A N N A L E S
81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$
/8%/,1±32/21,$
92//; 6(&7,2*
=ELHJ SU]HVWĊSVWZ RUD] VWDQRZLąFD MHJR NRQVHNZHQFMĊ NDUD áąF]QD WR NDU- QLVW\F]QH NRQVWUXNFMH RNUHĞODMąFH Z SROVNLP V\VWHPLH SUDZD NDUQHJR VSRVyE
RFHQ\ZLHOXSU]HVWĊSVWZSRSHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZFĊ-DNNROZLHN
WHUPLQÄ]ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZ´PDZWHRULLSUDZDNDUQHJRMHGQR]QDF]QąNRQRWDFMĊ
]QDF]HQLRZąWRMHGQDNZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGSU]\MPRZDQ\FK]DáRĪHĔFRGRSRGVWDZ
RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLNDUQHMQDJUXQFLHSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKV\VWHPyZSUDZDSRMĊFLHWR
RGQRVLüVLĊPRĪHGRLVWRWQLHUyĪQLąF\FKVLĊLQVW\WXFML7U]HED]DWHPZFKDUDNWH- U]HXZDJLZVWĊSQHM]D]QDF]\üĪHZSROVNLPV\VWHPLHSUDZD]ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZ
SURZDG]ąF\ GR Z\PLDUX NDU\ áąF]QHM VWDQRZLü PRĪH Z\áąF]QLH NRQVHNZHQFMĊ
SRSHáQLHQLDSU]H]WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZFĊZLHOXF]\QyZ=XZDJLQDSU]\MPRZDQH
]DáRĪHQLD Z SROVNLP V\VWHPLH SUDZD NDUQHJR QLH MHVW PRĪOLZH RU]HNDQLH NDU\
áąF]QHM Z V\WXDFML SRSHáQLHQLD SU]H] VSUDZFĊ W\ONR MHGQHJR F]\QX MDNNROZLHN
QLH MHVW Z\NOXF]RQH SU]\SLVDQLH VSUDZF\ MHGQHJR F]\QX RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL ]D
GZD SU]HVWĊSVWZD D ZLĊF LQQ\PL VáRZ\ SU]\MĊFLH ]ELHJX SU]HVWĊSVWZ Z WDNLP
: ]DOHĪQRĞFL RG WHJR F]\ GDQ\ V\VWHP SUDZD RSDUW\ MHVW QD ]DVDG]LH MHGQRĞFL F]\QX
L SU]HVWĊSVWZD (LQKHLWVWKHRULH Z\NOXF]DMąFHM PRĪOLZRĞFL SU]\SLVDQLD VSUDZF\ MHGQHJR F]\QX
ZLĊFHM QLĪ MHGQHJR SU]HVWĊSVWZD F]\ WHĪ RSDUW\ MHVW QD ]DVDG]LH ZLHORĞFL 0HKUKHLWVWKHRULH
XPRĪOLZLDMąFHM PXOWLSOLNDFMĊ SU]HVWĊSVWZ QDEXGRZDQ\FK QD W\P VDP\P MHGQ\P F]\QLH
SRSU]H] PXOWLSOLNDFMĊ RFHQ ]ELHJ SU]HVWĊSVWZ VWDQRZLü PRĪH Z\áąF]QLH NRQVHNZHQFMĊ ZLHORĞFL
(LQKHLWVWKHRULHOXENRQVHNZHQFMĊMHGQRĞFLDOERZLHORĞFLF]\QyZ0HKUKHLWVWKHRULH2GPLHQQRĞü
FHQWUDOQHM ]DVDG\ QD NWyUHM RSLHUD VLĊ GDQ\ V\VWHP SUDZD NDUQHJR SU]HVąG]D R V]HUHJX NZHVWLL
]ZLą]DQ\FK ] NRQVWUXNFMDPL ]ELHJX SU]HSLVyZ SU]HVWĊSVWZD FLąJáHJR ]ELHJX SU]HVWĊSVWZD
ZUHV]FLH– NDU\áąF]QHM3U]HGVWDZLHQLHV]HUV]\FKXZDJGRW\F]ąF\FKWHMNZHVWLLSU]HNUDF]DUDP\
QLQLHMV]HJRRSUDFRZDQLD
=ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDUDáąF]QDZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\P
3,275.$5'$6
&RQFXUUHQFHRI2IIHQFHVDQG&RPELQHG3XQLVKPHQWLQ3ROLVK&ULPLQDO/DZ
Piotr Kardas
Z\SDGNX7\PVDP\PPLPRLĪQDJUXQFLHSROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSUDZD]ELHJSU]H- VWĊSVWZPRĪHPLHüFKDUDNWHU]ELHJXMHGQRF]\QRZHJROXEZLHORF]\QRZHJRNDUD
áąF]QD]ZLą]DQDMHVWZ\áąF]QLH]H]ELHJLHPZLHORF]\QRZ\P40DMąFQDXZDG]H
SRZ\ĪV]HFHFK\SROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSUDZDNDUQHJRQDOHĪ\VWZLHUG]LüĪH]ELHJ
SU]HVWĊSVWZLNDUDáąF]QDWRMHGHQ]HVSRVREyZUR]ZLą]\ZDQLDSUREOHPyZXMDZ- QLDMąF\FKVLĊZ]ZLą]NX]SRSHáQLHQLHPSU]H]WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZFĊGZyFKOXE
ZLĊFHMF]\QyZ]NWyU\FKNDĪG\PRĪHVWDQRZLüRGUĊEQHSU]HVWĊSVWZR5=DUD]HP
7DNą PRĪOLZRĞü SU]HZLGXMH DUW NNV ]JRGQLH ] NWyU\P Z V\WXDFML JG\ WHQ VDP F]\Q
WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\UHDOL]XMH]QDPLRQDSU]HVWĊSVWZDRUD]SU]HVWĊSVWZDVNDUERZHJRVWRVXMHVLĊ
NDĪG\]W\FKSU]HSLVyZZNRQVHNZHQFMLSU]\SLVXMąFVSUDZF\MHGQHJRF]\QXRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞü]D
SU]HVWĊSVWZRRUD]SU]HVWĊSVWZRVNDUERZHLZ\PLHU]DNDUĊ]DNDĪGH]QLFK7\PVDP\PZ\UDĪRQD
Z DUW NNV LQVW\WXFMD RNUHĞODQD PLDQHP LGHDOQHJR ]ELHJX SU]HVWĊSVWZ VWDQRZL SRGVWDZĊ GR
]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZZ\QLNDMąFHJR]PXOWLSOLNDFMLRFHQWHJRVDPHJRF]\QX=DUD]HPWHQVDPSU]HSLV
UR]VWU]\JD NZHVWLH ]ZLą]DQH ] Z\PLDUHP NDU\ ]D NDĪGH ] SU]\SLVDQ\FK SU]HVWĊSVWZ ZVND]XMąF
ZĪHZ\NRQDQLXSRGOHJDW\ONRVXURZV]D]Z\PLHU]RQ\FK]DSR]RVWDMąFHZLGHDOQ\P]ELHJX
SU]HVWĊSVWZ NDU 7\P VDP\P SRSU]H] SRZ\ĪV]\ ]DELHJ OHJLVODF\MQ\ Z\NOXF]RQH MHVW RU]HNDQLH
Z WDNLFK Z\SDGNDFK NDU\ áąF]QHM =RE V]HU]HM FR GR LVWRW\ LGHDOQHJR ]ELHJX SU]HVWĊSVWZ RUD]
UHODFML WHM LQVW\WXFML GR ]QDQ\FK WDNĪH SROVNLHPX V\VWHPRZL SUDZD NRQFHSFML HOLPLQDF\MQHJR
]ELHJXSU]HSLVyZDUWNZRUD]NXPXODW\ZQHJR]ELHJXSU]HSLVyZDUWNNRUD]DUWNNV 3.DUGDV =ELHJSU]HSLVyZZSUDZLHNDUQ\P$QDOL]DWHRUHW\F]QD:DUV]DZDVLQRUD]
SRZRáDQDWDPOLWHUDWXUDSU]HGPLRWXLRU]HF]QLFWZR
=ELHJZLHORF]\QRZ\Z\VWĊSXMHQDJUXQFLHSUDZDNDUQHJRSRZV]HFKQHJRSUDZDNDUQHJR
VNDUERZHJRRUD]SUDZDZ\NURF]HĔ]DĞ]ELHJMHGQRF]\QRZ\Z\áąF]QLHZVIHU]HNU]\ĪRZDQLDVLĊ
RFHQ RSDUW\FK QD NRQVWUXNFMDFK SUDZD NDUQHJR SRZV]HFKQHJR RUD] SUDZD NDUQHJR VNDUERZHJR
D WDNĪH Z VIHU]H NU]\ĪRZDQLD VLĊ RFHQ SUDZD NDUQHJR SRZV]HFKQHJR L SUDZD Z\NURF]HĔ RUD]
SUDZDZ\NURF]HĔLSUDZDNDUQHJRVNDUERZHJR:]ZLą]NX]WDNXNV]WDáWRZDQ\PV\VWHPHPSUDZD
ZGRNWU\QLHSRGNUHĞODVLĊĪHZLHORF]\QRZ\]ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZPDFRGR]DVDG\FKDUDNWHU]ELHJX
ZHZQĊWU]QHJRWMZ\VWĊSXMąFHJRZ\áąF]QLHQDJUXQFLHGDQHMF]ĊĞFLV\VWHPXSUDZDNDUQHJR]DĞ
]ELHJ MHGQRF]\QRZ\ PD FR GR ]DVDG\ FKDUDNWHU W]Z ]ELHJX ]HZQĊWU]QHJR XMDZQLDMąFHJR VLĊ
ZV\WXDFMLNU]\ĪRZDQLDVLĊUHJXODFMLQDOHĪąF\FKGRUyĪQ\FKF]ĊĞFLV\VWHPXSUDZDNDUQHJR=RE
V]HU]HMZWHMNZHVWLL ibidemVLQ$6SRWRZVNL 3RPLMDOQ\SR]RUQ\]ELHJSU]HSLVyZXVWDZ\
LSU]HVWĊSVWZ:DUV]DZDVLQ07DUQDZVNL =DJDGQLHQLHMHGQRĞFLLZLHORĞFLSU]HVWĊSVWZ
ZSUDZLHNDUQ\P3R]QDĔ3RUWHĪ::ROWHU .XPXODW\ZQ\]ELHJSU]HSLVyZ:DUV]DZD
4 :VND]DQ\SRZ\ĪHMSRG]LDá]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZQDMHGQRF]\QRZ\LZLHORF]\QRZ\QLHMHVW
MHG\Q\PSRG]LDáHPSU]\MPRZDQ\PZGRNWU\QLHSUDZDNDUQHJRLPDMąF\PZNRQVHNZHQFML]QDF]HQLH GOD XVWDZRZHJR VSRVREX UR]VWU]\JDQLD NZHVWLL ]ELHJX SU]HVWĊSVWZ :VND]Dü QDOHĪ\ ĪH UyZQLH
LVWRWQ\ MDN Z\PLHQLRQ\ SRZ\ĪHM MHVW SRG]LDá ]ELHJX SU]HVWĊSVWZ QD MHGQRURGQ\ OXE UyĪQRURGQ\
RGJU\ZDMąF\V]F]HJyOQąUROĊQDJUXQFLHSROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSUDZDZNRQWHNĞFLHVSHF\ILF]QHMIRUP\
XUHJXORZDQLDNZHVWLL]ZLą]DQ\FK]SUREOHPDW\NąFLąJáRĞFLSRSHáQLHQLDSU]HVWĊSVWZD=REV]HU]HM
ZWHMNZHVWLL3.DUGDV 3U]HVWĊSVWZRFLąJáHZSUDZLHNDUQ\PPDWHULDOQ\P$QDOL]DNRQVWUXNFML
PRGHORZ\FKQDWOHSRMĊFLDF]\QX]ELHJXSU]HSLVyZL]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZ.UDNyZVLQ
3 .DUGDV >Z@ * %RJGDQ = ûZLąNDOVNL 3 .DUGDV - 0DMHZVNL - 5DJOHZVNL 0 6]HZF]\N
::UyEHO$=ROO .RGHNVNDUQ\&]ĊĞüRJyOQD.RPHQWDU]Z\G:DUV]DZD
5 .ZHVWLD WD RG SRQDG VWX ODW VWDQRZL SU]HGPLRW UR]ZDĪDĔ L NRQWURZHUVML SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL
GRNWU\Q\ L SUDNW\NL 6\QWHW\F]QLH ]DJDGQLHQLH WR XMąá - 0DNDUHZLF] SRGNUHĞODMąF ĪH QLH PD
Z ]DVDG]LH ZLĊNV]\FK SUREOHPyZ Z Z\SDGNDFK NLHG\ ÄNLOND RGG]LHOQ\FK DNWyZ G]LDáDĔ SURZDG]L GR MHGQHJR W\ONR Z\QLNX SU]HVWĊSVWZR NZDOLILNRZDQH SU]H] VNXWHN QS XĞPLHUFHQLH
=ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDUDáąF]QDZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\P
SRSHáQLHQLHGZyFKOXEZLĊFHMF]\QyZQLH]DZV]HSURZDG]LGRSU]\SLVDQLDZLHOX
SU]HVWĊSVWZERZLHPZV\VWHPLHSROVNLHJRSUDZDNDUQHJRIXQNFMRQXMąGRNWU\- QDOQHLXVWDZRZHPHFKDQL]P\NWyU\FKDSOLNDFMDVNXWNXMHSU]\SLVDQLHPVSUDZF\
MHGQHJRSU]HVWĊSVWZDPLPRSRSHáQLHQLDSU]H]QLHJRZLHOXF]\QyZ6SRVyERFH- Q\ZLHORĞFLF]\QyZWHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\WR]DJDGQLHQLHZ\ZRáXMąFHQDJUXQFLH
SROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSUDZDWUXGQRĞFLLNRPSOLNDFMHRWDNLHMVNDOLLĪXVWDZRGDZFD
]GHF\GRZDáVLĊQDZSURZDG]HQLHGRNRGHNVXNDUQHJRNLONXLQVW\WXFMLVáXĪąF\FK
GRMHJRUR]VWU]\JDQLD66]F]HJyOQHJR]QDF]HQLDSUREOHPRFHQ\ZLHORĞFLF]\QyZ
