The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Ghemistry
P u b l i s h e d b y T H E A M E R I C A N C H E M I C A L S O C I E T Y
Volume IY OCTOBER, 1912 No. 10
B O A R D O F E D I T O R S .
Editor: M. C. W hitaker.
Associate E d ito rs:
v\,\°
POLITECHNI
G. P. A dam son , E . G. B a iley, H. E . B arnard, G. E . B arton, A. V . Bleininger, W m . B rad y, C. A . Bro' F. B. Carpenter, C. E . Caspari, V . Coblentz, W . C. Geer, W . F . H illebrand, W . D. H orne, T . K araoi, A . D.
L ittle, C. E . L ucke, P. C. M cllh in ey, W m . M cMurtrie, J. M. M atthew s, T . J. P arker, J. D. P enn ock, W . D.
Richardson, G. C. Stone, E . T w itch ell, R . W ahl, W . H. W alker, W . R . W h itn ey, A . M. W right.
C o n t r ib u t io n s a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n s s h o u l d b e a d d r e s s e d to t h e E di to r , M. C. W h it a k e r , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y , N e w Y o r k City.
P u b lish e d m o n th ly . S u b s c rip tio n p ric e to n o n -m e m b e rs of th e A m erican C hem ical S o ciety , $6.00 y e a rly . F o re ig n p o stag e, sev e n ty -fiv e cen ts, C an a d a , C u b a a n d M exico e x c e p te d .
E n te r e d a s S eco n d -class M a tt e r D e ce m b e r 19, 1908, a t th e Post-O ffice a t E a s to n , P e n n a ., u n d e r th e A c t of M arch 3 , 1879.
Es c h b n b a c h Pr i n t i n g Co m p a n y, Ea s t o n, Pb n n a.
T A B L E O F C O N TE N TS In t e r n a t i o n a l Co n g r e s s o f Ap p l i e d Ch e m i s t r y:
The Inaugural Meeting a t W ashington... 707
The New Y o r k M eeting... 711
The International L ectures... 712
The Sectional Addresses... 712
The Sectional Meetings ... 713
The Social Features of the Congress... 713
The Closing Session... 715
F actory V isits'and E xcursions... 715
The Societies a t the Congress... 716
Or i g i n a l Pa p e r s: The Control of D ust in Portland Cement Manufacture b y the Cottrell Precipitation Processes. B y W alter A . Sch m idt... 7 *9 Contact Sulphuric Acid from Brimstone. B y G. W . Patterson and L . B . C heney... 7 23 Sm elter Sm oke Conservation. B y George C. W estby. 725 Notes on a S tu d y of the Tem perature Gradients of Setting Portland Cement. B y Allerton S. Cushman. 728 Cobalt Driers. B y V. P . K rau ss... 7 31 The Developm ent of H ydrosulphites in Their Relation to Modern Dyestufls. B y Philip S. Clarkson 733 The E ffect of "Lim e-Sulphu r” Spray M anufacture on the E yesight. B y James R . W ith r o w ... 735
Phenol-Form aldehydc Condensation Products. B y L. H. B aekeland... 737
La b o r a t o r y a n d Pl a n t: Apparatus for the Exam ination and S tudy of the B ehavior of V alve and Cylinder Oils and other Petroleum Lubricating Oils in Saturated and Super heated Steam , Carbon Dioxide, A ir and Other Gases. B y P. H. Conradson... 744
A New Calorimeter Bomb with Special A dvantages as to Material of Construction and Method of Operation. B y S. W . P a rr... 746
Some Tests on a New Calorimeter Bomb. B y Richard H. Jesse, Jr... 748
Ad d r esses: The L atest Achievem ents and Problems of the Chemical Industry. B y Carl D u isberg... 749
Synthetic Am m onia. B y H. A . B em th sen... 760
Progress in Industrial Chemistry. B y Rudolph M essel. 767 O xidation of Atm ospheric Nitrogen and Developm ent of R esulting Industries in N orw ay. B y Samuel E y d e ... 771
Cu rren t In d u str ia l Ne w s: A New W ood Preservative... 774
A ir Compressor Lubrication... 774
The O xyg raph ... 775
The Manufacture of Lithopone... 775
The Pollution of Stream s b y Spent Gas Liquor ... 776
The Melting Points of Fire B ricks... 776
"P crsil” as a Bleaching A g e n t... 776
The Disinfection of Potable W aters b y Chloride of Lim e 777 Am m onia E vaporation and Transform ation in Soils . . . 777
T he Location of Underground P ip e s ... 777
The Casting of Magnesium A llo y s ... '... 777
Notes and Co r r esp o n d en c e: O bituary— Frederick J. M ayer... 777
Third International Rubber Conference... 778
Municipal W ater Conservation E xh ib it of the C ity of Philadelphia... 778
New Pu b l ic a t io n s... 779
Ma r k e t Re p o r t... 782
yoô T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y . Oct., 1912
INTERNATIONAL C O N G R LS5 OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY
T h e quest of know ledge has alw ays developed friendships am ong m en of different countries, and the m utual interest w hich exists am ong scientists has given rise to stronger bonds of cooperation than those produced b y even the languages or p olitical policies.
In the last th irty years a m ovem ent, the direct result of the progress w hich the nineteenth cen tu ry m ade in science, unparalleled in the h istory of the world, has even tu ated in the organization of various In tern ation al Congresses. T h is m ovem ent, really an endeavor to ascertain the m ost p ractical and efficient m ethods of scientific procedure, has fostered a uniform m ental a ttitu d e w hich seems to h ave developed rap id ly th rough out the civilized w orld, and an intellectual union has been the consequence. . T h e n atural de
velopm ent of these organizations con stitu tes in itself a guaran tee of so lidity and efficacy.
Wi l l i a m H . Ni c h o l s, Pr e s i d e n t.
There is to-d ay no G erm an chem istry, no R ussian ch em istry, no Japanese ch em istry, no A m erican ch em istry; there is one U niversal chem istry, and in th is respect our science differs from sciences in w hich the spirit is strictly national, as b o tan y, seism ology, etc. The p sych o logy of the Orient and L e v a n t m ay differ m aterially from th a t of th e O ccident, ow ing to the intellectual and m oral differences in the peoples;
b u t the chem istry of India and th a t of the U nited S tates are identical, because th e y are based upon uniform n atural laws.
T o the chem ist belongs th e honor of h avin g first effected this great In tern ation al m ovem ent— the convention of scientific men of varied nationalities.
T h e initial international congress of ch em istry was held a t Carlsruhe in i860; the m eeting was atten ded
b y 140 chem ists from all p arts of E urope and lasted 3 d ays. A t the E ig h th In tern ation al Congress of A p p lied Chem istry, 2500 chem ists were present and the proceedings were of ten d a y s’ duration. T h e p u r
pose of the Carlsruhe congress was the establishm ent of an international nom enclature. A lth o u gh this congress w as a success, y e t m ore th an a quarter cen tury elapsed before the realization of the necessity of a sim ilar convention w as expressed. From 1889 on, the periods passing betw een the congresses of chem istry were of m uch shorter duration, thus, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1898, 1900, 1903, 1906, 1909, and 1912.
