Fatigue Damage in the Expansion Joints of ss ROTTERDAM

Fatigue Damage in the Expansion

Joints of ss R O T T E R D A M

(Retired Rotterdam Dockyard) (TNO Delft)

(TUDelft)

(Retired Rotterdam Dockyard) Report 1166-P

Projectnr. 952

September 1998

Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and Mobile Units, PRADS'98, The Hague, The Netherlands, September 1998.

Edited by M. W. C. Oosterveld and S. G. Tan

TU Delft

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology Ship Hydromechanics Laboratory

Developments in Marine Technology, 11

Practical Design

of Ships and Mobile Units

Developments in Marine Technology, 11

Practical Design

of Ships and Mobile Units

Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and Mobile Units,

The Hague, The Netherlands, September 1998

edited by

M.C.W. Oosterveld

MARIN - Maritime Research Institute Netherlands, Wageningen, The Netherlands

S.G.

T a n

MARIN - Maritime Research Institute Netherlands, Wageningen, The Netherlands

1 9 9 8

ELSEVIER

A m s t e r d a m - L a u s s a n n e - N e w York - O x f o r d - S h a n n o n - S i n g a p o r e - T o k y o and

ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25

P.O. Box 2 1 1 , 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands

© 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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V

These Proceedings consist of papers presented at the 7th Intemational Symposium on Practical

Design of Ships and Mobile Units. The Symposium was held at the Congress Centre in The Hague,

The Netherlands, on 20-25 September 1998. The Symposium was organized by:

M A R I N

Maritime Research Institute Netherlands

K I v I

Royal Institute of Engineers in The Netherlands

K M

Royal Netherlands Navy

NVTS

Netherlands Association of Maritime Engineers

TNO

Netherlands Organization for Applied Research

T U Delft

Delft University o f Teclinology

These organizations are represented in the Local Organizing Committee.

The Local Organizing Committee organized the Symposium under supervision of the PRADS's

Standing Committee. The Symposium benefited fi-om the generous support of a number o f Sponsors.

These, together with the membership o f the committees, are listed in the following.

C O M M I T T E E O F R E C O M M E N D A T I O N

Dr. G.J. Wijers, Minister of Economic Affairs of The Netherlands

Mr. M.A. Busker, Chairman Controlling Board M A R I N , Chairman Association of Shipyards in The

Netherlands (VNSI)

Ir. J.A. Dekker, Chairman Board of Directors of Netherlands Organization for Applied Research

(TNO)

Ir. J.M.H. van Engelshoven, President of Royal Institute o f Engineers in The Netherlands (KIvl)

Drs. A. Korteland, RA, Chairman of Royal Association of Ship Owners in The Netherlands (KVNR)

Dr. N . de Voogd, Chairman of the Board of Delft University ofTechnology

vi

P R A D S S T A N D I N G C O M M I T T E E

Prof. S. Motora, Honorary Chairman of PRADS, Ship and Ocean Foundation, Tokyo, Japan

Dr. M.W.C. Oosterveld, Chairman PRADS Standing Committee, M A R I N , Wageningen, The

Netherlands

Ir. S.G. Tan, Secretary PRADS Standing Committee, M A R I N , Wageningen, The Netherlands

Dr. L.L. Buxton, University of Newcastle, United Kingdom

Prof 0 . Faltinsen, The Norwegian Institute ofTechnology, Trondheim

Dr.ing .G. di Filippo, Fincantieri, Trieste, Italy

Prof. H . Kim, Seoul National University, Korea

Prof J.W. Lee, Inha University, Inchon, Korea

Dr. D. Liu, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, U.S.A.

Prof H . Maeda, University of Tokyo, Japan

Prof T. Temdrup Pedersen, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

Prof Y.S. Wu, China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi, China

P R A D S L O C A L O R G A N I Z I N G C O M M I T T E E

Dr. M.W.C. Oosterveld, Chairman Local Organizing Committee, M A R I N , Wageningen

Ir. S.G. Tan, Secretary Local Organizing Committee, M A R I N , Wageningen

Prof.ir. A. Aalbers, Delft University ofTechnology, Delft

Ir. G.T.M. Janssen, Netherlands Organization for Apphed Research (TNO), Delft

Ir. P.J. Keuning, Royal Netherlands Navy, The Hague

Prof.Dr. J.A. Pinkster, Delft University of Technology, Royal Institute of Engineers (KJvI), The

Hague

V l l

Mr. J. Veltman, Netherlands Association o f Maritime Engineers (NVTS), Rotterdam

Prof.Dr. J.H. Vugts, Royal Institute of Engineers, The Hague

S P O N S O R S

M A R I N

Ministry o f Economic Affairs of The Netherlands

Municipality o f The Hague

TNO

S Y M P O S I U M S E C R E T A R I A T

Maritime Research Institute Netherlands

P.O. Box 28, 6700 A A Wageningen, The Netherlands

telephone : +31 317 49 32 19

IX

PREFACE

These Proceedings contain the papers presented at the 7th Intemational Symposium

on Practical Design of Ships and Mobil Units. The Symposium was held at the

CONGRESS CENTRE in The Hague, The Netherlands, on 20 - 25 September 1998.

The overall aim o f PRADS Conferences is to advance the design of ships and

mobile marine stmctures through the exchange of Imowledge and the promotion of

discussions on relevant topics in the fields of naval architecture and marine and

offshore engineering. Greater intemational co-operation of this kind can help iniprove

design and production methods and so increase the efficiency, economy and safety

of ships and mobile units. Previous symposia have been held in Tolcyo ('77 and '83),

Seoul ('83 and '95), Trondheim ('87), Varna ('89) and Newcastle ('92).

The main themes of this Symposium are Design Synthesis, Production, Ship

Hydromechanics, Ship Stmctures and Materials and Offshore Engineering.

Proposals for over two hundred papers have been received for PRADS '98 from 25

countries, and 126 have been accepted for presentation at the Conference. Given the

high quality of the proposed papers, it has been a difficult task for the Local

Organising Committee to make a proper balanced selection.

Some topics which attracted many papers were Design Loads, Design for Ultimate

Strength, Impact of Safety and Environment, Grounding and Collision, Resistance and

Flow, Seakeeping, Fatigue Considerations and Propulsor and Propulsion Systems.

The great current interest in these topics and the high quality of the papers guarantee

a successful Conference.

The success o f PRADS '98 depends on the great contributions of the participants

with a special acknowledgement to the authors.

We as Local Organizing Committee have done our utmost to create the proper

atmosphere for an interesting and enjoyable conference.