OXEWHĪZLQQ\PXMĊFLXZLHORĞFL]DFKRZDĔ7WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\QDELHUDZV\-
]DUWNNVSURZDG]RQHSU]H]SRGDZDQLHZGáXĪV]\PRNUHVLHF]DVXWUXFL]Q\ZROQRG]LDáDMąFHM
OXEOHNNRP\ĞOQHEDQNUXFWZRDUWQDNWyUHVNáDGDVLĊV]HUHJODWUR]U]XWQRĞFLLILQDQVRZ\FK
EáĊGyZ´ÄQDWRPLDVWRWZDUWDMHVWNZHVWLDWDPJG]LHNDĪG\]RVREQDDNWSRVLDGDMXĪSHáQH]QDPLRQD
SU]HVWĊSVWZD´ =RE - 0DNDUHZLF] .RGHNV NDUQ\ ] NRPHQWDU]HP Z\G 5 /ZyZ V
3R]ZDOD WR NRQVWDWRZDü ĪH DQDOL]RZDQD SUREOHPDW\ND ]ZLą]DQD MHVW LQWHJUDOQLH ] MHGQHM VWURQ\
] ]DJDGQLHQLHP MHGQRĞFL F]\ WHĪ WRĪVDPRĞFL F]\QX MDNR SRGVWDZ\ ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD ] GUXJLHM – ] NRQVWUXNFMą Z]RUFD QRUPDW\ZQHJR Z RSDUFLX R NWyU\ GRNRQ\ZDQD MHVW RFHQD SUDZQRNDUQD
=REWHĪLQWHUHVXMąFHXZDJL::ROWHU =DU\VV\VWHPXSUDZDNDUQHJR&]ĊĞüRJyOQD W.UDNyZ
VLQ6ĝOLZLĔVNL 3UDZRNDUQHPDWHULDOQH&]ĊĞüRJyOQD:DUV]DZDVLQ
6*ODVHU 3ROVNLHSUDZRNDUQHZ]DU\VLH.UDNyZVLQ-0DNDUHZLF] 3UDZRNDUQH
:\NáDGSRUyZQDZF]\]XZ]JOĊGQLHQLHPSUDZDRERZLą]XMąFHJRZ5]HF]\SRVSROLWHM3ROVNLHM/ZyZ – :DUV]DZDVLQ$6DGRZVNL 3U]HVWĊSVWZRFLąJáe/XEOLQVLQ
6 .RQLHF]QRĞü ZSURZDG]HQLD GR XVWDZ\ V]F]HJyOQHM UHJXODFML GREU]H REUD]XMH KLVWRULD
VSRVREyZ UR]ZLą]\ZDQLD SUREOHPX FLąJáRĞFL SRSHáQLHQLD SU]HVWĊSVWZD QD JUXQFLH SROVNLHJR
V\VWHPXSUDZDNDUQHJRDWDNĪHRVWDWHF]QHZ\UXJRZDQLHWHMLQVW\WXFML]V\VWHPXSUDZDQLHPLHFNLHJR
LV]ZDMFDUVNLHJR=REPLQ3.DUGDV 3U]HVWĊSVWZRFLąJáHZSUDZLHNDUQ\PPDWHULDOQ\P«V
L Q =QDPLHQQHMHVW Z W\PNRQWHNĞFLH WDNĪH VWDQRZLVNR SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL SROVNLHM GRNWU\Q\ SUDZD
NDUQHJRZRGQLHVLHQLXGRW]ZSU]HVWĊSVWZF]\QyZZVSyáXNDUDQ\FKSRVWXOXMąFHZSURZDG]HQLH
GR XVWDZRGDZVWZD V]F]HJyOQHM QRUP\ VáXĪąFHM GR UR]VWU]\JDQLD W\FK SU]\SDGNyZ =RE V]HU]HM
$0DUHN &]\Q\ZVSyáXNDUDQHQDWOHSUDZQHMMHGQRĞFLSU]HVWĊSVWZD>Z@=ELHJSU]HSLVyZL]ELHJ
SU]HVWĊSVWZZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\PSRGUHG-0DMHZVNLHJR7RUXĔVLQ-0DMHZVNL
=DSLVG\VNXVML>Z@ibidemVLQ
7 5R]UyĪQLHQLHSRMĊüÄF]\Q´LÄ]DFKRZDQLH´PDV]F]HJyOQH]QDF]HQLHQDJUXQFLHDNWXDOQLH
RERZLą]XMąFHJR SROVNLHJR V\VWHPX SUDZD NDUQHJR Z NWyU\P Z XVWDZRGDZFD SRVáXJXMH VLĊ
]DUyZQRSRMĊFLHPÄF]\Q´MDNLWHUPLQHPÄ]DFKRZDQLH´GODRNUHĞOHQLDSRGVWDZ\SUDZQRNDUQHJR
ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD =REPLQWUHĞüDUWNNDUWNNDUWNNDUWNNDUWNNDUW
NNDUWNNF]\DUWNN=DUD]HPZRGQLHVLHQLXGRXVWDZRZHMNRQVWUXNFMLF]\QXFLąJáHJR
XVWDZRGDZFDSRVáXJXMHVLĊGODRNUHĞOHQLDSRGVWDZ\ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDSRMĊFLHPÄF]\Q´ZVND]XMąF
ĪH GZD OXE ZLĊFHM ]DFKRZDQLD SRZLą]DQH RNUHĞORQ\PL Z DUW NN ZLĊ]DPL VWDQRZLą áąF]QLH
SRGVWDZĊSUDZQRNDUQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDVWDQRZLąFąÄF]\Q´7DNLVSRVyEWHFKQLF]QRUHGDNF\MQHJR
XNV]WDáWRZDQLD SU]HSLVyZ NRGHNVX NDUQHJR Z ]DNUHVLH RGQRV]ąF\P VLĊ GR RNUHĞOHQLD SRGVWDZ\
SUDZQRNDUQHJR ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD URG]L V]HUHJ WUXGQRĞFL Z\NáDGQLF]\FK VNXWNXMH WDNĪH VZRLVW\PL
SUREOHPDPLZSUDNW\FHVWRVRZDQLDSUDZD=REV]HU]HMZWHMNZHVWLL-*LH]HN =ELHJSU]HSLVyZ
DNRQVWUXNFMDSU]HVWĊSVWZDFLąJáHJR>Z@=ELHJSU]HSLVyZL]ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZZSROVNLPSUDZLH
NDUQ\PVLQ-*LH]HN>Z@-*LH]HN1.áąF]\ĔVND*/DEXGD .RGHNVNDUQ\&]HĞüRJyOQD
.RPHQWDU] :DUV]DZD V L Q - 0DMHZVNL Ä7HQ VDP F]\Q´ MDNR MHGQD ] SU]HVáDQHN
NXPXODW\ZQHM NZDOLILNDFML >Z@ =ELHJ SU]HSLVyZ L ]ELHJ SU]HVWĊSVWZ Z SROVNLP SUDZLH NDUQ\P
VLQ3.DUGDV =ELHJSU]HSLVyZXVWDZ\ZSUDZLHNDUQ\P$QDOL]DWHRUHW\F]QD:DUV]DZD
Piotr Kardas
WXDFMLJG\SURFHVSUDZQRNDUQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDREHMPXMąF\SURZDG]RQ\MHVW
ZUDPDFKMHGQHJRSRVWĊSRZDQLDNDUQHJR8:W\FKZ\SDGNDFKSRMDZLDVLĊSRWU]H- ED LQWHJUDFML G]LDáDOQRĞFL SU]HVWĊSF]HM VSUDZF\ Z VSRVyE XPRĪOLZLDMąF\ GRNR- QDQLHMHGQHMáąF]QHMRFHQ\ZLHOXF]\QyZ]DFKRZDĔVNXWNXMąFHMMHGQRURGQ\P
UR]VWU]\JQLĊFLHPZSU]HGPLRFLHRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLNDUQHM,QWHJUDFMDG]LDáDOQR-
VLQ3.DUGDV>Z@$%DUF]DN2SOXVWLO*%RJGDQ=ûZLąNDOVNL3.DUGDV-0DMHZVNL
-5DJOHZVNL06]HZF]\N::UyEHO$=ROO RSFLWidem 2]DOHĪQRĞFLDFKPLĊG]\SUDZHP
PDWHULDOQ\P L SURFHVRZ\P QD SU]\NáDG]LH WRĪVDPRĞFL F]\QX Z SUDZLH NDUQ\P >Z@ 5]HWHOQ\
SURFHV NDUQ\ .VLĊJD MXELOHXV]RZD 3URIHVRU = ĝZLG\ SRG UHG - 6NRUXSNL :DUV]DZD
VLQ::UyEHO$=ROO 3ROVNLHSUDZRNDUQH&]HĞüRJyOQD.UDNyZVLQ7/
.UDZF]\N 0DWHULDOQRSUDZQHXMĊFLHF]\QXFLąJáHJRD]DNUHVSRZDJLU]HF]\RVąG]RQHMZSU]\SDGNX
SU]HVWĊSVWZD SRSHáQLRQHJR F]\QHP FLąJá\P >Z@ :VSyá]DOHĪQRĞü SUDZD NDUQHJR PDWHULDOQHJR
LSURFHVRZHJRSRGUHG=ûZLąNDOVNLHJR*$UW\PLDN:DUV]DZDVLQ-/DFKRZVNL
$0DUHN 1LHNWyUHSUREOHP\Z\QLNDMąFH]ÄMHGQRF]\QRZRĞFL´SU]HVWĊSVWZDFLąJáHJRÄ3URNL3U´
QU±VLQ$0DUHN &]\Q\ZVSyáXNDUDQHQDWOHSUDZQHMMHGQRĞFLSU]HVWĊSVWZD>Z@
=ELHJSU]HSLVyZL]ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\PVLQ3.DUGDV 5HVLXGLFDWD
D NRQVWUXNFMD F]\QX FLąJáHJR Ä&]DVRSLVPR 3UDZD .DUQHJR L 1DXN 3HQDOQ\FK´ 5 ;,
QUVLQ05XVLQHN :VSUDZLHXQLHZLQQLHQLDRG]DU]XWXF]\QXFLąJáHJR±XZDJLZ]ZLą]NX
]DUW\NXáHP3.DUGDVDÄ5HVLXGLFDWDDNRQVWUXNFMDF]\QXFLąJáHJR´Ä&]DVRSLVPR3UDZD.DUQHJR
L 1DXN 3HQDOQ\FK´ 5 ;, QU V L Q$ :RMWDV]F]\N : =RQWHN &]\ DUW MHVW
FLąJá\PSUREOHPHP"Ä&]DVRSLVPR3UDZD.DUQHJRL1DXN3HQDOQ\FK´5;,QUVLQ
-*LH]HN 2SRZDG]HU]HF]\RVąG]RQHMZUDPDFKNRQVWUXNFMLF]\QXFLąJáHJR8ZDJLQDPDUJLQHVLH
XFKZDá\ 61 ] GQLD F]HUZFD U Ä&]DVRSLVPR 3UDZD .DUQHJR L 1DXN 3HQDOQ\FK´
R;,,QUVLQ
8 :DUWRĞFLRZDQLHZLHOX]DFKRZDĔF]\QyZWHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\VWDQRZLąF\FKVDPRG]LHOQą
SRGVWDZĊRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLNDUQHMZUDPDFKUyĪQ\FKSURZDG]RQ\FKUyZQROHJOHOXEVHNZHQF\MQLH
SRVWĊSRZDĔ NDUQ\FK ] LVWRW\ U]HF]\ QLH JHQHUXMH WUXGQRĞFL ]ZLą]DQ\FK ] NZHVWLą LQWHJUDFML
SRZLD]DQLDOXEUHGXNFMLRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLNDUQHM=DUD]HPZUD]LHSU]\SLVDQLDRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL
]D NDĪGH ] ZDUWRĞFLRZDQ\FK ]DFKRZDĔ L Z\PLHU]HQLH ]D QLH RGUĊEQ\FK NDU SRMDZLD VLĊ SU]\
VSHáQLHQLXSU]HVáDQHNRNUHĞORQ\FKZDUWNNLQSUREOHPXMHGQROLFHQLDZLHORĞFLNDUSRSU]H]
RU]HF]HQLH NDU\ áąF]QHM Z RSDUFLX R VSHF\ILF]Qą SURFHVRZą NRQVWUXNFMĊ Z\URNX áąF]QHJR 1D
JUXQFLH SROVNLHJR V\VWHPX SUDZD GRPLQXMH SU]HNRQDQLH ĪH Z WDNLP Z\SDGNX ]DVDG\ Z\PLDUX
NDU\ áąF]QHM Vą LGHQW\F]QH MDN SU]HZLG]LDQH GOD MHM RU]HNDQLD Z UDPDFK MHGQHJR SRVWĊSRZDQLD
Z NWyU\P RFHQLDQD MHVW ZLHORĞü F]\QyZ WHJR VDPHJR VSUDZF\ 7DNĪH ]DWHP Z W\P XNáDG]LH
SURFHVRZ\PXMDZQLDVLĊSUREOHPLQWHJUDFMLUHGXNFMLOXEWHĪNXPXODFML]W\PMHGQDNGRSHáQLHQLHP
LĪ RGQRVL VLĊ RQ GR SáDV]F]\]Q\ Z\PLDUX NDU\ áąF]QHM SRGVXPRZXMąFHM G]LDáDOQRĞü SU]HVWĊSF]ą
VSUDZF\OXE– ZLQQ\PXMĊFLX– GRSáDV]F]\]Q\Z\NRQDQLDQDNWyUHMZLHORĞüNDUVSURZDG]DQD
MHVW ]D SRPRFą LQVW\WXFML NDU\ áąF]QHM GR SRGOHJDMąFHM Z\NRQDQLX MHGQRĞFL &R GR NRQWURZHUVML
]ZLą]DQ\FK ] NRQVWUXNFMą NDU\ áąF]QHM QD JUXQFLH SROVNLHJR V\VWHPX SUDZD ]RE V]HU]HM PLQ
3.DUGDV 3UREOHPZDUXQNRZHJR]DZLHV]HQLDZ\NRQDQLDNDU\ZNRQWHNĞFLHNDU\áąF]QHMRUD]]DVDG
LQWHUWHPSRUDOQ\FK>Z@ĝURGNL]ZLą]DQH]SRGGDQLHPVSUDZF\SUyELHSRGUHG-0DMHZVNLHJR
7RUXĔVLQ
3RMĊFLHP ÄIRUP\ LQWHJUDFML G]LDáDOQRĞFL NU\PLQDOQHM WHM VDPHM RVRE\´ SRVáXJLZDá VLĊ
0 &LHĞODN RNUHĞODMąF Z WHQ VSRVyE V]HUHJ XVWDZRZ\FK L SR]DXVWDZRZ\FK LQVW\WXFML VáXĪąF\FK
GRXMHGQROLFDQLDSURFHVXSUDZQRNDUQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD.RQVWUXXMąFRJyOQ\WHRUHW\F]Q\VFKHPDW
DQDOL] SRGVWDZ RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL NDUQHM Z XMĊFLX V\VWHPRZ\P Z SRGUĊF]QLNX SUDZD NDUQHJR
