anarchism
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
What is Property? Property is theft!
He came from a family of workers and peasants.
He received a scholarship to enable learning in high school, but after 6 years of the deteriorating situation in the family home forced him to interrupt
studies before graduation. He took up various jobs until , when former
classmates from high school offered him a job in a printing house belonging to them . This work enabled him to intense self-learning.
" He had all the advantages and disadvantages capable of self-taught "
First described himself as an "anarchist" and proposed their system as
"anarchy" .
The term anarchy (gr. an - and not arche - rule, power) has already appeared in Herodotus – lack of goverment, interregnum.
Anarchy has gained political significance by Plato, who claimed Athenian democracy that is anarchy , that is the actual lack of power.
In turn, according to Aristotle, democracy does not mean anarchy, but it can lead to it.
After this period of ancient thinkers had disappeared but in practice the use of the entire millennium. Again, he used it only Erasmus of Rotterdam , by the tyranny and anarchy are degenerate forms of the state and one can lead to another.
The term "anarchism" and "anarchist" appear again in the period of the French Revolution - mostly pejorative , used in a political game .
The views of Proudhon
They combined contradictory elements of radicalism and conservatism.
A few examples:
supported the Federalists South in the American Civil War ...
but condemned the national liberation aspirations of Poles and Italians.
advocated the use of torture and the death penalty, justify slavery and militarism,
in his work of racial prejudice and anti-Semitic
He was not opposed to private property "as such". Opposed to merely its
"powerful forms."
He was strongly opposed to property as a source of income without work.
Distinguish between the property in possession. Approved by having understood as the right small users of the products cultivated land by themselves.
Enhanced property in his belief was unreasonable right to "free use of someone else's good and someone else's work." This property is the cause of the misery of the working masses - they work, but do not have ownership of the fruits of his labor.
That is why capitalism should be replaced by a mutualist system that will provide "freedom within the framework of governance and independence in unity." It would be a system based on a kind of social contract - members of the community świadczyliby a different kind of service at the basis of voluntary agreements concluded.
The effect of the introduction of the mutualism would be widespread small private property. There was to the elimination of money, that in the belief that Proudhon was the source of exploitation of the workers.
In place of the capitalist banks arise from the financing banks in the means of production. These loans would be interest-free, of course.
Proudhon attempted to create such a bank with a zero interest rate. He built the foundations of the system of mutual assistance, the rules of which are still used in the mutual insurance companies.
It was not revolutionaries. He even opposed the workers' strikes. Opted for an evolutionary alteration.
Since the support of the capitalist system was a state, it demanded its gradual liquidation. A characteristic feature of the state in his opinion was a significant centralization of power. As a result, postulated by the abolition of the state have formed a loose federation of municipalities, that conclusive any disputes to arbitration. Federations such, that would not be in accordance with the definition adopted by the state.
Advantages of the new system, according to Proudhon:
No pursuit of technical inventions Work would cease to be anonymous
Disappearance of desire to maximize profits at all costs.
Interestingly valued the family, but not the peasants, whom he considered incapable of reform.
Michaił Aleksandrowicz Bakunin (1814-1876)
Revolutionary is not just a word, but in deed.
Participated in:
February Revolution in France, Uprising in Prague in 1848, Uprising in Dresden in 1849,
Revolutionary activities in Italy in the second half of the XIX, Uprising in Lyon in 1871,
Uprising in Spain in 1873,
Uprising in Bologna in 1874, (remember that he died in 1876!)
"Bakunin is priceless on the first day of the revolution, but should be shoot on the next" - and it is because of his revolutionary temperament.
The works of Bakunin a large degree remained unfinished, fragmentary, some of them have several versions, a substantial portion was published posthumously from manuscripts prepared for publication.
A bigger problem with Bakunin lies in the fact that even those that were published during his lifetime not having the clarity and plausibility argument.
This is because his writings were often involved politically - written under the influence of momentary political needs.
Bakunin became the ideologist of anarchism collectivist in the beginning of the XIX century. He then walked away from Hegelianism to preach the cult of unlimited freedom and negation of her private property.