CONTENTS

DESIGN SYNTHESIS

DESIGN - MARINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

TRA-NESS "New Ship Concept in the Framework of Short Sea Shipping" A European Targeted Research Action: Resuhs and Exploitation Aspects

C. Camisetti

Principal Trends of Container Vessels Development

W. Chadzynski

Hydrodynamic Impact on Efficiency of Inland Waterway Vessels

A.G. Lyakhovitsky

DESIGN - NOVEL SHIP CONCEPTS

Small Waterplane Area Triple Hull (SWATrH) for Mega Yacht Pui-poses

Ulrich Heinemann

The Design of a New Concept Sailing Yacht

J.J. Porsiiis, H. Boonstra and J.A. Keuning

Enlarged Ship Concept Applied to RO-RO Cargo/Passenger Vessel

J.M.J. Journée, Jakob Pinkster and S.G. Tan

DESIGN - DESIGN LOADS

Use of Non-Linear Sea-Loads Simulations in Design of Ships

L.J.M.Adegeest, A.Braathen andR.M.L0seth

Numerical Study of the Impact of Water on Cylindrical Shells, Considering Fluid-Structure Interactions

M. Arai and T. Miyauchi

Structural Response in Large Twin Hull Vessels Exposed to Severe Wet Deck Slamming

O.D. 0kland, T. Moan and J. V. Aarsnes

Structural Dynamic Loadings Due to Impact and Whipping

Kenneth Weems, Sheguang Zhang, Woei-Min Lin, James Bennett and Yung-Sup Shin

Improved Ship Detail Finite Element Stress Analysis

l^eil G. Pegg, David Heath and Mervyn E. Norwood

Prediction of the Sectional Forces and Pressures on a Free-Fail Lifeboat During Water Entry

xn

DESIGN - DESIGN FOR U L T I M A T E STRENGTH

A Computational Method for Analysis of LNG Vessels with Spherical Tanks 103

F.Kamsvag, E. Steen and S. Vahgard

The Influence of Adjoinmg Structures on the Ultimate Strength of Corrugated Bulkheads 111

Jeom Kee Paik, Anil K.Thayamballi and Sung Geun Kim

Ultimate Strength Formulation for Ship's Grillages under Combined Loadings 125

S.-R. Cho, B. - W. Choi and P.A. Frieze

DESIGN - GROUNDING A N D COLLISION

Collision Resistance and Fatigue Strength of New Oiltanker with Advanced Double Hull Struchire 133

J.W. Lee. H. Petershagen, J Rörup, H.Y. Paik and J.H. Yoon

Failure Criteria for Ship Collision and Grounding 141

L. Zhu and A.G. Atkins

On Ductile Rupture Criteria for Structural Tear in the Case of Ship Collision and Grounding 149

E. Lehmann andX. Yu

Design of Corrugated Bulkhead of Bulk Carrier against Accidental Flooding Load 157

Hiromu Konishi, Tetsuya Yao, Toshiyuki Shigemi, Ou Kitamura andMasahiko Fujikubo

Analysis of the Collision between Rigid Bulb and Side Shell Panel 165

G. Woisin

A Study on the Improved Tanker Structure against Collision and Grounding Damage 173 O. Kitamia-a, T. Kuroiwa, Y. Kawamoto and E. Kaneko

Plastic Buckling of Rectangular Plates Subjected to Combined Loads 1 g i

CH. Sinn, Y.B. Kim, J Y. Lee a?id C. W. Yum

Investigations into the Collapse Behaviour of Inland Vessels 189

A. Meinken and H.-J. Schliiter

DESIGN - IMPACT OF SAFETY A N D ENVIRONMENT

The Role of Shipboard Structural Monitoring Systems in the Design and Safe Operation of Ships 201

F.H. Ashcroft and D.J. Witmer

Rough Weather Ship Performance - A Quality to be Introduced into the Prelmiinary Design Process 209

J. Nareskog and O. Rutgersson

Steady Behaviour of a Large Full Ship at Sea 223

x i i i

Multiattribute Design Synthesis for Robust Ship Subdivision of Safe Ro-Ro Vessels 231

G. Trincas

On the Effect of Green Water on Deck on the Wave Bending Moment 239

Zhaohui Wang, Jeirgen June her Jensen and Jinzhu Xia

Development of a Formal Safety Assessment System for Integration into the Lifeboat Design Process 247

P. Sen, R. Birmingham, C. Cain and R.M. Cripps

DESIGN - USE OF PROBABILISTIC METHODS

Reliability Based Quality and Cost Optimization of Unstiffened Plates in Ship Structures 255

Weicheng Cui, Alaa E. Mansour, TareJi Elsayed and Paul H. Wirsching

Hull Girder Safety and Reliability of Bulk Carriers 261

D. Béghin, G. Parmentier, T. Jastrzêbski, M. Taczala and Z. Sekulski

Review of Statistical Models for Ship Reliability Analysis 273

J. Parunov and I. Senjanovic

DESIGN - METHODOLOGY

Automatic Hull Form Generation: A Practical Tool for Design and Research 281

R.W Birmingham and T.A.G.Smith

Hull Form Modelling Usmg NURBS Curves and Surfaces 289

M. Ventura and C. Guedes Soares

A New Transformation Method for the Designed Waterline 297

Jun Zhang, Hongcui Sheng and Mingdao Cheng

DESIGN - MISCELLANEOUS

Multiple Criteria Design Optimisation of RO-RO Passenger Ferries with Consideration of Recently 303 Proposed Probabilistic Stability Standards

K. W. Hutclnnson, P. Sen, I.L. Buxton and W. Hills

Is Tonnage Measurement Still Necessary?

Roman Albert

xiv

PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION - DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION

Product Modelling for Design and Approval in Shipbuilding 323

U. Rabien and U. Langbecker

Design for Production 33 \

George Bruce, Bill Hills and Richard Storch

Ship Hull Surface Fairing System 34 \

T.K. Yoon, D.J. Kim, Y. W. Chung, S. Y Oh, H.K. Leem and N.J. Park

PRODUCTION - PRODUCTION M A N A G E M E N T A N D INFORMATION SYSTEMS

An Evolutionary Approach to the Scheduling of Ship Design and Production Processes 351

J.A. Scott, D.S. Todd and P. Sen

A Study on the Production-Oriented Structural Design Infomiation System of Panel Blocks 359 Joo-Sung Lee and Gu-Gun Byun

The Assessment of Ship Hull Weight Uncertainty

K. Ziha, L Mavric and S. Maksimovic

X V

SHIP HYDROMECHANICS

HYDROMECHANICS - RESISTANCE, COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

The CALYPSO Project: Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Ship Design Process 373

J. Tuxen, M. Hoekstra, H. Nowacki, L. Larsson, F. van Walree and M. TerkeJsen

Computing Free Surface Ship Flows with a Volume-of Fluid-Method 3 81

C. Schumann

Development of Computational System for Flow around a Ship and its Validation with Experiments 387