PDWHULDOQHJR 0 &LHĞODN Z RU\JLQDOQ\ L ]DUD]HP ]DVDGQLF]R RGPLHQQ\ RG SU]\MPRZDQHJR
=ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDUDáąF]QDZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\P
ĞFLSU]HVWĊSF]HMWHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\E\ZDUyĪQRURGQLHXNLHUXQNRZDQDERZLHP
Z]DOHĪQRĞFLRGRNROLF]QRĞFLVSURZDG]DüVLĊPRĪHGRSRáąF]HQLDZLHOXSRSHáQLR- Q\FKSU]H]WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZFĊF]\QyZZMHGHQZDUWRĞFLRZDQ\áąF]QLHSU]HG- PLRW RFHQ\ MHGHQ ]áRĪRQ\ F]\Q PRG\ILNDFML SURFHVX SUDZQRNDUQHJR ZDUWR- ĞFLRZDQLDRGQRV]RQHJRGRZLHOXRGUĊEQ\FKF]\QyZVNXWNXMąFHJRSU]\SLVDQLHP
W\ONRMHGQHJR]QLFKPRG\ILNDFMLZ\PLDUXNDU\]DZLHOHSU]\SLVDQ\FKVSUDZF\
SU]HVWĊSVWZVNXWNXMąFHMZ\PLHU]HQLHPW\ONRMHGQHMNDU\ZUHV]FLHXMHGQROLFHQLD
ZLHOXNDURU]HF]RQ\FK]D]ELHJDMąFHVLĊSU]HVWĊSVWZD:HZV]\VWNLFKZVND]D- Q\FKZ\ĪHMSU]\SDGNDFKGRVWU]HFPRĪQDZVSyOQąFHFKĊ]ZLą]DQą]Z\MĞFLRZ\- PLSU]HVáDQNDPLRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLNDUQHMWMSRSHáQLHQLHPSU]H]WHJRVDPHJR
VSUDZFĊZLHOXF]\QyZ]NWyU\FKNDĪG\VWDQRZLüPRĪHVDPRG]LHOQLHSU]HGPLRW
SUDZQRNDUQHM RFHQ\ 3RGREQ\ MHVW WDNĪH FHO L NLHUXQHN Z\NRQ\ZDQ\FK RSHUD- FMLPDMąF\FKQDFHOXXMHGQROLFHQLHOXEWHĪUHGXNFMĊZLHORĞFLF]\QyZGR±Z]D- OHĪQRĞFLRGREUDQHMSáDV]F]\]Q\±MHGQHJRF]\QXMHGQHJRSU]HVWĊSVWZDMHGQHM
NDU\RU]HNDQHM]DZLHORĞüSU]HVWĊSVWZOXEMHGQHMNDU\Z\PLHU]DQHMQDSRGVWDZLH
ZLHOXNDURU]HF]RQ\FK]DSU]\SLVDQHSU]HVWĊSVWZD:HZV]\VWNLFKZVND]DQ\FK
Z\ĪHMV\WXDFMDFKGRFKRG]LGRXMHGQROLFHQLD±QDUyĪQ\FKSR]LRPDFKLZRSDUFLX
RUyĪQRURGQHNU\WHULD±SURFHVXSUDZQRNDUQHMRFHQ\NWyUHJRRVWDWHF]Q\UH]XO- WDWREMDZLDVLĊDOERMHGQRURGQ\PSU]\SLVDQLHPRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL]DZDUWRĞFLR- ZDQH áąF]QLH ZLHOH ]DFKRZDĔ X]QDZDQ\FK ]D ÄWHQ VDP F]\Q´ SURZDG]ąF\ GR
SU]\SLVDQLDMHGQHJRSU]HVWĊSVWZDREHMPXMąFHJRFDáRĞüDNW\ZQRĞFLNU\PLQDOQHM
VSUDZF\DOERSU]\SLVDQLHPMHGQHJRSU]HVWĊSVWZDZZ\QLNXRFHQ\W\ONRMHGQH-
SRZV]HFKQLH Z SROVNLHM GRJPDW\FH SUDZD NDUQHJR VSRVyE XSRU]ąGNRZDá Z MHGQHM ]ELRUF]HM
NDWHJRULLUyĪQRURGQHLQVW\WXFMHSUDZDNDUQHJRPDWHULDOQHJRVáXĪąFHXMHGQROLFHQLXNRQVHNZHQFML
SUDZQRNDUQ\FK ]ZLą]DQ\FK ] UyĪQRURGQ\PL SU]HMDZDPL ]DFKRZDQLD WHM VDPHM RVRE\
:VNRQVWUXRZDQHMSU]H]VLHELHRJyOQHMNDWHJRULLSU]\SDGNyZRNUHĞORQ\FKMDNRÄIRUP\LQWHJUDFML
G]LDáDOQRĞFL NU\PLQDOQHM WHM VDPHM RVRE\´ XMąá ]DUyZQR W]Z SU]HVWĊSVWZD ZVSyáXNDUDQH MDN
L SU]\SDGNL NXPXODFML DOWHUQDW\ZQ\FK RGPLDQ W\SX F]\QX SUDZQą MHGQRĞü F]\QX ]DEURQLRQHJR
F]\Q\R]QDPLRQDFK]ELRURZ\FKSU]HVWĊSVWZDWUZDáHSU]HVWĊSVWZDUDWDOQHSU]HVWĊSVWZRFLąJáH
UHDOQ\]ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZUHF\G\ZĊSR]RUQ\]ELHJNZDOLILNDFMLSUDZQ\FKRUD]U]HF]\ZLVW\]ELHJ
SU]HSLVyZ XVWDZ\ Z W\P NRQVWUXNFMH NXPXODW\ZQHJR ]ELHJX SU]HSLVyZ RUD] LGHDOQHJR ]ELHJX
SU]HVWĊSVWZ=REV]HU]HM0&LHĞODN 3ROVNLHSUDZRNDUQH=DU\VV\VWHPRZHJRXMĊFLD>Z@']LHáD
Z\EUDQHSRGUHG6:DOWRVLDW.UDNyZVLQ
=SHZQRĞFLąZ\PLHQLRQHZ\ĪHMVSRVRE\GRNRQ\ZDQLDUHGXNFMLNXPXODFMLF]\WHĪLQWHJUDFML
G]LDáDOQRĞFLSU]HVWĊSF]HMVSUDZF\QLHZ\F]HUSXMąOLVW\PRĪOLZ\FK]WHRUHW\F]QHJRSXQNWXZLG]HQLD
PHWRGPRG\ILNDFMLRFHQ\ZLHOXSRSHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZFĊF]\QyZ:QLQLHMV]\P
RSUDFRZDQLX ZVND]DQLH QD SRZ\ĪHM Z\PLHQLRQH PHWRG\ X]DVDGQLRQH MHVW SU]HGPLRWHP DQDOL]\
NWyU\REHMPXMHZ\áąF]QLHSROVNLV\VWHPSUDZDNDUQHJRUR]ZDĪDQ\ZV]F]HJyOQRĞFLZNRQWHNĞFLH
LQVW\WXFML]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZRUD]NDU\áąF]QHM6]HU]HMZWHMNZHVWLL]RE3.DUGDV =ELHJSU]HSLVyZ
XVWDZ\ZSUDZLHNDUQ\P«VLQRUD]SRZRáDQDWDPOLWHUDWXUDSU]HGPLRWXLRU]HF]QLFWZR
=REPLQ/*DUGRFNL 3UDZRNDUQHZ\G:DUV]DZDVLQ-*LH]HN>Z@
0 %RMDUVNL - *LH]HN = 6LHQNLHZLF] 3UDZR NDUQH PDWHULDOQH &]ĊĞü RJyOQD L V]F]HJyOQD
:DUV]DZD V L Q $ 0DUHN 3UDZR NDUQH Z\G :DUV]DZD V L Q
-:DU\OHZVNL 3UDZRNDUQH&]ĊĞüRJyOQDZ\G:DUV]DZDVLQ7'XNLHW1DJyUVND
Piotr Kardas
JR]ZLHOX]DFKRZDĔSU]\SRPLQLĊFLXSR]RVWDá\FKDOERZUHV]FLHSU]\SLVDQLHP
ZLHOXSU]HVWĊSVWZSRSHáQLRQ\FKZLHORPDF]\QDPLDQDVWĊSQLHZ\PLDUHP]DQLH
W\ONRMHGQHM]LQWHJURZDQHMLSHZQ\PFRQDMPQLHM]DNUHVLHVNXPXORZDQHMNDU\
OXEWHĪSU]\SLVDQLHPZLHOXSU]HVWĊSVWZZ\PLDUHP]DQLHRGUĊEQ\FKNDURVWD- WHF]QLH ]DĞ RU]HF]HQLHP QD SRGVWDZLH NDU MHGQRVWNRZ\FK MHGQHM áąF]QHM NDU\
0DMąFQDXZDG]HUyĪQRURGQHPHFKDQL]P\Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQHZSUDZLHNDUQ\PGR
PRG\ILNDFMLSURFHVXZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDZSU]\SDGNXZLHORĞFL]DFKRZDĔF]\QyZ WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\Z]DOHĪQRĞFLRGZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQHJRLQVWUXPHQWXRUD]SáDV]- F]\]Q\QDNWyUHMGRFKRG]LGRPRG\ILNDFMLSURFHVXSUDZQRNDUQHMRFHQ\PRĪQD
PyZLüRVZRLVW\PHIHNFLHLQWHJUXMąF\POXEUHGXNF\MQ\PQDSR]LRPLHSRGVWDZ\
SUDZQRNDUQHJR ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD NZDOLILNDFML SUDZQHM Z\PLDUX MHGQHM NDU\ ]D
ZLHORĞü SU]\SLVDQ\FK SU]HVWĊSVWZ ZUHV]FLH Z\PLDUX MHGQHM NDU\QD SRGVWDZLH
XSU]HGQLRRU]HF]RQ\FKZLHOXNDUMHGQRVWNRZ\FK]DZLHORĞüSU]HVWĊSVWZ:WHM
SHUVSHNW\ZLHPRĪQDGRVWU]HFĪHLQVWUXPHQW\VáXĪąFHGRVSURZDG]HQLDZLHORĞFL
RELHNWyZRFHQ\GRMHGQHMQLHSRG]LHOQHMSRGVWDZ\SUDZQRNDUQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZD- QLDSRPLQLĊFLDQLHNWyU\FKSRGVWDZSUDZQRNDUQHMRFHQ\F]\WHĪPRG\ILNDFMLZ\- PLDUXNDU\ZSRUyZQDQLXGRV\WXDFMLSURZDG]HQLDRFHQ\SRGVWDZRGSRZLHG]LDO- QRĞFLEH]LFK]DVWRVRZDQLDVWDQRZLąMHGHQ]HOHPHQWyZQLZHOXMąF\FKLVWQLHMąFą
SULPDIDFLHZLHORĞüF]\QyZSU]HNV]WDáFDOQąQDVWĊSQLHZZLHORĞüSU]HVWĊSVWZ
>Z@7'XNLHW1DJyUVND6+RF0.DOLWRZVNL26LWDU]/7\V]NLHZLF]/:LON3UDZRNDUQH
&]ĊĞüRJyOQDV]F]HJyOQDLZRMVNRZDSRGUHG7'XNLHW1DJyUVNLHMZ\G:DUV]DZDV
LQà3RKO 3UDZRNDUQH:\NáDGF]ĊĞFLRJyOQHM:DUV]DZDVLQ
3RPLQLĊFLH MHGQHJR OXE ZLHOX ]DFKRZDĔ L RSDUFLH RFHQ\ W\ONR QD MHGQ\P ] F]\QyZ
SRSHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]VSUDZFĊQLHRSLHUDVLĊZW\FKSU]\SDGNDFKQDVWZLHUG]HQLXEUDNXFHFKSU]HVWĊSVWZD
ZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSRPLQLĊW\FK]DFKRZDĔOHF]QDSRGVWDZLHXNLHUXQNRZDQHMWHOHRORJLF]QLHRFHQ\
GRNRQ\ZDQHMQDSRGVWDZLHSU]\MPRZDQ\FKSRZV]HFKQLHZSUDZR]QDZVWZLHUHJXáNROL]\MQ\FK=RE
V]HU]HM::ROWHU 5HJXá\Z\áąF]DQLDZLHORĞFLRFHQZSUDZLHNDUQ\P:DUV]DZDVLQRUD]
VLQ:0ąFLRU =SUREOHPDW\NL]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZLSU]HSLVyZXVWDZ\ZVSUDZLHSR]RUQHJR
]ELHJXUHDOQHJRSU]HVWĊSVWZÄ3L3´QUVLQ$6SRWRZVNL RSFLWVLQ
,QWHUHVXMąFR R RPDZLDQHM SUREOHPDW\FH SLVDá 0 &LHĞODN ZVND]XMąF SR SLHUZV]H ĪH
RPDZLDQHLQVW\WXFMHáąF]ąVLĊ]SUREOHPDW\NąÄRGSRZLHGQLFK]ZLą]NyZZG]LDáDOQRĞFLMHGQHMLWHM
VDPHMRVRE\´3RZWyUHSRGNUHĞODMąFĪHÄSUDNW\F]QHFHOHLSRWU]HE\SUDZDNDUQHJRVNáDQLDMąGR
GDOV]HMMHV]F]HV\QWH]\LQWHJUXMąFHM]NROHLWHDWRP\F]\Q\ZVWUXNWXU\SRMĊFLRZHZ\ĪV]HJRU]ĊGX
7HQGHQFMDWDGRW\F]\WDNĪHUyĪQ\FKNZDOLILNDFMLWHJRVDPHJRF]\QX2JyOQLHELRUąFFKRG]LRWR
ĪHUHDJRZDQLHVDQNFMąNDUQąQDNDĪG\F]\Q]RVREQDZ\GDMHVLĊZSHZQ\FKV\WXDFMDFK]UyĪQ\FK
Z]JOĊGyZ QLH]XSHáQLH RGSRZLHGQLH ĪH EDUG]LHM FHORZH MHVW E\ü PRĪH VZRLVWH ©VXPRZDQLHª
F]\QyZ Z FHOX LFK áąF]QHM RFHQ\ SRG NąWHP ZLG]HQLD ZáDĞFLZHM UHDNFML NDUQHM´ -HGQRF]HĞQLH
GRGDMąFĪHÄMDáRZ\ER]DOHĪQ\MHG\QLHRGNRQZHQFMLWHUPLQRORJLF]QHME\áE\VSyUF]\WĊFDáRĞü
QDOHĪ\XZDĪDü]DÄF]\QZ]QDF]HQLXSUDZQ\P´VNRURWUDNWXMHP\MąWDNMDNF]\QFKRüREHMPXMH
RQD NLOND F]\QyZ Z ]QDF]HQLX QDWXUDOQ\P F]\ WHĪ ± ]D VZRLVWą NRQVWUXNFMĊ VáXĪąFą FHORZHPX
Z\PLDURZLVDQNFMLDQDORJLF]QąGRUHDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDU\áąF]QHM´0&LHĞODN3ROVNLH
SUDZRNDUQH=DU\VV\VWHPRZHJRXMĊFLDV
:VND]DQLH QD XMDZQLDMąFą VLĊ SULPD IDFLH ZLHORĞü F]\QyZ ZVND]XMH ĪH RVWDWHF]QH