T h e first In tern ation al Congress of A pplied Chem istry was held a t Brussels in 1894, and was' the o u t
com e of a suggestion of D octor H. W . W iley. This Congress w as divided into four sections, viz., sugar chem istry, agricultural chem istry, food and public hygiene, and biological chem istry. T h e Second In te r
national Congress of A p p lied C hem istry convened in Paris in 1896. Com m ittees had been organized in various countries, and through the F rench Foreign Office all the principal governm ents were invited to send delegates; nearly 2,000 m em bers were present, and the necessity of a close alliance betw een pure and applied science w as shown. T h e Third In tern ation al Congress of A pplied Chem istry, held in V ien na in 1898, w as divided into tw elve sections; one of the principal questions before this Congress w as the adoption of uniform m ethods of analysis for com m ercial products and raw m aterials. The F o u rth Congress w as held in P aris in 1900 a t the tim e of the Grand E xp o sitio n ; the w o rk w as divided into ten sections. A t the F ifth Congress, in Berlin, 1903, of w hich there w ere 2,533 m em bers representing 38 countries, ab out 500 papers were presented for dis
cussion. Several Germ an-societies held their m eetings in conjunction w ith this Congress, w hich w as the m ost im portant and successful of all held up to th a t tim e.
T h e S ixth In tern ation al Congress of A p p lied Chem is
try (Rom e, 1906) w as d ivided into eleven sections;
the m em bers num bered 2,375 and 658 papers were presented. T h e S even th Congress (London, 1909), of w hich there w ere 4,100 m em bers, w as a w o rth y suc
cessor to the six preceding; 985 papers were presented in eleven sections and six subsections, and several innovations were arranged and carried out. A ch arac
teristic feature of th e London Congress w as the e x tension of the idea of the establishm ent of In ternational com missions to recom m end uniform standards of m aterials and m ethods of determ ining them .
The E igh th In tern ation al Congress of A pplied Chem istry, the m ost b rillian t assem blage of men em inent in pure and applied ch em istry ever brought togeth er on this continent and a w o rth y successor of the preceding Congresses, officially closed its sessions on Septem ber 13, 1912, a fte r ten d ays of scientific and social en joym en t— d ays w hich w ere replete w ith opportunities for affording direct interchange of view s and during w hich A m ericans had th e g reat
Oct., 1912 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y . 707 satisfaction of p layin g the p a rt of host to those chem
ists who gathered from all p arts of the civilized w orld.
T his Congress, of w hich there were 4500 members, 2500 of w hom atten ded the N ew Y o r k sectional ses
sions, had been an enorm ous u ndertaking and the immense am ount of w ork w hich its preparation en
tailed d evolved largely upon the President, Secretary and E x e c u tiv e Com m ittee. I t is to th e President, Dr. W . H . N ichols, and to the Secretary, D r. B. C.
Hesse, how ever, th a t the g reatest am ount of credit is due fo r th e splendid organization, elaborate ar
rangem ents and successful adm inistration of the plans.
T h e E ig h th Congress had been repeatedly brought to the a tten tio n of the chem ical w orld during the p ast three years, and the plans of the organizers, both ten ta tiv e and final, had been d istributed throughout the w orld in a m ost thorough m anner. T h e various Com m ittees in charge of the m an y arrangem ents necessary did their w ork system atically, and earnest cooperation ea rly m arked the developm ent of the m any fixed rules and novel ideas introduced. I t was only to be expected, therefore, th a t the Congress would have a num ber of features. One of the m ost im portant and va lu ab le of these w as th a t the b u lk of the a c
cepted papers w as printed in ad van ce in tw en ty-four carefu lly prepared, w ell-printed volum es, each de
voted to a section. In this m anner the greater am ount o f the papers presented w ere a vailab le for perusal and criticism prior to the sectional session openings, and
Ed w a r d W . Mo r l b y, Ho n o r a r y Pr e s i d e n t.
th is arrangem ent not only encouraged atten dance b u t also provided for m ore thorough discussion.
I t has been said th a t the consciousness of a d u ty perform ed g ives m usic a t m idnight, and it is agreed b y all th at the m en and wom en who h ave w orked and cooperated to m ake this Congress a success are entitled
Be r n h a r d C. He s s e, Se c r e t a r y.
Congress of A p p lied C hem istry too k place a t M em orial Continental H all, W ashington, D . C., on Septem ber 4, 1912, a t 11.00 a.m. T h e Patron , President W . H.
T a ft, was unable to open the Congress personally on account of a sprained ankle, although he had~ m ade the trip from his sum m er home in B everly, Mass., for the purpose; his regrets were presented b y the President of the Congress, D r. W illiam H. N ichols.
Dr. N ichols introduced the H onorary President, Dr.
E . W . M orley, who m ade the follow ing address;
“ T he E ig h th International Congress of A pplied Chem istry, assem bled according to the in vitatio n of the President of the U nited States of A m erica, and b y the a u th o rity of the Congress of the U nited States, desires to express its g ratitu d e for this in vitation , and further, its especial gratitu d e for, and high appreciation of, the honor done us, Mr. President, b y y o u r consent to open the deliberations of this Congress.
“ I t is m y privilege, fellow m em bers of the Congress, to express to y o u the cordial w elcom e w ith w hich the chem ists of- the U nited S tates receive y o u to their coun try. This cordial w elcom e w e g la d ly offer to visiting chem ists from e v e ry co u n try of the w hole world. M oreover, b o th the representatives in this co u n try of applied ch em istry, and also the lovers and followers of pure chem istry, take a special pleasure in w elcom ing chem ists from the four nation s whose languages are the official languages of this Congress.
I t was am ong these nations th at, som ething like a to unbounded credit and all the peace of m ind w hich goes w ith a w ork w ell done. The success of the E igh th Intern ational Congress is a crow ning even t in the h istory of A pplied Chem istry in Am erica.
TH E INAUGURAL MEETING AT WASHINGTON.
The official opening of th e E igh th In tern ation al
708 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y . Oct., 1912 cen tu ry ago, ch em istry as w e now understand it had
its origin. L avoisier established an anti-phlogistic chem istry, D alton founded the atom ic theory, L iebig furnished organic chem istry w ith m ethods, and A vo gad ro helped us to an insight into m olecular ,w eights. D uring the cen tury since these m agnificent beginnings, the progress of chem istry in these four nations has been w ell w o rth y of the beginnings.
" A t the tim e of these b rillian t beginnings the U nited S tates of A m erica were b u t ju st becom e an indepen
dent nation. T h e w ork of the hour on this continent w as to organize the m echanism of civilization in the w ilderness w hich then covered m uch of our area.
