The J o u rn a l of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
P ub l i s he d b y T H E A M E R I C A N C H E M I C A L S O C I E T Y
A T B A S T O N , P A .
Volume VI A P R IL , 1914 No. 4
BOARD OF EDITORS Editor: M. C. W h i t a k e r
Assistant Editor: Le o l a E . Ma r r s
Associate Editors: G . P . A d a m so n , E . G . B a ile y , H. E . B a rn a rd , G. E . B a rto n , A . V . B le in in g er, W m . B ra d y , C. A. B row ne, F . K . C am e ro n , F . B . C a rp e n te r, C . E . C a s p a ri, V . C o b le n tz , W . C . G eer, W . F . H illeb ra n d , W . D . Horne, T . K a m o i, A . D . L ittle , C . E . L u ck e , P . C . M c llh in e y , J. M . M a tth e w s , T . J. P a rk e r, J. D . P en n o ck , W. D. R ich ard so n , G . C . S to n e, E . T w itc h e ll, R . W ah l, W . H. W a lk e r, W . R . W h itn e y , A . M . W rig h t.
Published m onthly. Subscription price to non-m em bers of the American C hem ical S ociety, $6.00 yearly.
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Entered as Second*class M atter D ecem ber 19, 4908, a t the Post-Office a t E aston, Pa., under th e A ct of M arch 3, 1879.
C o n tr ib u tio n s s h o u ld b e a d d r e s s e d to M. C. W h ita k e r, C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s it y , N e w Y ork C ity
C o m m u n ica tio n s c o n c e r n i n g a d v e r t is e m e n t s s h o u ld b e s e n t to T h e A m e r ic a n C h e m ic a l S o c i e t y , 42 W est 3 9 th S t ., N e w Y ork C ity S u b s c r ip t io n s a n d c la im s lo r lo s t c o p ie s s h o u ld b e r efer r ed to C h a r le s L. P a r s o n s , B o x 5 0 5 , W a s h in g t o n , D. C.
Es c h k n b a c i i Pr i n t i n o Co m p a n y, Ea s t o n, Pa.
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
E d i t o r i a l s : A d d r e s s e s :
The W illiam H. N ichols M e d a l... 274
The Commission on Industrial R elations... 274
Trade in Chemicals and Chem ical Products between Germany and the United States in 19 13 ... 274
277 279 285 286 Or iginal Pa p e r s: The Relation of Composition of Ash in Coal to Its _ Fusing Tem perature. B y Oscar W . P a lm en b erg .. "Free Carbon.” Its N ature and Determ ination in Tar Products. B y John M orris W eiss... The Relation between the M elting Point and the V is cosity of Refined Tars. B y Philip P. Sharpies. . . . The Differentiation of N atu ral and Oil Asphalts. B y E. C. P a ille r ... Chemical Utilization of Southern Pine W aste. B y M . C. W hitaker and J. S. B a te s ... 289
The Determination of M inute Am ounts of Sulfur D i oxide in Air. B y A therton Seidell and Philip W . M eserve... 298
The Analysis of M aple Products, IV . The Composi tion of M aple Sugar Sand. B y J. F. Snell and A. G. Lochhead... 301
Manufacture of Unfermented Grape Juice in California. B y W . V . Cruess and C. J. H in tze... The Com parative Values of Some Essential Oils as Preservatives of Cane Sugar Solutions. B y C . B. Cochran and J. H. Perkins... The Com parative Values of Some Essential Oils as Preservatives of Starch Syrups. B y C . B. Cochran and J. H. Perkins... Estimation of Sucrose in the Presence of Lactose and in the M ilk Preparations. B y Jitendra N ath R akshit The Solubility of Dextrin. B y W . K . L ew is... Analyses Showing the Composition of the Different Grades of Commercial Pack Peas. B y John C. Diggs On the Valuation of Lim e-Sulfur as an Insecticide. B y Herman V . T a r ta r ... A Study of the M ethods for Extractions b y M eans of Immiscible Solvents from the Point of V iew of the Distribution Coefficients. I. B y J. W . M a rd e n .. Some Reactions of Chrysophanic Acid with Reference to Its D etection in Com plex M edicinal Preparations. By E. Monroe B a iley ... 320
La boratorya n d Pl a n t: Improvements in the Iodine Pentoxide M ethod for the Determination of Carbon M onoxide in Air. B y Atherton S eidell... 321
Conversion C urve for Lovibond's Tintom eter and Stammer’s Colorimeter. B y C arl A. N o w ak 323 Apparatus for the Determ ination of F a t b y the Roese- , Gottlieb M ethod. B y W illiam B rinsm aid... 324
-Modified A pparatus for the Putrescibility Test. B y A. M . B u sw ell... 325
302 304 306 307308 310 313 315 M odern Chemical Industry. B y F ritz H a b er... 325
Conservation of N atural Resources in R elation to Business. B y John J. M iller... 331
Sociological W ork of the N ew Jersey Zinc Com pany. B y Florence H ughes... 333
W elfare and S afety Provisions a t the W elsbach C om pan y’s Plants. B y Howard L y o n ... 336
Cottonseed Flour as a Possible Food for M an. B y C. A . W ells... 338
William H. Nichols Med al Aw a r d: Presentation Address. B y Bernhard C . H esse 339 The Existence of Free Radicals. B y M . G o in b e rg ... 339
Morris Loeb Me m o r ia l: Presentation Address. B y L. H. B a ek elan d ... 343
Address of Acceptance. B y Charles F . M cK en n a. ... 345
Ob it u a r ie s: R obert K ennedy D u n can ... 346
G eorge Westinghouse ... 347
Cu r r en t In d u str ial Ne w s: N aphthalene as a Fuel for M otor V eh icles... 348
Rem oval of B last Furnace Obstructions with Explosives 349 Transportation of Chemicals by W a te r... 349