VWZLHUG]HQLH F]\ SRGVWDZą SUDZQRNDUQHJR ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD MHVW ZLHORĞü F]\QyZ F]\ WHĪ MHGHQ
=ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDUDáąF]QDZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\P
RVWDWHF]QLH ]DĞ Z ZLHORĞü RU]HF]RQ\FK L Z\NRQ\ZDQ\FK NDU 6WDQRZLą ]DWHP
SRGVWDZĊRGVWĊSVWZDRGW\SRZ\FKNRQVHNZHQFMLSRSHáQLHQLDSU]H]WHJRVDPH- JR VSUDZFĊ ZLHORĞFL SU]HVWĊSVWZ R W\OH MHGQDN V]F]HJyOQą LĪ Z ]DOHĪQRĞFL RG
Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQHJRPHFKDQL]PXVZRLVWDÄUHGXNFMD´QDVWĊSXMHQDUyĪQ\FKSáDV]- F]\]QDFK=DZV]HMHGQDNZRVWDWHF]Q\PUR]UDFKXQNX]DVWRVRZDQLHMHGQHJR]H
ZVND]DQ\FKZ\ĪHMLQVWUXPHQWyZVNXWNXMHSU]HNV]WDáFHQLHPZLHORĞFL±SRGVWDZ
SUDZQRNDUQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDZ\QLNyZSURFHVXVXEVXPFMLOXENRQVHNZHQFML
QDSR]LRPLHZ\PLDUXNDU\±ZMHGQRĞü
:WDNXMĊWHMNDWHJRULLLQVW\WXFMLLQWHJUXMąF\FKPLHV]F]ąVLĊUyĪQRURGQHNRQ- VWUXNFMHSUDZDNDUQHJRPDWHULDOQHJRDWDNĪHQLHNWyUHLQVW\WXFMHSURFHVRZHGR
NWyU\FKQDJUXQFLHSROVNLHJRSRU]ąGNXSUDZQHJR]DOLF]\üQDOHĪ\
D LQVW\WXFMH VáXĪąFH GR UHGXNFML ZLHORĞFL SULPD IDFLH SRSHáQLRQ\FK SU]H]
VSUDZFĊF]\QyZ]DFKRZDĔGRMHGQHMSRGVWDZ\SUDZQRNDUQHMRFHQ\±ZV]F]H- JyOQRĞFL]DĞNRQVWUXNFMHSU]HVWĊSVWZZLHORRGPLDQRZ\FK]áRĪRQ\FKGZXDNWR- Z\FKRDOWHUQDW\ZQLHRNUHĞORQ\FK]QDPLRQDFKRUD]XVWDZRZDNRQVWUXNFMDF]\- QXFLąJáHJRSU]HZLG]LDQDZDUWNN
ESRZV]HFKQLHSU]\MPRZDQHZSUDZR]QDZVWZLHUHJXá\Z\áąF]HQLDZLHOR- ĞFLRFHQVWRVRZDQHZRGQLHVLHQLXGRZLHOXSRSHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]VSUDZFĊF]\QyZ
F]\Q Z\PDJD SU]HSURZDG]HQLD F]DVDPL VNRPSOLNRZDQ\FK RSHUDFML F]ĊVWRNURü RSDUW\FK QD
Z\NRU]\VWDQLX VWRVRZQ\FK NRQVWUXNFML XVWDZRZ\FK VWDQRZLąF\FK SRGVWDZĊ GR Z\]QDF]DQLD
SRGVWDZ\ SUDZQRNDUQHJR ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD 3R]ZDOD WR WZLHUG]Lü ĪH Z\UyĪQLDQD Z RSDUFLX
RSU]HGQRUPDW\ZQHF]\WHĪSR]DQRUPDW\ZQHNU\WHULDZLHORĞüF]\QyZMHVWZZLHOXSU]\SDGNDFK
MHG\QLHZDUWRĞFLąÄZ\MĞFLRZą´GRNWyUHMRGQRV]RQHVąGDOV]HRSDUWHQDRERZLą]XMąF\FKUHJXODFMDFK
SUDZQ\FK RFHQ\ NWyUH VNXWNRZDü PRJą SU]\MĊFLHP MHGQRĞFL REHMPXMąFHM áąF]QLH VWZLHUG]RQą
ZF]HĞQLHMSULPDIDFLHZLHORĞüF]\QyZVWDQRZLąF\FKSR]DNRĔF]HQLXWHJRSURFHVXHOHPHQW\WHJR
VDPHJR F]\QX MDNR SRGVWDZ\ ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD =RE Z W\P NRQWHNĞFLH LQWHUHVXMąFH UR]ZDĪDQLD
$6SRWRZVNLHJRRSFLWVLQ
1DOHĪ\SRGNUHĞOLüĪHV\VWHPSUDZDNDUQHJRSR]EDZLRQ\ZVND]DQ\FKZ\ĪHMPHFKDQL]PyZ
VNXWNXMHZUD]LHSRSHáQLHQLDSU]H]WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZFĊZLHOXF]\QyZUHDOL]XMąF\FKVDPRG]LHOQLH
]QDPLRQDSU]HVWĊSVWZDZ]DVDGQLF]HMZLĊNV]RĞFLSU]\SDGNyZGRSU]\SLVDQLDZLHOXSU]HVWĊSVWZ
Z\PLDUXNDU\]DNDĪGH]QLFKRVWDWHF]QLH]DĞVHNZHQF\MQHJROXEWHĪNXPXODF\MQHJRZ\NRQDQLD
ZV]\VWNLFKZ\PLHU]RQ\FK]DSR]RVWDMąFHZ]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZDNDU-HG\Q\PVSRVREHPXQLNQLĊFLD
SRZ\ĪV]HMNRQVHNZHQFMLZV\VWHPLHSR]EDZLRQ\PPHFKDQL]PyZMHVW]DVWRVRZDQLHSRZV]HFKQLH
SU]\MPRZDQ\FK Z SUDZR]QDZVWZLH UHJXá NROL]\MQ\FK WM ]DVDG\ VSHFMDOQRĞFL VXEV\GLDUQRĞFL
OXE NRQVXPSFML GR XMDZQLDMąFHJR VLĊ SULPD IDFLH ]ELHJX SU]HVWĊSVWZ 7U]HED Z W\P PLHMVFX
]D]QDF]\üĪHPLPRSRZV]HFKQHMDNFHSWDFMLZSROVNLHMGRNWU\QLHSUDZDNDUQHJRRUD]RU]HF]QLFWZLH
PRĪOLZRĞFLLSRZLQQRĞFLZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLDUHJXáNROL]\MQ\FKGRSU]\SDGNyZ]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZD
MHGQRF]\QRZHJRRUD]ZLHORF]\QRZHJRZSROVNLPV\VWHPLHSUDZDSROVNL61Z\GDá]DVNDNXMąFH
L SR]EDZLRQH V]HUV]HJR X]DVDGQLHQLD UR]VWU]\JQLHFLH Z NWyU\P X]QDá ĪH SRZ\ĪV]H UHJXá\ QLH
]QDMGXMą ]DVWRVRZDQLD GR ĪDGQHM ] RGPLDQ ]ELHJX SU]HVWĊSVWZ =RE V]HU]HM UFKZDáD VNáDGX
VĊG]LyZ61]GQLDVW\F]QLDU,.=3261.:1USR]/H[3RORQLFD
PRVWDQRZLHQLH61]GQLDVW\F]QLDU,.=3261.:1USR]
3RU7*U]HJRUF]\N 3RGVWDZRZHNLHUXQNLSURMHNWRZDQ\FK]PLDQSURFHGXU\NDUQHMÄ3L3´
QUVLQ
Piotr Kardas
ZW\PZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL]DVDG\VSHFMDOQRĞFLNRQVXPSFMLLVXEV\GLDUQRĞFLMDNR
SRGVWDZ\SU]\MĊFLDW]ZSR]RUQHJRLSRPLMDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZZW\PSR- ]DXVWDZRZąNRQVWUXNFMĊZVSyáXNDUDQ\FKSU]HVWĊSVWZF]\QyZXSU]HGQLFKOXE
QDVWĊSF]\FK
FUHJXá\Z\áąF]DQLDZLHORĞFLRFHQZSUDZLHNDUQ\PMDNRPHFKDQL]PVáXĪą- F\GRUR]ZLą]\ZDQLDV\WXDFMLXMDZQLDMąFHMVLĊSULPDIDFLHZLHORĞFLRFHQZ\QLND- MąFHM]NRQNXUHQFMLGRWHJRVDPHJRF]\QXZLHOXZ]RUFyZQRUPDW\ZQ\FK]NWy- U\FK NDĪG\ VWDQRZLü PRĪH VDPRLVWQą SRGVWDZĊ SU]\SLVDQLD RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL
NDUQHMLZ\PLDUXNDU\RUD]ĞURGNyZNDUQ\FK
GNRQVWUXNFMĊNXPXODW\ZQHMNZDOLILNDFMLSU]\MĊWąZNNZDUWL RUD]NRQVWUXNFMĊHOLPLQDF\MQHJR]ELHJXSU]HSLVyZXVWDZ\SU]\MĊWąZDUWNZ MDNR PHFKDQL]P VáXĪąF\ GR UHGXNFML ZLHORĞFL RFHQ Z\QLNDMąFHM ] NRQNXUHQFML
GRWHJRVDPHJRF]\QXZLHOXZ]RUFyZQRUPDW\ZQ\FK]NWyU\FKNDĪG\VWDQRZLü
PRĪHVDPRLVWQąSRGVWDZĊSU]\SLVDQLDRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLNDUQHMLZ\PLDUXNDU\
H NRQVWUXNFMĊ FLąJX SU]HVWĊSVWZ ± MDNR UR]ZLą]DQLD VáXĪąFHJR GR UHGXN- FML ZLHORĞFL RU]HNDQ\FK NDU L ĞURGNyZ NDUQ\FK MDNR NRQVHNZHQFML SU]\SLVDQLD
VSUDZF\ZLHOXF]\QyZZLHORĞFLSU]HVWĊSVWZ
I NRQVWUXNFMĊ NDU\ áąF]QHM ± MDNR LQVW\WXFMĊ VáXĪąFą GR UHGXNFML ZLHORĞFL
RU]HF]RQ\FKZREHFVSUDZF\ZLHOXSU]HVWĊSVWZSRSHáQLRQ\FKZLHORPDF]\QDPL
ZLHORĞFLNDULĞURGNyZNDUQ\FK
JLQVW\WXFMĊLGHDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZXUHJXORZDQąZDUWNNVLDUW
NZSRZLą]DQą]PHFKDQL]PHPUHGXNF\MQ\PXPLHV]F]RQ\PQDSáDV]F]\ĨQLH
Z\NRQDQLDNDU\LĞURGNyZNDUQ\FKMDNRLQVWUXPHQWVáXĪąF\GRUHGXNFMLZLHORĞFL
RU]HF]RQ\FKZREHFVSUDZF\WHJRVDPHJRF]\QXNDULĞURGNyZNDUQ\FKZ]ZLą]- NX]SU]\SLVDQLHPPXZLHORĞFLSU]HVWĊSVWZOXEZ\NURF]HĔMDNRNRQVHNZHQFML
ZLHORNURWQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDWHJRVDPHJRF]\QX]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDNRQNXUX- MąF\FK GR MHJR RFHQ\ ZLHOX Z]RUFyZ QRUPDW\ZQ\FK VWDQRZLąF\FK VDPRLVWQLH
SRGVWDZĊSU]\SLVDQLDRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLRUD]Z\PLDUXNDU\LĞURGNyZNDUQ\FK
KXPRU]HQLHDEVRUSF\MQHVNXWNXMąFHZDUWRĞFLRZDQLHPW\ONRMHGQHJR]SR- SHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]VSUDZFĊF]\QyZ
L SURMHNWRZDQą LQVW\WXFMĊ XPRU]HQLD NRQVHQVXDOQHJR SRZLą]DQHJR ] HOH- PHQWDPLUHVW\WXF\MQ\PL
3URSR]\FMĊZSURZDG]HQLDGRNRGHNVXNDUQHJRLQVW\WXFMLXPRU]HQLDSRVWĊSRZDQLDNDUQHJR
ZUD]LHSU]HSURZDG]HQLDPHGLDFMLPLĊG]\SRNU]\ZG]RQ\PDVSUDZFąRUD]QDSUDZLHQLDZ\U]ąG]RQHM
SU]HVWĊSVWZHPV]NRG\SU]HGVWDZLáDRVWDWQLR.RPLVMD.RG\ILNDF\MQD3UDZD.DUQHJRSU]\0LQLVWU]H
6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFL535HJXODFMDWD]DZDUWDMHVWZSURMHNWRZDQ\PDUWDNNNWyUHMVWDQRZL
Ä1D ZQLRVHN SRNU]\ZG]RQHJR XPDU]D VLĊ SRVWĊSRZDQLH NDUQH R Z\VWĊSHN ]DJURĪRQ\ NDUą
QLHSU]HNUDF]DMąFąODWSR]EDZLHQLDZROQRĞFLMHĪHOLSU]HGUR]SRF]ĊFLHPSU]HZRGXVąGRZHJRSU]HG
VąGHP,LQVWDQFMLVSUDZFDSRMHGQDáVLĊZV]F]HJyOQRĞFLZZ\QLNXPHGLDFML]SRNU]\ZG]RQ\P
QDSUDZLá V]NRGĊ Z\U]ąG]RQą SU]HVWĊSVWZHP OXE ]DGRĞüXF]\QLá Z\U]ąG]RQHM NU]\ZG]LH FK\ED
ĪH ]DFKRG]L Z\MąWNRZ\ SU]\SDGHN X]DVDGQLRQ\ V]F]HJyOQ\PL RNROLF]QRĞFLDPL QDND]XMąF\
VSHáQLHQLHFHOyZNDU\´ Ä3U]HSLVQLHPD]DVWRVRZDQLDMHĪHOL]DFKRG]LZ\MąWNRZ\Z\SDGHN
=ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDUDáąF]QDZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\P
:V]\VWNLH ZVND]DQH Z\ĪHM PHFKDQL]P\ LQWHJUDF\MQH OXE UHGXNF\MQH VWD- QRZLą HOHPHQW\ NRQVWUXNF\MQH SROVNLHJR V\VWHPX SUDZD NDUQHJR SU]\ F]\P
ZSHZQHMF]ĊĞFLRSLHUDMąVLĊQDSRZV]HFKQLHSU]\MPRZDQ\FKZSUDZR]QDZVWZLH
G\UHNW\ZDFK LQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\FK OXE NROL]\MQ\FK Z F]ĊĞFL Vą ] PRF\ GHF\]ML