Pure chem istry had to w a it w hile roads and bridges w ere b u ilt and the forest w as cleared. O ur studies and energies had to be expended upon the difficult problem s of conducting a popular govern m ent— p rob
lem s w hich we are optim istic enough to regard as not incapable of solution. T h e organization of universities b y p riva te in itiative and expense, and the organization of elem entary schools a t public expense over alm ost half a continent, d iverted able men from research in pure science. T h e necessities of m ine and furnace and fa cto ry led men who m ight h ave stood high as investigators, to use their energy and insight in ap p lyin g chem istry to in
dustry, and adding to the w ealth of the co u n try and the com forts of life.
“ A ccordin gly, th e chem ists of this co u n try are de
lighted to w elcom e chem ists from the nations who h ave been our m asters and teachers in pure chem istry.
The debt w hich w e owe to the chem ists of these nations is incapable of rep aym ent. B u t if a n y courtesies which w e can show you, a n y provision for the pleasure of y o u r visit w hich w e can m ake, an y solicitude for the success of you r deliberations w hich w e can feel, should, suggest th a t such repaym en t w ould be to us a privilege and a pleasure, and a g reat delight, w e should b u t fee b ly express the w arm th of the welcom e w ith w hich w e receive y o u to the sessions of the E igh th In ternational Congress of A pplied C h em istry.”
P resident N ichols then m ade his form al address of welcom e, w hich follow s in full:
“ On behalf of the great arm y of A m erican chem ists, more than six thousand in num ber, and representing all branches of the profession, and in the nam e of the g reat industrial organizations depending on their services, and also of the U niversities, Colleges and T echn ical Schools, where m an y are d evotin g their lives to instruction, it is m y privilege also to extend a h e a rty w elcom e to our guests from all the corners of the earth.
“ W e are gathered togeth er to com pare notes and to add to w h at has been done before, thus contrib uting to th e g reat structure of the fu tu re som ething of perhaps v ita l im portance to its grow th and sym m etry.
W e realize th a t this is an age of cooperation rather than of destructive com petition, and we therefore unite our efforts th a t the resultan t m ay be w o rth y of us. W e are here to give, th a t we m ay receive, and thus pass on to the w orld som ething more than our isolated efforts could m ake possible. T h e alchem ist of the m iddle ages w orked alone, seeking the philoso
p h er’s stone, or perhaps th e elixir of life, v a in ly hoping to transm ute baser things into gold, or indefinitely prolong the jo y s of yo u th . W e w ork together, and m uch has com e to pass in the tran sm utation n ot of the elem ents, it is true, b u t of useless into useful things, and m uch has been accom plished in the betterm ent of the whole span of life. I t is true w e cannot see the goal and cann ot even im agine w h a t it w ill be when discovered in the d istan t future, b u t we are try in g to do our share of the onw ard w ork, so th a t those who succeed us w ill be b etter prepared to ta k e their p art because of w h at w e h ave done.
“ Cooperation such as ours becom es not only a delight b u t a moral q u ality. T o this sym posium we, of the new world, cord ially w elcom e those who from other lands and other experiences com e to add their assist
ance and sym p ath y.
“ T o this w ord of w elcom e to our guests I am sure y o u w ould h ave m e add one of appreciation of our Chairm an, President T a ft, who has torn him self a w a y from a w ell earned and needed rest to com e here to preside a t this opening m eeting of our Congress— a w o rth y successor of the kings and princes w ho h ave sim ilarly honored those w hich preceded it. W hile his genial nature leads him to do th is freely, we none th e less appreciate th a t the chem ists of the ‘ world, w hether present w ith us or not, are under obligations to him w hich th e y can never rep ay. I am sure th a t I speak for yo u all w hen I tender to him our united th an ks for the honor he has conferred upon us and on the science w hich w e love.
“ Since our last Congress, held in London in 1909, no p ast officials of the congresses h ave died. Sir H enry Roscoe, Hon. President of th e S even th Con
gress, has m et w ith g reat affliction in the loss of his dear w ife, b u t w ith th a t excep tion death has not entered into the homes of those w ho h ave presided o ver form er congresses. W e exten d to him to -d ay our h eartfelt sym p ath y, added to our regret th a t a d van c
ing age has prevented him from being present w ith us to-d ay. I am sure he is w ith us in the spirit.
“ The President of the F ifth or Berlin Congress, P rof. O tto N. W itt, of C harlottenburg, has also been prevented from atten din g. I am sure th a t an y one who has m et him, or who has know n of his g reat w orks, w ill join me in the expression of deepest regret th a t one of the m ost brillian t lights of the chem ical w orld cannot be w ith us. Those of y o u who had the good fortune to hear his sch olarly address a t the S even th Congress will, to som e exten t, appreciate w h a t he could h ave added to this Congress had he been present.
“ Prof. E m anuele Paterno, President of the S ixth or R om an Congress, finds him self a t the last m om ent unable to atten d. U p to a few d ays ago I felt sure of his presence, and w as therefore all the m ore disap
pointed a t his change of plans. W e shall miss him g reatly, although there are w o rth y representatives of his cou n try here.
“ W e are v e ry fo rtu n ate in h avin g w ith us Professor L indet, President of the Second Congress; Sir W illiam R am say, President of the S even th Congress; and Dr.
Oct., 1912 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y . 70Q F riedrich Strohm er, of the V ien na Congress. These,
w ith those I h ave nam ed, are the on ly livin g members of the Internation al Com mission of Congresses of A p p lied C hem istry, and we are h ap p y to welcom e them and to kn ow th a t we are to have the benefit of their g re a t w isdom and experience during the conduct of the affairs of this Congress.
“ I am pleased to report th a t a v e ry large proportion of the original com m unications to this Congress has alread y been printed and bound, tw en ty-four volum es in all, and w ill be distributed to m em bers on registration
been perfected to make them availab le forlargenum bers.
“ The p ast fifty years have seen m arvelous im prove
m ents in all branches of science. T his is not the tim e or place to discuss details, b u t I feel justified in saying th a t the science of chem istry during the great evolu tion ary period has not been outstripped b y a n y of the others. W hile its w ork has been more quiet, and has not been so obvious to the general public, it has been none the less of supreme im portance. I believe it is grad u ally being realized th a t the w orld of the future will depend more upon the science of chem istry than
at Colum bia U n iversity on th eir return to N ew Y o rk . I th in k this is w o rth y of m ention, as I believe it is a result w hich has never been accom plished before, and which could not have been accom plished now b u t for the m agnificent and untiring w ork of our Secretary, and the cooperation w ith him of th e officers and m em bers of the Sectional Com m ittees and the Com m ittee on Papers and Publications. I t is hoped th a t w ith th ese transactions in hand the discussions of the papers w ill be of g re a t value. T h anks to the effective assist
ance of Mr. Edison and his staff, arrangem ents have been m ade to record these discussions on the phono
grap h in the official lan guage em ployed, and this in itself w ill represent an added n o ve lty in our Congress, and, a t the sam e tim e, insure an accurate report.