He demanded the socialization of the means of production, which should become the property of territorial generating groups.
The beginning of a social revolution was to abolish the right of inheritance of property. Inheritance fact denies equality - a person receives something that is not earned -> here you can see the influence of Saint-Simon, as you well know, because they have this knowledge at your fingertips.
The next stage of implementation of the idea of anarchism was to be the liquidation of state institutions. You because the camera is violence.
The state and capitalism are two reasons of "misery" of the working masses.
You because, regardless of what that is, it always makes it impossible to organize freely the people "from the bottom upwards in their own interests" - and this is, after all, in the belief Bakunin, condition of human freedom.
Freedom was the center of interest of Bakunin. Bakunin absolutyzował freedom - limiting the freedom of one man is a limitation of the freedom of all people.
Case studies Bluebeard's wife and Adam and Eve.
Bakunin was a declared enemy of the state. In contrast to Proudhon called for its abolition in the way of the revolution. The beginning of the revolution was to give the organization a conspiracy. She had a revolution to make the hands of the workers and peasants also non-industrialized countries.
Bakunin explicitly wrote that the revolution is to take place by using intimidation and physical terror against persons holding public authority.
"No fighting society is dead." It is also no wonder that justified the attacks on the guardians of power experienced in the nineteenth century.
He was an opponent of the Church and religion. He believed that they threaten human freedom and are the backbone of state power.
As he hated the state, was also an enemy of the Germans, who in the construction of the state apparatus, in his opinion, achieved the most terrible results.
Also criticized Marxism for authoritarian tendencies.
Piotr Aleksiejewicz Kropotkin (1842-1921)
He came from a princely family .
Learning graduated from the Corps Paziów - then the best boys' school in Tsarist Russia. The completion of that school , as well as the origins meant that he could choose where he wants to fulfill his military service . He chose a Cossack regiment stationed in Siberia , where he was in geography and geology .
Anarchist Kropotkin became in 1872 during his first visit to Western Europe. The leaders of the contemporary anarchist movement met in Switzerland.
What is interesting (at least at first glance, strange ) one of the liveliest and most active anarchist organizations were then ... watchmakers of the Jura mountains.
"I am completely convinced that the important role played in the Jura Federation of the development of socialism , can be attributed not only to the fact that it was wyrazicielką anti-government and federalist ideas, but also the fact that the ideas that have been attributed to the particular form of the common sense watchmakers Jurassic "
"And when after a week stay among watchmakers left the mountains, my view on socialism made a name longer enough. I was an anarchist. "
Kropotkin and Bakunin did not meet then, but no doubt he was familiar with his work, which enjoyed considerable popularity at the time.
After returning to Russia began intensified activity antycarską, which ended in 1874 the arrest and detention in a prison. After escaping from prison, Kropotkin, he emigrated to the United Kingdom.
In England issued a letter "Freedom".
Returned to Russia after the revolution. He criticized the Bolshevism, which he considered a kind of dictatorship. However, Lenin had to admit some political advantages.
Kropotkin's Philosophy of Nature:
Steeped in scientism and determinism, The federal model of the universe,
Instead of Darwinian struggle for survival mutual assistance (mutualism) and intraspecific solidarity of living beings.
Consequently, Kropotkin believed that the interest of the individual in society is intertwined with the interests of the general public.
Man is endowed with an innate kindness and gentleness. These features make it easier for him contact with other people, and man is the essence of society.
The products of human labor the work of the whole of humanity, not individual units. It is impossible to determine the exact degree of effort a specific individual for a given product, therefore, is not authorized to assign its properties.
As a result, capitalism must be replaced by communism!
The transition from one model to another possible only through revolution.
While Bakunin revolution in power apocalyptic, destructive, so much of Kropotkin is like a natural phenomenon, a period of accelerated evolution.
Revolution, but the need to prepare for propaganda.
To the revolution is to be successful it must:
have a clearly defined objective,
do not try to replace the ousted regime authorities with their own, give people a sense of immediate improvement in their position.
The main task of the revolution is "to get bread," the most oppressed layers.
