Forest communities in the Kuźnica Warężyńska sand-pit = Zespoły leśne piaskowni Kuźnica Warężyńska

UNIWERSYTET ZIELOi\"OGOR 'KI ZESZYTY NAUKOWE 1.'1

Agnieszka Kompala-Bąha, Agnieszka Błotiska Department o f Geobotany and Naturc Protection. University o f S i Iesia

Wojciech Bąba

lnstitute of N:uure Conserv:uion. Polish Academy o f Science

FOREST COMMUNITIES IN THE KUŹNICA WARĘŻYŃSKA SAND-PIT

ZESPOŁ Y LEŚNE PIASKOWNI KUŹNICA WARĘŻYŃSKA

Key words: sand-pits. ecological reclamation, spontaneous succcssion. forest communities. numcrical methods.

Summary: The forcst communities, which clcveloped on the reclaimed areas of the Kuźnica Waręźyńska sand-pit (Silesian Uplancl), approximatc in rcference to floristic composition Querco roboris-Pinerrmz. lt occurs from 14 to 45 species in patches. Thc participation of character species of the Vaccinio-Piceetea class is relatively low and species from other phytosociological units such as Molinio·

Arrhenatheretea class appear more frcqucntly and abundantly. The phytocoenoses show significant differentiation which reflects moisture and trophic conditions. so two subassociations were distinguished: wet Querco robnris-Pinetwn molinietosum, which is distinguishcd by wet meaclow species, peat-bog plants and rush species and drier Querco roboris-Pinetwn lypicum with lhc participation of psammophilous spccics of the Koe/erio-Coryneplwretea class. The method [Krzaklewski, 1999]. indueling in reclamation works plant communities. which devclop eluring natura! succession. increases success for re-establishment of self- regulating ecosystems and lct create mosaic of plant communitics. somelimes very interesting from the scientific point of view and valuable for biodiversity conservation.

Słowa kluczowe: piaskownic. rekultywacja. metoda sukcesji kierowanej. zbiorowiska leśne, metody numeryczne.

Streszczenie: Fitocenozy leśne, które wykształciły sią na objt<tych rekultywacją

obszarach piaskowni Kuźnica Waręźyńska (Wyżyna Śląska) są zbliżone pod

względem fitosocjologicznym do boru mieszanego Querco roboris-Pinetum.

Poszczególne płaty buduje od 14 do 45 gatunków. Udział gatunków charakterystycznych klasy Vaccinio-Piceetea jest stosunkowo niewielki.

natomiast wiąksze znaczenie mają gatunki przechodzące z innych klas zbiorowisk

roślinnych. Płaty wykazują zróźnicowanie odzwierciedlające panujące warunki

wilgotnościowe i troficzne, dziąki czemu możliwe byto wydzielenit: na tym terenie dwóch podzespołów: wilgotnego {!uerco mhoris-Pinetum molininoswn.

którego fitocenozy wyróżniają gatlmki wilgotnych łąk, torfowisk czy też

zbiorowisk szuwarowych oraz suchszego z udziałem gatunków psammofilnych z

198 ,\f!ntcsz~a Kompala-13.tba. Wo,~tt•ch Baba. 1\!.:ntt'>l.ka 131miska

klasy Koe/erio-Coryneplwretea. Zastosowana na tym terenie obok całkowitego

zalesiania. metoda sukcesji kierowanej [Krzaklewski i in. l 999], włączająca do procesu rekultywacji, zbiorowiska pochodzące z naturalnej sukcesji zwiększa szanse na odtworzenie się w pełni funkcjonalnych ekosystemów oraz pozwała na wytworzenie mozaiki zbiorowisk roślinnych często interesujących wartościowych z punktu widzenia ochrony bioróżnorodności.

INTRODUCTION

In the silesian voivodcship occur 5700 ha of lands which arc classified as dcgraded or devastated [Ochrona Środowiska, 2003]. Some of them were created by open-cast mining which in this region was connected mainly with exploitation of coal-mine.

