BOHDAN DOBRZAŃSKI, RYSZARD TURSKI
AN A TTEM PT OF D ETERM IN IN G R EN D ZIN A S G EN ESIS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF HEAVY M IN ERA LS
D epartm ent of Soil Science, A gricultural College, Lublin Head — Prof. Dr. B. D o brzański
T he q u a n tity an d q u a lity of a d m ix tu re of foreign m a te ria l (of eolian o r glacial origin) in w e a th e re d lim esto ne effects th e fo rm atio n of r e n dzinas and conditions th e ir u tility . A g re a te r a m o u n t of th is m ate ria l leads to a d ecrease of th e basic com ponent — C a C 03 in th e ren d zin a soil m ass [2, 3, 4]. In consequence th is re s u lts in re la tiv e ly rap id disapp ea ran c e of th e ren d zin a fe a tu re s and d ev elopm ent of soil characteristics for ty pical for th e given zone.
Of special im p ortance is th e iden tificatio n of th e presence of foreign m a te ria l in ren d zin as on eroded areas since th e classification as ren dzin as of shallow soils g en eticaly n o t associated w ith lim estone, becom es th e re b y possible.
Ii th e p re se n t in v estig atio n s no m eth o d w as w orked o u t for an ex act d iffe re n tia tio n of ren d zin as from shallow ov erly in g lim estone soils. This p a p e r p rese n ts in itia l inv estig atio n re su lts re g a rd in g th e possibility of u tilizin g of h e av y m in e rals for th e d e te rm in a tio n of ren d zin a “p u r ity ” .
METHODS
T he ren dzinas ex am in ed cam e from “P a g ó ry C hełm skie” in th e L u b lin U pland. It is an are a in w hich in vestigations on th e genesis a n d ev o lu tio n of ren d zin as h a d b een c a rrie d o u t a t an e a rlie r date. The en closed m ap (Fig. 1) shows th e d istrib u tio n of soil profiles in th is area. Sam ples w ere ta k e n fro m soils belonging to ren dzin as of th e chernozem ty p e-b lac k ren d zin a [4], (profile 1 an d 2), and from soils classified a fte r S ta rz y ń sk i [5] as ev o lu tio n ary podzolic stage of ren d zin a soils (prof. 2, 3, 4, 5l).
296 В. Dobrzański, R. Turski
T he g en eral c h aracteristics of th e soil exam en ed w ere d e te rm in e d by m eth o d s com m only used (the m echanical com position w as d eterm in ed a fte r calcium rem oved). The c o n te n t of heav y m in erals w as determ in ed in th e Geological In stitu te (The L ab orities of M ineralogy an d P e tro g rap hy ) in th e sam ple residu es a fte r tre a tm e n t w ith HCl and rem ov al of th e clay fraction.
Location of the exam ined soil profiles
RESULTS
A gen eral c h a ra c te ristic of chem ical p ro p ertie s of th e soils ex am in ed can be found in Tab. 1.