A New German Silk M i l l ... 349
W hale O i l ... 349
Italian Auxiliary M arine Diesel Engine... 349
Local Surface Hardening of High Tension Steels 349 T h e Spontaneous Combustion of Coal in M in es 350 Some Statistics on German U niversities... 350
Düsseldorf Centennial E xposition... 350
T h e Rubber Situation in J ap an ... 350
England’s Chemical Trade 1912 and 19 13 ... 351
E lectric Currents in C on crete... 351
Tem perature R egu lato r... 352
Steam Raising b y G as C o k e ... 352
Engineering R eport on Argentine Petroleum ... 352
No tesand Co r r esp o n d en ce: The Use of Ozone in Ventilation. B y Ludw ig von K upffer, of B erlin ... 353
Operations of Steel M ills in M a rc h ... 356
A R apid M ethod for Casein in M ilk— C orrection 356 Am erican Alcohol Insoluble T est for Shellac— N o t e .. 356
Pe r so n al No t e s... 356
Book Re v ie w s: D er Stärkezucker: Chemische und technologisch be handelt; NatronzellstofI; Coast Erosion and Pro tection ...*... 358
New Pu b l ic a t io n s... 360
Re c e n t In v e n t io n s... 361
Ma r k e t Re p o r t... 362
274 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l . 6, No. 4
EDITORIALS
T H E W ILL IA M H . N IC H O LS M E D A L
In th e y e a r 1901 th e N ew Y o r k S ectio n of th e S o c ie ty d iscu ssed th e a d v is a b ility of e stab lish in g a R e search and M e d a l F u n d , th e in com e fro m w h ich w as to be used fo r th e e n co u ra ge m en t o f ch em ical research . A c o m m itte e re p o rte d th a t in its ju d g m e n t th e e s ta b lish m e n t o f a M e d a l F u n d w as n o t d esirab le b u t re co m m en d ed th e e stab lish m e n t o f a R e sea rch F u n d . It w as fu rth e r pro p o sed th a t from th e p roceeds of such a fu n d , th e su m o f $50 sh o u ld be a w ard ed a n n u a lly fo r th e b est p a p e r in co rp o ra tin g th e resu lt o f origin al research in C h e m is try read b efore th e S ectio n . On m a tu re d e lib e ra tio n th e S ectio n d ecid ed a g a in st a m o n e ta ry rew ard and a lm o st u n an im o u sly decreed th e esta b lish m e n t o f a M e d al instead .
D r. W illia m H . N ich o ls, a ch arte r m em ber of th e S o c ie ty and fo rm er T re a su re r o f th e N ew Y o r k S ec
tion , b ecam e in te re ste d in th e m o v em en t and offered to p ro v id e fu n d s fo r th e e n d o w m en t of such a M e d al and its n ecessa ry design and dies. H e m ade no re strictio n s as to th e a w ard of th e m ed al, ex ce p t t h a t it be g iv e n for th e e n co u ra ge m en t of origin al research in C h e m is tr y , le a v in g th e co n d itio n s e n tire ly to th e S ectio n . T h e S ectio n , b y u n an im o u s v o te , acce p te d th e g ift, fo rm u la te d rules for th e a w a rd of th e m edal, and called it th e W illia m H . N ich o ls M e d al. T h a t th e m ed al h as a cco m p lish e d its pu rpo se, th e c h a ra c te r o f th e w o rk fo r w h ich it h as been a w ard ed sp eaks fu lly .
T h e fo u n d er o f the m edal has been h eard to sa y th a t he has b een p ro fo u n d ly im pressed w ith th e h ig h ly o rigin al and v a lu a b le research w o rk in C h e m istry w h ich is a cco m p lish e d in a m ost u n assu m in g and m o d est w a y b y th e te a ch e rs in our u n iv ersities and colleges w ith o u t h op e o f m a te ria l recom p en se, and th a t he h a d g iv e n a g re a t d eal o f th o u g h t as to w h a t to su g g e st and a d v o c a te in reco gn itio n .
A r tic le I I of th e C o n s titu tio n of our S o c ie ty sta te s:
“ T h e o b je c t of th e S o c ie ty sh all be th e a d va n ce m e n t of C h e m is tr y and th e p ro m o tio n of C h e m ica l R e s e a rc h .”
I t is b elieve d th a tv a lu a b le resu lts are b eing acco m p lish ed in th e a d v a n c e m e n t of C h e m is tr y th ro u g h th e p u b li
ca tio n of ou r Jo u rn als. W h a t h a ve w e done as a g re a t S o c ie ty to p ro m o te C h e m ic a l R e sea rch ? H a v e w e liv e d u p to our o p p o rtu n ities?
T h e in te re st a ccru in g fro m th e L ife M em bersh ip F u n d n o t re q u ire d to p ro te ct th e rig h ts of L ife M e m bers w ill b e a v a ila b le fo r th e su p p o rt of R e search . B y a re ce n t v o te o f th e D ire cto rs of th e S o c ie ty fin an cial a ssista n ce to aid in d e fra y in g th e le g itim a te e x penses o f ch em ical research m a y be g iv en if th e su b je c t of th e w o rk m eets w ith th e ir a p p ro v a l. T h is c e r ta in ly is a step in th e rig h t d ire ctio n , b u t th e a m o u n t a v a ila b le w ill en a b le th e D ire cto rs to m eet b u t a sm a ll fra c tio n o f th e d e se rv in g d em an d s. Is th e re n o t som e w a y in w h ich th e fu n d s fo r th e su p p o rt o f m erito rio u s research m a y be g r e a tly in creased ? I t is o n ly th ro u g h la rg e r resou rces th a t w e can a tta in
th e secon d g re a t o b je c t of th e fo u n d a tio n of our S o c ie ty and b eco m e a fa c to r in th e su p p o rt and ad
v a n ce m e n t of C h e m ic a l R e sea rch .