Wu-Joan Kim, Suak-Ho Van. Do-Hyun Kim and Geun-Tae Yim

HYDROMECHANICS - RESISTANCE, HULL FORM OPTIMISATION

A New Hull Form for a Venice Urban Transport Waterbus: Design, Experimental and Computational 395 Optimisation

ƒƒ. C. Raven, M. van Hees, S. Miranda and C. Pensa

A System for the Experimental Determination of the Hydrodynamic Impact of M/Bs Operating in 405 Venice

F. Balsamo, A. Paciolla and F. Quaranta

A n Inverse Geometry Design Problem in Optimizing the Hull Surfaces 411

Shean-Kwang Chou, Cheng-Hung Huang, Cheng-Chia Chiang and Po-Chuan Huang

Optimum Hull Form Design using Numerical Wave Pattem Analysis 421

Akihito Hirayama, Tatsuya Eguchi, Koyu Kimura, Akihiko Fujii and Moriyasu Ohta

Tankers: Conventional and Twin-Gondola Hull Forms 429

Eduardo Minguito, Henk H. Valkhof and Eric van der Maarel

Experimental and Computational Study on Resistance and Propulsion Characteristics for Ro-Ro 439 Passenger Ship of Twin Propellers

Suak-Ho Van, Do-Hyun Kim, Bong-Ryong Son, Jung-Kwan Lee, Dong-Yul Cha and Jae-Kyoung Huh

HYDROMECHANICS - RESISTANCE, HIGH SPEED CATAMARANS

Geosim Experrmental Results of High-speed Catamaran: Co-operative Investigation on Resistance Model 447 Tests Methodology and on Ship-model Correlation

P- Cassella, C. Coppola, F. Lalli, C. Pensa, A. Scamardella and L Zotti

Influence of the Submergence and the Spacing of the Demihulls on the Behaviour of Multi-Hulls Marine 453 Vehicles: A Numerical Application

Lianiele Peri, Marco Roccaldo and Stefano LFranchi

Experimental Investigation on the Drag Characteristics of a High Speed Catamaran

R- Natarajan and Malle Madhu

xvi

HYDROMECHANICS - RESISTANCE, MISCELLANEOUS

A Study for Improvement in Resistance Characteristics of a Semi-Planing Ship

Yong-Jea Park, Seiing-Hee Lee, Young-Gill Lee and Sung-Wan Hong

On Optimal Dimensions of Fast Vessel for Shallow Water

Milan Hofman

A Simple Surface Panel Method to Solve Unsteady Wing Problems K. Nakatake, J. Ando and S. Maita

HYDROMECHANICS - SEAKEEPING, MOTIONS A N D LOADS

Time-Domain Analysis of Large-Amplitude Responses of Ships in Waves

N. Fonseca and C. Guedes Soares

Wave-Induced Motions and Loads for a Tanker. Calculations and Model Tests

J. Lundgren, M. C. Cheung and B.L. Hutchison

Practical Time Domain Simulator of Wave Loads on a Ship in Multi-Directional Waves

Hisaaki Maeda and Chang Kyu Rheem

HYDROMECHANICS - SEAKEEPING, ADDED RESISTANCE A N D SHIPPING WATER

Added Resistance of a Ship Moving in Small Sea States

Sverre Steen and Odd M.Faltinsen

BEAK-BOW to Reduce the Wave Added Resistance at Sea

Koichiro Matsumoto, Shigeru Naito, Ken Takagi, Kazuyoshi Hirota and Kenji Takagishi

A Prediction Method for the Shipping Water Height and its Load on Deck Yoshitaka Ogawa, Harukuni Taguchi and Shigesuke Isltida

HYDROMECHANICS - SEAKEEPING, H U L L FORM DEVELOPMENT

A Study on Motion Analysis of High Speed Displacement Hull Forms

Predrag Bojovic and Prasanta K. Sahoo

Hydrodynamic Development for a Frigate for the-21st Century

G.K. Kapsenberg and R. Brouwer

Theoretical Validation of the Hydrodynamics of High Speed Mono- and Multi-Hull Vessels Travelling a Seaway

xvii

HYDROMECHANICS - SEAKEEPING, SLAMMING

Issues in the Assessment of Design Slamming Pressure on High Speed Monohull Vessels 577

Jianbo Hua

A Coupled Approach for the Evaluation of Slamming Loads on Ships 589 -A. Magee and E. Fontaine

The Effect of Forward Speed on the Hydroelastic Behaviors of Ship Structures 597

S.-X. Du and Y.-S. Wu

HYDROMECHANICS - SEAKEEPING, MISCELLANEOUS

The Influence of Fixed Foils on Seakeeping Qualities of Fast Catamaran 605

W. Welnicki

Seakeeping Design of Fast Monohull Ferries 613

L. Grossi and S. Brizzolara

Prediction of Excessive Rolling of Cruise Vessels in Head and Following Waves 625

H.R. Luth andR.P. Dallinga

HYDROMECHANICS - MANOEUVRING

The Prediction of Ship's Manoeuvring Performance in Initial Design Stage 633

Ho-Young Lee and Sang-Sung Shin

A n Experimental Study on the Effects of Loading Condition on the Maneuverability of Aframax-Type 641 Tanker

In-Young Gong, Sun-Young Kim, Yeon-Gyu Kim and Jin-Whan Kim

Prediction of Crabbing in the Early Design Stage 649

F.H.H.A. Quadvlieg and S.L. Toxopeus

HYDROMECHANICS - PROPULSOR A N D PROPULSION SYSTEMS, COMPUTATIONAL METHODS

Improvement in Resistance Performance of a Barge by Air Lubrication 655

Jinho Jang, Hyochul Kim and Seung-Hee Lee

Hydrodynamic Design of Integrated Propulsor/Stem Concepts by Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes 663 Techniques

Rich Korpus, Biy an Hubbard, Paul Jones, Chel Stromgren and James Bennett

Marine Propeller Hydroelasticity by means ofthe Finite/Boundary Element Method - A Preliminary 671 Approach

X V l l l

HYDROMECHANICS - PROPULSOR A N D PROPULSION SYSTEMS, STERN A N D STRUTS

U.S.Navy Sealift Hydrodynamic Investigations 677

Siu C. Fung, Gabor Karafiath and Donald McCallum

The Influence of the Stem Frame Shape for a High Speed Container Ship on the Powering Performance 691

Kuk-Jin Kang, Ki-Sup Kim, Young-Jea Park, Chun-Ju Lee, In-Haeng Song arid Il-Sung Moon

Some Aspects in Designing Shaft Brackets for High-Speed Vessels 699

A. Jonk and J.P. Hackett

HYDROMECHANICS - PROPULSOR A N D PROPULSION SYSTEMS, WATERJETS

A Powering Method for Super High-Speed Planuig Ships 709

Tadao Yamano, Takeshi Ueda, Isao Funeno, Tetsuro Ikebuchi and Yoshiho Ikeda

LINEAR-Jet: A Propulsion System for Fast Ships 717

M. Bohm and D. Jin-gens

A Dynamic Model for the Performance Prediction o f a Waterjet Propulsion System 727 Giovanni Benvenuto, Ugo Campora, Massimo Figari and Valerio Ruggiero