“ W e are also fortu nate in h avin g some of the fore
m ost chem ists of E urope as lecturers on su bjects of great im portance; and, an ticip atin g the pu b lic interest which these lectures w ill arouse, arrangem ents have
upon a n y other, and m ay even have to look to it for its continued life. A s its mines becom e more and more exhausted, and its lands more and more depleted of pow er to grow crops, it m ust turn to chem istry for instruction as to prevention of w astes and uses of pow er and m aterials, which, w ith ou t its m inistrations w ould be useless.
“ W ith this th ou gh t in our minds we w elcom e w ith more th an ordinary cord iality our foreign guests—
some of them from the antipodes. W e invite them to aid us in the solution of the great physical problem s w hich confront us as a nation. W e h ave had, and still possess, m agnificent n atural resources; we have perhaps done w ith them the best th a t w e could, but w e are becom ing more and more alive to the fa ct th at the problem s are va st and com plex. These n atural resources m ust be exploited, b u t I conceive it to be of m uch m ore im portance th at th ey be intelligently conserved. The assistance of those who h ave of
Si r Wi l l i a m Ra m s a y.
A C O N G R E S S G R O U P . Dr. Ru d o l p h Me s s e l.
P h o t o b y H arris & Ew ing.
P r e s . W . H . N i c h o l s .
7 i o T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y . Oct., 1912 necessity had these problem s in conservation alw ays
before them w ill be d ou bly w elcom ed b y us w ho have been so prodigal in the expenditure of our g reat w ealth.
“ T h e developm ent of our cou n try has been extrem ely rapid, b u t th e th ou gh tful ones am ong us realize th at the tim e is a t hand w hen lavish expenditure m ust be succeeded b y prudent conservation in order th a t we m ay not only pass down to p o sterity a record of w on
derful evolution, b u t insure th a t w e have not robbed our children’s children of the m aterials necessary for th eir own progress.
“ W ith these ideas w e w ill proceed to our labors at N ew Y o r k w ith ligh t hearts, believin g th a t g reat good w ill com e to our cou n try and to the world as a result of those labors, not only in the im m ediate future, b u t m ore p a rticu larly in the m ore distant future w hich it is our bounden d u ty to carefu lly and religiously p ro te ct.”
A fte r President N ichols’ address follow ed the official responses of the representatives of various countries:
Prof. Dr. R u d olf W egschneider spoke for A u stria, Prof. L. L in d et for France, Prof. Dr. von B u ch k a for G erm any, Sir W illiam R a m sa y for G reat B ritain, D r.
Jokichiro Lem ori for Japan, Com m anditore Giacom o Ciam ician for Ita ly , Prof. P au l W alden for R ussia, and Dr. Sam uel E y d e for the other countries. F o l
low ing these addresses, tw o resolutions were presented.
Dr. H. W . W ile y presented a resolution of th an ks to the D. A . R . for their perm ission to use the Continental H all; Dr. D. T . D a y m oved th a t one co p y of the official Congress badge be stru ck in pure gold, for presentation to the President, Dr. Nichols.
In the afternoon of Septem ber 4, there was a re
ception a t the W h ite House, and the delegates and their w ives repaired thereto in large numbers, as
sem bling in the E a s t Room , where, a fter being intro
duced to the visitors, President T a ft, seated in a w icker chair, said:
“ L adies and G entlem en of the International Congress of A pplied Chem istry:
“ I have m uch pleasure in w elcom ing you, on behalf of th e G overnm ent and people of the U nited States, to W ashington. I sincerely hope th a t y o u r s ta y in this C ap ital m ay be an agreeable one.
“ Y o u rs is one of those im portan t International Congresses th a t m ark the great progress w hich has been m ade in research and application of new ly discovered principles in a m ost im portan t science and art. If there be a n y science th a t goes to the heart of the m atter, it is ch em istry. D ealing w ith atom s and m olecules and th eir association, and the m ani
festations of th eir action upon each other, chem istry seem s at one tim e the m ost abstruse of sciences, and then w hen w e see it applied in th e g reat m odern factories in th e m anufacture of those elem ents w hich are essential to the success of the industrial arts, we are made to kn ow th a t the e x ten t of the science from the theoretical to the p ractical is w ider th an th a t of a n y other.
“ I observe th a t in y o u r various divisions yo u discuss m an y different questions not p ecu liarly chem ical. I note a consideration of the question of patents, w h at
p aten ts ought to include, and w h at kind of a p aten t system ought to be adopted b y each G overnm ent.
P aten ts have p layed a v e ry great p a rt in the d evelop m ent of th e U nited States, and we h ave g iven to patentees a v e ry valu ab le m onopoly for th e purpose of discovering b y their industries, new m ethods of accom plishing useful results. W h eth er w e h ave m ade this m onopoly too g reat or not is now the su b ject of consideration b y a Com mission p rovided for b y Con
gress. There is certain ly g reat room for im provem ent in th e m achinery of our P ate n t Office, and it w ould be w ell if more va lu e could inhere in the issuing of a p a te n t as an evidence of real prop erty. N ow , how ever, until a p a te n t has been fough t through the courts, people do not seem to regard it as of a great deal of m onopoly value.
“ I m ay add th a t one of the g reat opportunities for reform, in m y judgm ent, is in the shortening of p a te n t litigation and the reducing of its expenditure. I know v e ry little ab out chem istry, b u t I kn ow a good deal ab out p a te n t litigation . I know th at th e am ount of m oney th at has been unnecessarily w asted, and the in eq u ality th a t has been produced betw een the rich litig an t and th e poor litigan t, b y reason of the un
necessary expense of th a t litigation , is one of the things th a t calls for rem edy and im m ediate rem edy. I t is not essential th a t w e should m ake a record of 10,000 printed pages a t $50 a d a y for exp erts and $100 a d ay for p a te n t law yers. I h ave no objection to exp erts;
I have no objectio n to p a te n t law yers: b u t I thin k we can h ave too m uch of b o th of them . W h at ought to happen is th a t the exp ert should be called into open court, should there be exam ined on the principal points of the case, and then dismissed, and not have th a t interm inable system of records, w hich e very Judge who has had a n y experience in respect to p a te n t law m ust condem n, on the one hand, because of its uselessness, and on the other hand because of its e x pense. Y o u observe th a t I am w illing to m ake a diversion in the direction of w hich I know som ething.
B u t it is not for me to discuss a su bject th a t is only d istan tly related to the m ain purpose of y o u r com ing.
“ I regret exceedingly th a t the w eather is such as not to perm it yo u to en jo y the b eau tiful grounds of the W h ite House as fu lly as yo u could on a su n ny day.