The re su lts of m ineralogie an alysis show th a t in th e ex am ined soils w ith th e excep tion of accu m u lated rendzinas, (profile 7) th e h eavy m i n erals are p re se n t in th e u p p e r soil lay ers (Tab. 2). T h ere are two d istin ct q u a n tita tiv e lim its of h eav y m in e rals c o n ten t in th e profile. T he firs t one occurs g e n e ra lly a t of 30— 40 cm. depth, i.e. a t th e tra n sitio n to lay ers w ith h ig h er a d m ix tu re of sand [1]. The m in e ral co n ten t of th is lay e r is, as a rule, double th a t of th e low er loam lay ers w ith w hich th e san dy p a rt of th e profile is g en etically connected. This is in dicated by th e resid u u m of h eav y m in e rals le ft a fte r w ashout of th e u p p er lay ers w h e re b y th e ir w eig h t ratio in th e m ass u n it is increased. T he second
T a b l e 1 Some p ro p erties o f the examined s o i l s
Pro f i l e Hr. Depth cm F raction so lu b le in HC1 * % Fraction unsoluble in HC1 % Mechanical composition CaCO^ % Humus % PH F raction diameter - mm in H20 in KC1 > 1 1 .0 -0 .1 Q .I-О.05 0 .0 5 -0 .-02 0 .0 2 -0.006 0 . 006-0.002 < 0 .0 0 2 < 0 .0 2 1 0-40 3 .2 96.8 0 .0 49 4 8 9 6 24 39 1.21 1.295 7 .6 7.4 40-555 0 .9 99.1 0 .0 51 3 3 4 5 34 43 0.84 0.697 7 .6 7 .3 2 0-35 34.4 65.6 0 .0 44 3 9 11 6 27 44 14,40 2.437 7.8 7,4 35-50 60,4 3 9.6 4 .3 14 4 9 24 28 25 77 14,66 1.648 7 .9 7.4 70-80 92.5 7.5 - - - - - T - - 60.80 - - -3 0-35 2.8 97.2 0 .0 18 6 11 15 7 13 35 0.55 1.182 7 .6 7 .1 35-60 2 .2 97.8 3 .3 47 8 15 12 5 13 30 0.17 0.237 7 .8 7.3 60-90 5 .1 94.9 0 .0 27 6 5 9 11 42 62 0.17 0.262 7 .7 7.3 100-110 54.1 45.9 - - - - - - - - 52.3 - - -4 0-25 3 .6 96.4 0 .0 56 6 14 10 5 9 24 0.00 0.690 7 .7 7.3 25-30 2.5 97.5 5 .1 60 6 12 10 4 8 22 0.00 0.134 7 .3 7 .1 40-50 10.5 89-5 16.1 23 3 1 4 12 57 73 0.126 0.364 7 .5 7.0 70-80 53.6 46.4 - - - - - - - - 54.21 - - -5 0-35 20.0 8 0 .0 16.7 52 2 4 15 13 26 54 7.75 1.336 7 .6 7 .2 35-40 10.1 89.9 9 .2 61 3 2 4 3 27 34 0.842 0.320 7.5 7 .3 6 0720 2.5 97.5 0 .0 58 6 11 11 5 9 25 0.00 1.345 7 .5 7 .0 20-32 2 .0 - 9 8.0 5 .2 60 6 9 9 5 11 25 0.00 0.427 7.2 6 .9 32-60 3 .1 96.9 9 .1 46 2 6 7 6 33 46 0 .00 0.479 7.2 6 .9 60-70 64.5 35 .5 - - - - - - - - 53.0 - - -7 0-25 38.1 61.9 4 .3 33 10 17 14 9 17 40 2.35 1.270 7 .7 7 .1 25-40 3.8 96.2 0 .0 28 6 20 18 9 19 46 0.00 0.452 7 .5 7.2 40-65 1.9 98.1 0 .0 18 3 4 10 6 59 75 0.00 0.533 7.3 7 .1 8 200 0.2 99.8 4 .0 24 9 17 14 7 29 50 0.00 0.00 6.3 4 .5 Ge nesis of re ndz in as an d th e oc c ur re nc e of h ea v y m in e ra ls 2 S 7
T a b l e 2 Heavy m inerals content in s o i l s examined