HYDROMECHANICS - PROPULSOR A N D PROPULSION SYSTEMS, SEA TRIALS

Hydrodynamics in Pre-Contract Ship Design 735

Janusz T. Stasiak

Sea Trial Experience of the First Passenger Cmiser with Podded Propulsors 743

R. Kurimo

A n Analysis of Full Scale Trial Results that takes Account of Non-Scaled Environmental Conditions 749

R. Rocchi

HYDROMECHANICS - PROPULSOR A N D PROPULSION SYSTEMS, SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

A n Investigation into Effective Boss Cap Designs to Eliminate Propeller Hub Vortex Cavitation 757 M Atlar and G. Patience

LIUTO Development and Optimisation of the Propulsion System; Study, Design and Tests 771

G. Bertolo, A. Brighenti, S. Kaul and R. Schuize

A New Concept of Pushboat Design

B. Bilen and M. Zerjal

HYDROMECHANICS - PROPULSOR AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS, MISCELLANEOUS

On the Practical Computation of Propulsion Factors of Ships

Do-Sung Kong, Young-Gi Kim and Jae-Moon Lew

Model Test Results of a Twin Screw Vessel with Only One Shaft Line Working

-Antonio Guerrero

Design Studies of the Manoeuvring Performance of Rudder-Propeller Systems

X X

SHIP STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

STRUCTURES - FATIGUE CONSIDERATIONS

The Development of a Fatigue Centred Safety Strategy for Bulk Carriers

I.T. Braidwood, I.L. Buxton, P.W. Marshall, D. Clarke and Y.Z. Zhu

Single or Double Side Skin for Bulk Carriers?

W. Fricke

Fatigue of Bulk Carrier Side Frame Structures

Anil K. ThayambaUi and Zheng-Wei Zhao

Fatigue Life Prediction for Ship Structures

J.H. Vink, M.Mukhopadhyay and B. Boon

Long Term Accumulation of Fatigue Damage in Ship Side Stmctures

Are Johan Berstad and Carl Martin Larsen

Fatigue Testing of Large Scale Details of a Large Size Aluminium Surface Effect Ship

O.D. Dijkstra. A.W. Vredeveldt, G.T.M. Janssen and O. Ortmans

STRUCTURES - FATIGUE CONSIDERATIONS, STIFFENED PANELS

Fracture of a Stiffened Panel with Multiple Site Cracks under Lateral Pressure

Y. Siani, Z. Bozic, H. lyama and Y. Kawamura

Fatigue of all Steel Sandwich Panels - Applications on Bulkheads and Decks of a Cmising Ship

P. Kujala, K. Kotisalo and T. Kukkanen

Enhanced Stmctural Connection between Longitudinal Stiffener and Transverse Web Frame ^.A^. Kim, D.D. Lee, W.S. Kim, D.H. Kim, O.H. Kim, M.H. Hyun, U.N. Kim, F.L.M. Violette and

H.W.Chung

STRUCTURES - FATIGUE CONSIDERATIONS, MISCELLANEOUS

Study on Fatigue Damage Accumulation Process by Using Crystalline FEM Analysis

N. Osawa, Y. Tomita and K. Hashimoto

Fatigue Damage in the Expansion Joints of SS Rotterdam

H. W. Stapel, A. W. Vredeveldt, J.M.J Journée and W. de Koning

A Development of Technical Database for Hull Stmctures

STRUCTURES - NOISE A N D VIBRATIONS

Prediction of Propeller Cavitation Noise on Board Ships

C. A.F. de Jong and M.J.A.M. de Regt

Computation of Structure-Borne Noise Propagation in Ship Structures using Noise-FEM —C. Cabos and J. Jokat

The Acoustic Source Strength of Wateijet Installations

K.N.H. Looijmans, R. Parchen and H. Hasenpflug

Viscoelastic Passive Damping Technology on Ship's Vibration and Noise Control

Wei-Hui Wang, Rong-Juin Shyu and Jiang-Ren Chang

Dynamic Loads on Fast Ferry Hull Structures Induced by the Engine-Propeller System

D. Boote, A. Carcaterra, P.G. Esposito andM. Figari

STRUCTURES - INFLUENCE OF NEW MATERIALS INCLUDING HYBRID SOLUTIONS

Minimum Plate Thickness in High-Speed Craft

P. Temdrup Pedersen and Shengming Zhang

X-Joints in Composite Sandwich Panels

A.W. Vredeveldt and G.T.M. Janssen

A n Energy-Based Approach to Determine Critical Defect Sizes in FRP Ship Structures

xxii

OFFSHORE ENGINEERING

OFFSHORE - FLOATING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Verification of FPSO Structural Integrity

R. Potthurst and K. Mitchell

Downtime Minimization by Optimum Design of Offshore Structures

G.F. Clauss and L. Birk

985

Integrated Motion, Load and Structural Analysis for Offshore Structures 995

Yung Shin, Craig Lee and D.E. Jones

1005 Wave Drift Forces and Responses in Storm Waves

C. T. Stansberg, R. Yttennk and F. G. Nielsen

OFFSHORE - MOORING TECHNOLOGY A N D ANCHORLINE DYNAMICS

A Practical Method for Mooring Systems Optimum Design 1013

Oscar Brito Augusto. Carlos Alberto Nunes Dias and Ronaldo Rosa Rossi

A Practical Design and Dynamic Characteristics of a Deep Sea Moormg System 1023 H.S Shin, J W. Cho and LK. Park

Analysis of Dynamic Response of a Moored Tanker and Mooring Lines m a Single Point Mooring System 1029

Yojiro Wada and YoichiYamaguchi

OFFSHORE - FLOATING AIRPORTS

Wave Drift Forces of a Very Large Flexible Floating Structure 1037

H. Maeda, T. Ikoma and K. Masuda

Numerical and Experimental Study on Attitude Control of a Large Floating Offshore Structtire by 1045 Pneumatic Actuator

Tsugukiyo Hirayama, Ning Ma and Yasuhiro Saito

Simulation Sttidy on Oceanophysical Environment around a Large Floating Offshore Structure Moored in 1053 Tokyo Bay

M. Fujino, K. Seino, M. Hasebe and D. Kitazawa

OFFSHORE - MISCELLANEOUS

1061

Optimisation of DP Stationkeeping for New Generation Early Production Drillships 1071

Albert A. Aalbers and Richard P. Michel

Mathematical Description of Green Function for Radiation Problem of Floatmg Structtires m Waves 1081