I h ave com e a long distance to m eet you, in order to em phasize as m uch as I can the im portance w hich the A m erican G overn m ent and the A m erican people a tta ch to you r deliberations and th e su bject m atter of y o u r consideration, and the a n x ie ty and concern th ey h ave in prom oting e very In tern ation al Congress w hich m akes, as th is does, for ‘team -w ork’ in the w orld ’s progress.”
U pon the conclusion of this address, the p a rty adjourned to the W h ite H ouse grounds, w here the m em bers were received b y Mr. T a ft, the introduction being m ade b y M ajor R hoads. This law n p a rty w as a v e ry pleasant affair and lasted from 5.00 to 6.30 p.m.
The Marine B and, under the direction of Lieut. Santel- mann, and assisted b y Miss A gnes H ope P illsb u ry a t the piano, g a v e a m ost excellen t m usical program m e.
R efreshm ents were served in special tents, and th e
Oct., 1912 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y . 711 terraces were crow ded w ith friends and guests a t
tending the Congress.
T here were various p rivate dinners in the evening, n o tab ly a “ ch em istry dinner” a t the R aleigh b y Dr.
H. W . W iley, bu t th e principal social fun ction w as a reception b y the R egen ts and Secretary of the Sm ith
sonian In stitu tion , held a t the N ew N ation al Museum.
The latter, w ith its w ealth of collections, including paintings, added interest to the function, w hich was in e v e ry respect a brillian t success. The Marine B and furnished a m usical program m e to w hich Mrs.
B erth a L incoln Iieu stis contrib uted a num ber of vocal selections. D ancing followed, in which the younger elem ent p articip ated.
w ork being g re a tly facilitated b y h avin g everyth in g on one floor and in one room. A ppropriate booths, p rop erly num bered and nam ed, were provided for registration, for general inform ation in the four official languages, for U nited S tates branch post office, tele
graph and telephone offices, railroad inform ation bureaus, treasurer’s office, fa c to ry inspection bureau, facilities for distributing printed proceedings, ch eck
room, express office, stenographers, etc. Official m arshals were on hand to a ct as interpreters and assist the foreign m em bers in registering and arranging their residence w hile a t the Congress. T he Colum bia U n iversity D orm itory facilities were placed a t the disposal of the visiting m em bers b y the Trustees, and
E N T R A N C E T O C O L U M B IA U N IV E R S I T Y G R O U N D S .
The follow ing d ay m an y of the visitors w ent on a sight-seeing tou r of W ashington, and visits were paid to the various G overnm ent buildings and bureaus. In the evening of Septem ber 5, the W ashington visitors left for N ew Y o r k to continue the form al work of the Congress.
TH E NEW Y O R K MEETING.
The form al opening of the Congress in W ashington was follow ed b y the final registration and organization in N ew Y o r k C ity on Septem ber 6th. T h e w ork was centralized in the buildings a t Colum bia U n iversity on M orningside H eights, and a t the College of the C ity of N ew Y o r k on W ashington H eights. T he G ym n a
sium in U n iversity H all, the central building in the Colum bia group, w as converted into a series of offices for the adm inistration of the Congress business, the
the students dining room in U n iversity H all was opened up to accom m odate the visitors. E ach section of the Congress was assigned a com m odious m eeting room in some of the buildings of the U n iversity g ro u p ; the International public lectures, organ recitals and general m eetings were held in the G reat H all a t the College of the C ity of N ew Y ork .
A d aily Journal was published and distributed b y the Congress and e very detail of the adm inistrative feature was carefu lly w orked o ut for the com fort and convenience of the visitin g m embers. T h e h o sp itality of the tw o g reat educational centers in N ew Y o r k — Colum bia U n iversity and the College of the C ity of N ew York-— contributed in a g re a t measure to the success of this undertaking.
712 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y . Oct., 1912
THE INTERNATIONAL LECTURES.
The im portant lectures w hich followed the sectional meetings on Septem ber 6, 9, 10, and n , and which were open to th e public, were delivered in the G reat H all of the College of the C ity of N ew Y o rk , b y em inent members of the chem ical profession from each nation represented in the four official languages, French, Germ an, Italian, and English.
M. Ga b r i e l Be r t r a n d, Professor of Biological Chemistry at the Sorbonne and the Pasteur Institute, P aris, France: “ Th e Pa r t Pl a y e d b y In f i n i t e l y Sm a l l Qu a n t i t i e s o f Ch e m i c a l s i n Bi o l o g i c a l Ch e m i s t r y. ” T his lecture was delivered on Septem ber 6th in French, and em bodied a scholarly sum m ary of the results of years of stu d y and experim ental research conducted b y the speaker.
Ge h e i m e r Re g i e r u n g s r a t Pr o f. Dr. C . Du i s b e r g,
Managing Director 0} the Farbenfabriken of Elberfeld, Germany: “ Th e La t e s t Ac h i e v e m e n t s a n d Pr o b l e m s o f t h e Ch e m i c a l In d u s t r y. ” This lecture, delivered in Germ an, was illustrated b y lantern slides and extensive exh ib its; it dealt m ost im pressively and eloq uently w ith the enorm ous strides which G erm any has taken in the developm ent of certain chem ical industries, and was h igh ly enjoyed b y an audience of about 1 5 0 0 persons. A full translation of Prof. D uisberg’s lecture appears in th is issue of Th i s Jo u r n a l.
Pr o f e s s o r W i l l i a m He n r y Pe r k i n, of M an
chester, England: “ Th e Pe r m a n e n t Fi r e p r o o f i n g o f Co t t o n Go o d s. ” P rofessor Perkin, who spoke, of course, in English, illustrated v e ry forcib ly the research chem ist’s services to the cause of h u m an ity;
his lecture w hich w ill be published in the n e xt issue of
Th i s Jo u r n a l pertained to his discovery of a process for the perm anent fireproofing of all kinds of cotton goods, and included a practical dem onstration of its success.
Pr o f e s s o r Gi a c o m o Ci a m i c i a n, of Bologna, Italy:
“ Th e Ph o t o c h e m i s t r y o f t h e Fu t u r e. ” T h is lec
ture, delivered in Italian, was of great p ractical im portance on account of the suggestions it contained in regard to the b etter utilization of radian t energy.
A ll of the a b o ve general lectures, w hich were com prehensive and of g reat interest, were preceded b y organ recitals and e v e ry fa c ility had been p rovided b y T he H onorable B oard of Trustees, President J. G.
F inley, Professor Charles B askerville, and Dr. W . L.
E stabrooke of the College of •the C ity of N ew Y o rk for the convenience of the lecturers and the reception of the audience. E ach of the lectures w as followed b y a tea served on the College cam pus.
TH E SECTIONAL ADDRESSES.
One of the interesting features of the E igh th Congress w as the holding of join t sessions of various sections;
a t several of these join t m eetings sym posium s were held, w hile a t three, im portant addresses were d eliv
ered b y distinguished chemists.