SUDZRGDZF\ RNUHĞORQH Z XVWDZLH VWDQRZLąF HOHPHQW SR]\W\ZQHJR SRU]ąGNX
SUDZQHJR7DNVNRQVWUXRZDQ\]áRĪRQ\]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDPHFKDQL]PyZUHGXN- F\MQ\FKV\VWHPSUDZDNDUQHJRPDZ3ROVFHZLHOROHWQLąWUDG\FMĊ3RZ\ĪHMV\JQD- OL]RZDQRMXĪĪH]DVDGQLF]RZLHORĞüLUyĪQRURGQRĞüPHFKDQL]PyZUHGXNF\MQ\FK
ZSROVNLPV\VWHPLHSUDZDNDUQHJR]ZLą]DQDMHVW]SU]\MPRZDQ\PNRQVHNZHQW- QLHRGURNXSU]H]SROVNLHJRSUDZRGDZFĊ]DáRĪHQLHPVWDQRZLąF\PZ\UD]
W]ZWHRULLMHGQRĞFL(LQKHLWVWKHRULHZHGOHNWyUHJRWHQVDPF]\QWDVDPDSRG- VWDZDSUDZQRNDUQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDSURZDG]LüPRĪHGRSU]\SLVDQLDVSUDZF\
W\ONR MHGQHJR SU]HVWĊSVWZD -DNNROZLHN UyZQLH PRFQR KLVWRU\F]QLH ]DNRU]H- QLRQDMHVWZSROVNLPV\VWHPLHSUDZDNDUQHJRUHJXODFMDVWDQRZLąFDZ\MąWHNRG
WHM]DVDG\ORNRZDQDRGURNXZVIHU]HSUDZDNDUQHJRVNDUERZHJRRSDUWD
QDNRQFHSFMLZLHORĞFL0HKUKHLWVWKHRULHWRMHGQDNZREV]DU]HSUDZDNDUQHJR
SRZV]HFKQHJR]DVDGDMHGQRĞFLSU]HVąG]DLĪ]]DáRĪHQLDRGPLHQQHJRUR]ZLą]DQLD
Z\PDJDMąV\WXDFMHZNWyU\FKGRFKRG]LGRUHGXNFMLZLHORĞFLMDZLąF\FKVLĊprima
X]DVDGQLRQ\ V]F]HJyOQ\PL RNROLF]QRĞFLDPL ZVND]XMąF\ ĪH XPRU]HQLH SRVWĊSRZDQLD E\áRE\
VSU]HF]QH]UHDOL]DFMąFHOyZNDU\´
:VND]Dü QDOHĪ\ ĪH QLH]DOHĪQLH RG SRZV]HFKQHJR L MHGQR]QDF]QHJR VWDQRZLVND WHRULL
SUDZDRUD]GRNWU\Q\SUDZDNDUQHJRFRGRFKDUDNWHUXIXQNFMLL]DNUHVX]DVWRVRZDQLDSRZV]HFKQLH
SU]\MPRZDQ\FK Z SUDZR]QDZVWZLH G\UHNW\Z LQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\FK L UHJXá NROL]\MQ\FK Z RVWDWQLP
RNUHVLHSRMDZLáRVLĊ]DVNDNXMąFHLSR]EDZLRQHV]HUV]HJRX]DVDGQLHQLDVWDQRZLVNR61NZHVWLRQXMąFH
]DNUHV]DVWRVRZDQLDUHJXáNROL]\MQ\FK6]HUV]HRGQLHVLHQLHVLĊGRWHJRVWDQRZLVNDZ\NUDF]DSR]D
UDP\QLQLHMV]HJRRSUDFRZDQLD=REUFKZDáD61]GQLDVW\F]QLDU,.=3261.:
1USR]/H[3RORQLFDPRVWDQRZLHQLH61]GQLDVW\F]QLDU,.=3
261.:1USR]
=DVDGD WD MHVW DNWXDOQLH Z\UDĪRQD Z DUW NN RUD] Z DUW NNV 7U]HED
SU]\SRPQLHüĪHSRZV]HFKQLHLQWHUSUHWRZDQRWĊ]DVDGĊ]WUHĞFLDUWNN]UNWyU\RNUHĞODá
VSRVyE UR]VWU]\JDQLD SU]\SDGNyZ ]ELHJX SU]HSLVyZ Z RSDUFLX R PRGHO HOLPLQDF\MQHJR ]ELHJX
SU]HSLVyZXVWDZ\=REPLQ-0DNDUHZLF] .RGHNVNDUQ\]NRPHQWDU]HPZ\G4/ZyZ
VLQ=REWHĪV]HU]HMFRGRXVWDZRZ\FKVSRVREyZUR]ZLą]\ZDQLDSU]\SDGNyZU]HF]\ZLVWHJR
]ELHJXSU]HSLVyZXVWDZ\ZSROVNLPV\VWHPLHSUDZDNDUQHJR3.DUGDV =ELHJSU]HSLVyZXVWDZ\
ZSUDZLHNDUQ\P«VLQRUD]SRZRáDQDWDPOLWHUDWXUDSU]HGPLRWXLRU]HF]QLFWZR
-XĪSLHUZV]DXFKZDORQDSRRG]\VNDQLXQLHSRGOHJáRĞFLZGQLXVLHUSQLDUXVWDZD
NDUQD VNDUERZD ']8 1U SR] SU]HZLG\ZDáD Z DUW NRQVWUXNFMĊ LGHDOQHJR ]ELHJX
SU]HVWĊSVWZ 5R]ZLą]DQLH WR E\áR QDVWĊSQLH NRQVHNZHQWQLH ZH ZV]\VWNLFK NROHMQ\FK XVWDZDFK
NDUQ\FKVNDUERZ\FKDNWXDOQLH]DĞMHVWSU]HZLG]LDQDZDUWNNV]U=REZWHMNZHVWLL
LQWHUHVXMąFH XZDJL9 .RQDUVNLHM:U]RVHN .RGHNV NDUQ\ D NRGHNV NDUQ\ VNDUERZ\ ± ]ELHĪQRĞFL
LUyĪQLFHVNáDQLDMąFHGRUHIOHNVMLQDG]DVDGQRĞFLąXWU]\P\ZDQLDRGUĊEQ\FKNRG\ILNDFML>Z@Problem VSyMQRĞFL SUDZD NDUQHJR ] SHUVSHNW\Z\ MHJR QRZHOL]DFML SRG UHG$ 0DUND7 2F]NRZVNLHJR
:DUV]DZDVLQ3.DUGDV =ELHJSU]HSLVyZXVWDZ\ZSUDZLHNDUQ\P«VLQRUD]
VLQ
Piotr Kardas
IDFLHSRGVWDZSUDZQRNDUQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDRGPLHQQHJR]DĞV\WXDFMHUHGXNFML
ZLHORĞFLSUDZQRNDUQ\FKNRQVHNZHQFMLZ\QLNDMąF\FK]QLHUHGXNRZDOQHMZLHORĞFL
SRSHáQLRQ\FK SU]H] VSUDZFĊ F]\QyZ 6WąG PLQ RERN XVWDZRZHJR XUHJXORZD- QLDV\WXDFMLQLHUR]VWU]\JDOQHJR±]DSRPRFą]DVDGVSHFMDOQRĞFLVXEV\GLDUQRĞFL
L NRQVXPSFML ± ]ELHJX SU]HSLVyZ RGUĊEQLH XVWDZRGDZFD UR]VWU]\JD SU]\SDGNL
]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZQDEXGRZDQ\FKQDZLHOXSRSHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]VSUDZFĊF]\QDFK
RUD] SU]\SDGNL ]ELHJX SU]HVWĊSVWZ QDEXGRZDQ\FK QD W\P VDP\P F]\QLH WHJR
VDPHJRVSUDZF\.RQLHF]QąNRQVHNZHQFMąWHJRUR]UyĪQLHQLDMHVWVDPRLVWQDUHJX- ODFMDUHGXNF\MQDRGQRV]RQDGRSáDV]F]\]Q\SRGVWDZ\ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDRUD]VDPR- LVWQDUHJXODFMDUHGXNF\MQDRGQRV]RQDGRSáDV]F]\]Q\SU]\SLVDQLDZ\PLDUXNDU\
LĞURGNyZNDUQ\FKRUD]SáDV]F]\]Q\LFKZ\NRQDQLD
6SRMU]HQLHQDSROVNLV\VWHPSUDZDNDUQHJR]]DU\VRZDQHMZ\ĪHMSHUVSHNW\- Z\SR]ZDODQDVWZLHUG]HQLHĪHZLHORĞüSRSHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZFĊ
F]\QyZSURZDG]LüPRĪHGRUyĪQRURGQ\FKNRQVHNZHQFMLZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGWHJR
NWyU\]RSLVDQ\FKZ\ĪHMXVWDZRZ\FKOXESR]DXVWDZRZ\FKPHFKDQL]PyZLQWH- JUDF\MQ\FK OXE UHGXNF\MQ\FK ]RVWDQLH ]DVWRVRZDQ\ Z NRQNUHWQ\P SU]\SDGNX
3R]ZDODWHĪREMDĞQLü]ZLą]NLNRQVWUXNFML]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDU\áąF]QHM]LQ- VW\WXFMąFLąJáRĞFLSRSHáQLHQLDSU]HVWĊSVWZDRUD]SR]DXVWDZRZąLQVW\WXFMąSRPL- MDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZDWDNĪHZ\MDĞQLüLVWRWĊLVSRVyEG]LDáDQLDSU]\MPXMą- FHMDNWXDOQLHGZRMDNąSRVWDüXVWDZRZHMUHJXODFMLFLąJáRĞFLSRSHáQLHQLDSU]HVWĊS- VWZD]MHGQHMVWURQ\RNUHĞODMąFHMPHFKDQL]PUHGXNF\MQ\QDSR]LRPLHSRGVWDZ\
ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD F]\Q FLąJá\ ] GUXJLHM ± RNUHĞODMąFHM G\UHNW\Z\ UHGXNF\MQH
QDSR]LRPLHZ\PLDUXNDU\]DZLHORĞüSU]\SLVDQ\FKVSUDZF\SU]HVWĊSVWZFLąJ
SU]HVWĊSVWZ5R]ZLą]DQLHSUREOHPXFLąJáRĞFLSRSHáQLHQLDSU]HVWĊSVWZDSRSU]H]
ZSURZDG]HQLHGRXVWDZ\NDUQHMGZyFKLQVW\WXFMLRRGPLHQQ\PQRUPDW\ZQ\P
FKDUDNWHU]H L NRQVHNZHQFMDFK X]DVDGQLRQH MHVW PLQ W\P ĪH SUDZRGDZFD RG- PLHQQLHSRVWU]HJDDZNRQVHNZHQFMLRGPLHQQLHZDUWRĞFLXMHSU]\SDGNLZNWy- U\FKRFHQLHSRGOHJDMHGHQF]\QZUR]XPLHQLXDUWNNRUD]DUWSNW
NSNRGPLHQQLH]DĞV\WXDFMHZNWyU\FKZDUWRĞFLRZDQLXSRGGDZDQHMHVWZLHOH
F]\QyZWHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\6SRJOąGDMąFQDXVWDZRZHUHJXODFMHZREXZVND-
-HGQR]QDF]QLH FKDUDNWHU LQVW\WXFML RNUHĞORQHM Z DUW NN ] U XMPXMą : :UyEHO
L$=ROOSRGNUHĞODMąFĪHÄNRQVWUXNFMDF]\QXFLąJáHJRDUWNNMHVWVSHF\ILF]Q\PPHFKDQL]PHP
UHGXNFML ZLHORĞFL ]DFKRZDĔ Z ]QDF]HQLX RQWRORJLF]Q\P L VSURZDG]HQLD LFK GR MHGQHJR F]\QX
]DEURQLRQHJR´=RE::UyEHO$=ROO 3ROVNLHSUDZRNDUQH&]ĊĞüRJyOQD:DUV]DZDV
&R GR SUREOHPDW\NLWRĪVDPRĞFLF]\QXQDJUXQFLHSUDZDSURFHVRZHJRRUD]PDWHULDOQHJR
]REV]HU]HM3.DUGDV 2]DOHĪQRĞFLDFKPLĊG]\SUDZHPPDWHULDOQ\PLSURFHVRZ\PQDSU]\NáDG]LH
WRĪVDPRĞFL F]\QX Z SUDZLH NDUQ\P >Z@ 5]HWHOQ\ SURFHV NDUQ\ .VLĊJD MXELOHXV]RZD 3URI
=ĝZLG\VLQ=QDPLHQQHMHVWWRĪHW\ONRZQLHNWyU\FKXMĊFLDFKSRGUĊF]QLNRZ\FKNRQVWUXNFMD
F]\QX FLąJáHJR áąF]RQD MHVW ] SUREOHPDW\Ną WRĪVDPRĞFL F]\QX ± WDN ]DJDGQLHQLH WR SUH]HQWXMą
00R]JDZD>Z@0%XG\Q.XOLN3.R]áRZVND.DOLV]0.XOLN00R]JDZD 3UDZRNDUQH
PDWHULDOQH&]ĊĞüRJyOQD:DUV]DZDVLQ::UyEHOL$=ROO 3ROVNLHSUDZRNDUQH
&]HĞüRJyOQDVLQ
=ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDUDáąF]QDZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\P
]DQ\FKZ\ĪHMREV]DUDFKáDWZRGRVWU]HFĪHSU]\MĊFLHMHGQHMSRGVWDZ\ZDUWRĞFLR- ZDQLDREHMPXMąFHMZLHORĞüZ\UDĨQLH]LQWHJURZDQ\FKLSRZLą]DQ\FK]DFKRZDĔ
]]DáRĪHQLDZ\PDJDRGPLHQQHJRVSRVREXSUDZQRNDUQHMRFHQ\XZ]JOĊGQLDMąFH- JRWDNĪHLWRĪH]LQWHJURZDQH]DFKRZDQLDWZRU]ąFHMHGQąLQLHSRG]LHOQąFDáRĞü
FRGR]DVDG\FKDUDNWHU\]XMąVLĊPQLHMV]ą]DZDUWRĞFLąEH]SUDZLDQLĪZDUWRĞFLRZD- QHVDPRG]LHOQLHUyĪQRURGQH]DFKRZDQLDF]HJRNRQVHNZHQFMąMHVW]UyĪQLFRZD- QLH]DNUHVXSUDZQRNDUQHMUHDNFML]]DáRĪHQLDáDJRGQLHMV]HMZUD]LHSRSHáQLHQLD
SU]H]VSUDZFĊMHGQHJRF]\QXWDNĪHFLąJáHJRNWyU\]XZDJLQDZ\UDĪRQ\ZDUW
NN]DND]PXOWLSOLNDFMLSU]HVWĊSVWZSU]H]PXOWLSOLNDFMĊRFHQSURZDG]Lü
PRĪHGRSU]\SLVDQLDW\ONRMHGQHJRF]DVDPLPXOWLNZDOLILNRZDQHJRSU]HVWĊSVWZD
]]DáRĪHQLDVXURZV]HMNDU\ZUD]LHZLHORNURWQHJRSU]\SLVDQLDRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL
Z]ZLą]NX]ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLHPZLHOXSRSHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]VSUDZFĊF]\QyZ]NWy- U\FK NDĪG\ VWDQRZL VDPRLVWQLH SU]HVWĊSVWZR: WDN XNV]WDáWRZDQ\P V\VWHPLH