Y.Y. Wang, K. Qian andD.Z. Wang

I N D E X OF AUTHORS

© 1998 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights resei-ved. Practical Design of Ships and Mobile Units

M.W.C. Oosterveld and S.G. Tan, editors. 905

Fatigue Damage i n t h e E x p a n s i o n J o i n t s of ss

R O T T E R D A M .

s t a p e l , H . W . " , Vredeveldt, A . W . ^ , Journee, J . M . J . " a n d K o n i n g , W. de "

R e t i r e d f r o m the Rotterdam D o c k y a r d C o m p a n y

N e t h e r l a n d s O r g a n i s a t i o n for A p p l i e d Scientific Research, T N G , D e l f t Delft University of Technology

A f t e r 38 years of satisfactory service t h e H o l l a n d - A m e r i c a line sold her f l a g s h i p "ss R O T T E R D A M " . A l t h o u g h promised to Lloyds, studies a n d tests made d u r i n g construction on the expansion j o i n t s were never published. T h i s P R A D S '98 conference is a good occasion to report on these now. Moreover, the behaviour is placed i n t h e l i g h t of an f a t i g u e assessment i n retrospect.

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

I n 1959 t h e R o t t e r d a m D o c k y a r d Company delivered the 200 m passenger ship ss R O T T E R D A M to the H o l l a n d - A m e r i c a Line, H A L [1]. U n t i l last year the vessel was operated by the HAJ^. She now sails under the name R E M B R A N D T f o r Premier Cruises.

The vessel is one of the f i r s t f u l l y welded passenger ships.

A t the t i m e of b u i l d i n g of the ss R O T T E R D A M , most passenger ships h a d expansion j o i n t s . However m u c h research was carried out on i n c o r p o r a t i n g the superstructures i n the s t r e n g t h of the h u l l girder [2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ] . A full-scale test was already made i n 1913 by b u i l d i n g the C A L G E R I A N w i t h a n d her sister ship A L S A T I O N w i t h o u t j o i n t s [ 7 , 8 ] .

The y a r d decided to f i t f o u r expansion j o i n t s , based on f i v e arguments:

1. A t the t i m e the scantlings h a d to be decided on, the a r r a n g e m e n t of the superstructure a n d its c o n t r i b u t i o n to the s t r e n g t h was not k n o w n .

2. The r i s k of cracks i n the super-s t r u c t u r e at u n c o n t r o l l e d super-spotsuper-s wasuper-s considered to be larger t h a n at the j o i n t s .

3. The expansion j o i n t s f i t t e d on the ss N I E U W A M S T E R D A M , b u i l t by the same y a r d i n 1938, gave satisfactory results, a l t h o u g h cracks d i d develop. 4. The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s ship was not a

r o u t i n e j o b f o r the y a r d ; therefore a proven design was f a v o u r e d .

5. There was no f i n a n c i a l pressure to save b u i l d i n g costs by l e a v i n g out the j o i n t s .

A f t e r c o m m i s s i o n i n g i n 1959, the vessel sailed on t h e N o r t h A t l a n t i c service i n the s u m m e r a n d made cruises i n w i n t e r t i m e . I n A p r i l 1963 a crack was reported at the j o i n t s on f r a m e 138/139. A f t e r repair and m o d i f i c a t i o n no cracks were reported since. The ship's logbooks are s t i l l available. F r o m these i t was possible to d r a w up a h i s t o r y o f sea states a n d headings to w h i c h the vessel h a d been subjected u n t i l the crack occurred. W i t h the c u r r e n t c o m p u t a t i o n a l tools a f a t i g u e damage analysis was c a r r i e d o u t on the expansion j o i n t . T h e results of this research are

906

F i g u r e 1. Side view of ss R O T T E R D A M .

2. T H E SHIP

F i g u r e 1 shows a side view of the ship and f i g u r e 2 gives a general impression of the m i d s h i p section. For comparison the cross section of the new R O T T E R D A M - 1 9 9 7 , b u i l t i n I t a l y , is shown as w e l l . The 1959 ship has the promenade deck (P) as s t r e n g t h deck. The p l a t i n g of the 1997 ship on deck 3 and above is of h i g h tensile steel, w h i l e the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e u p to deck 8 f o r m s p a r t of the h u l l girder. I t is r e m a r k a b l e to see t h a t plate thicknesses have been reduced considerably over t h e years. The R O T T E R D A M - 1 9 5 9 is f i t t e d w i t h transverse f r a m e s , w h i l e the R O T T E R D A M - 1 9 9 7 is f i t t e d w i t h h i g h tensile l o n g i t u d i n a l f r a m e s . Owners extra's are i n d i c a t e d i n brackets. B o t h ships are classified by Lloyds Register of S h i p p i n g . The sectional m o d u l u s of R O T T E R D A M - 1 9 9 7 at deck 8 (34.80 m above base) is almost equal to the section m o d u l u s of R O T T E R D A M - 1 9 5 9 at the promenade deck P (21.96 m above base). F i g u r e 3 shows a d e t a i l of the expansion j o i n t as applied j u s t above the promenade deck. I n i t i a l l y bolt holes were present i n the edge s t r e n g t h e n i n g bar. A t the r e p a i r and m o d i f i c a t i o n i n 1963 s t u d bolts were welded on the bar.

Measures in m m S A -BOAT J2 TL L t A. _fi £ s £ i s a 3 6& „ 104 I 6 1" 1 1, - A _ 6 n ' R 6 „ 8 _{s.oo ra} ROTTERDAM-1997 A Steel 500 N/mm2 202.00 m 32.25 m 8.00 m 32500 m3 2 0 ~ ? r . u'o') ROTTERDAM-1959

XNT special notch tough Lpp 198.12 m B 28.65 m T 9.00 m V 30400 m3 F i g u r e 2. Cross section R o t t e r d a m 1959/1997. 3. A P P L I E D A N A L Y S I ^

A f a t i g u e calculation has been carried out i n retrospect. The procedure as described below has been f o l l o w e d .

1. A l l logbooks f r o m t h e m a i d e n voyage up to the f i r s t r e p o r t e d crack at the expansion j o i n t were analysed.

907 BOILER PLATE

O R I G I N A L

1959

R E P A I R

1963

2. T h e ship's behaviour i n seaway was calculated by a p p l y i n g a general purpose s h i p motions p r e d i c t i o n c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m . T h i s analysis y i e l d e d a set of v e r t i c a l en h o r i z o n t a l h u l l b e n d i n g m o m e n t f r e q u e n c y response f u n c t i o n s (FRF) f o r the cross section at f r a m e 138/139.

3. T h i s set o f FRFs was used to calculate the stress spectrum i n t h e promenade deck at t h e side d u r i n g each w a t c h of 4 hours. T h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l conditions a n d the s h i p speed were assumed to be constant d u r i n g each w a t c h ,

4. F r o m each stress s p e c t r u m the c u m u l a t i v e p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e stress range was calculated by a s s u m i n g a Rayleigh d i s t r i b u t i o n .