Pro f i le Nr. Depth cm. Weight of heavy m inerals Heavy minerals content Am p hi b ol es A n d a lu si te B io ti te C h lo r it e s Z ir c o n a© Ю £ Sp id o te G a r n e ts ll m e n it e U n tr a n s-p a r e n t m in e r a ls « 4» чН M B u ti le S ta u r o li te S il li m a n it e To urm al in e 1 0-40 40-55 0.1986 0.0913 0.54 0.24 2 .2 1 .6 - - - 16.3 16.4 .. 2 .3 1 .0 44.4 37.7 4 .2 5 .4 16.6 21.4 : 6.3 6 .6 1 .8 2 .8 - 3 .8 3 .6 2 0-35 35-50 70-80 0.0367 0.0170 0.0000 0.40 0.30 0 .0 0 4 .9 2 .3 0 .4 0 .1 • 15 .1 13.3 1 .1 1 .3 2 .2 2 .1 35.5 41.7 9 .6 5 .7 20.0 21.0 0 .5 4 .9 3 .6 1 .8 4 .1 - 4 .4 5 .7 3 0-35 35-60 60-90 100-110 0.2113 0.1976 0.0693 0.0000 0.66 0.67 0.25 0 .0 0 2 .7 1.1 7 .7 0 .6 - -21.4 1 7.1 19.2 1 .2 1 .3 1 .5 4 .6 1.5 3 .4 27.0 31.4 22.3 5 .9 6 .8 8 .2 26.7 26.5 21.4 0 .1 0.7 4 .3 5 .3 4 .5 2 .2 3 .4 2 .2 0 .1 4 .0 5 .2 8 .2 4 0-25 25-30 40-50 70-80 0.2381 0.2482 0.1577 0.0000 0.59 0.71 0.40 0.00 1.4 2 .0 2 .6 - - -19.2 22.2 14.5 1 .5 0 .2 0 .8 2.7 2 .5 38.2 32.6 37.3 3 .2 4.3 4 .4 25.3 22.5 2 6.0 -7 .-7 6 .6 5 .1 1 .7 2 .6 1 .8 0 .1 2 .3 2 .9 4 .4 5 0-35 35-40 0.1438 0.1634 0.61 0.35 0 .9 1 .0 0 .3 . - 2 6 .0 23.5 0 .6 1.2 2 .2 0 .9 30.7 3 5.1 4 .6 6 .4 27.8 21.7 о .з 5 .2 3.3 2.9 3 .7 0 .6 2 .8 1 .9 6 0-20 20-32 32-60 60-70 0.1754 0.1746 0.0657 0.0018 0.65 0.55 0.35 0.18 3 .9 3 .2 1.3 2 .8 0 .1 -17.0 13.4 24.1 21.1 0 .5 0 .7 0 .1 5-7 3.7 1 .2 4 .5 33.3 38.6 31.4 32.1 3 .3 4 .6 9 .6 9.1 27.0 24.6 20.0 22.2 0.5 6 .6 3 .0 4 .9 2.2 2 .8 3.9 1.8 1 .1 -3 .6 4 .2 4 .3 4 .8 7 0-25 25-40 40-65 0.0005 0.0474 0.0056 0 .0 1 0.32 0.03 5 .5 4 .1 0 .8 - 0.6 1 6.0 17.6 0 .1 1 .1 5 .7 6.4 34.7 22.7 5 .3 8 .8 19.3 16.2 0 .8 4 .7 6 .0 2 .2 1 .8 0 .3 5 .8 8 .4 8 boulder loam 0.1076 0,35 16.1 - - - 10.6 4 .0 12.7 16.9 4 .5 18.9 1 .9 6.2 2 .2 - 6 .0 i. D o b r z a ń sk i, R . T u r sk i
Genesis of rendzinas and the occurrence of heavy m inerals 299
lim it re p re se n ts th e zone of h e a v y m in e rals disapp earin g a t th e tra n sitio n to ch alk y m arls in w hich no h eav y m in e rals are found, if th e sam ples w ere ta k e n in p u re state. T hus it is obvious th a t n e ith e r can th e y be p re s e n t in th e w e a th e re d m a rl lay er. This is p ro v ed by th e profile in v e rsio n N r. 7 re su ltin g fro m accu m u latio n processes. In th is profile th e s itu a tio n reg a rd in g c o n ten t of h eavy m in erals is in verse to th a t in th e o th e r profiles, since a fte r ex po su re of th e ch alky slopes th e p rim a ry p ro file gets sed im ented b y w e a th ere d chalk m a te ria l in w hich only sin
gle p a rticle s of h eav y m in e rals are p re se n t (rem ains of a foreign loam m a n tle .
T he collected m a te ria ls give reasons for tre a tin g profiles 3, 4, 5, 6 as sh a llo w o v erlim ed soils. T h eir recognition, how ever as an ev o lu tio n ary stag e of ren dzin as is co n trad icted b y th e fact of o ccu rran ce of heavy m in e ra ls in th e u p p e r layers.