T? J . Pa r k e r
T H E C O M M IS S IO N ON IN D U ST R IA L RELATION S A trip to in clu d e th e prin cip al cities of th e country w as b egu n in M a rch b y th e m em bers and investigators of th e F e d e r a l'C o m m is s io n on In d u stria l Relations, w h ich is to m ake an in q u iry in to irre g u la rity of em
p lo y m e n t, th e p o ssib ility o f in crea sin g production th ro u g h scien tific m an age m e n t, th e a c tiv itie s of em
p lo y e rs ’ a sso ciatio n s and tra d e unions, and similar in d u stria l problem s of m om en t. I t is announced th a t th e C om m ission w ill e sp e cially e n d ea vo r to bring to g e th e r m an u fa ctu re rs w ho are in th e h a b it of shut
tin g-d o w n d u rin g certain periods of th e y ea r, in the hop e th a t som e w a y m a y be d evised w h e re b y employers m a y agree to close dow n a t d ifferen t tim es, thereby p ro v id in g p r a c tic a lly co n tin u o u s e m p lo ym e n t for w a g e earners. In order t h a t it m a y be enabled to p ro p e rly perfo rm its fu n ctio n s in co lle ctin g informa
tion , co n d u ctin g in v e stig a tio n s and d eterm in in g facts, th e C om m ission is p ro p e rly in v e s te d w ith authority to secu re all sta te m e n ts th a t it desires. E v e r y interest is to be g iv en a h earin g, and, w hile w itn esses m ay be su m m on ed , v o lu n ta ry te s tim o n y fro m persons looking to th e general b e tte rm e n t of co n d itio n s is said to be w elcom e.
I t is ind eed d ifficu lt to fram e sp ecific business and in d u stria l leg isla tio n w ith o u t c a rry in g th e efforts of it to alm o st a b su rd le n g th s; b u t, w h ile som e prominent m a n u fa ctu re rs p re d ict th a t th is in v e stig a tio n into in d u stria l relatio n s w ill effe ct little in th e w a y of re
form in th e case of concerns w hich h a v e learned their business lessons u n der stfvere c o m p e titiv e conditions, th e resu lts w ill be a w a ite d w ith in te re st b y those fa v o rin g a c o n s tru c tiv e course of proced u re. However, th e in fo rm a tio n o b ta in e d sh ould be accessible to the p u b lic o n ly upon a p p ro v a l of th e C om m ission itself, in order th a t th e re m a y be som e reason ab le inquiry in to th e purpose of th e a p p lic a n t for th e information.
P u b lic ity has accom p lish ed m ore th a n even drastic leg isla tio n in in d u stria l reform , b u t to m ake the ma
te ria l secu red b y th e C om m ission a v a ila b le to all w o u ld n ot be d em and ed b y th e p u b lic w elfare in this case.
T h is C o m m ission m igh t also assum e th e resp o n sib ility for effe ctin g certain of th e resu lts so u g h t in th e Trade R e la tio n s B ill, som e of th e p rovisio n s of w hich aim at elim in a tin g p ra ctice s w h ich sh o u ld be condem ned.
W . A . Ha m o r
T R A D E IN C H E M IC A L S AN D C H E M IC A L PRODUCTS B E T W E E N G E R M A N Y AN D T H E UN ITED
S T A T E S IN 1 9 1 3
T h e sta tis tic s re la tiv e to th e fo reig n trad e of Ger
m a n y d u rin g 19 13 , d ea lin g w ith th e e x p o rt and import
Apr., 19 1 4 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 27
T a b le I—In Un i t s o f 100 K g.
Official German
class PRODUCT
I M alt, oil fruits, plants, e t c ...
II Industrial or medicinal vegetable produ cts...
III Tanning extracts...
IV R esins, gum s and ad h esives...
V Caoutchouc and cam phor...
VI Anim al and vegetable fats and o ils ... . VII Anim al produ cts...
VIII Starch and sugar...
IX Alcohol, acetic acid, mineral w aters...
X Mineral and fossil raw m aterials...
X I Ores, iron and sla g s...
X II Fossil fu els... .
X III M ineral oils and like fossil raw m aterials...
X IV Coal-tar oils and p rod u cts...
XV W axes...
X V I Soap and fat produ cts...
X V II Chemical and pharm aceutical produ cts...
X V III M iscellaneous chem ical and pharm aceutical p r o d u cts...
X IX D yes and d ye m aterials...
X X Ethers and alcohols...
X X I V olatile oils, syn th etic perfum es, toilet articles...
X X II Artificial fertilizers...
X X III E xplosives and com b u stib les...
X X IV W ood fiber and chem ical pap er...
X X V M eta ls...
t o t a l s...
of drugs, m edicines, d y e w a re s, and th e v a rio u s co m modities re la te d to ch em ical in d u s try , h a v e ju s t b e come a v a ila b le ( Chemiker-Zeitung, F e b . 3, 1 9 1 4 , pp.
76). F ro m th is source of in fo rm a tio n , th e fo l
lowing ta b u la tio n s h a v e b een co m p iled , sh o w in g the exchange of ch em ical p ro d u cts b etw e en th e U n ited States and G e rm a n y . T h e figures g iv e n are in u n its each of 100 k ilo g ram s, or o n e-te n th of th e m etric ton which is s u b s ta n tia lly th e lo n g to n of th is co u n try . No accou n t has b een ta k e n of fractio n s, w h ich are involved o n ly in th e preciou s m etals, an d th e alkaloids.
The ta b le s sh o w a to ta l m e tric to n n age of 3,430,564, of which 1,917,430 m etric to n s rep rese n t ex p o rts from the U nited S ta te s in to G e rm a n y , and r , 5 13 ,13 4 m etric tons represent im p o rts in to th e U n ite d S ta te s from Germ any; th a t is, p r a c tic a lly 56 per cen t o f th e gross are exp orts to G e rm a n y , and 44 per cen t o f th e gross are im ports fro m G e rm an y . C o m p a riso n w ith th e inform ation g iv e n in Th i s Jo u r n a l, 6 , 2, is n o t e a sily possible, since th e v a lu e s of th e im p o rts and exports in v o lv e d in 1913 are n o t now kn ow n , and to n n ag e-figu res fo r 1904 are n o t re a d ily accessible.