5. For each spectrum the n u m b e r of zero up-crossings was d e t e r m i n e d .

6. The n u m b e r of cycles at 23 stress ranges was calculated

7. The n u m b e r of cycles f o r the considered stress ranges for each w a t c h were f m a l l y added.

8. N e x t , t h e n u m b e r of cycles per stress range were d i v i d e d by t h e "required" n u m b e r of cycles u p to damage f o r the g i v e n stress range.

9. F i n a l l y t h e i n d i v i d u a l damage ratios w e r e added up, y i e l d i n g the c u m u l a t i v e damage D.

I t e m s 8 a n d 9 describe t h e P a l m g r e n M i n e r approach f o r c a l c u l a t i n g f a t i g u e damage i n a s t r u c t u r a l d e t a i l [10].

4. B E H A V I O U R I N S E A W A Y

To calculate the behaviour of the ship i n the experienced wave conditions u n t i l c r a c k i n g of the expansion j o i n t s , the c o m p u t e r code S E A W A Y o f the D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y of Technology [9] has been used. T h i s p r o g r a m calculates the loads a n d m o t i o n s of ships i n waves i n the f r e q u e n c y d o m a i n by the l i n e a r s t r i p t h e o r y m e t h o d . D e p e n d i n g on t h e shape of each cross section, a 10 p a r a m e t e r close-fit c o n f o r m a l m a p p i n g m e t h o d or F r a n k ' s p u l s a t i n g source method is used to calculate t h e 2-D p o t e n t i a l coefficients.

A f t e r t a k i n g into account t h e f o r w a r d speed effect, the coefficients of the equations of m o t i o n i n t h e frequency d o m a i n are obtained by a l o n g i t u d i n a l i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e 2-D values. T h e presence of bdge keels and fin stabilisers has been t a k e n i n t o account. Bretschneider wave energy spectra are used to o b t a i n s t a t i s t i c a l data on motions a n d loads i n i r r e g u l a r waves.

T h e ship's under w a t e r h u l l f o r m is given i n f i g u r e 4

908

250

«•ROTTERDAM

Figure 4. Body p l a n ss R O T T E R D A M

The d i s t r i b u t i o n of the mass along t h e ship length is s h o w n i n f i g u r e 5. 350 300 ^ 2 5 0 IZ O) ë 200 _ I D 150 <D m 100 nj 50

Data used in calculations D a l a obtained (rom shiipyard

4

FRF

0 50 100 150 200

Distribution Along Ship Length (m)

F i g u r e 5. Mass d i s t r i b u t i o n SS R O T T E R D A M F u r t h e r i n p u t f o r the h y d r o m e c h a n i c a l calculations were: D r a u g h t (average) Metacentric h e i g h t R a d i i of i n e r t i a k 8.86 m 1.25 m 11.45 m 51.80 m

The data f r o m the logbooks were t a k e n per sea w a t c h , i.e. 4 hours. The t i m e span investigated s t a r t s i n September 1959 and continues u n t i l A p r i l 1963. I n t o t a l 4634 observations were recorded. F i g u r e 6 shows the exposure of the vessel to sea states d u r i n g t h e considered period.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 1 1 1 2 Beaufort

Figure 6. Exposure of vessel to sea states f r o m 1959 t i l l 1963.

I t can be seen t h a t the vessel has n o t o f t e n been subjected to v e r y heavy weather. For each p e r i o d a Bretschneider sea s p e c t r u m is assumed based on t h e observed sea state. F r o m t h i s s p e c t r u m a n d t h e h e a d i n g of the ship, the h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l b e n d i n g m o m e n t i n the ship's h u l l i n w a y of the expansion j o i n t were calculated. Because of t h e closed cross section, t o r s i o n could be ignored. N e x t , t h e y w e r e d e v i d e d by the respective section m o d u l i a n d added, t h u s y i e l d i n g a s p e c t r u m of l o n g i t u d m a l stresses i n the p r o m e n a d e deck at t h e side. As i l l u s t r a t i o n f i g u r e 7 is included to give an i m p r e s s i o n o f stresses i n the promenade deck.

1.5x10 = 1.0x10 0.5x10* Stres s at H ° I x i o ' 2 x 1 0 ' 3x10' 4 x 1 0 ' 5 x 1 0 ' 6 x 1 0 ' 7 x 1 0 '

Signiticanl Double Stress Amplitude (kN/m^)

F i g u r e 7. Stress levels versus n u m b e r of stresses i n the promenade deck.

The area properties m^^ and m^^ of the stress spectra were used as i n p u t f o r the f a t i g u e analysis.

909

5. STRESS ASSESSMENT

The cracked expansion j o i n t is s i t u a t e d a t f r a m e 138-139 (0.55 L p p f r o m A P P ) , 500 m m above the promenade deck. Due to i t s geometry, the stress at the b o t t o m of the expansion j o i n t w i l l be larger t h a n t h e stress level i n t h e promenade deck.

P r e d i c t i o n d u r i n g d e s i g n .

D u r i n g the design of the ship a Stress C o n c e n t r a t i o n Factor SCF - 3.5 has been estimated based on a n a l y t i c a l conside-rations.

M e a s u r e m e n t s d u r i n g l a i m c h i n g .

D u r i n g the l a u n c h o f the vessel 1958 the Ship S t r u c t u r e s L a b o r a t o r y of the D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y o f Technology, D U T , a n d the N e t h e r l a n d s O r g a n i s a t i o n of A p p l i e d Scientific Research, T N O , c a r r i e d o u t s t r a i n m e a s u r e m e n t s on several spots i n the vessel [12]. T h e b o t t o m of the expansion j o i n t a n d the promenade deck were i n c l u d e d . Stresses d u r i n g l a r m c h i n g were 40% o f the stresses calculated f o r the design wave (see f i g u r e 8).

DECK

J

J

F i g u r e 8. Stresses i n promenade deck a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e side.

The m a j o r conclusion of the measurements was t h a t there was only a s l i g h t increase i n the stresses i n the s t r e n g t h deck below the expansion j o i n t s . A stress concentration f a c t o r SCF = 4.4 was f o u n d i n the bottom of the j o i n t ( p o i n t S i n f i g u r e 3), w h i c h was h i g h e r t h a n expected. I t was realised t h a t here the f r a c t u r e s t r e n g t h of the steel 41 w o u l d be surpassed, as Lloyds set for this s h i p a m a x i m u m allowable

hogging stress i n the s t r e n g t h deck o f 125 MPa.