According to Polish law [Forcst land and farmland Act 3.02.1995, Environment Conservation A et o f 27 .04. 200 l) disturbed lands should undergone reclamation works.

The basis for rcclamation of worked-out sand-pits are: a kind of habitat and its granulometrie compositions, bottom's eonfiguralian and the depth of the ground water table [Greszta i Skawina, 1965). The open-casts are rcclaimed mainly for forest (3600 ha) or agriculture use (500 ha) or they are used as watcr reservoirs (3000 ha) [Krzaklewski, 200 1]. There were carried out some investigations on t he sand-pits dealing with succession of vegetation and triais for thcir habitat factors which should be taken into account during preparation and conducting rcclamation [Paprzycki i Jaromin, 1956]. Some scientists started to apply method, which enablcs to include in reclamation works plant communities, which develop during natura! succession [Krzaklewski, 1999, 2001].

STUDY AREA

The "Kuźnica Warężyńska" sand-pil is localised in thc middle part of the Czarna Przemsza Valley in the Dąbrowska Basin (The Silesian Upland) [Gilewska, 1963]. 1t bclongs to thc eastern region of sand deposits' location in the Upper Silesian Industrial District [Polak i Staniek, 1966).

Before the exploitation started they had grown mainly coniferous forests, rarely oak-hornbeam forcst and rivcrside carrs. Rushes, meadows and peat-bog communities developed in wet places [Aparta, 1984]. The ground water table was situated at a depth of l to 6.5 m. The area was covered mainly by podsolic, pscudopodsolic soils. In the river terrain's alluvial muck soil on peat soil, half-bog soils and alluvial soils occurred l A parta, 1984].

The pit was founded in 1963 year and the mining works started in 1967 year. Now 870 ha of the "Kuźnica Warężyńska" area are occupied by working and working-out opcn-casts. As a result of mining works changes were made to many components of the cnvironment (water, land slll·facc, soils, climate, fauna and nora) but also new habitais wcrc crcatcd, whcre as a result of secondary succession spontaneous vegetation was established [Bąba et. al. 2003]. 132.02 ha of the open-casts were put into forest rcdamation (tah. 1). The lands were dividcd into two catcgorics: first one- wherc plant

l'orc~l communiltCS 111 thc Ku1111<::t Wan;zyll,~a 'and-p11 199

communities developcd during natural succcssion wcre incorporatcd into rcclamation works and only supplcmcntary al'forcstation and rcstocking should be mad.: and thc second catcgory - which compriscs lands rrcparcd for artiricial allorestation [Krzaklewski, 20001.

Table l. The potential forest habitatsin the "Kuźnica Warężyńska" sand-pits (prepared at thc basisof Krzaklewski et al., 1999 materiał)

Categories Granulometrie Dcpth of Thc potcntial ^Trcc~ proposcd compositon ground watcr forest habitat for forcstration Category l loosc sandy soi l s < 2 111. conifcrous forcsts Ps, Bp. Qp ..

l 00-200 cm. (Bs-7 Bśw, Bw, Qrub. Av. Ai 50-100 cm. B b

>50 cm

Category 11 coarse sandy soils 100-200 cm. mixed conifcrous Ps. Q r. Qp. A v.

50-100 cm. forests (BMśw, A in

>50 cm. 13Mw. BMb)

Category III medium san d s wit h I00-200cm. mixcd forcst Ps. Pn. Le. Qr, higher participation o f sil t 50-100 cm. (LMśw, LMw, Fe. A p. Fs.

and clay, lo a m soils, > 50cm LM b) Cb. Ag.