Revolution in the belief Kropotkin was to be a long and complex. Her crowning:
The complete elimination of money,
Complete elimination of all forms of private property,
The introduction of compulsory labor for all persons 45-50 years of age in the dimension 4-5 hours a day,
Egalitarianism in the distribution of goods to the principle of "to each according to needs."
The last two assumptions stem from the assumption of Kropotkin, that the economy would be able to produce much more, and its inefficiency due to imperfections of the capitalist system. Thus, elimination of this system should result in soaring of production - goods should therefore be enough for everyone.
The world after the revolution
The blurring of the differences between physical work and mental Building on small-scale natural economy,
Model Craftsman - artist,
Limiting the role of the industry - it should primarily serve agriculture
Instead of countries - small and autonomous communes providing voluntary public service entities.
Freedom as the highest value,
In a world without states everyone will have the opportunity to implement their spiritual aspirations.
Georges Eugene Sorel (1847-1922)
"In an environment could be found up six people who read Sorel"
"The impact of Sorel on the formation and development of revolutionary syndicalism was none."
... And yet it passed into history. Or at least went to her textbooks.
Sorel rather obudowywał, underpinned and revolutionary syndicalism commented ideas than was the co-creator.
He was a "metaphysician revolutionary syndicalism."
Why, then, we are talking about Sorelu? Now, his works, written in the period in which they identified with the revolutionary syndicalism are with all his achievements the most famous, and made himself known throughout Europe.
Special thanks at this point the book Reflexions sur la violance - was more popular than any other of his works together.
Sorel used to have broader horizons and more original thoughts than the more "authentic" ideologues anarchist syndicalism.
"Sorel is in this respect a particularly important figure that the fate of his ideas reveal the convergence of extreme right-wing and left-wing forms of radicalism." Kolakowski.
For Sorel appealed because the intellectuals who are later supporters of fascism.
Thus, both revolutionary anarchist syndicalism, and the great anti-democratic reaction of the twentieth century can Sorelu sought his prophet.
It must be remembered that although Sorel went down in history primarily as a poet of revolutionary syndicalism is a period in which identified itself with this trend was quite short - only lasted a few years. His biography was full of surprising turns.
Keep in mind that Sorel intellectual career began relatively late - the forties was the chief engineer of the department of bridges and roads.
At the core of its ideology - at least in the syndicalist - lay the conviction that the crisis of bourgeois culture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, manifested in the dissemination of consumer attitudes.
At some point, Sorel was regarded as the greatest French Marxist. The view is so strange about that Sorel almost did not know German, so his knowledge of the writings of Marx was very weak. However, here, however, may in Sorel view that can only overcome the crisis politically conscious proletariat.
The proletariat alpha and omega of socialism.
It takes a bitter struggle with the bourgeoisie.
To win workers must
Produce their own culture and psyche.
These culture and psyche to be: anti-rationalist, emotional and instinctive.
By "direct action will be shaped society of free, noble and selfless manufacturers. Manufacturers then you will join trade unions (syndicates).
To the proletariat against the bourgeoisie took he needs is one of his own myth. This myth is to produce intellectual elite of the proletariat (the so- called "fighting minority" among which, of course, Sorel saw mostly each other).
The myth of "construction of reality unspecified time", but speaking to the imagination.
Myths have a salutary effect on the people and history. Example - the myth of the coming again of Jesus, the myth of the French Revolution.
Contemporary social myth belief Sorel - Myth general strike. This strike zapoczątkowałby changes that would lead to the abolition of the state and establish a system of syndicates.
Sorel did not specify this as it would lead to a general strike. However, advocated the use of violence, distinguishing violence from power.
Violence is the abolition of the state.
Strength is used to consolidate the state or gain power.
Therefore, during the syndicalist Sorel rejected socialism - he believed that his followers seek to gain power.
Sorel, however, was the enemy of all authority over the people, in any form.
He believed that power over people should be replaced with power over things.
Anarcho-syndicalism Sorel was popular in the early twentieth century among the workers of Europe and the Americas.