The section modulus at the s t r e n g t h deck, i n c l u d i n g owwners extra's was 20 % higher t h a n r e q u i r e d b y Lloyds. Therefore a crack m i g h t occur a f t e r s u f f i c i e n t heavy loading. T h i s was not considered to be a r i s k f o r the h u l l , as i t w o u l d not lead to any m a j o r rise i n the stress i n the topsides. B o t h the s t r i n g e r plate and the sheer strake are of special n o t c h tough ( X N T ) steel. The r i v e t e d deck s t r i n g e r angle and the angle bar connecting the side plates, w o r k as crack arresters w h i l e spreading the forces over the l e n g t h .

A n a t t e m p t was made to correlate the measured stresses d u r i n g l a u n c h i n g w i t h the stresses f r o m the l a u n c h i n g calculations. T w o differences were f o u n d : 1. The measured m a x i m u m sagging

stress at the p o i n t of u p l i f t as measured was s m a l l e r t h a n calculated. 2. The hogging stress measured w h i l e the ship was f u l l y a f l o a t proved to be smaller t h a n calculated.

The first difference is m a i n l y due to the effect of the presence o f brealdng shields and maybe also due to a difference between effective a n d calculated section modulus. The second difference is due to a hogging stress w h i l e t h e ship was s t i l l at her b e r t h . A t t h i s p o s i t i o n s t r a i n gauges were set to zero. T h i s hogging was probably due to the w e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n over the flexible b e r t h a n d stresses caused d u r i n g w e l d i n g of the h u l l .

R e c e n t f i n i t e e l e m e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s .

A n a t t e m p t has been made to estimate a stress concentration factor, SCF, based on both a coarse mesh a n d a fine mesh f i n i t e element calculation.

For this purpose the e n v i r o n m e n t of the expansion j o i n t has been modelled w i t h plate elements capable of d e s c r i b i n g membrane stresses. T h e analysis is l i m i t e d to i n plane d e f o r m a t i o n s only. The l o w e r edge of the model is at promenade deck level.

910

The l e f t h a n d side of the model and t h e lower edge are subjected to an imposed horizontal displacement equivalent w i t h a s t r a i n of 238 m i c r o s t r a i n , i.e. a stress level of 50 MPa. T h e lower edge is r e s t r a i n e d i n v e r t i c a l direction. The r i g h t h a n d side edge of the model, between bottom of the j o i n t and the promenade deck is r e s t r a i n e d i n h o r i z o n t a l d i r e c t i o n . The upper edge is subjected to an imposed displacement a n d r o t a t i o n , t a k e n f r o m the s t r e n g t h analysis carried out by the y a r d . F i g u r e 9 shows a contour plot of the calculated stresses. The stress increase between lower edge (deck level) and t h e bottom of the j o i n t was s i m i l a r i n b o t h cases: SCF = 2.7.

R e v i e w of SCFs

A brief review of the obtained stress concentration factors at the bottom of the expansion j o i n t is g i v e n i n table 1. F i g u r e 9. Stress contour i n w a y of expansion j o i n t ( f r a m e 137-138), coarse mesh. T a b l e 1 A s s e s s e d s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r s M e t h o d of assessment SCF Prediction d u r i n g design 3.5 Measured d u r i n g l a u n c h i n g 4.4 Recent F E c a l c u l a t i o n 2.7

These factors, d e t e r m i n e d at the centre line of the expansion j o i n t , do n o t include the effect of t h e presence of bolt holes.

I t is noted t h a t the SCF's do not m a t c h very w e l l . T h e effect of mesh size was checked b u t proved i n t h i s case negligible. The effect of t h e stress b u i l t up between

the expansion j o i n t ( F i g u r e 8) proved to contribute s u b s t a n t i a l l y to the stress increase i n the j o i n t .

I n case of t h e presence of bolt holes a n a d d i t i o n a l SCF m u s t be applied of 3, see f i g u r e 10 obtained f r o m ref. [10].

tttt

t

V

! —

Figure 10. S C F f o r cut outs f r o m [10].

Therefore the actual SCF to be used i n a f a t i g u e assessment s h o u l d lie between 5.1 and 13.2!

6. F A T I G U E ASSESSMENT

For the considered l i f e p e r i o d of the vessel the n u m b e r of cycles at 23 stress levels r a n g i n g f r o m 1 M p a to 1000 M p a has been determined. For t h i s purpose c u m u l a t i v e p r o b a b i l i t y density f u n c t i o n s w e r e assumed, based on t h e stress spectra as d e t e r m i n e d f o r each w a t c h .

A Rayleigh d i s t r i b u t i o n is assumed w h i c h could be characterised b y t h e area m^^ o f t h e stress spectra. T h e n u m b e r of cycles is calculated by d i v i d i n g t h e 4-hour w a t c h period i n seconds, by t h e average zero u p -crossing period (based m^^ a n d m^^). T h e n u m b e r of cycles f o r t h e considered stress ranges f o r each w a t c h w e r e f m a l l y added, y i e l d i n g a f m a l set of p a i r s w i t h stress range a n d n u m b e r o f cycles. N e x t , t h e n u m b e r of cycles per stress range were divided by the "required" n u m b e r of cycles u p to damage f o r t h e g i v e n stress range. Thus damage ratios per stress range w e r e obtained. F i n a l l y the i n d i v i d u a l damage ratios were added u p y i e l d i n g the damage r a t i o D. A value l a r g e r t h a n 1.0 i m p h e s f a t i g u e damage a n d D lower t h a n 1,0 implies no damage.

911

W i t h o u t a p p l y i n g any SCF the r e s u l t is s h o w n i n figure 1 1 . T h i s d i a g r a m is v a l i d f o r the stresses i n the promenade deck. F r o m [11] a n S-N curve (curve D) has been t a k e n , considered to be v a l i d f o r t h e s t r u c t u r a l d e t a i l i m d e r consideration.

T h i s c u r v e shows the n u m b e r of stress cycles "required" to o b t a i n f a t i g u e damage at any stress level.

S t J cuvB «pansfcti i(*t W38-13B SSftaa«rl»n(196e)

'E.*» lEiOO i £ « i&oa

F i g u r e 1 1 . Stress level versus n u m b e r of stress cycles (S-N-curve).

T h e f a t i g u e assessment on t h e b o t t o m of t h e expansion j o i n t , was carried out w i t h f o u r d i f f e r e n t SCF values. Table 2 shows t h e results.

Table 2 F a t i g u e assessment results.

S C F from SCF D A n a l y t i c a l considerations x 3 10.5 2.65 M e a s u r e d ( l a i m c h i n g ) 4.4 0.19 M e a s u r e m e n t x 3 13.2 5.2_7J FE-calculations x 3 8.1 1.22 N o t e t h a t a f a t i g u e crack occurs w h e n D is l a r g e r t h a n 1.0. A crack is to be expected m u c h earlier t h a n t h e considered period, w h e n t h e SCFs f r o m a n a l y t i c a l considerations or measurements are applied. W h e n u s i n g t h e SCF f r o m the F E analysis a f a t i g u e l i f e is f o u n d w h i c h is n e a r e r to t h e a c t u a l reported l i f e . W h e n t h e SCF increase due to the presence of t h e bolt hole is discarded, no damage is expected. I t is i n t e r e s t i n g to note t h a t the

effect of the presence o f a bolt hole is decisive. Survey reports of Lloyds were scrutinised f r o m 1959 t i l l 1997.