rarely silt loam

Abbrevtallons: Ag - A/nu~ glutinosa: An - Alnus IIICmla, Av - AI1111S viridis: Ap - Acer platanoides; Bp -Betula pendula; Cb- Carpimts hetulus; Fe- Fmxintts excelsior: F·- Fagus sylvatica; Ps -Pinus sylvestris; Qp -Quercus petraea, Qr-Quercus robur; Qrub -Quercus mbra: Bs-dry coniferous forcst, Bśw- frcsh conifcrous forcst: BMw-wet conifcrous forest; BMb- peat-bog conifcrous forcst. LMśw- fresh mixed forest: LMw- wet rnixcd forcst: LMb- peat- bog mixed forest; ^BMśw-frcsh mixccl conifcrous forest: BMw- wet mixcd conifcrous forcst:

BMb- peat-bog mixed coniferous forest

The aim of this papcr is to show the lloristic composition and diffcrcntiation of forest plant communities thal develop in the "Kuźnica Warężyńska'' sand-pil.

METHODS

The field investigations in the "Kuźnica Warężyńska" sandpil have bcen performed during 1996-2003. There wcrc made 225 phytosociological rcleves, 18 of thcm, which representthc forest communitics, wcre used for the purposc of this work.

The releves were ordinatcd ;tłong the first two axes of environmental gradients with the usc of Principal Component Analysis [PCA, Gauch, 1986]. A CANOCO package was used [Jongman et. al., 19951. Only spccies which fil at lcast to 5o/c of explainecl variance werc takcn into analysis.

Then the releves were classificd using the numcrical approach (Ward' mcthod and Manhattan city block distancc) with thc STATISTICA package and thc rcsults of classification werc imposed upon the ordination diagram. Prior the analysis thc cover/abundancc data wcrc log-transformcd. Additionally to show thc fuli lloristic differcnliation of thc forcst community thc phytosociological table was constructed according to the abovc-mcntioncd classification.

200 Agnieszka Kumpala· Bąba. Wojci..:..:h H<1ha. ,\l!nic;-;zka Bll)l'lska

In order to idcnlify thc environmental gradienLs explained by the PCA axes, the eigenvalues were correlated with the mean L , F, R and N Ellenberg's indicator values for releves based on the binary data. Additionally, to characterize the Ooristic dillcrentiation of the communities, the correlation between the PCA axes and the number and percentage cover of xcrothermic species

(Festuco-Brometea),

meadow

( M o linio-A rrh enath e rete a ),

peat-bog

(Sc heu chzerio - Caric et ea nig rae)

and woodland spccics

( V accin io- Piceet ea )

species were cakulated [Dzwonko i Loster, 1990].

RESUL TS AND DISCUSSION

The forest phytocoenoses, which occur in the sand-pit area, approximate pine-oak forest

Qu e rco robo ris -Pinetum ,

which represents

Di c rano-Pinion

ałliance,

Piceetalia ahietis

order and

Va ccini o -Picee tea

class [Matuszkiewicz, 2002].

This community is strongly differentiated in refercncc to tloristic composition. It occurs from 14 to 45 species in patchcs. Howcvcr only few of them occur more frequently or reach higher valucs of cover. The cover of the herb layer varies from 15%

to

80%.

^{Thc pcrcc}ntagc participation of mosses reaches from 5 to 65% in patches.

The tree stand is two-laycred. Apart from

Pinu s sy l ve stris

and

B etula

penduła such trecs as:

Pop ulu s tremu/a, R ob inia p seudaca c ia

build it. In the shrub Iayer appear spccies, which occur in the tree layer and some species from

Salix

genus

(Salix aclltifolia, S. caprea, S . p entandra, S.

purp~trea). It should be emphasized that character spccics of thc

Var cinio- Pi ceet ea

class arc uncommon and in most cases reach low values of covcr.