Table I d isp la ys w ith resp e ct to each o f th e tw e n ty - five classes o f m erch an d ise, th e to n n ag e m o vem en t originating in each co u n try , and th e excess fo r each class. O u t of th e 25 classes, G e rm a n y excels in i$ and the U nited S ta te s in 10.
Table II show s for each class th e m o v em en t in each direction, u n der each of th e su b -classes in v o lv e d . There is a to t a l o f tw e n ty -fiv e d ifferen t classes with a gran d to t a l o f 229 su b-classes. In none of the sub-classes in v o lv in g m ore th a n one sp ecific merchandise, is it sh o w n h o w th e to n n a g e is dis
tributed o v er in d iv id u a l a rticles. N e v e rth e le ss , th ese tables can n o t be o th erw ise th a n su g g e s tiv e and helpful.
= S u b s t a n t i a l l y 0.1 L o n g T o n
U. S. U. S.
exports imports b a l a n c e i n f a v o ro p
to from
Germany Germany U. S. Germany
3 ,4 0 3 11,284 7,881
4 ,5 6 7 33,171 28,6 0 4
3 ,2 1 3 3,2 1 3
787 ,2 9 6 7 ,9 8 5 779,311
3,781 34.671 30 ,8 9 0
1 ,4 8 2 ,2 4 0 197,040 1 ,2 8 5 ,2 0 0
135 10,821 10,686
11,050 158,298 147,248
20 ,4 1 9 2 0 ,4 1 9
4 ,3 1 7 ,4 4 9 6 9 6 ,5 1 4 3 ,6 2 0 ,9 3 5
141,320 3 0 ,6 7 8 110,642
192,156 192,156
7 ,4 6 6 ,8 9 7 21,7 0 7 7 ,4 4 5 ,1 9 0
221 ,7 4 8 221,748
1,116 1,116
79,3 0 7 13,033 6 6 ,2 7 4
326 ,3 7 8 1 2 ,3 2 7 ,9 8 9 1 2,001,611
809 40,8 2 5 4 0 ,0 1 6
3 9 ,2 7 6 299,178 259 ,9 0 2
5 0 ,7 0 7 714 4 9 ,9 9 3
27 1 .3 1 9 4 ,9 1 6 266,403
254,475 254,475
119 3 ,8 0 0 3,681
7 ,8 9 3 3 5 4 ,2 2 0 346 ,3 2 7
4 ,1 7 7 ,1 3 6 194,582 3 .9 8 2 ,5 5 4
19 ,1 7 4 ,2 9 5 1 5 ,1 3 1 ,3 4 0 17 ,6 0 9 ,7 1 5 1 3 ,5 6 6 ,7 6 0 Ta b l e I I — In Un i t s o p 1 0 0 K c . = Su b s t a n t i a l l y 0 .1 I ,o n g To n
O ffic ia l u . S . U . S .
G e r m a n e x p o r t s i m p o r t s
s u b - t o fr o m
c la s s G e r m a n y G e r m a n y
I — Ma l t, Oil Fr u i t s, In d u s t r i a l Pl a n t s, Fr u i t sa n d Pl a n t Ju i c e s 3 0 H o p s ... 1 1 , 1 1 9 3 2 M a d d e r , q u e r c it r o n a n d o t h e r d y e
p l a n t s ... 3 , 4 0 3 . . . . 6 0 a O p i u m ... . 165
I I — In d u s t r i a l o r Me d i c i n a l Ve g e t a b l e Pr o d u c t s 7 2 c L i c h e n s , h e r b s , b e r r ie s , l e a v e s a n d b u d s . 4 , 5 6 7 5 , 4 9 9
7 3 V e g e t a b le w a x ... . . . . 1
8 9 »S a w d u st a n d e x c e l s io r ... . . . . 2 7 , 6 7 1 I I I — Ta n n i n g Ex t r a c t s
3 8 4 c M i s c e ll a n e o u s t a n n i n g e x t r a c t s ... 3 , 2 1 3 . . . . I V — Re s i n s, La c q u e r a n d Va r n i s h Gu m s, Ad h e s i v e s 9 7a T u r p e n t i n e r o s i n ... 7 7 0 , 1 0 0 • 2 , 6 1 9 9 7 c D a m a r ; h a r d a n d s o f t g u m s a n d r e s in s . 1 1 , 1 6 8 5 6 0 9 7 e S h e l l a c ... . . . . 1 , 1 7 9
9 7 / G u m a c a c ia , B a s s o r a g u m , e t c .... . . . . 1 ,0 2 7
9 7g G u m t r a g a c a n t h ... 6 2 5 3 4 2 A l c o h o l a n d s h e ll a c v a r n i s h e s ... 8 4 . . . . 3 4 3 M is c e ll a n e o u s a n d c o a c h v a r n i s h e s 4 , 4 4 7 1 ,9 7 5 3 4 5 P u t t y a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s p u t t i e s ... 8 2 9
3 4 6 A s b e s t o s p a i n t a n d p u t t i e s ... 668 . . . . V — Ca o u t c h o u c a n d Ca m p h o r
9 8 a C a o u t c h o u c , c r u d e o r r e f i n e d ... 3 6 4 2 0 , 0 1 9 9 8 5 G u t t a p e r c h a , c r u d e o r r e f i n e d ... 2 7 2 911 9 8 d R u b b e r s c r a p a n d w a s t e ... 3 , 1 4 5 1 3 ,7 4 1
V I — An i m a l a n d Ve g e t a b l e Fa t s a n d Oi l s 1 2 6 a H o g l a r d ... 1 , 0 1 1 , 8 1 2 . . . . 1 2 6 6 O le o m a r g a r i n e ... 1 9 6 , 3 2 8 . . . . 1 2 6 c G o o s e f a t , b e e f- m a r r o w , e t c ... 1 ,0 9 1 . . . . 1 2 8 6 P r im e b e e f t a l l o w ... 8 5 , 9 9 8 . . . . 1 2 9 B e e f a n d m u t t o n t a l l o w ... 3 5 , 4 9 8 1 3 0 B o n e - f a t . f a t - w a s t e , s t e a r i n - t a r ... 1 6 , 8 0 9 3 7 , 0 0 5 1 3 1 a F i s h o i l s ... 6 , 4 1 7 . . . . . 166d P e a n u t o i l ... . . . . 1 6 , 0 5 8 1 66h C o t t o n - s e e d o i l ... 9 9 , 9 5 0 . . . . 1 6 6 / B e e c h n u t , b o n e , c o r n , p o p p y , s u n f lo w e r ,
e t c . , o i l s ... 1 9 , 1 2 7 . . . . 1 6 8 C o c o a - b u t t e r ... . . . ! 4 , 7 9 8 1 7 0 C o t t o n - s t e a r i n ... 3 , 3 3 5 . . . . 17 1 6 P a l m o i l ... . . . . 1 3 6 . 6 8 4 1 7 1 c C o c o a n u t o i l ... . . . . 2 . 1 5 0 1 7 2 O le ic a c id , o le in , e t c ... 5 , 8 7 5 . . . . 2 0 5 6 E d ib l e v e g e t a b l e f a t s ... . . . . 3 4 5
276 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l . 6, No. 4
Ta b lB I I — In Un i t so p 100 K c . = Su b s t a n t i a l l y 0.1 Lo n g To n (Continued)
O ffic ia l U . S . U . S . O ffic ia l U . S . U . S.