Do c t o r Sa m u e l Ey d e, the em inent chem ical engineer of K ristian ia, N orw ay, addressed the join t m eeting of
the Sections on Inorganic Chem istry, P h ysical Chem is
try , E lectrochem istry, and A gricu ltu ral Chem istry, on Septem ber 7th in the A uditorium of the A m erican Museum of N atu ral H istory. His subject was “ Th e Ox i d a t i o n o f At m o s p h e r i c Ni t r o g e n a n d De v e l o p m e n t o f Re s u l t i n g In d u s t r i e s i n No r w a y. ” T his m eeting w as atten ded b y the most prom inent chem ists a t the Congress, as w ell as b y m any m anufacturers and engineers, and w ill alw ays be rem em bered b y those present. A n extended ab stract of the address b y D r . E y d e appears in this issue.
He r r Ho f r a t Pr o f. Dr. He i n r i c h Au g u s t Be r n t h s e n, Managing Director of the Badische A n ilin und Soda-Fabrik, Ludwigshafen, delivered an ad
dress before the join t m eeting of the Sections on Inorganic Chem istry, P h ysical Chem istry, E lectro chem istry, and A gricu ltu ral Chem istry, a t the H orace Mann A uditorium on Septem ber n t h , on
C o u rte sy of A m e rica n D ruggist.
He i n r i c h Au g u s t Be r n t h s e n, Pr e s. Bu n s e n Ge s e l i^s c h a f t.
“ Sy n t h e t i c Am m o n i a. ” This lecture was one of the m ost novel delivered before the Congress, and included a dem onstration of th e H aber process. T h e thanks of th e m eeting were vo ted to Professor Bernthsen for his brilliant lecture, th e m otion being m ade b y Dr.
E y d e and seconded b y Professor D uisberg. Professor B ernthsen’s lecture is reprinted in full in this num ber of Th i s Jo u r n a l.
Pr o f e s s o r Wi l l i a m He n r y Pe r k i n delivered a lec
ture on “ Th e Po l y m e r i z a t i o n o f Bu t a d i n e a n d Is o p r e n e, ” before the Sections on O rganic C hem istry and In dia R ubber, on Septem ber n . A large audience w as present.
Prof. P erkin outlined the m ethod of m aking syn thetic rubber, which he recen tly described in a paper before th e S ociety of Chem ical In d u stry and th en described a new m ethod w hich he said looked v e ry
Oct., 1912 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y . 7i 3 prom ising. Since this new m ethod has not y e t been
described w e g iv e its outline here:
T a k e eth yl alcohol, w hich m ay be easily oxidized to acetaldehyde. This is condensed b y means of po
tassium carbonate to aldol and the aldol can be quan
tita tiv e ly converted into b u tylidin e glycol. A ll the yield s of these reactions are p ractica lly q u an titative.
T h e bu tylidin e glycol is then converted into a chloride and passed over soda lime when p ractically the same product is produced as the isoprene from the isoam yl chloride and when treated w ith sodium gives even b etter rubber than isoprene.
Prof. P erkin exhibited sam ples of w h at he called the first syn th etic rubber ever m ade (the product of Tilden).
TH E SECTIONAL MEETINGS.
T h e scientific w ork of the Congress w as organized in tw en ty-four sections. E ach section was adm inis
tered b y a com plete organization consisting of Presi
dent, Vice-president, Secretary and Sectional Com m ittee.
A ll papers offered to the Congress, a fter being passed upon b y the proper Sectional officers, were subm itted for final action to the Com m ittee on Papers and P u b lications.
T h e greater portion of the Proceedings of the E igh th In tern ation al Congress was printed in advan ce of the m eeting, and issued to m em bers on and after the m orn
ing of Septem ber 3rd. T h e Proceedings contained all accepted papers presented b y June 30, 1912, and consisted of tw en ty-four volum es, including over 600 papers and over 5000 pages w ith illustrations.
T h e m an y additional papers read a t the Sectional m eetings bu t not subm itted before June 30th, w ill be included w ith discussions of all papers in the Supple
m ent to the Proceedings, to be issued before D ecem ber 31, 1912.
E a ch volum e of the Proceedings was devoted to a section. T hus authors were able to present their papers in ab stract before the section and bring out a m ost com plete and fu ll discussion.
S E C T IO N A L D IV IS IO N S A N D T H E I R P R E S I D E N T S .
Analytical Chemistry: W . F. H illebrand, P h .D ., B ureau of Standards, W ashington, D. C.
Inorganic Chemistry: Charles L. Parsons, B .S ., T echnical E x p e rt of B ureau of Mines, W ashington, D. C.
Metallurgy and M ining: Joseph W . R ichards, P h .D ., L ehigh U niversity, South B ethlehem , Pa.
Explosives: Charles E . Munroe, P h.D ., George W ashington U n iversity, W ashington, D. C.
Silicate Industries: A llerton S. Cushm an, P h .D ., The In stitu te of In dustrial R esearch, W ashington, D. C.
Organic Chemistry: M arston T . B ogert, L L .D ., Colum bia U niversity, N ew Y o rk .
Coal Tar Colors and Dyestuffs: H erm an A . Metz, 122 H udson Street, N ew Y o rk .
Industry and Chemistry of Sugar: W . D. H orne, P h .D ., N ation al Sugar Refining Co., Y on kers, N ew Y o rk .
India Rubber and Oilier Plastics: L. H. Baekeland, Sc.D ., Y on kers, N ew Y o rk .
F u els and Asphalt: D avid T . D ay, P h .D ., U nited States Geological Survey, W ashington, D. C.
Fats, Fatty Oils and Soaps: D avid W esson, B .S ., 24 B road Street, N ew Y o rk .
Paints, D rying Oils and Varnishes: M axim ilian Toch, 320 F ifth A venue, N ew Y o rk .
Starch, Cellulose and Paper: A rth u r D. L ittle, 93 B road Street, Boston, Mass.
Fermentation: Francis W y a tt, P h.D ., 402 W est 23rd Street, N ew Y o rk .
Agricultural Chemistry: F ran k K . Cam eron, P h .D ., D epartm ent of A griculture, W ashington.
Hygiene: W . P. Mason, M .D ., L L .D ., R ensselaer P olytech n ic In stitu te, T roy, N ew Y o rk .
Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Joseph P. R em ington, Ph.M ., 1832 Pine Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Bromatology: W . D. Bigelow , P h.D ., D epartm en t of A griculture, W ashington.
Physiological Chemistry and Pharmacology: John J. Abel, M .D ., Johns H opkins U niversity, Baltim ore.
Photochemistry: W . D. B ancroft, 7 E a st A ven u e, Ith aca, N ew Y o rk .
Electrochemistry: W illiam H. W alker, P h .D ., M assa
chusetts In stitu te of Techn ology, Boston.
Physical Chemistry: W . R . W h itn ey, P h .D ., General E lectric Co., Schenectady, N ew Y o rk .
Law and Legislation Affecting Chemical Industry.
