a d o n a tio n to seco n d a ry sch ool stu d e n ts from im p o v erish ed fa m ilie s in B ran iew o and R eszel. A n ton i T h iel funded a sch olarsh ip for secondary school s tu d e n ts in B isk u p ie c, B ra n iew o and D obre M iasto. S tu d e n ts also received fin a n cia l su p p ort from C an on p r ie sts A n to n i E ich h orn , M ich ał K rüger, J a n L in gk an d M arcin M ü ller3 4.

P a r ish p r ie sts also d on a ted fu n d s an d m ad e b e q u e sts to stu d e n ts. The a rch p riest o f D obre M iasto, fa th er H erm a n P reu sch off, b e q u ea th ed 3,0 0 0 m a rk s to a b o y s’ school in th e city3 5. T he p a rish p r ie st o f K rosno, A u g u st S ch a ch t, co n trib u ted to th e e sta b lis h m e n t o f a h om e econ om ics school in O rn eta in 1 8 9 0 .36 E a ch year, d ea n J a n W erm ter o f D zierzg o ń p erso n a lly fin a n ced F ir st C om m u n ion su p p lie s for five ch ild ren . In sp ired by h is g e n er­ osity, B ish o p A ndrzej T h iel provided h im w ith 100 th a le r s to be sp e n t on school ch ildren. D e a n W erm ter u sed th o se fu n d s to buy 40 books in G erm an an d 154 books in P o lish3 7. T he S tip en d iu m W arm ien se sch o la rsh ip fu n d also ca tered to th e n e e d s o f school stu d e n ts in R e sz e l3 8.

A n o rg a n iza tio n su p p o rtin g u n iv e r sity stu d e n ts w a s fou n d ed 1885. In 1900, it h ad 120 m em b ers w ho m ad e a n n u a l co n trib u tio n s o f 3 m a rk s each. T he o rg a n iza tio n w a s h ea d e d by F ra n c iszek D ittrich o f B ra n iew o3 9.

A n n u a l g r a n ts w ere m ad e a s p a rt o f th e d o s p u e lla r u m (pro d o te p u el- la ru m ) tr u s t for g irls from im p o v erish ed fa m ilies. Initially, th e tr u s t su p p o rt­ ed tw o c e n ter s in O lszty n an d From bork w h ich w ere m erged on 8 N ovem b er 1833 and p laced u n d er th e su p er v isio n o f th e C ath ed ral C h ap ter in From

-31 G S tA , HA, Rep. 76 IV, Sect. 2, A bt. XIX, No. 10, Bd. 1 S c h e n k u n g e n u n d V e rm ä c h tn isse z u G u n s te n des B isch ö flic h en S tu h ls u n d d es D o m k a p ite ls von E rm la n d 1 8 6 9 -1 9 3 0 (d a te d 9 M ay a n d 25 J u n e 1887).

32 Ib id em , d a te d 16 M a rch 1889 a n d 11 A p ril 1889.

33 Ib id em , L a s t w ill a n d te s ta m e n t d a te d 22 F e b r u a ry 1883.

34 Cf. A. K opiczko, D u c h o w ień stw o ka to lick ie diecezji w a r m iń s k ie j w la ta c h 1 8 2 1 -1 9 4 5 , p a r t 2: S ło w n ik , pp. 60, 154, 169, 1 8 9 -1 9 0 ; G. M a te rn , D ie k a th o lisc h e n W o h lth ä tig ke its-A n sta l-

ten u n d - Vereine sow ie d a s k a th o lisc h -so zia le Vereinsleben in d e r D iözese E r m la n d , p. 49.

35 G. B e ck m an n , G eschichte d e r S t a d t G u tts ta d t. F e s ts c h r ift z u m se c h sh u n d er tjä h r ig e n

S ta d tju b ilä u m (neuere Z eit), G u tts ta d t 1929, p. 158.

36 F. B uchholz, B ild e r a u s W o rm d itts V ergangenheit, 2 n d ed., pp. 6 5 -6 6 .

37 A. Szorc, D zierzgoń. O d p o c z ą tk u d o d n i n a sz y c h 1 2 4 8 -1 9 9 8 ), D zierzg o ń 1998, p. 345; AAWO, AB J S 84, p p 9 1 -9 2 .

38 AAWO, A K I W 21 (1 8 8 2 -1 9 1 9 ).

39 G. M a te rn , D ie k a th o lisc h e n W o h lth ä tig k e its -A n sta lten u n d -V ereine sow ie d a s k a th o ­

bork. T h e tr u s t’s b e n e ficia rie s w ere C ath ed ral H ill s ta ff m em b ers an d F rom ­ bork resid e n ts.