Thc collcctcd material is not homogenous, howcver, the

l

^RDA

(A-

₁ = 0.326) axis arrange relcvćs in accordance with gradient, which is markcd by trophy (N) and soiłs'

reaction (R) indices (Fig. l C). I t is also positively correlated with number and abundance of meadow specics from

M o linio -Arrhenathe retea

class and ruderai species

from

Artemisietea

class and ncgatively with number of psammophilous species from

Koelerio-C01ynephoretea

class. This enahlcd us to distinguish: (a) wet subassociation

Qllerco robo ri s- Pinetw n m o lini e tos t/m

because of occurrence in the t1oristic composition of phytocoenoses wet meadow species from the

M olinietal ia

order

( M o lin.ia cae rulea.. Lysimachia v ulga ris),

pcat-bog species and rush plant from the

Phragmitetea

class and (b) typical subassociation, which is positively distinguished

by

psarnmophi lous species from

Koe l e rio - Cory n eph o re rea

cłass (Fig. l A , B). The II RDA (A.:2 = 0.15 1) axis i s strongly negatively correlated with the number o f heath and pasture species from

Ca lluno - Ulic etea

class. In minor degree some negative correlation occurs w ith thc number and abundancc of meadow specics. However, thesc correłations are not statistically signiCieant and importance of the second axis to thc variance explained is lo w (Fig. l C). The most s tri king rcature i s that the character species o

f

peat-bogs and eon i rerous rorest are not associated wit h any o f L he distinguished groups (Fig. l C).

Such fcaturcs as: high level

o r

^{water labie, abundance of watcr in M g, Ca ions and}

occurrence

o r

^{well-developed pcat-bog communitics in the vicinity of sand-pil areas are}

probably responsibly for crearion of proper habitats for devclopment of peat-bog comrnunitics [K rzaklewski ,

20001.

T he character spccics of pcat-hog can be also found

Forcsl communilics m lhc Ku7nka WarG7.yli:>k<l :-ciiHJ-pil 201

in spe cies composition o f many no n- for e!:> l communitics whi c h wcre rccorded on the sand-pits ar ea

lBąba

et al. 20031.

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1 .2

F ig. l. RDA ordination of the forest comm o n ity in thc

^"Kuźnica Warężyńska"

sa n dpit. A. s pc c ies - abbreviations (firs t 4 letters - names of ge nu s; furtber 3 - names of species, th e last one t h e layer of sp ecies occurrence ): Achlm ilc - Achillea millefolium; Agrocapc - Agrostis capillar is; Betu pen - B etula pendula; Bracrutd - Brac hytheciu m rutabulurn; Ca lacpic - Calamagrostis epigejos; Ca ll vulc - Calluna vulgaris; Cardarec - Ca rdaminop sis arenosa;

Careacu c - Car ex ac utiformis; Care lepc - C. lepidocarpa; Caren igc - C.

nigra; Cera hole - Ceras tium holosteo ides; C hama n gc - Chama en erion angustifolium; Ci r sa rvc - C irsium arveus e; Co ryavc b - Cory lus avellana;

Corycanc - Co ry n ep horus ca nesce n s; Da n td ec - Danthonia d ec umb e n s;

202

D esccaec - De sc hamps ia ca espitvsa; D escf l e<.: - D . flexuo sa ; E piph clc - Epipacti s h elleborin e; E quiar vc - Eq uisetum arve n se; Eq ui varc - E.

va riegatu m ;

Eł"igannc

- E rigero u a uuuu s; E up aca n c - E upatorium cannabinum ; Eu phs trc - Eup hrasia stricta; Fcs tovic - Festu ca ovina; F ilivulc - Filipe ndu la vul ga ri s ; F r a naln - Fraugula alnu s ; Hi e rfloc - Hierac ium jlo ribundum ; Hi erp il c -H. pilo se lla; Hi c r sa b c - H . s a baudum ; Holelan c -

H olc u s lanat u s; H ypo r a d c - Hypoc h oeris radicata ; Jun cartc -

]tlltcus

artic ulatus; Junctenc - } .. teu u is; Leonhisc - Leo n todo n h ispidus; Lo tu cor·c - Lotu s corniculatu s; L ys ivulc- Lysimac hia l 'Ulgari s; l Vl edilupc - Medi cago lupu li n a; Molicae c - Molinia cae ru lea; Ocnobies . - Oen othera bienuis ; Orth secc - Ort.hili a sec unda ; P a duavi c - Padu s avium ; Paduse r c - P.