G e r m a n e x p o r t s im p o r t s G e r m a n e x p o r t s imports
t o fr o m s u b t o from
c la s s G e r m a n y G e r m a n y c la s s G e r m a n y G erm any
V II— An i m a l Pr o d u c t s X V I — S o a p a n d F a t P r o d u c t s (Concluded)
142 S p e r m a c e t i ... 1 35 2 5 8 V a s e lin a n d l a n o l i n ... 1 0 , 2 8 5 1 5 6 / B o n e s a n d h o o f s ... 1 0 ,8 2 1 2 6 0 L u b r ic a n t s m a d e o f f a t s o r o i l s ... 6 8 , 3 8 4
V I I I — St a r c h a n d Su g a r
2 6 2 2 4 3
2 6 4 S t e a r i n , p a r a ffin m a t e r i a l s ... 3 9 5 1 7 3 a P o t a t o s t a r c h , w e t , d r y o r g r o u n d ...
5 , 8 3 3
1 5 , 2 2 2
X V I I — Ch e m ic a l a n d Ph a r m a c e u t ic a l Pr o d u c t s 1 7 3 c C o r n , w h e a t a n d o t h e r s t a r c h e s ...
174 S t a r c h - g u m s ( d e x t r i n ) , r o a s t e d s ta r c h 2 6 6 A lk a li a n d o t h e r m e t a l s ... 411
7 1 , 5 3 5 1 9 . 4 6 0 2 7 0 S u lf u r a n d S p e n c e m e t a l ...
2 6 ,0 6 6 1 7 6 c B e e t s u g a r , a ll f o r m s , r e f i n e d ... 2 2 , 1 1 2 2 7 6 O x a lic a c id a n d p o t a s s i u m o x a l a t e ...
1 7 6 / 1 0 1 , 5 0 4 2 7 7 A c e t ic a n h y d r i d e ... 832
1 7 7 a G lu c o s e , e t c ... 5 , 2 1 7 2 7 8 L a c t ic a c id a n d l a c t a t e s ... 2 ,0 4 0 2 7 9 a T a r t a r ic a c i d ... 1,2 3 5 I X — Al c o h o l, Ac e t ic Ac i d, Ye a s t, Mi n e r a l Wa t e r s 2 8 0 c C r u d e s a l t s o f 12—15 p e r c e n t K2O ... 5 , 4 1 2 ,6 1 4 1 9 0 M in e r a l w a t e r s , in c lu s i v e o f b o t t l e s . . . . 2 0 , 4 1 9 280d S a l t s o f m o r e t h a n 15—1 9 .9 p e r c e n t K jO . 4 1 2 ,9 2 6
2 8 0 c X — Mi n e r a l a n d Fo s s i l Ra w Ma t e r i a l s
2 2 3 , 9 2 2
p e r c e n t K a O ... 2 , 1 6 8 ,2 0 4 2 2 3 a C l a y ( p o t t e r 's p i p e , fire, e t c . ) ... 2 8 0 / " A b r a u m ” a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s s a l t s ... 1 3 1 ,6 2 6 2 2 4 d G r a p h it e , c r u d e , g r o u n d a n d w a s h e d . . . 1 0 . 7 6 3 2 8 3 B a r iu m c h l o r i d e ... 1 3 ,4 3 4
2 2 5 a P u m i c e a n d t r i p o l i, c r u d e , g r o u n d a n d 2 8 9 6 C a u s t i c p o t a s h , s o lu t i o n o r s o l i d ... 3 8 ,1 7 3
1 .7 6 1 2 9 0
2 9 2
7 8 ,3 3 9 2 2 5 c M in e r a l a b r a s iv e s p o l is h e s a n d r o u g e s . . 6 , 6 7 5 B l e a c h in g p o w d e r , b a r iu m a n d h y d r o g e n
2 2 7 6 M a g n e s i t e ... 1 0 , 8 5 6 p e r o x id e , e t c ... 8 2 ,6 3 4 221 d P h o s p h a t e r o c k a n d o t h e r m in e r a l p h o s - 2 9 5 a P o t a s s i u m s u l f a t e ... ... 5 3 6 ,7 4 1
p h a t e s ... 4 , 2 1 2 , 1 2 4
1 0 4 , 4 2 3
2 9 5 6 P o t a s s i u m p h o s p h a t e ... 13 2 3 0 a P o r t la n d , e t c . , c e m e n t ... 2 9 8 a A lu m s , a c e t a t e o f a l u m i n a , a lu m in a ,
, 2 3 1 6 A s b e s t o s , c r u d e a n d in f ib e r s ... 4 8 , 1 5 1 e t c ... 7 ,6 0 5 2 3 1 c
2 3 2 a
5 7 5 4 4 2 2 9 9
3 0 4 6
• 1 1 4 ,7 9 4
6 ,0 7 8 H e a v y s p a r a n d c e l e s t i t e ... 3 5 0 , 1 9 6 B a r iu m n i t r a t e ...