ZáDĞQLH]XZDJLQDRZHRGPLHQQRĞFLLVWQLHüPXVLVSHFMDOQDLQVW\WXFMDOXEUHJXOD- FMDVWDQRZLąFDSRGVWDZĊUHGXNFMLZLHOXMDZLąF\FKVLĊSULPDIDFLHVDPRG]LHOQ\FK
SRGVWDZRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLNDUQHMGRMHGQHJRQLHSRG]LHOQHJR]GDU]HQLDKLVWR- U\F]QHJRSURZDG]ąFHJRGRSU]\SLVDQLDRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLW\ONR]DMHGQRSU]H- VWĊSVWZR 0HFKDQL]P UHGXNF\MQ\ QD W\P SR]LRPLH KLVWRU\F]QLH XJUXQWRZDQ\
LRGÄ]DZV]H´RNUHĞODQ\ZSROVNLPSLĞPLHQQLFWZLHLRU]HF]QLFWZLHMDNRLQVW\WXFMD
:DUWR SU]\ZRáDü Z W\P PLHMVFX ]QDPLHQQH VWDQRZLVNR . %XFKDá\ ZVND]XMąFHJR ĪH
NRQVWUXNFMDSU]HVWĊSVWZDFLąJáHJR]ZLą]DQDMHVW]LQVSLUDFMąSUDZQRPDWHULDOQąLZLąĪHVLĊ]WHQGHQFMą
]áDJRG]HQLDXMHPQ\FKNRQVHNZHQFMLWHRULLRGSáDW\ZP\ĞONWyUHMQDOHĪ\Z\PLHU]\üLZ\NRQDüNDUĊ
]DNDĪG\VSU]HF]Q\]SUDZHPF]\QF]áRZLHNDFRSU]\ZLHORĞFLGUREQ\FKSU]HVWĊSVWZSURZDG]LáRGR
NXPXODFMLZLHORĞFLNDURGF]XZDQHMMDNRQLHVSUDZLHGOLZHM=RE.%XFKDáD 3UDZRNDUQHPDWHULDOQH
:DUV]DZDV=REWHĪ$0DUHN 3UDZRNDUQHZ\G:DUV]DZDVLQ'R
WHJRXMĊFLDFLąJáRĞFLSRSHáQLHQLDSU]HVWĊSVWZDQDZLą]XMHZVSyáF]HĞQLH61SRGNUHĞODMąFĪHÄVNRUR
VąG meriti UR]ZDĪDá NZHVWLĊ ]DVWRVRZDQLD DUW NN MHGQDN X]QDá ĪH RVNDUĪRQHPX QLH PRĪQD
SU]\SLVDü]JyU\SRZ]LĊWHJR]DPLDUX>«@QLH]QDMGXMąFSRGVWDZGR]DVWRVRZDQLDSU]HSLVXDUW
NNVąGWHQSRZLQLHQVND]DüRVNDUĪRQHJR]DZLĊFHMQLĪMHGQRSU]HVWĊSVWZRERZLHPRSLVDáSU]HELHJ
SU]HVWĊSF]HJR SURFHGHUX Z VSRVyE ZVND]XMąF\ LĪ RVNDUĪRQ\ QLH RJUDQLF]\á VLĊ GR SRMHG\QF]HJR
F]\QX:WHMV\WXDFML>«@VąGRGZRáDZF]\QLHW\ONRQLHSRJRUV]\áV\WXDFMLRVNDUĪRQHJRDOHZ\GDá
UR]VWU]\JQLĊFLHGODQLHJRNRU]\VWQHERZLHPX]XSHáQLDMąFNZDOLILNDFMĊSUDZQąRDUWNNMDVQR
ZVND]DáĪHMHJR]DFKRZDQLDVNáDGDMąVLĊQDMHGHQW\ONRF]\Q]DEURQLRQ\´3RVWDQRZLHQLH61]GQLD
OLSFDU,9..261Z6.SR]
=áDJRG]HQLH NRQVHNZHQFML Z\QLNDMąFHM ] SU]\SLVDQLD ZLHORĞFL SU]HVWĊSVWZ SRSHáQLRQ\FK
ZLHORPD F]\QDPL VWDQRZLáR MHGHQ ] JáyZQ\FK PRW\ZyZ ZSURZDG]HQLD QDMSLHUZ GR GRNWU\Q\
L RU]HF]QLFWZD NRQVWUXNFML SU]HVWĊSVWZD FLąJáHJR 2GQRV]ąF VLĊ GR WHM NZHVWLL $ 6DGRZVNL
SRGNUHĞODĪHÄ]DU\V\SUREOHPXSU]HVWĊSVWZDFLąJáHJRZG]LVLHMV]\P]QDF]HQLXXZLGDF]QLDMąVLĊ
ZMXU\VSUXGHQFMLZáRVNLHM:LPLĊNRQLHF]QRĞFL]áDJRG]HQLDNDU\SRF]\QLáDSHZQHRGFK\OHQLDRG
]E\WVXURZHM]DVDG\quot crimina tot poenae,WDNFXG]RáyĪFĊNWyU\SRZWyUQLHVSyáNRZDá]WąVDPą
NRELHWąGRW\NDáDuna poena tantumDG]LDáRVLĊWRQLHGODWHJRĪHNLONDNURWQHFXG]RáyVWZR]QDWXU\
VZHMXFKRG]LáR]DMHGQRSU]HVWĊSVWZROHF]]UDFMLquia poena non est reiterabilis=RE$6DGRZVNL
RSFLWV
Piotr Kardas
FLąJáRĞFLSRSHáQLHQLDSU]HVWĊSVWZDF]ĊĞFLHMQD]\ZDQ\SU]HVWĊSVWZHPFLąJá\P
VWDQRZLQDWXUDOQHGRSHáQLHQLHLSRGVWDZĊNRUHNW\SU]\MPRZDQ\FKVSRVREyZZ\- ]QDF]DQLD JUDQLF WRĪVDPRĞFL F]\QX D ZLĊF RNUHĞODQLD Z UHDOLDFK NRQNUHWQHJR
SU]\SDGNXF]\SRGVWDZąZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDMHVWMHGHQWHQVDPF]\QNWyU\VNXWNR- ZDüPRĪHSU]\SLVDQLHPW\ONRMHGQHJRSU]HVWĊSVWZDF]\WHĪZLHOHF]\QyZSUR- ZDG]ąF\FKGRSU]\SLVDQLDWHPXVDPHPXVSUDZF\ZLHORĞFLSU]HVWĊSVWZ%UDNWDN
XMPRZDQHMLQVW\WXFMLFLąJáRĞFL±XVWDZRZHMOXESR]DXVWDZRZHM±ZV\VWHPLHSUD- ZDNDUQHJRRGPLHQQLHZDUWRĞFLXMąF\PMHGQR]DFKRZDQLHPRJąFHVWDQRZLüW\ONR
MHGQRSU]HVWĊSVWZRRUD]ZLHOH]DFKRZDĔVNXWNXMąF\FKFRGR]DVDG\ZLHORĞFLą
SU]HVWĊSVWZZ\ZRá\ZDüPXVLSRZDĪQHNRPSOLNDFMHNWyU\FKUR]ZLą]DQLHVNXW- NRZDüEĊG]LHDOERSRV]HU]DMąFąVLĊLQWHUSUHWDFMąNU\WHULyZWRĪVDPRĞFLF]\QX
VNXWNXMąFąX]QDQLHP]DMHGQąSRGVWDZĊZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDW\FKSU]\SDGNyZNWyUH
DNWXDOQLH UR]VWU]\JDQH Vą SU]H] NRQVWUXNFMĊ F]\QX FLąJáHJR DOER VWRVRZDQLHP
LQQ\FK PHFKDQL]PyZ UHGXNF\MQ\FK SURZDG]ąF\FK RVWDWHF]QLH GR SU]\SLVDQLD
VSUDZF\W\ONRMHGQHJRSU]HVWĊSVWZDDOERZUHV]FLH]QDF]Q\PSRV]HU]HQLHP]D- NUHVX]DVWRVRZDQLDLQVW\WXFMLUHDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZRUD]NDU\áąF]QHM
7DNDSHUVSHNW\ZDSR]ZDODX]QDüZ\URVáąQDJUXQFLHSURFHVRZ\PLQVW\WXFMĊ
SU]HVWĊSVWZDFLąJáHJR]DHOHPHQWV\VWHPXSUDZDX]XSHáQLDMąF\UHJXODFMĊRGQR-
,QVW\WXFMD FLąJáRĞFL IXQNFMRQXMH Z SROVNLP V\VWHPLH SUDZD NDUQHJR QLHSU]HUZDQLH RG
U]DĞZF]HĞQLHME\áDZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQDZRNUHVLHUR]ELRUyZMDNRSR]DXVWDZRZDNRQVWUXNFMD
SU]\MPRZDQD Z RU]HF]QLFWZLH L GRNWU\QLH SDĔVWZ ]DERUF]\FK : SRZ\ĪV]\P NRQWHNĞFLH ]D
FDáNRZLWH QLHSRUR]XPLHQLH X]QDü QDOHĪ\ SRMDZLDMąFH VLĊ Z SLĞPLHQQLFWZLH WZLHUG]HQLD ORNXMąFH
JHQH]ĊLQVW\WXFMLFLąJáRĞFLZRU]HF]QLFWZLHODWSLĊüG]LHVLąW\FKXELHJáHJRVWXOHFLD=REWHĪQLH]Z\NOH
LQWHUHVXMąFHXZDJL5'ĊEVNLHJR .LONDXZDJRSU]HVWĊSVWZLHFLąJá\PLF]\QLHFLąJá\PZSU]HSLVDFK
NRGHNVXNDUQHJR]U>Z@:Ċ]áRZHSUREOHP\SUDZDNDUQHJRNU\PLQRORJLLLSROLW\NLNU\PLQDOQHM
.VLĊJDSDPLąWNRZDRILDURZDQD3URIHVRURZL$QGU]HMRZL0DUNRZL:DUV]DZDVLQ
3RZ\ĪV]D RGPLHQQRĞü QLH Z\VWĊSXMH Z V\VWHPDFK RSDUW\FK QD ]DVDG]LH ZLHORĞFL
0HKUKHLWVWKHRULH JG]LH ZLHORĞü SU]HVWĊSVWZ PRĪH Z\QLNDü ]DUyZQR ] ZLHORĞFL F]\QyZ MDN
L]ZLHORĞFLRFHQRGQRV]RQ\FKGRWHJRVDPHJRF]\QX
3RUZW\P]DNUHVLHVWDQRZLVNR61Z\UDĪRQHZPRVWDQRZLHQLX]GQLDVLHUSQLDU
9..1/H[1U:\URNX61]GQLDZU]HĞQLDU9..1/H[1U
PRVWDQRZLHQLX6$Z.DWRZLFDFK]GQLDSDĨG]LHUQLNDU,,$N]/H[1U
=QDPLHQQ\P SU]\NáDGHP MHVW QLHPLHFNL V\VWHP SUDZD NDUQHJR Z NWyU\P GR U
IXQNFMRQXMH SR]DXVWDZRZD LQVW\WXFMD F]\QX FLąJáHJR IRUWJHVHW]WH +DQGOXQJ OXE SU]HVWĊSVWZD
FLąJáHJRZLQQ\PXMĊFLXIRUWJHVHW]WH7DWIRUWJHVHW]WH'HOLNWNWyUD]RVWDáDQDPRF\UR]VWU]\JQLĊFLD
%*+ GHNODUDW\ZQLH XVXQLĊWD ] V\VWHPX 0LPR RZHJR VWDQRZLVND QDMZ\ĪV]HM LQVWDQFML VąGRZHM
Z SUDNW\FH VWRVRZDQLD SRMDZLá\ VLĊ RG UD]X NRQFHSFMH Z\SHáQLDMąFH OXNĊ SR GDZQHM LQVW\WXFML
SU]HVWĊSVWZD FLąJáHJR :\UXJRZDQLH ] V\VWHPX SUDZD Z NWyU\P RG ODW IXQNFMRQXMH LQVW\WXFMD
FLąJáRĞFLQLHMHVWVSUDZąSURVWą=REPLQXZDJLGRW\F]ąFHNRPSOLNDFML]ZLą]DQ\FK]HOLPLQDFMą
NRQVWUXNFML SU]HVWĊSVWZD FLąJáHJR Z QLHPLHFNLP L V]ZDMFDUVNLP SUDZLH NDUQ\P 3 .DUGDV
3U]HVWĊSVWZRFLąJáHZSUDZLHNDUQ\PPDWHULDOQ\P«VLQ
1D SRZLą]DQLH NRQVWUXNFML SU]HVWĊSVWZD FLąJáHJR ] DVSHNWDPL SURFHVRZ\PL ZVND]XMH
-0DNDUHZLF]SRGNUHĞODMąFĪHÄWDNSU]HVWĊSVWZRFLąJOHMDNLSU]HVWĊSVWZRSRZWyU]RQHMHVWV]WXF]Qą
MHGQRĞFLąVWZRU]RQą]HZ]JOĊGXQDXáDWZLHQLHZ\URNRZDQLDPDMąFąVZHX]DVDGQLHQLHSUDNW\F]QH
=ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDUDáąF]QDZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\P
V]ąFąVLĊGR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDU\áąF]QHMRUD]Z\MDĞQLüSRZRG\GODNWyU\FK
RGSHZQHJRF]DVXSROVNLV\VWHPSUDZDNDUQHJRSU]HZLGXMHDĪF]WHU\LQVW\WXFMH
RNUHĞODMąFH]DVDG\GRNRQ\ZDQLDSUDZQRNDUQHMRFHQ\ZLHOXF]\QyZSRSHáQLRQ\FK
SU]H]WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZFĊ6SHF\ILNąSROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSUDZDMHVWERZLHPQLH
W\OHUHJXODFMDGRW\F]ąFD]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZRUD]NDU\áąF]QHMFRUR]ZLą]DQLD
HOLPLQXMąFHPRĪOLZRĞüSU]\MĊFLD]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL]DĞ]áRĪR- QD UHJXODFMD RGQRV]ąFD VLĊ GR ]DJDGQLHQLD FLąJáRĞFL SRSHáQLHQLD SU]HVWĊSVWZD
7U]HED]D]QDF]\üĪHRSDUWDQDSU]HGVWDZLRQHMQDSRF]ąWNXODWRVLHPG]LHVLąW\FK
XELHJáHJRVWXOHFLDSU]H]]QDNRPLWHJRWHRUHW\NDSUDZDNDUQHJR::ROWHUDNRQ- FHSFMDUR]ZLą]DQLDSUREOHPXSRGVWDZRFHQ\ZLHORĞFLSRSHáQLRQ\FKZZDUXQNDFK
FLąJáRĞFLF]\QyZSU]\MPXMHQDJUXQFLHSROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSUDZDSRVWDüGZyFK
RGPLHQQ\FK±]DUyZQR]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDSRGVWDZ\IDNW\F]QHMMDNLSUDZQ\FK
NRQVHNZHQFML±LQVW\WXFMLSUDZDNDUQHJRPDWHULDOQHJR=DSURSRQRZDQ\SU]H]:
:ROWHUD WHRUHW\F]Q\ PRGHO UR]ZLą]\ZDQLD ]DJDGQLHQLD FLąJáRĞFL SU]HVWĊSVWZD