ser afina; Pimpmajc- Pimpin ella major ; Pinusy la - Pinu s sylve stris ; P oa p alc - Poa palu stris; Pyrorotc- Pyrola rotundifolia; Qu errubc- Que rc u s rubra;

Ranu ac r c - R a nun c ulu s a cris ; Rh a m ca tb- Rliamnu s catharti c u s; R ob ipse a - R obinia p se uda cac ia; Ruhuplic - R . plicatu s ; Rum e acec - Rum ex a ce to sa;

Rum eacec - R. aceto sel/a; Sa li acub - Salix ac utifolia. ; Sa liaurb -S. au rita ; Sa li cap b - S. cap r ea; S alicin c -S. cin erea; Sa lipurb -S. purpurea; Sa lir o sc - S. rosmarinifolia; S angoffc - S anguiso rb a officin a lis ; So rbau cc - Sm·bus auc uparia ;

Tanavułc

- Ta nacetum vulgare; T rifrcpc - Tr(fólium repem ·;

T u ssfarc - Tu ss ilago fCJ1fa ra; Vaccmyrc - Va ccinium myrtillus; V ibu o pu c- Vibu rnu m opulu s; Vic ian gc - Vicia a.n g u stifolia ; V iderac - V . cracca. B.

R e leves: a- w e t s ub a sso ciation (Querco roboris- Pinetum m o linieto s um ); b - typical s ub asocc iatio n (Querc o roboris -Pinetum ty pic um ). C. Kc ndall r a n k co rr cla t io n b etwcc n t h c cgc n va lu cs of the fir s t two RD A axes a nd c h osen E ll cnbe r g's ind icator va lu cs a nd numb e r a nd p e r ce nt age covcr of t hc s ped es from s c lccted s y ntaxo n omi ca l units

CONCLUSIONS

l . Thc floristic compo~iti on o f thc in vestigatcd rorcst phytococnoscs i s stil l not in fully dcvclopcd. Thc charaCLcr spccics of ^{\laccinio-Piceetea} class r lay minor rnlc. M any ocutsionuls can

be

round in their patchcs or w ith high rrcqucncy c.1nd ćlbundancc occur character spccies

o r

^{othcr phylosociological units. There}

occur also som c ul i en spccics, w hi ch we re introclucccl eluring rcc lamation work. lt is prohahly connccled wi th unfinished rcclamation works, shorttime or rcclamat i on and unstablc wat er rerrime.

'-'

2. Th e

multiclircct i o n al rcclamation conducted on t he "Kuźnica Ware(żyńska"

sand-pil and saving

or

^{plant communities whi ch dcvclop spontancously cause}

that l"orcsl phytococnoscs creatc mosajc with water, rush, mcadow, pcat-bog and ruderai pl ant communilics w ha t signi l"icantly incrcascs l he biodivcrsity of this site _[Bąba et. al., 2003].

3. T hcre we re found i n forc::.t communit i es som c spec

i

es w h ich a re u n der

l aw

protcction in Poland such as: CentauriuJJJ _{f!J~,·t!Jraeo} suhsp.

e ryt!Jraea.

~orC>l conununillC$ 111 liK' Ku/noca \\,on; t.) ń>ka ' '""' pn 203

DiantlntS cartlwsianom111, Diunthus de/toides, Epipactis atrorubens. E.

helloborine. Frangula alnus, Listera vvata, Malaxis 1110110phyl/os.

4. The method of directed vegctation succession, which includes in reclamation works plant communities that develop during natura! succession let f'acilitate the processof rcstoration of the disturbed land to some kind of productive use or socially acceptable conditions and can significantly !ower costs or reclamation comparing to engineered restoration. It lets develop in a given site plant communities which are the best adjust to the environmental conditions and ecosystems which are self-regulalory.

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