T he ch a p ter offered fin a n c ia l su p p ort to fire v ictim s. T he F o n d s für A b geb ran n te (fou n d ation for fire v ic tim s w a s created in aid o f th is ca u se, and it w a s fin a n ced m a in ly by th e K räm era (K raem erisch e S tiftu n g ) foundation. M ost c o n trib u tio n s a m o u n ted to 50 m a rk s, b u t h ig h er su m s w ere also do­ n a te d 40.

A t th e tu rn o f th e 19th an d 2 0 th c e n tu ries, th e G erm an ch u rch sa w the n eed to crea te a n o rg a n iz a tio n t h a t w ould co n so lid a te and coord in ate c h a ri­ tie s in th e fig h t a g a in s t p r o g ressin g poverty. In 1879, its efforts g a v e rise to th e G erm an C a rita s A sso cia tio n (C aritasverb an d ) se a te d in F reiburg. O n 23 A u g u st 1916, th e C o n v en tio n o f G erm an B ish o p s proclaim ed th e a sso cia tio n th e official r e p r e se n ta tiv e o f th e C ath olic C a rita s a g en c y 41.

T he C a rita s a sso cia tio n in W arm ia w a s e sta b lish e d in 1906 u n d er the n a m e o f C arita sv erb a n d für die D iö z e se E rm lan d . T he fo u n d in g m eetin g , h eld on 23 M arch 19 0 6 a t th e H u n tin g Lodge in K on igsb erg, w a s a tte n d e d by r e p r e se n ta tiv e s o f a ll ch a rity in s titu tio n s in th e diocese. M e e tin g p a rtici­ p a n ts ap p oin ted th e a sso c ia tio n ’s fir st board w ith th e fo llo w in g com position: A ndrzej H in z m a n n o f O rn eta a s th e ch a irm a n , J e r z y M atern o f S z a lm ia as th e o p era tin g director, W ich ert o f B ran iew o a s a secu la r treasu rer, B ish op A ndrzej T h iel a s th e h on orary ch airm an , follow ed by su c c e ssiv e o rd in a ries42. T he su c c e ssiv e y e a r s w itn e sse d on ly m in or c h a n g e s in th e com p osition o f th e d io cese’s a u th o rities. J e r z y M a tern a w a s rep laced by A rtu r K a th er o f E lb ląg in 1919, by J ó z e f S te in k i in 1924 an d fa th e r A u g u sty n S ch a rn o w sk i in 1936. T he board o f th e diocese h ad m in im u m 12 m em b ers. T he ch a irm a n an d th e director w ere ap p oin ted b y th e ordinary, w h e r e a s p a rish d iv isio n s w ere h e a d ­ ed by p aroch ial v icars. T he a sso cia tio n b ecam e resp o n sib le for n ea rly all ty p e s o f c h a rity projects. C a rita s w orked w ith p a r ish e s, ch a rity in stitu tio n s, a sso c ia tio n s and b roth erh ood s43. R e lie f c e n te r s w ere created around th e country. K in d erg a rten s, g ir ls’ sch ools and o rg a n iza tio n s p rep arin g g ir ls for fa m ily life w ere op en ed in 52 to w n s and c ities. T he a sso cia tio n refu rb ish ed h o sp ita ls, p e n sio n e r c en ters, it organ ized h o lid a y cam p s for ch ild ren from im p overish ed fa m ilie s and th e R uhr B a sin .

40 A. Kopiczko, D zieje W a rm iń s k ie j K a p itu ły K a ted ra ln e j, p a r t 1: o d 1821 ro k u , O lszty n 2010, pp. 5 2 -5 3 .

41 J . M ajk a, C a rita s, in: E n cy k lo p ed ia k a to lic k a , vol. 2, L u b lin 1985, col. 1333.

42 O th e r p r ie s ts w e re a lso m em b e rs o f th e f irs t b o a rd , a m o n g th e m F ra n c is z e k D ittric h , P a w e l K ü s s n e r, M a k s y m ilia n R e ic h e lt a n d F r a n c is z e k S c h u lz. - E r m lä n d is c h e Z e itu n g , 23 A u g u s t 1906; R. T rab a , N ie m c y -W a rm ia c y -P o la c y , p. 116.

43 J . S te in k i, K a th o lisch e C a rita s u n d k a th o lisc h es V ereinsw esen in d e r D iözese E r m la n d , pp. 9 -11.