SU]HZLGXMHLVWQLHQLHGZyFKRGUĊEQ\FKNRQVWUXNFMLRGUĊEQLHL]DUD]HPRGPLHQ- QLHXUHJXORZDQ\FK]NWyU\FKMHGQDRNUHĞOD]DVDG\RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL]D]LQWH- JURZDQH ]DFKRZDQLD WHJR VDPHJR VSUDZF\ VWDQRZLąFH SU]HMDZ UHDOL]RZDQHJR
QLHMDNRÄQDUDW\´MHGQHJRSU]HVWĊSVWZDLVWDQRZLąFHZWHMSHUVSHNW\ZLHHOHPHQW\
VNáDGRZHWHJRVDPHJRMHGQHJRF]\QXMDNRSRGVWDZ\SUDZQRNDUQHMRFHQ\GUXJD
]DĞSRGVWDZ\RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL]DZLHORĞüUyĪQRURGQ\FKF]\QyZSRZLą]DQ\FK
ZV]F]HJyOQ\VSRVyEVWDQRZLąF\FKMHGQDNRGUĊEQHSU]HVWĊSVWZD:\RGUĊEQLRQH
ZWDNLVSRVyELQVW\WXFMHF]\QXFLąJáHJRRNUHĞORQHJRZDUWNNRUD]FLąJX
SU]HVWĊSVWZSU]HZLG]LDQHJRZDUWNNSRZLą]Dá\XVWDZRZHVSRVRE\UR]ZLą- ]\ZDQLD]DJDGQLHQLDFLąJáRĞFLSRSHáQLHQLDSU]HVWĊSVWZD]GZRPDVIHUDPL=MHG- QHMVWURQ\F]\QFLąJá\VWDQRZLZ\UD]LQWHJUDFMLG]LDáDOQRĞFLNU\PLQDOQHMMHGQHM
RVRE\QDSR]LRPLHZ\]QDF]HQLDSRGVWDZ\SUDZQRNDUQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDÄWHJR
VDPHJRF]\QX´NWyU\Z]ZLą]NX]]DVDGąMHGQRĞFLZ\UDĪRQąZDUWNN
VWDQRZLü PRĪH QD JUXQFLH SUDZD NDUQHJR SRZV]HFKQHJR W\ONR MHGQR SU]HVWĊS-
W\ONR ]H Z]JOĊGyZ WHFKQLNL SURFHVRZHM = FKZLOą JG\ Z\URN MXĪ]DSDGá GDOV]D G]LDáDOQRĞü QLH
ZFKRG]LMXĪZJUĊMDNRF]ĊĞüFDáRĞFLOHF]VWDQRZLFDáRĞüRGUĊEQąEH]Z]JOĊGXQDWRF]\PRĪQD
VSURZDG]Lü QRZ\ F]\Q GR WHJR VDPHJR GDZQHJR ]DPLDUX VSUDZF\ F]\ GR QRZHJR ]DPLDUX
VSUDZF\´ : LQQ\P PLHMVFX WHJR VDPHJR G]LHáD SRGNUHĞOD ĪH ÄNRQVWUXNFMĊ V]WXF]QHM MHGQRĞFL
X]DVDGQLDMąZ]JOĊG\HNRQRPLNLSURFHVRZHM´=RE-0DNDUHZLF] .RGHNVNDUQ\]NRPHQWDU]HP
V1DSURFHVRZąJHQH]ĊLQVW\WXFMLFLąJáRĞFLSRSHáQLHQLDSU]HVWĊSVWZDZVND]XMHVLĊSRZV]HFKQLH
ZSROVNLHMGRNWU\QLHSUDZDNDUQHJR=REPLQ$.DIWDO 3U]HVWĊSVWZRFLąJáHZSROVNLPSUDZLH
NDUQ\P:DUV]DZDVLQ6ĝOLZLĔVNLRSFLWVL Q::UyEHO$=ROO 3ROVNLH
SUDZRNDUQH&]ĊĞüRJyOQDVLQ/*DUGRFNL RSFLWVLQ:ĝZLGD 3UDZRNDUQH
:DUV]DZDV
: W\P ]DNUHVLH SROVNLH UR]ZLą]DQLH ]GDMH VLĊ QLH RGELHJDü RG SU]\MPRZDQ\FK Z ZLHOX
NUDMDFKHXURSHMVNLFKUR]ZLą]DĔZVIHU]HNDU\áąF]QHMFKRüQDOHĪ\SRGNUHĞOLüĪH]QDQHVąUyZQLHĪ
DOWHUQDW\ZQH LVWRWQLH UyĪQLąFH VLĊ RG SROVNLHJR PRGHOH XQLILNDFML NDU Z SU]\SDGNX ]ELHJX
SU]HVWĊSVWZ
Piotr Kardas
VWZRRMHGQRURGQHMOXE]áRĪRQHMNZDOLILNDFML=GUXJLHMVWURQ\FLąJSU]HVWĊSVWZ
VWDQRZLZ\UD]LQWHJUDFMLRSDUWHMQDZLHORĞFLSU]HVWĊSVWZSRSHáQLRQ\FKUyĪQ\PL
F]\QDPLWHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\EĊGąFHM]WHJRSRZRGXRGPLDQąUHDOQHJR]ELH- JX]RGPLHQQRĞFLDPLQDSR]LRPLHZ\PLDUXNDU\3U]HGVWDZLRQ\Z\ĪHMVSRVyE
XVWDZRZHJRXUHJXORZDQLD]DJDGQLHQLDFLąJáRĞFLSRSHáQLHQLDSU]HVWĊSVWZDRSDU- WHJR QD OHJLVODF\MQHM NRQFHSFML$ =ROOD LQWHOHNWXDOQ\PL NRU]HQLDPL VLĊJDMą- FHJRWZyUF]RĞFLQDXNRZHM::ROWHUDVWZDU]DVZRLVW\NRQWHNVWSUREOHPDW\NL
]ZLą]DQHM]ZLHORĞFLąF]\QyZLZNRQVHNZHQFMLZLHORĞFLąSU]HVWĊSVWZSRSHáQLR- Q\FKSU]H]WHJRVDPHJRVSUDZFĊRUD]NDUąáąF]Qą
5R]ELFLHSU]H]ZVSyáF]HVQHJRSUDZRGDZFĊUHJXODFMLRGQRV]ąFHMVLĊGRSUR- EOHPDW\NL SRSHáQLHQLD SU]HVWĊSVWZD Z ZDUXQNDFK FLąJáRĞFL QD GZLH LQVW\WXFMH
QLHW\ONRRRGPLHQQ\PQRUPDW\ZQ\PFKDUDNWHU]HOHF]SU]HGHZV]\VWNLP]ZLą- ]DQH]IXQGDPHQWDOQLHUyĪQ\PLSU]HVáDQNDPLZDUXQNXMąF\PLLFK]DVWRVRZDQLH
ZVND]XMHĪHZW\PREV]DU]H]DVDGQLF]H]QDF]HQLHPDNZHVWLDZ\]QDF]DQLDWRĪ- VDPRĞFL SRGVWDZ\ SUDZQRNDUQHJR ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD 2 LOH ERZLHP NRQVWUXNFMD
F]\QXFLąJáHJR]ZLą]DQDMHVW]ÄW\PVDP\PF]\QHP´QDNWyU\PQDEXGRZ\ZDQD
MHVWSURVWDOXE]áRĪRQDNZDOLILNDFMDSUDZQD]DZV]HSU]\MPXMąFDSRVWDüMHGQHJR
F]\QX]DEURQLRQHJRRW\OHFLąJSU]HVWĊSVWZRSDUW\MHVWRZLHORĞüSRGVWDZZDU- WRĞFLRZDQLDUyĪQ\FKZJUDQLFDFKZáDVQHMWRĪVDPRĞFLF]\QyZ]NWyU\FKNDĪG\
VDPRG]LHOQLHUHDOL]XMH]QDPLRQDSURVWHJROXEPXOWLNZDOLILNRZDQHJRF]\QX]D- EURQLRQHJR2LOHZWHMSHUVSHNW\ZLHNRQVWUXNFMDF]\QXFLąJáHJRZ\ND]XMHSR- GRELHĔVWZRGRSU]\SDGNyZRNUHĞODQ\FKPLDQHPSR]RUQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZ
ZNWyU\FKZLHORĞFLGDMąF\FKVLĊSULPDIDFLHZ\RGUĊEQLüSRGVWDZSUDZQRNDUQHJR
ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLD QLH WRZDU]\V]\ SU]\SLVDQLH ZLHOX SU]HVWĊSVWZ Z Z\QLNX SU]\- MĊFLD LĪ WD Z\VWĊSXMąFD SLHUZRWQLH ZLHORĞü ÄF]\QyZ´ OXE Ä]DFKRZDĔ´ VWDQRZL
MHGQRNURWQąUHDOL]DFMĊ]QDPLRQMHGQHJRF]\QX]DEURQLRQHJRRW\OHNRQVWUXNFMD
=REV]HU]HMZWHMNZHVWLL3.DUGDV 3U]HVWĊSVWZRFLąJáHZSUDZLHNDUQ\PPDWHULDOQ\P«
VLQRUD]SRZRáDQDWDPOLWHUDWXUDSU]HGPLRWXLRU]HF]QLFWZR
=RE Z V]F]HJyOQRĞFL - :DV]F]\ĔVNL : VSUDZLH FLąJáRĞFL SU]HVWĊSVWZD Z SURMHNFLH
NNÄ3L3´QUV±.'DV]NLHZLF] 3U]HVWĊSVWZRFLąJáHLFLąJSU]HVWĊSVWZÄ3URN
L3U´QU/*DUGRFNL àDPLJáyZNLXVWDZRGDZF]HÄ3DOHVWUD´QU±7%RMDUVNL
3U]HVWĊSVWZR FLąJáH Ä3L3´ QU 3 .RQLHF]QLDN 3U]HVWĊSVWZR FLąJáH Ä3L3´ QU
$:ąVHN 3UREOHP\ ] SU]HVWĊSVWZHP FLąJá\P >Z@ 3UDZR NDUQH L SURFHV NDUQ\ ZREHF QRZ\FK
IRUPLWHFKQLNSU]HVWĊSF]RĞFL%LDá\VWRN$0DUHN-/DFKRZVNL RSFLWVLQ3RUWHĪ
XZDJL SUDNW\NyZ Z\PLDUX VSUDZLHGOLZRĞFL $ .U\ĪH 3 1LHG]LHODN . 3HWU\QD 7 :LU]PDQ
.RGHNVNDUQ\LNRGHNVSRVWĊSRZDQLDNDUQHJR]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDSUDNW\NLZ\PLDUXVSUDZLHGOLZRĞFL
:DUV]DZD$.U\ĪH =DVDG\NRQVWUXNFMLL]DVWRVRZDQLDF]\QXFLąJáHJRÄ*D]HWD6ąGRZD´
QUVLQidem =DVDG\NRQVWUXNFMLL]DVWRVRZDQLDFLąJXSU]HVWĊSVWZRNUHĞORQHJRZDUW
NNÄ*D]HWD6ąGRZD´QUVLQ
=REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL$=ROO 3UREOHP\W]ZSU]HVWĊSVWZDFLąJáHJRZSURSR]\FMDFKSURMHNWX
NRGHNVXNDUQHJRÄPS´QUVLQ
3RU::ROWHU 3UREOHPVWUXNWXU\W]ZSU]HVWĊSVWZDFLąJáHJRÄ3L3´QU±VLQ
1RUPDW\ZQDLVWRWDW]ZSR]RUQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZ]GDMHVLĊQLHZ\ZRá\ZDüZVSyáF]HĞQLH
=ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDUDáąF]QDZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\P
FLąJXSU]HVWĊSVWZZ\ND]XMHGDOHNRLGąFHSRGRELHĔVWZRGRUHDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]H- VWĊSVWZ]RGPLHQQ\PL]DVDGDPLZ\PLDUXNDU\1LHEH]SRZRGXLQVW\WXFMDXUHJX- ORZDQDZDUWNNZáDĞQLH]XZDJLQDSRZLą]DQLH]SáDV]F]\]QąZ\PLDUXNDU\
X]QDZDQDMHVWSRZV]HFKQLH]HV]F]HJyOQąRGPLDQĊUHDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZ
1DOHĪ\SRGNUHĞOLüĪHXVWDZRZHSU]HVáDQNL]DVWRVRZDQLDFLąJXSU]HVWĊSVWZSR- ]ZDODMąEH]ZąWSOLZRĞFLVWZLHUG]LüLĪLQVW\WXFMDWDRGQRVLVLĊGRMHGQRURGQHJR
]ELHJX ZLHORF]\QRZHJR SU]HVWĊSVWZ ERZLHP MHGQ\P ] SRGVWDZRZ\FK ZDUXQ- NyZSU]\MĊFLDFLąJXSU]HVWĊSVWZMHVWWRĪVDPRĞüNZDOLILNDFMLNDĪGHJR]SRSHáQLR- Q\FK SU]H] WHJR VDPHJR VSUDZFĊ SU]HVWĊSVWZ = NROHL MHGQRĞü Z\PLHU]DQHM ]D
ZLHORĞüSU]HVWĊSVWZNDU\ZWHMLW\ONRZWHMSHUVSHNW\ZLHSR]ZDODGRV]XNLZDüVLĊ
SRGRELHĔVWZDSRPLĊG]\FLąJLHPSU]HVWĊSVWZDNRQVWUXNFMąSRPLMDOQHJR]ELHJX
SU]HVWĊSVWZ]W\PZV]DNĪHNRQLHF]Q\PX]XSHáQLHQLHPĪHZ\PLDUNDU\]DFLąJ
SU]HVWĊSVWZRSDUW\QDXVWDZRZHM]DVDG]LHDVSHUDFMLVąGPDPRĪOLZRĞüZ\PLH- U]HQLDNDU\]DFLąJSU]HVWĊSVWZGRJyUQHMJUDQLF\XVWDZRZHJR]DJURĪHQLDSU]H- ZLG]LDQHJRZSU]HSLVLHVWDQRZLąF\PSRGVWDZĊNZDOLILNDFMLNDĪGHJR]]DFKRZDĔ
F]\QyZVNáDGDMąF\FKVLĊQDFLąJSU]HVWĊSVWZ]ZLĊNV]RQHJRRSRáRZĊ=NROHL
SU]\MĊFLHLĪNDĪGH]SRSHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]VSUDZFĊ]DFKRZDĔVWDQRZLüPRĪHVD- PRLVWQąSRGVWDZĊSU]\SLVDQLDVWDQRZLIXQGDPHQWDOQąUyĪQLFĊSRPLĊG]\SRPLMDO- Q\P]ELHJLHPSU]HVWĊSVWZDNRQVWUXNFMąFLąJXSU]HVWĊSVWZ:WHMSHUVSHNW\ZLH
V\WXDFMH]DOLF]DQHGRNDWHJRULLSRPLMDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZVWDQRZLąVZRLVWą
NDWHJRULĊ SRĞUHGQLą = MHGQHM VWURQ\ QLH Vą ]ZLą]DQH ] SUREOHPDW\Ną WRĪVDPR- ĞFLF]\QXáąF]ąFąVLĊ]HVNRPSOLNRZDQ\PLSURFHGXUDPLZ\]QDF]DQLDSRGVWDZ\
SUDZQRNDUQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDQLHVNXWNXMąERZLHPGRNRQ\ZDQąQDSRGVWDZLH
Z\UDĨQHJRXVWDZRZHJRXSRZDĪQLHQLDÄNXPXODFMą´ZLHORĞFLÄF]\QyZ´OXEÄ]D- FKRZDĔ´ Z ÄWHQ VDP F]\Q´ SRSU]H] SRZLą]DQLH LFK Z MHGQą áąF]QLH RFHQLDQą
SRGVWDZĊZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDOHF]RSLHUDMąVLĊQDSR]DXVWDZRZ\PPHFKDQL]PLHUH- GXNF\MQ\P]GUXJLHM±QLHVSURZDG]DMąVLĊGRZ\PLHU]HQLDMHGQHMNDU\]DZLH- ORĞüSU]\SLVDQ\FKSU]HVWĊSVWZOHF]SROHJDMąQDSU]\SLVDQLXMHGQHJRSU]HVWĊSVWZD
ZRSDUFLXRMHGQąSRGVWDZĊSUDZQRNDUQHJRZDUWRĞFLRZDQLDSU]\MHGQRF]HVQ\P
SRPLQLĊFLXSR]RVWDá\FKSRSHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]VSUDZFĊÄF]\QyZ´OXEÄ]DFKRZDĔ´ :VND]DQH Z\ĪHM WU]\ PHFKDQL]P\ UHGXNF\MQH F]\Q FLąJá\ SRPLMDOQ\ ]ELHJ
SU]HVWĊSVWZDRUD]FLąJSU]HVWĊSVWZDVWDQRZLąLQVW\WXFMHNWyU\FKVNXWHF]QH]DVWR- VRZDQLHZUHDOLDFKNRQNUHWQHMVSUDZ\Z\NOXF]DPRĪOLZRĞüSU]\MĊFLDĪHVSUDZFD
GRSXĞFLáVLĊZLHOXSU]HVWĊSVWZSR]RVWDMąF\FKZUHDOQ\P]ELHJX7\PVDP\PUH- DOQ\]ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZRUD]VWDQRZLąFDMHJRNRQVHNZHQFMĊNDUDáąF]QD]QDMGXMą
ZSROVNLPV\VWHPLHSUDZDNDUQHJR]DVWRVRZDQLHMHG\QLHZyZF]DVJG\ZVWR-
ZLĊNV]\FKZąWSOLZRĞFL=REPLQ3.DUGDV>Z@*%RJGDQ=ûZLąNDOVNL3.DUGDV-0DMHZVNL
0 6]HZF]\N::UyEHO$ =ROO RS FLW V L Q RUD] SRZRáDQD WDP OLWHUDWXUD SU]HGPLRWX
LRU]HF]QLFWZR
-HGQR]QDF]QLHNZHVWLĊWĊUR]VWU]\JDWUHĞüDUW NN
3RU$6SRWRZVNL RSFLWVLQ
Piotr Kardas
VXQNX GR VSUDZF\ ZLHOX F]\QyZ QLH ]QDMGXMą ]DVWRVRZDQLD NRQVWUXNFMD F]\QX
FLąJáHJRFLąJXSU]HVWĊSVWZF]\NRQVWUXNFMDSRPLMDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZ
8NV]WDáWRZDQLHSROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSUDZDNDUQHJRZRSLVDQ\SRZ\ĪHMVSRVyE
SU]HVąG]DĪHLQVW\WXFMD]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZRUD]NDU\áąF]QHMPDMąVWRVXQNRZR
ZąVNL]DNUHV]DVWRVRZDQLD]DUD]HPREHMPXMąSU]\SDGNLNWyUHZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRG
UHDOLyZ PRJą Z\ND]\ZDü SRGRELHĔVWZR GR ]LQWHJURZDQ\FK Z F]\Q FLąJá\ ]D- FKRZDĔVWDQRZLąF\FKMHGQRSU]HVWĊSVWZROXE]DFKRZDĔSURZDG]ąF\FKGRSU]\- SLVDQLDZLHOXSU]HVWĊSVWZMHGQDNVNXWNXMąF\FKZ\PLDUHPMHGQHMNDU\VNáDGDMą- F\FKVLĊQDFLąJSU]HVWĊSVWZZUHV]FLHREHMPRZDüSU]\SDGNLDXWRQRPLF]QHZLHOX
SU]HVWĊSVWZQLHSRZLą]DQ\FKZ]DVDG]LHĪDGQ\PLSR]DRVREąVSUDZF\ZLĊ]DPL
=WHMSHUVSHNW\Z\LQVW\WXFMDUHDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZMHVWZ\UDĨQLH]UyĪQLFR- ZDQDREHMPXMHERZLHPZ\ND]XMąFHRGPLHQQRĞFLFRGR]ZLą]NyZ]DFKRG]ąF\FK
SRPLĊG]\SRV]F]HJyOQ\PLF]\QDPLVWDQRZLąF\PLRGUĊEQHSU]HVWĊSVWZD.DĪG\
]Z\PLHQLRQ\FKSU]\SDGNyZVWDQRZLQDJUXQFLHSROVNLHJRV\VWHPX]ELHJSU]H- VWĊSVWZZNDĪG\PNRQLHF]QHMHVWRU]HF]HQLHNDU\áąF]QHMZNDĪG\PWHĪMHMZ\- PLDU Z\JOąGDü SRZLQLHQ LQDF]HM ZáDĞQLH ]H Z]JOĊGX QD PRĪOLZH PLĊG]\ QLPL
RGPLHQQRĞFL GR ]ZLą]NyZ L UHODFML SRPLĊG]\ SRV]F]HJyOQ\PL SU]HVWĊSVWZDPL
=XZDJLQDWHHOHPHQW\]DZDUWDZNRGHNVLHNDUQ\PUHJXODFMDGRW\F]ąFD]ELHJX
SU]HVWĊSVWZLNDU\áąF]QHMREHMPXMHGZLHVIHU\SU]HVáDQNLX]DVDGQLDMąFHSU]\MĊFLH
]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZRNUHĞODQHJRZSROVNLPSLĞPLHQQLFWZLHLRU]HF]QLFWZLHMDNR
]ELHJU]HF]\ZLVW\OXEUHDOQ\RGVSHáQLHQLDNWyU\FKX]DOHĪQLRQDMHVWPRĪOLZRĞü
Z\PLDUXNDU\áąF]QHMRUD]]DVDG\LG\UHNW\Z\Z\PLDUXNDU\áąF]QHMSRZLą]DQH
]RNUHĞOHQLHPXVWDZRZ\FKJUDQLFZ\PLDUXWHMNDU\6WąGWHĪUHJXODFMDGRW\F]ąFD
]ELHJX SU]HVWĊSVWZ L Z\PLDUX NDU\ áąF]QHM MHVW Z SROVNLP SUDZLH NDUQ\P VWR- VXQNRZR UR]EXGRZDQD L REHMPXMH VLHGHP SU]HSLVyZ R ]áRĪRQHM VWUXNWXU]H UH- GDNF\MQHMZ\VáDZLDMąF\FKáąF]QLHNLONDG]LHVLąWQRUPRNUHĞODMąF\FKSU]HVáDQNL
]DVDG\LG\UHNW\Z\Z\PLDUXNDU\áąF]QHMRUD]]DVDG\V]F]HJyOQHRGQRV]ąFHVLĊ
GRV\WXDFMLRU]HF]HQLDZREHFWHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\NDU\áąF]QHMRUD]LQQHMNDU\
QLHSRGOHJDMąFHMáąF]HQLXNDU\áąF]QHMLNDU\]DFLąJSU]HVWĊSVWZZUHV]FLHGZyFK
OXE ZLĊFHM NDU áąF]RQ\FK ]D UyĪQH ]ELHJL SU]HVWĊSVWZ SRSHáQLRQ\FK SU]H] WHJR
VDPHJRVSUDZĊ0DMąFQDXZDG]HFHOQLQLHMV]HJRRSUDFRZDQLDRUD]WRĪHRPy- ZLHQLHZV]\VWNLFKSU]HSLVyZLXMDZQLDMąF\FKVLĊQDLFKWOHSUREOHPyZLZąWSOL- ZRĞFLRGQRV]ąF\FKVLĊGRUHDOQHJR]ELHJXLNDU\áąF]QHMZ\PDJDáRE\RGUĊEQHJR
RSUDFRZDQLDSRQLĪHM]DPLHV]F]RQH]RVWDQąMHG\QLHXZDJLRGQRV]ąFHVLĊGRSRG- VWDZRZ\FKFHFKSROVNLHMUHJXODFML
&HQWUDOQ\]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDRPDZLDQHMSUREOHPDW\NLSU]HSLVDUWNNVWD- QRZLĪHZUD]LHSRSHáQLHQLDSU]H]VSUDZFĊGZyFKOXEZLĊFHMSU]HVWĊSVWZ]DQLP
]DSDGáSLHUZV]\FKRFLDĪE\QLHSUDZRPRFQ\Z\URNFRGRNWyUHJRNROZLHN]QLFK
RUD]Z\PLHU]HQLD]DWHSU]HVWĊSVWZDNDUWHJRVDPHJRURG]DMXOXENDUUyĪQRURG]D- MRZ\FKSRGOHJDMąF\FKMHGQDNQDPRF\Z\UDĨQHJRSRVWDQRZLHQLDXVWDZ\áąF]H- QLXRU]HNDVLĊNDUĊáąF]Qą7UHĞüDUWNNSR]ZDOD]XZDJLQDZVND]DQHZQLP
=ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZLNDUDáąF]QDZSROVNLPSUDZLHNDUQ\P
SU]HVáDQNL]ELHJXVNXWNXMąFHJRZ\PLDUHPNDU\áąF]QHMZ\RGUĊEQLüQDJUXQFLH
SROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSUDZDNDUQHJRGZLHRGPLDQ\]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZW]Z]ELHJ
UHDOQ\SURZDG]ąF\GRZ\PLDUXNDU\áąF]QHMRUD]]ELHJSU]HVWĊSVWZZNWyU\P
RU]HF]HQLHNDU\áąF]QHMQLHMHVWPRĪOLZH2ELHRGPLDQ\]ELHJXRSDUWHVąQDW\FK
VDP\FKSU]HVáDQNDFKIDNW\F]Q\FKWMZLHOXF]\QDFKSRSHáQLRQ\FKSU]H]WHJRVD- PHJRVSUDZFĊPDMąZLĊFSRVWDü]ELHJyZZLHORF]\QRZ\FK]DĞNU\WHULXPUyĪ- QLFXMąF\PMHVWQLHSU]HG]LHOHQLHNROHMQ\FKF]\QyZSRSHáQLDQ\FKSU]H]VSUDZFĊ
FKRFLDĪE\QLHSUDZRPRFQ\PZ\URNLHPFRGRNWyUHJRNROZLHN]QLFKOXERU]HF]H- QLHNDUUyĪQRURG]DMRZ\FKQLHSRGOHJDMąF\FKáąF]HQLX]XZDJLQDEUDNZ\UDĨQHM
UHJXODFMLXVWDZRZHM7\PVDP\PZ\GDQLHFKRFLDĪE\QLHSUDZRPRFQHJRZ\URNX
FR GR F]\QX SRSHáQLRQHJR SU]H] VSUDZFĊ VSUDZLD LĪ NROHMQH ]DFKRZDQLH WHJR
VSUDZF\QLHPRĪH]RVWDüREMĊWHNRQVWUXNFMąUHDOQHJR]ELHJX5HDOQ\]ELHJREHM- PXMH ]DWHP QD JUXQFLH SROVNLHJR SUDZD ZLHOH SU]HVWĊSVWZ SRSHáQLRQ\FK SU]H]
VSUDZFĊ ZLHORPD F]\QDPL NWyUH QLH ]RVWDá\ SU]HG]LHORQH FR GR PRPHQWX LFK
SRSHáQLHQLDZMDNLPNROZLHNXNáDG]LHZMDNLHMNROZLHNNRQILJXUDFMLFKRFLDĪE\
QLHSUDZRPRFQ\PZ\URNLHP:\GDQLHQLHSUDZRPRFQHJRZ\URNXFRGRNWyUHJR- NROZLHN]F]\QyZVSUDZF\SRZRGXMHĪHSRSHáQLDQHSRW\PPRPHQFLHNROHMQH
F]\Q\PLPRLĪVWDQRZLąRGUĊEQHSU]HVWĊSVWZDWHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\]WHJRZáD- ĞQLHSRZRGXQLHVWDQRZLąUHDOQHJR]ELHJXSU]HVWĊSVWZFRSU]HVąG]DĪHZWDNLP
Z\SDGNXZ\NOXF]RQHMHVWRU]HF]HQLHNDU\áąF]QHM'DOV]ąNRQVHNZHQFMąMHVWEUDN
MDNLHJRNROZLHN PHFKDQL]PX UHGXNF\MQHJR NXPXOXMąFHJR OXE HOLPLQXMąFHJR
RGQRV]ąFHJR VLĊ GR W\FK V\WXDFML FR SU]HVąG]D LĪ Z\PLHU]RQH ]D SR]RVWDMąFH
Z ]ELHJX QLHPDMąF\P FKDUDNWHUX ]ELHJX UHDOQHJR SU]HVWĊSVWZD NDU\ SRGOHJDü
EĊGąVHNZHQF\MQHPXNXPXODF\MQHPXZ\NRQDQLX3U]\MĊWDSU]H]SROVNLHJRSUD- ZRGDZFĊZDUWNNIRUPXáDIRUPDOQHJRZDUXQNXUHDOQHJR]ELHJXMDNLPMHVW
EUDNFKRFLDĪE\QLHSUDZRPRFQHJRZ\URNXG]LHOąFHJRSRSHáQLHQLHNROHMQ\FKF]\- QyZWHJRVDPHJRVSUDZF\SRZRGXMHLĪZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGWHJRZMDNLPPRPHQFLH
GRFKRG]LGRZ\GDQLDQSQLHSUDZRPRFQHJRZ\URNXPRĪOLZHMHVWWDNLHUR]G]LHO- QLHZ\URNLHPSRSHáQLDQ\FKSU]H]VSUDZFĊF]\QyZLĪWZRU]\üRQHEĊGąGZDOXE
ZLĊFHMUHDOQ\FK]ELHJyZ:WDNLPZ\SDGNXGRMG]LHGRZ\PLDUXNDU\áąF]QHM]D
NDĪG\]H]ELHJyZRUD]VHNZHQF\MQHJRZ\NRQDQLDZ\PLHU]RQ\FKNDUáąF]Q\FK
NWyU\FK]XZDJLQDZ\VWąSLHQLHIRUPDOQHMQHJDW\ZQHMSU]HVáDQNL]ELHJXZSRVWD- FLFKRFLDĪE\QLHSUDZRPRFQHJRZ\URNXSU]HG]LHODMąFHJRSRSHáQLHQLHNROHMQ\FK
SU]HVWĊSVWZSRáąF]\üQLHPRĪQD7RUR]ZLą]DQLHIXQNFMRQXMąFHQDJUXQFLHSRO- VNLHJRV\VWHPXSUDZDNDUQHJRRGURNXZVSyáF]HĞQLHZ\ZRáXMHZąWSOLZRĞFL
RFKDUDNWHU]HNRQVW\WXF\MQ\PZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL]SXQNWXZLG]HQLD]JRGQRĞFLWD- NLHJRUR]ZLą]DQLD]NRQVW\WXF\MQą]DVDGąUyZQRĞFL3RGQRV]ąF]DVWU]HĪHQLDGR- W\F]ąFHNRQVW\WXF\MQRĞFLWHJRUR]ZLą]DQLDZVND]XMHVLĊĪHF]ĊVWRNURüSU]\SDG- NRZ\L]DOHĪQ\RGV]HUHJXRNROLF]QRĞFLIDNWZ\GDQLDFKRFLDĪE\QLHSUDZRPRFQH- JRZ\URNXSRZRGXMHLĪZ\NOXF]RQDMHVWPRĪOLZRĞüSRáąF]HQLDNDURU]HF]RQ\FK
]DSU]HVWĊSVWZDNWyU\FKSRSHáQLHQLH]RVWDáRSU]HG]LHORQHFKRFLDĪE\QLHSUDZR-