2 3 6 a B o r o u a t r o c a lc i t e , e t c ... 2 . 0 8 8 3 0 6 P o t a s s i u m m a n g a n a t c a n d p e r m a n 2 3 6 c M is c e ll a n e o u s e a r t h s , e. g., F u l le r ’s
e a r t h , e t c ... 4 1 , 9 8 7 3 0 8 a
g a n a t e ...
P o t a s s i u m a n d s o d i u m fe r r o - a n d fer r i-
3 ,9 7 8
X I — Or e s. Ir o n a n d Sl a g s c y a n i d e ... 1 0 ,1 7 9
2 3 7 a A n t i m o n y o r e s a n d m a t t e ... 210 3 0 8 6 P o t a s s i u m a n d s o d i u m c y a n i d e ... 2 5 .6 1 9 211 f G o ld o r e s ... 4 3 0 9 a A c e t a t e o f l i m e ... ... 2 0 3 , 6 4 3
1 ,2 8 4 231g C o p p e r o r e s a n d c u p r o u s c i n d e r ... 2 , 5 0 1 2 5 , 8 5 4 31 1 C r u d e a n d r e fin e d a r g o l s ...
2 3 7 /j M a n g a n e s e o r e s ... ... 4 , 6 1 0 3 1 2 T a r t a r ç m e t ic a n d o t h e r a n t im o n y
2 ,0 7 7 2 3 7 o Z in c o r e s ... 1 3 2 , 0 8 8 p r o d u c t s ...
237tf U r a n i u m , m o ly b d e n u m a n d o t h e r m is 3 1 4 S t r o n t i u m c a r b o n a t e , o x i d e a n d c h lo r id e . 903
c e ll a n e o u s o r e s ... 6 ,7 3 1 3 1 5 Z in c c h lo r id e a n d o t h e r z in c s a l t s ... 489
X I I — Fo s s i l Fu e l s 3 1 6 6 C a r b id e s o f a l u m i n u m , s ilic o n , e t c ... 1 8 ,2 6 1
5 6 ,2 9 6 1 8 5 , 4 9 2
3 1 7 a S u l f a t e o f a i n m o n i^ ...
238d C o k e ... 3 1 7 6 A r s e n io u s a c i d ... 1 0 ,9 4 7 238/1 V e g e t a b le c h a r c o a l ... 6 , 6 6 4
3 1 7 c E p s o m s a l t s ... 4 6 ,8 1 6 X I I I — Mi n e r a l Oi l s a n d Ot h e r Fo s s i l Ra w Ma t e r i a l s 3 l l d C h lo r id e s o f m a g n e s i u m a n d c a l c i u m . . . 6 8 ,7 7 1 2 3 9 a M in e r a l l u b r i c a n t s ... 1 , 0 2 4 , 6 7 3 8 , 4 1 5 3 1 7 c P o t a s s i u m c h l o r i d e ... 2 , 6 1 1 .1 3 7 2 3 9 6 C r u d e p e t r o l e u m , e t c ... 1 ,6 1 9 3 1 7 » P o t a s s i u m m a g n e s i u m s u l f a t e ... 2 2 2 ,9 7 8 2 3 9 c H e a v y b e n z i n e , p a t e n t - t u r p c n t i n e ... 1 8 ,1 9 4 311k L i m e - n i t r o g e n , n i t r o - li m e a n d o t h e r
2 3 1 ,9 7 6 2 3 9d G a s o i l ... 5 5 , 4 6 8 f e r t il i z e r s ... ..
2 3 9 « R e f in e d p e t r o l e u m ... 5 , 7 4 7 , 5 8 7 3 1 7 m N i t r i t e s ...
2 3 9 / C r u d e b e n z i n e ... 4 1 8 . 1 5 9 3 1 7 « S a l i c y l i c a c id a n d s a li c y la t e s ; s a n t o n in ;
2 ,6 7 2 2 3 9g B e n z i n e , lig r o in a n d o t h e r m is c e lla n e o u s b e n z o i c a c id a n d b e n z o a t e s ...
l ig h t d i s t i l l a t e s ... 1 5 , 7 1 2 3 1 7 o A m m o n iu m c h l o r i d e ... 1 9 ,1 2 7 239/1 M is c e ll a n e o u s c r u d e m in e r a l o i l s ... 1 8 , 7 4 6 3 1 7 s S o d i u m s u l f h y d r a t e , l e a d c o m p o u n d s
2 5 0b C r u d e h a r d p a r a f f i n ... 8 7 , 0 2 8 a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s m e t a l lo i d s , a c id s .
8 8 ,9 7 1 2 5 1 S o f t p a r a f f i n ... 100 s a l t s ... 3 2 , 9 3 9
2 4 0 a A s p h a lt a n d a s p h a l t i c m i n e r a l s ... 6 8 , 1 1 6 X V I I I — Mi s c e l l a n e o u s Ch e m ic a l a n d Ph a r m a c e u t i c a l Pr o d u c ts 2 4 1 C r u d e o z o k e r it e , e t c ... 1 1 ,4 4 3
5 , 2 1 4 3 7 1 S c r a p W e ls b a c h m a n t l e s ... 32
2 4 9 R e f in e d o z o k e r it e , e t c ... 5 2
3 7 2 D r ie d o r p o w d e r e d e g g a l b u m e n ... 1 ,3 0 8 2 4 3 a P i t c h ... 8 , 0 7 8
3 7 3 C a s e in a n d p r o d u c t s fo r t e c h n ic a l u s e s . 1 ,6 5 8
X I V — Co a l- Ta r Oi l s a n d Pr o d u c t s 3 7 5 a G lu e e x c lu s i v e o f a l b u m e n ... 2 3 ,1 8 0
2 4 5 6 A n t h r a c e n e a n d h e a v y o i l s ... 1 5 9 , 9 4 4 3 7 5 6 G e l a t i n e ... 4 ,8 3 9 540 180 625 2 4 6 a N a p h t h a l e n e ... 7 , 2 4 2 3 7 6 G e l a t in e c a p s u l e s ... 1
2 4 6 c P h e n o l , c r u d e o r r e f i n e d ... 1 2 , 0 9 8 3 7 8 W o o d a n d p e a t tar* c r e o s o t e ...