F o r th e sam e reaso n th e loam y lay e r cannot be recognized as th e w e a th e re d m a te ria l of chalk. This is pro ved by th e v e ry sm all am o u nts of those m in e rals in th e 40— 65 cm horizon of p rofile Nr. 7 w hich, th o u g h n o n -re a c tiv e w ith HC1, is a w e a th ere d one. A m inim al a d m ix tu re of h e a v y m in e rals in th is horizon has to be id en tified as accu m u lated m a te ria l.
T he h eavy m in e rals in th e o th e r p rofiles show also ro u n d ed grains. The analysis show th a t th e genesis of loam y inclusion can be associa te d w ith those of deep loam s o ccurring in th e in v estig ated region. We m a y n o t overlook som e a d m ix tu re of m a rl m a te ria l in th e loam in clu sions, evidenced b y th e h ig h e r p ro p o rtio n of H C l-soluble p articles. D u rin g th e tra n s p o rt m ay occur in te rm ix in g of m a te ria l because of th e p la stic ity of loam. It should be n oted th o u g h th a t in m ost cases th e loam passes into m a rl q u ite sh arp ly . B ecause of its sm all p erm e ab ility it form s a n isolating lay e r se p ara tin g th e u p p e r lay ers of th e profile from th e ro c k rich in C a C 0 3. F o r th is reason th e soil p ro file develops w ith no ev id en ce of C a C 03 influence.
The profiles 1 a n d 2, being d eep ly sanded up to com plete d isa p p e a ra n ce of th e loam y horizon, show ren d zin a fe a tu re s despite th e ob served h e a v y a d m ix tu re of n o n -w e a th e red m ate ria l. This is due to th e m issing iso latio n of th e u p p e r pro file p a r t fro m th e C a C 03 — rich zone and to th e easy circu latio n of w a te r rich in Ca, w hich have given ren d zina — lik e fe a tu re s to soil m ate ria l w hich a t least in p a rt is foreign.
REFERENCES
II] A d a m c z y k В.: Ciężkie m inerały piasku z Pustyni B łędow skiej. Heavy m i nerals in the sand of Pustynia Błędowska. Zeszyty Naukowe WSR Kraków, z. 2, 1957.
300 В. Dobrzański, R. Turski
[2] D o b r z a ń s k i В.: Rędziny Lubelszczyzny. Rendzinas of Lublin Upland. Rocz. Glebozn. t. IV, Warszawa 1955.
[3] M i k l a s z e w s k i St.: Gleby Polski. Soils of Poland. W arszawa 1930.
[4] M ü c k e n h a u s e n E.: Entstehung, Eigenschaften und System atik der Böden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland D. L. G. — Verlags — GmbH. Frankfurt am Main 1962.
[5] S t a r z y ń s k i Z.: W spraw ie przechodzenia rędzin w utwory zbielicowane. On evolution of rendzinas to the podzolized soils. R. N. R. i L., t. XIII, P o znań 1925.
B . D O B R Z A Ń S K I , R . T U R S K I
BESTIMMUNGSVERSUCH DES URSPRUNGS VON RENDSINABÖDEN NACH DEM AUFTRETEN VON SCHWERMINERALIEN
L e h r s t u h l f ü r B o k e n k u n d e d e r H o c h s c h u l e f ü r L a n d w i r t s c h a f t in L u b l i n
Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g
Im H ügelland von Chełm (Hochebene von Lublin) w urden Proben von Rend sinaböden (Profile 1, 2, 7) sow ie auch von Böden, die bisher als Podsolierungssta- dion der Rendsinaböden betrachtet waren (Profile 3, 4, 5, 6), entnom men. In diesen Proben w urde eine quantitative und qualitative A nalyse der Schw erm ineralien durchgeführt, um deren Brauchbarkeit zur F eststellung der Entstehung von R end sinaböden zu schätzen. D ie Ergebnisse der A nalyse lassen folgende Schlüsse zu
ziehen.