T h e H onorable E dw ard D. W hite, Chief Justice of the Suprem e Court of the U nited States, W ashington.
Political Economy and Conservation of Natural Resources: J. A . Holmes, B ureau of Mines, W ashington.
A prom inent feature of the Congress was a num ber of join t sessions held for the purpose of a more general interchange of ideas and view s on interrelated subjects.
These join t sessions also g av e excellent opportunities for the presentation of some of the m ost interesting and valu able lectures delivered during the Congress, n o tab ly those on "O x id atio n of A tm ospheric N itrogen and D evelopm ent of R esulting Industries in N o rw a y,”
b y Sam uel E y d e ; “ Syn th etic A m m on ia,” b y P rof.
B ernthsen; “ Syn th etic R u b b e r,” b y Prof. Perkin.
A list of the articles published in the proceedings and of especial interest to our readers can be found in the N ew Pub lication s colum n of this issue. M any of the papers of industrial and engineering im portance w ill appear in the current or subsequent issues of Th i s J o u r n a l .
TH E SOCIAL FEATU RES OF THE CONGRESS.1 One of the g reat advan tages of an international congress is the o p p ortu n ity offered for social inter
course; accordingly, the encouragem ent of frequent association am ong the members w as carefu lly carried out b y the Officers and Com m ittees of the E igh th In tern ation al Congress of A pplied C h em istry,3 and the entertainm ent of the visitin g members w as fu lly pro
vided for. In fact, the social features of the Congress were alm ost equal in im portance to the sectional m eetings, for th e y g av e every chance for intimate exchange of ideas and view s.
1 E x c lu s iv e o f th e e n te rta in m e n ts a n d fu n c tio n s a tte n d in g th e O p e n in g o f th e C ongress in W a sh in g to n , re p o rte d elsew here.
2 T h e M arsh als, it m a y be m e n tio n e d h ere, d id m u c h to p ro m o te co rd ia l a c q u a in ta n c e s a m o n g th e foreign g u e sts a n d th e h o m e m em b ers.
7i 4 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y . Oct., 1912 The reception of the A m erican Chem ical S ociety to
the m em bers of the Congress a t the M etropolitan Museum of A rt, from 8.00 p.m. to 10.00 p.m. on the evening of Satu rd ay, Septem ber 7, was a largely a t
tended, h igh ly en joyed function. T h e R eceiving Line, com posed of tw en ty-eigh t P ast Presidents and Officers of the Society and Officers of the M etropolitan Museum of A rt, w ith their w ives, and under the chair
manship of Dr. A rth u r D. L ittle , form ed a t 8.30 p.m.
in the Grand F o y er of the Museum, and from 9.00 to 10.00 p.m. a collation was served in the Trustees R oom on the second floor. M embers of the Internation al A ssociation for T estin g M aterials were also welcom e w ith their guests. T hrough the cou rtesy of the Museum, a special illustrated program advising as to how best to see the collections and where th ey were located was distributed a t the entrance. T h e R ecep tion Com m ittee, also under the chairm anship of Dr.
L ittle, was m ade up of one hundred prom inent A m eri
can chem ists; the L ad ies’ R eception Com m ittee was
constituted of sixty-fiv e ladies; and the E x ecu tive Com m ittee on Arrangem ents, of w hich Dr. George F . K u n z w as chairm an and Dr. E . F. R oeber secretary, w as m ade up of seventeen ladies and gentlem en.
Those m em bers of the Congress holding en tertain m ent coupons enjoyed a B o at E xcu rsion up the H udson R iv e r on Sunday, Septem ber 8; an E n te r
tain m ent a t the N ew Y o r k H ippodrom e on Septem ber 1 1 ; a B aseball Gam e a t the N ew Y o r k Polo Grounds on Septem ber 13. T h e B o at E xcursion w as atten ded b y a large num ber of m em bers and la d y guests, the p a rty leaving 4 1st Street and N orth R iv e r a t 9.30
a.m. and returning late in the afternoon; the boat proceeded as far as N ew burgh and during th e trip refreshm ents were provided. T h e m em bers who attended the production a t the H ippodrom e in the evening of Septem ber i r , which, like the base
ball gam e on the 13 th, a ttrac te d in p articu lar
m an y foreign visitors, were en jo y ab ly entertained.
A m ong other social functions and entertainm ents, all of w hich w ere free to the m em bers of the Congress, were the follow ing: T h e inspection of the A m erican M useum of N atu ral H istory on S atu rd ay afternoon, Septem ber 7; the reception and entertainm ent b y the C hem ists’ Club on the evening of Septem ber 10; the the A fternoon T ea and E xh ib itio n of Photographs a t the Cam era Club after the join t m eetin g of the Section on Coal T a r Colors and DyestufTs w ith the Sections on Paints, D ryin g Oils and Varnishes, and on P h otoch em istry; th e O rgan R ecitals b y Mr. M ark Andrew s, of M ontclair, N. J., on Septem ber 6 and 9, and the organ recitals b y Professor Sam uel A B aldw in on Septem ber 10 and 11, all in the G reat H all of the College of the C ity of N ew Y o r k ; the Inform al T eas a t the College of the C ity of N ew Y o r k on Septem ber 6, 9, 10 and i x ; and the A fternoon T ea on the law n at Colum bia U n iversity on Septem ber 12. There were in addition certain other functions tak in g place in connection w ith other organizations;
on the evening of Septem ber 6, a num ber of receptions to foreign members in atten dan ce and sectional sm okers occurred. Throughout the Congress the Chem ists’ Club w as the center of social activ ities; here m an y inform al m eetings and social gatherings took place. T h e reception and en tertain m ent b y the Officers and Trustees of this club to the m em bers of the Con
gress, on Septem ber 10, w as largely atten ded and highly successful. Dr.
and Mrs. Morris Loeb g ave a recep
tion a t the Chem ists’ Club for the Latin -speakin g visitors, and, on the afternoon of Septem ber ix , the Ita lia n delegation and their friends were enter
tained b y the Ita lia n Cham ber of Commerce.
A m ong the p riva te functions were the delightful law n parties of Dr. and Mrs. Morris Loeb on Septem ber 8 and Mr. and Mrs. W illiam Jam es E van s on Septem ber 12. T he charm ing gard en-p arty of Mr. and Mrs. E v a n s w as a t Y atto n h u rst, D obbs F erry ; the invited guests were con veyed to and from the reception in a special train. D uring the N ew Y o r k sessions a num ber of p riva te dinners were given in honor of visitin g chem ists, the m ost notable of these being the ones of Dr. H ugo Schw eitzer in honor of the Official D elegates of the English, Germ an, French, A u strian and Italian G overnm ents, a t his residence on Sep tem ber 6; Professor Charles Baskerville, in honor of Sir W illiam R am say, a t th e C en tu ry A ssociation on Septem ber 6; and the several dinners of President W . H . Nichols, especially those on Septem ber 8 and 9.