The j o i n t s d i d n o t give a n y problems a f t e r the m o d i f i c a t i o n i n 1963.

The f a c t t h a t t h e crack developed i n the first years a n d none a f t e r w a r d s w i l l have h a d three probable reasons:

1. The b u i l t i n w e l d i n g stresses were releaved b y h e a v y l o a d i n g of t h e h u l l . 2. The d e t a i l of the j o i n t was i m p r o v e d

deleting b o l t holes.

3. The ship was t a k e n o u t of t h e T r a n s -A t l a n t i c service i n 1969 w h e r e a f t e r she was m a i n l y c r u i s i n g i n good weather areas.

7. D E V E L O P M E N T S

Nowadays a l l passenger ships are b u i l t w i t h o u t expansion j o i n t s . O n some, h i g h tensile steel is used. A p p a r e n t l y classification societies are s a t i s f i e d w i t h the performance of t h e ships as the surveyors don't r e p o r t cracks. T h e f a c t t h a t cruise ships p r e d o m i n a n t l y s a i l i n fine weather areas w ü l have i t s i n f l u e n c e i n t h i s m a t t e r . W i t h t h e enormous g r o w t h of the m a r k e t c r u i s i n g w i l l become w o r l d wide. N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g w e a t h e r r o u t i n g , the ships w i l l have to s a i l to t h e i r destination a n d m a y face heavy w e a t h e r close to port. Recent examples are Q U E E N E L I Z A B E T H 2 m September 1995 a n d the R O T T E R D A M i n A p r i l 1997 close to t h e U.S. East coast, w h e r e b o t h ships s u f f e r e d damage. T h i s is n o t too serious as l o n g as only b u l w a r k s a n d f r o n t bulkheads are involved. Plastic d e f o r m a t i o n s a n d cracks i n the h u l l g i r d e r m u s t be avoided by c a r e f u l analysis of c r i t i c a l spots i n c l u d i n g f a t i g u e assessments. One should bear i n m i n d t h a t h i g h tensile steels do n o t have any h i g h e r resistance to f a t i g u e t h a n m i l d steel. F u l l scale m e a s u r e m e n t s on t h e cruise ship R O Y A L P R I N C E S S b u i l t i n F i n l a n d give an good p i c t u r e of t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e to t h e s t r e n g t h of the h u l l [13]. F u r t h e r reference is made to i n t e r e s t i n g papers by M r . M . J . G u d m u n s e n [14], M r . V i o l e t t e a n d M r . Shenoi [15].

912

8. CONCLUSIONS

The assessment of a stress concentration f a c t o r SCF, m t h e bottom o f t h e expansion j o i n t , based on f i n i t e element calculations shows a difference w i t h an earlier a n a l y t i c a l assessment a n d s t r a i n m e a s u r e m e n t s d u r i n g the l a u n c h of the vessel.

The effect of the bolt holes i n the s t r e n g t h e n i n g bars i n the expansion j o i n t s prove to be p a r a m o u n t w i t h respect to f a t i g u e damage.

9. A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

The authors g r e a t l y acknowledge the H o l l a n d A m e r i c a L i n e a n d Premier Cruises f o r t h e i r permission to p u b h s h on t h e i r ships a n d F i n c a n t i e r i f o r an i m p r e s s i o n o f the plate thicknesses of the R O T T E R D A M - 1 9 9 7 . Morover g r a t i t u d e is expressed f o r t h e cooperation o f Lloyds Register o f S h i p p i n g on accessing t h e i r files o n t h e ss R O T T E R D A M . M r . Piet de Heer ( D U T ) is t h a n k e d f o r h i s help i n r e c o r d i n g t h e d a t a f r o m the ships j o u m a l s . F i n a l l y we express our g r a t i t u d e to M r . W o u t e r Pastoor ( D U T ) f o r h i s guidance and c h e c k i n g on t h e f a t i g u e assessment. R E F E R E N C E S 1. "D.S.S.Rotterdam - Holland A m e r i k a Lijn", E x t r a Edition of "Schip en W e r T - September 1959 (in Dutch). 2. C h a p m a n , J . C : "The Interaction

between a Ship's H u l l and a Long

S u p e r s t r u c t u r e " , T r a n s . R . I . N . A . 1957.

3. Johnson A . J . : " Stresses in Deckhouses and Superstructures", T r a n s . R . I . N A 1957 4. C a l d w e l l , J . B . : " The E f f e c t of S u p e r s t r u c t u r e s on the l o n g i t u d i n a l S t r e n g t h of Ships",Trans. R . I . N . A . 1957. 5. V a s t a , J . : " S t r u c t u r a l Tests on the S.S. P r e s i d e n t W i l s o n " , T r a n s S . N . A . M . E . 1949. 6. V a s t a J . : " F u l l Scale S h i p S t r u c t u r a l Tests", T r a n s S . N . A . M . E . 1958 7. Foster K i n g , J . : « On large Deckhouses", T r a n s . I.N.A. 1913. 8. Montgomery, J . : " T h e Scantlings of Light Superstructm-es", T r a n s . L N A 1915. 9. Journee J . M . J . (1992), " S E A W A Y -D E L F T , U s e r m a n u a l of release 4.00". Thechnical Report 910, Delft University of Technology, Ship Hydromechanics Laboratory, T h e Netherlands.

10. Fricke D r . W . , Petershagen P r o f D r . H . , Paetzhold D r . H . (1997), "Fatigue Strength of Ship Structures, Part I : Basic Principles". GL-Technology Niunber 1/97, G e r m a n i s c h e r Lloyd, Hamburg.

11. Classification notes Note No. 30.2., "Fatigue strength analysis for mobde offshore units", Det Norske Veritas, august 1984.

12. "Spanningsmetingen gedurende de

Afloop van het S.S.ROTTERDAlVr,

laboratorium voor Scheeps-constructies Rapport no 58 30.10.1950, U n i v e r s i t y D e l f l (in Dutch).

13. F r a n s m a n , J . W . : "The Influence of Passenger Ship Superstructures on the Response of the Hullgirder" T r a n s . R . I . N A . 1988.

14. Gudmunsen, M . J . : " Some Aspects of Modem Cruiseship S t m c t u r a l Design", Lloyd Register of Shipping-May 1996.

15. Violette F . L . M . Shenoi R A . , "On the fatigue performance prediction of ship s t m c t u r a l details", R I N A paper No. 4, spring meeting 1998.