2 4 6 d 2 , 1 5 2 3 8 0 a Q u in in e , s a l t s a n d c o m p o u n d s ...
2 4 6 c A n i l i n o il a n d s a l t ...— 2 4 , 2 8 2 3 8 0 6 O th e r a l k a lo i d s a n d t h e ir s a lt s o r c o m
444 2 4 6 / N a p h t h o l a n d n a p h t h y l a m i n ... 6 , 3 7 9 p o u n d s ... .. 3
2 4 6 ^ A n t h r a q u in o n e , n i t r o b e n z o l , t o lu i d i n , 3 8 6 A r t if ic ia l b a ls a m s a n d n o n - o d o r ife r o u s
3 8 9 240
1,010 968 r e s o r c in , p h t h a l ic a c id a n d o t h e r lik e w a t e r y e x t r a c t s ...
m a t e r i a l s ... 9 , 6 5 1 3 8 8 P r o p r i e t a r y r e m e d i e s ... 4 1 6 3 9 0 a
X V — Wa x e s
3 9 0 6 M is c e ll a n e o u s c h e m i c a ls fo r p h o t o
5 ,5 2 1 2 4 7 a B e e s w a x ... 1 , 1 1 6 g r a p h ic c le a n s i n g a n d o t h e r u s e s . . . .
X V I — So a p a n d Fa t Pr o d u c t s
---
M is c e ll a n e o u s p h a r m a c e u t i c a ls a n d280 S o f t a n d t e x t i l e s o a p s ; T u r k e y - r e d o il. c h e m i c a l s ... ..
2 5 4
e t c 6 , 2 0 8
4 8 1
X I X — Dy e s a n d Dy e Ma t e r i a l s 2 5 6 S o a p in c a k e s , p o w d e r , l iq u i d , e t c ... 3 1 8 6 A n im a l k ir m e s , c a r m in e , s e p i a ... 25
1 3 8 ,5 4 7 2 5 7 a C r u d e g l y c e r i n ... 5 , 0 3 7 3 1 9 A n ilin a n d o t h e r c o a l- t a r d y e s ...
2 5 7 6 R e f in e d g l y c e r i n ... 1 . 3 0 7 3 2 0 a A li z a r i n - r e d ... 4 .9 2 6
Apr., 1914 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 277
Ta b l ij XI— In Un i t so p 1 0 0 Kg. “ Su b s t a n t i a l l y 0 .1 Lo n g To n (Concluded)
Official U . S . U . S .
German e x p o r t s im p o r t s
sub- t o fr o m
class G e r m a n y G e r m a n y
X I X — D y e s a n d D y e M a t e r i a l s (Concluded)
320b A liza r in d y e s f r o m a n t h r a c e n e ... . . . . 2 1 , 6 3 6 321 a I n d ig o , s y n t h e t i c a n d v e g e t a b l e . . . . . 3 4 , 6 0 9 322 P r u s s ia n b lu e s , c h r o m e a n d z in c g r e e n s . . . . . 1 , 0 5 6 3246 W h ite l e a d ... 4 , 8 4 8 . . . . 325 B la n c f ix e ... . . . . 2 4 , 2 0 8 326a Z in c o x i d e ... 1 8 , 8 5 0 2 0 , 9 7 9 3266 Z in c d u s t ... . . . . 8 , 3 3 7 326c L i t h o p o n e ... . . . . 7 , 3 2 8 327 R e d c in n a b a r ... . . . . 306 328a L o g w o o d e x t r a c t ... 2 , 7 7 5 . . . . 3286 F u s t ic , B r a z il w o o d a n d s im ila r e x t r a c t s . 1 ,2 2 5 . . . . 329c U m b e r , s ie n n a a n d e a r t h c o l o r s ... . . . . 1 8 , 7 1 6 330 L a m p a n d s im i la r b l a c k s ... 9 , 5 3 7 . . . \ 331 B r o n z e a n d m e t a l c o l o r s ... . . . . 6 , 6 1 6 3326 C o p p e r p i g m e n t s ... 1 , 2 2 6 8 , 5 3 0 334 P r in tin g i n k s ... 573 . . . .
336a R e a d y - m a d e p a i n t s g r o u n d in o i l . . . . 8 7 9
3366 A r tis ts ' c o l o r s ... . . . . 2 9 5
338 G r a p h ite in m a n u f a c t u r e d f o r m s 2 1 7 ...
340 L e a d a n d c o lo r e d p e n c ils ; c r a y o n s . . . . 2 , 2 1 0 X X — Et h e r s a n d Al c o h o l s
348 F u s e l o ils ; a m y l, b u t y l a n d p r o p y l
a l c o h o l ... . . . . 6 6 9 349a C r u d e w o o d a l c o h o l ... ... 5 0 , 7 0 7 . . . . 351 A c e t a ld e h y d e , p a r a l d e h y d e ... . . . . 45
X X I — Vo l a t i l e Oi l s, Sy n t h e t i c Pe r f u m e s, To i l e t Ar t i c l e s 352 W o o d t a r o i l; c a o u t c h o u c o il; a n i m a l o il. . . . . 65 353a T u r p e n tin e , p i n e n e e d le o i l a n d s p ir it s
t u r p e n t i n e ... 2 6 9 , 9 4 5 . . . . 353c O il c a m p h o r , a n is e , e ld e r , r o s e m a r y a n d
o th e r v o l a t i le o ils ; m e n t h o l a n d m e n
th o l p e n c i ls ... 1 , 3 7 4 2 , 7 1 1 354 T c r p in e o l, v a n i ll in , a n e t h o l a n d s im ila r
s y n t h e t i c s ... 1 , 8 4 2 358 T o i le t a n d t o o t h p o w d e r s ... . . . . 2 9 8
X X I I — Ar t i f i c i a l Fe r t i l i z e r s
359a A n im a l f e r t il i z e r s ... . . . . 2 3 , 9 9 6 360 B o n e - m e a l... . . . . 8 2 , 8 3 8 361 T h o m a s - m e a l ... . . . . 1 0 5 ,4 8 1 362 S u p e r p h o s p h a te s , e t c ... 4 2 , 1 6 0
X X I I I — Ex p l o s i v e s, Am m u n i t i o n a n d Co m b u s t i b l e s 366 L o a d e d c a r t r i d g e s ... 119 953 370 F u s e s , e t c ... . . . . 2 , 8 4 7
Official U. S. U. S.