The Grand B an q u et of the Congress occurred on the evening of T h u rsd ay, Septem ber 12, a t the H otel W aldorf-A storia. T h is dinner w as atten ded b y more th an 1,000 m em bers and ladies, and the M ayor of N ew Y o r k C ity, Hon. W . J. G aynor, w as the guest of honor
Gr e a t Ha l l o f t h e Co l l e g e o ft h e Ci t y o fN e w Yo r k.
Oct., 1912 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y . 71S and principal speaker; addresses were also delivered
b y various A m erican chem ists, in w hich a welcom e w as bestow ed upon the guests, and b y English, French, G erm an and Italian chem ists, who referred apprecia
tiv e ly to the U nited States and Am ericans.
M ayor G aynor, referred to b y the toastm aster, President N ichols, as “ the m an who has the hardest job in all the w orld ,” regretted th a t he could not do justice to all the languages represented, hence his address was delivered in English. His rem arks were p a rtly on the public press, in the course of w hich he said th a t the new spapers had, during the Congressional week, given more space to stories of crim e th an to the proceedings of the w orld ’s great chem ists. He also referred to socialism and requested the foreign rep
resentatives in his audience to tak e some of his sta te m ents on this su bject over the seas w ith them for reflection.
Dr. John H uston F in ley, President of the College of the C ity of N ew Y o rk , delivered an address on b ehalf of G overnor D ix, of N ew Y o rk , in w hich he spoke in chem ical m etaphors. Dr. F in le y ’s rem arks w ere v e ry en tertaining and am used the audience im m ensely.
A n unusual innovation for such an occasion w as a speech b y a lad y. Mrs. L. H . B aekeland, Chairm an of the W om en’s Com m ittee of the Congress, spoke in a d eligh tfu lly entertaining m anner and w as w arm ly applauded.
T h e list of speakers included: W . P. W ilkinson, representing A u stralia; Dr. R udolph W egscheider of A u stria ; B . S etlik of B ohem ia; P au l H agam ans, Consul General of B elgium a t Philadelphia; Dr.
A n th o n y M cGill of Canada; Prof. Belisario D iaz-O ssa of Chili; Mr. Y u n g K w a i of China; Dr. Don Guillerm o W ills of Colom bia; Dr. E in ar B illm an of D enm ark;
P rof. Leon L in det of F ran ce; Prof. Dr. vo n B u ch ka of G erm an y; R udolph H ofm ann of P russia; Prof.
G ilbert T . M organ of Ireland; Prof. G. Bruni of Ita ly ; Prof. A dolfo P. Castanares of M exico; Dr. A lfred Sinding-Larson of N o rw ay; M irza A li K u li K a h n of Persia; Dr. P au l W alden of R u ssia; Prof. Dr. K n u t W ilhelm .Palm aer of Sw eden; Dr. F. P. T readw ell of Sw itzerland; Dr. Jam es Moir of the U nion of South A frica ; and Sir W illiam R a m sa y of E ngland.
T h e bearers of tick ets for ladies accom p anying m em bers were welcom e a t all social functions, and the receptions, teas, organ recitals, general lectures, etc., were graced b y the presence of m an y lad y guests.
A num ber of N ew Y o r k L ad ies’ Com m ittees and Sub- Com m ittees had -been organized for the reception of th e lad y guests of the Congress, an en joyable program had been prepared for the entertain m ent of these, and the L ad ies’ Com m ittees did everyth in g for the com fort and pleasure of the visitin g ladies.
On F rid a y, Sept. 6, the General M eeting of all the L ad ies’ Com m ittees (except the R eception Com m ittee) too k place a t 1 0 . 0 0 a.m. a t Colum bia U n iversity; this w as followed, in the morning, b y an inform al reception and w elcom e to the guests at Colum bia U n iversity, and, in the afternoon, b y a lecture on “ Com m unal W o rk of W om an in A m erica” in R u m ford H all,
Chem ists’ Club. On M onday, Sept. 9, the lad y guests enjoyed autom obile trips in the m orning, a luncheon a t the “ Clarem ont” a t 1.00 p.m., and the inform al tea a t the College of the C ity of N ew Y o r k a t 5.00 p.m.
T h e follow ing day, Sept. 10, the visiting ladies had, in the morning, the choice of one of the follow ing tw o autom obile trips, starting from the Chem ists’
Club: (1) P ublic L ib rary, T iffa n y ’s and the M etro
politan T ow er; (2) A quarium , D ow n-tow n Section, and the Stock E xch an ge. A t noon the ladies and th eir gentlem en escorts visited G im bel’s D ep art
m ent Store; a fter this inspection a luncheon w as served b y G im bel’s in their T ea Room . L ate r in the afternoon a num ber of the ladies repaired to the College of the C ity of N ew Y o r k to atten d the inform al tea. On Septem ber 11, there were autom obile trips in the morning and a concert in R um ford H all, Chem ists’ Club, and an inform al tea in the afternoon;
the n e xt m orning an en joyable boat excursion about N ew Y o r k H arbor, startin g from 42nd St. and the N orth R iver.
TH E CLOSING SESSION.
The E igh th Internation al Congress of A pplied Chem istry w hich had been in session in W ashington and N ew Y o r k since Septem ber 4, officially closed w ith a business m eeting a t noon, Septem ber 13 in the G reat H all a t C ity College. Dr. Nichols, the Presi
dent, presided and a num ber of im portant business m atters were considered.
A resolution to adopt E speranto as the official language for the Congress was referred to the N inth Congress for consideration and decision. T h e reso
lution to fix the periods for the m eetings of the Con
gress five years ap art instead of three was defeated and the m eeting of the N inth Congress w as definitely fixed for 1915. T h e plan to standardize atom ic w eights for periods of five years instead of the present annual revision w as changed to three years.
St. Petersburg was selected as the m eeting place for the N inth Congress and Professor Dr. P au l W alden, Professor of Chem istry, P olytech n ical School of R iga, w as elected President, and Professor Dr. D em etrius P. K onovaroff, E m eritus Professor of C hem istry in the U n iversity of St. Petersburg, and now A ssistant M inister of the D epartm ent of Com m erce and In du stry in R ussia, w as elected H onorary President.
The g av el was fo rm ally passed b y President Nichols to the new ly elected President, Professor W alden, and the E igh th International Congress of A pplied Chem istry, w hich was the m ost successful ever held, was officially closed.
FACTORY VISITS AND EXCURSIONS.
G reat interest was shown b y the visitors to the Congress in the facilities offered to inspect m anu
factu rin g plan ts. There was little tim e availab le for fa c to ry excursions during the m eetings, b u t a num ber of v e ry interesting trips were arranged for Saturday, Septem ber 14.
A b o u t one hundred and fifty m em bers visited the Consolidated G as W orks a t A storia, L. I. This e x cursion was under the personal direction of Dr. A rth u r