1. Der Ursprung des R endsinam aterials kann dank der Bestim m ung von S chwerm ineralien bestim m t werden.
2. Reine Rendsinaböden, die ausschliesslich aus K alkgestein entstanden sind,, erscheinen auf stark erodierten, keine D ecke aus nich kalkhaltigem M aterial au f- w eisenden Gehängen.
B . D O B R Z A Ń S K I , R . T U R S K I
ESSAI DE DÉTERMINATION DE LA GENÈSE DES RENDZINES SUIVANT LA PRÉSENCE DES MINÉRAUX LOURDS
C h a i r e d e P é d o l o g i e d e l ’E c o l e S u p é r i e u r e d ’A g r i c u l t u r e à L u b l i n
R é s u m é
Du terrain des Pogóry Chełm skie (coteaux de Chełm du haut plateau de Lublin), des échantillons des sols de rendzine ont été prelevés (profils 1, 2, 7) ainsi que des échantillons des sols considérés jusqu’à présent comme présentant des stades évolutifs de podzolisation des rendzines (profils 3, 4, 5, 6). Cec échantillons furent soumis à des analyses q uantitatives et qualitatives des m inéraux lourds afin de constater leur l ’u tilité pour la déterm ination de la genèse des rendzines. Les résultats obtenus perm ettent de form uler les conclussions suivantes:
1. L’origine de la m atière des rendzines p eu t être déterm inée grâce au dosage des m inéraux lourds.
2. Les rendzines pures, form ées de roche calcaire seule, apparaissent sur les versants fortem ent dégradés par l’érosion et entièrem ent dépourvus de couverture de m atériaux non-calcaires.
G enesis of rendzinas and the occurrence of heavy m inerals 301
B . D O B R Z A Ń S K I , R . T U R S K I
PRÓBA OKREŚLENIA GENEZY RĘDZIN NA PODSTAWIE WYSTĘPOWANIA MINERAŁÓW CIĘŻKICH
K a t e d r a G l e b o z n a w s t w a W S R L u b l i n
S t r e s z c z e n i e
Z Pagórów Chełm skich Wyżyny Lubelskiej w zięto próbki rędzin (prof. 1, 2, 7) oraz z gleb uważanych dotychczas za bielicow e stadia ew olucyjne rędzin (prof. 3, 5, 4, 6). W próbkach tych w ykonano ilościową i jakościow ą analizę m inerałów cięż kich w celu stw ierdzenia przydatności ich do określenia genezy rędzin.
U zyskane w yn ik i pozwalają w yciągnąć następujące wnioski:
1. Pochodzenie tworzyw a rędzin można ustalić przy oznaczaniu m inerałów ciężkich.
2. Rędziny czyste, pow stałe w yłącznie ze skały wapiennej, w ystępują na zbo czach silnie etfodowahych, pozbawionych całkow icie pokryw y m ateriału n iew ap ien - jiego. Б . Д О Б Ж А Н Ь С К И , Р . Т У Р С К И ПОПЫТКА ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ГЕНЕЗИСА РЕНДЗИН НА ОСНОВАНИИ НАЛИЧИЯ ТЯЖ ЕЛЫ Х МИНЕРАЛОВ К а ф е д р а п о ч в о в е д е н и я Л ю б л и н с к о й С е л ь с к о х о з я й с т в е н н о й А к а д е м и и Р е з ю м е В районе Пагуры Хэлмске Люблинской возвышенности были отобраны образцы рендзин (разрез 1, 2, 7), а такж е образцы почв, именованных до сих пор подзолистыми эволюционными стадиями рендзин (разрез 3, 4, 5, 6). В образ цах проводили количественный и качественный анализ тяж елы х минералов, чтобы установить их пригодность для определения генезиса рендзин. Полученные результаты приводят к следующ ему заключению: 1. П роисхож дение рендзин можно определить при обозначении тяж елы х ■минералов. 2. Чистые рендзины, образованные исключительно из известняковой гор ной породы, залегают на сильно эродированных склонах совершенно лишенных покрова безизвестнякового материала.