German exports imports
sub- to from
class G erm any G erm any
6506
X X IV —Wo o d F ib e r , C h em ica l Straw, esparto and other fibers; paper
Paper
s to c k ... 7,545 3 5 2 ,4 6 8 664 Tracing, blue-print, gelatine, fly, ozone
and test papers... 348 1,752
769d
X X V — Metals
Gold scrap ... 36 769« Platinum , iridium, osmium , palladium ,
rhodium, ruthenium : cast, raw and
n o t allo y ed ... 2 9 772a Silver a llo y s... 190
772c Silver scra p ... 312
777 a Pig iro n ... 2 4 ,4 0 0 777b Ferro-alum inum , chrome, manganese
nickel, e t c ... 117,331 844 A lum inum plates and m eta l... 8,3 6 7 10,186 850 Pig lead and lead scrap... 162,727
855a Z inc... 17,697 860 T in and tin scrap... 9 ,2 8 5 10,412 864 N ickel and nickel coin s... 2 1 ,5 6 6
869a Copper... 3 ,9 4 6 ,3 7 8
8696 Copper coins, copper scraps, e t c ... 5,111 1,977 869c Copper a llo y s ... 23,1 6 2 5,931 869c Spiers glan ce... 1,545 8 6 9 / Chrome, cadm ium , tungsten and similar
m eta ls... 5,0 9 4
I t sh ould be n o ted th a t in certain of th e a b o v e item s such as C lass X V I I , su b -classes 280c and 317«, cru d e p o tash of 1 2 -1 5 P er cen t K20 and p o tassiu m ch lorid e, r e s p e c tiv e ly , it is sta te d th a t som e of th e exp o rts to th is c o u n try liste d as under 1913, do, in fa c t, in clu d e som e of 19 12 , b u t no in fo rm a tio n is g iv e n as to th e a ctu a l or r e la tiv e size o f su ch 1912 in clu sion , b u t such in clu sion s do n o t d istu rb th e general resu lt or effect.
Be r n h a r d C . He s s e 9 0 Wi l l i a m St r e e t
Ne w Yo r k Cit y
ORIGINAL PAPER S
t h e r e l a t i o n o f c o m p o s i t i o n o f a s h i n c o a l TO IT S FU SIN G T E M P E R A T U R E 1
B y Os c a r W . Pa l m e n b e r g
One of th e m ost tro u b le so m e fe a tu re s in th e co m bustion of coal is th a t due to th e p ro d u ctio n of clin ker.
The production of clip k e r influ ences th e r a te o f co m bustion and th e cost o f m a in te n a n ce e sp e cia lly w here autom atic sto kers are in use. A coal m a y clin k er so readily under certain co n d itio n s th a t it b ecom es unfit for use irresp ective o f its fuel va lu e . I t is, th erefo re,
°f the greatest im p o rta n ce to k n o w w h eth er a coal w ill clinker under th e co n d itio n s for w hich it is requ ired .
^ hen coal is burn ed u n der a b oiler for th e p ro d u ctio n
°f steam it is e sp e cially im p o rta n t to k n o w w h eth er the ash will clin ker and a t w h a t te m p e ra tu re .
The production o f clin k er, as is w ell k n o w n , is due to the fa ct th a t th e ash of th e coal, w h ich is th e lib e ra te d mineral m atter, is exp osed to a te m p e ra tu re su fficien t to fuse it, cau sin g it to fo rm a visco u s m ass w h ich will
j . ^resented before the N ew York Section of th e Society of Chemical ustry. The C hem ists’ Club, N ew York, N ovem ber 21, 1913.
flow .and fo rm cak es an d th e re b y clo g up th e sp aces b etw e en th e b u rn in g p a rticle s o f coal or coke. T h e
■mass of fu sed m a terial offers resista n ce to th e flow of air an d robs th e coal o f th e n ecessary o x y g e n to su p p o rt co m b u stio n . If th e d ra ft can n o t be in creased to o v erco m e th is resista n ce th e r a te o f co m b u stio n is dim inish ed, o th er th in gs b ein g e q u a l, in p ro p o rtio n to th e a m o u n t of clin k er form ed .
T o d ete rm in e w h eth er a coal w ill clin k er, th a t is, w h eth er th e coal h as an ash w h ich w ill fu se a t a low te m p e ra tu re , has been u n d e rta k e n in se v e ral w a y s and m a n y h a v e b e lie ve d th a t an a n a lysis o f th e ash, or th e iron in th e ash, or th e su lfu r in th e coal w ill g iv e th e e x p la n a tio n .
T o show th a t th ere is no relatio n b etw e en th e c lin k erin g q u a lity o f a coal an d th e su lfu r or iron co n te n t, th e w rite r h as m ade th is in v e stig a tio n . T h e fo llo w in g an a lyse s of th e ash to g e th e r w ith th e fu sin g te m p e ra tu re d ete rm in atio n s on a w ide ran ge of coals w ill re a d ily show th a t no conclu sion can be o b ta in e d fro m a ch em ical a n a lysis.
