M E T A L L U R G IC A L A B S T R A C T S
( G E N E R A L A N D N O N - F E R R O U S )
Volum e 1 SE P T E M B E R 1934 P art 9
I.— PR O PER TIES OF METALS
( C o n t i n u e d f r o m p p . 3 7 7 - 3 8 0 . )
The M ass of B e9 and th e A tom ic W eig h t of B erylliu m . K . T . B ainbridge (P h ys. Rev., 1933, [ii], 4 3 , 367-368).— A le tte r to th e E d ito r. T he m ass of B e9 determ ined spectroscopically is 9-0155 0-0006. I f allow ance is m ad e for 1 p a rt in 20 0 0 of Be8 th e ato m ic w eig h t of b ery lliu m is 9-0130 ± 0-0007. T he packing frac tio n of Be9 is + 17-2.— S. G.
♦On the E vap oration , Solubility, and O xidation of M etallic M ercury. A lfred Stock {Z. anorg. C hem ., 1934, 2 17, 241-253).— T h e a m o u n t of m erc u ry w h ich can be ta k e n u p b y w a ter, aqu eo u s so lutions, a n d a ir u n d e r v ario u s co nditions has been q u a n tita tiv e ly d eterm in e d . M ercury is ap p rec ia b ly a b so rb ed b y blood. T he so lu b ility in benzene, w h ite of egg, filter p a p er, c o tto n , lin en , silk, rayon, a n d w oollen fab rics, a n d b e etro o t discs h as been m easu red as w ell as th e absorptive c a p a c ity fo r m e rc u ry v a p o u r fro m a ir b y w a ter, benzene, paraffin oil, glycerin, c arb o n b isu lp h id e, s u lp h u r m onochloride, p h e n y l m u s ta rd oil, m ilk of su lp h u r, flowers of su lp h u r, p h o sp h o ru s sulphide, silica gel, a c tiv a te d charcoal, a n d a c tiv a te d c arb o n im p re g n ate d w ith iodine. Q u a n tita tiv e a d so rp tio n w as o b tain e d v e ry ra p id ly w ith th e la st-n a m ed . Som e o b serv atio n s on th e v o la tility of v e ry sm all m erc u ry globules a re in clu d e d .— B. Bl.
♦The Oxidation and In tercrystallin e B rittlen ess of N ickel. N . W . Ageew (T ru d i ln stitu ta M etallow {T rans. In st. M etals, U .S .S .R .), 1930, (7), 6 1 -7 9 ; C. A bs., 1931, 2 5 , 2960).— [ In R u ssia n .] Two g rades of com m ercial nick el show ed t h a t n ick el is b r ittle a f te r h a v in g b een an n ealed u n d e r atm o sp h eric conditions a t 800° a n d 1000° C. In te rc ry sta llin e o x id atio n is th e cause of th is b rittleness.— S. G.
♦Positive and N egative T herm ionic E m issio n from Colum bium [N iobium ].
H . B. W ah lin a n d L . O. S o rd a h l {Phys. R ev., 1934, [ii], 45, 886-889).— T he electronic a n d p o sitiv e io n em ission fro m th o ro u g h ly outg assed n io b iu m hav e been in v estig a te d , a n d th e effect of im p u ritie s stu d ied . T h e w o rk -fu n ctio n for th e electrons is 3-96 v. w ith t h e R ich a rd so n c o n sta n t A e q u al to 57 a m p ./c m .2/
degree2. F o r th e p o sitiv e ions th e w o rk -fu n c tio n is 5-52 v .— W . H .-R .
♦On the M obility of P o lo n iu m on and in Silver. K a rl Schw arz {Z. physilcal.
Chem., 1934, [A], 1 6 8 , 241-247).—-V olatilization of p o lonium d ep o sited on silver tak e s p lace w ith m easu rab le v e lo c ity o n ly a bove' 350°^400° C .; diffusion w ith in th e o u te r silv er lay e rs is a p p reciab le a t 300° C. a n d increases w ith increase in te m p e ra tu re , a lth o u g h no p e n e tra tio n in to th e b o d y of th e silv er is d e te c t
able below 500° C. T h e a p p a re n t lo w -tem p era tu re v o la tiliz a tio n of polonium is ex plained as follow s : th e explosive d isin te g ra tio n of one a to m te a rs off an o th e r n o t y e t d is in te g ra te d a to m fro m th e lay e r, a n d th is a to m is th e n deposited on a n o th e r p a r t of th e a p p a r a tu s ; th is a c tio n is in d e p e n d e n t of th e tem p e ra tu re betw een 100° a n d 350° C.— B. Bl.
♦A ction of W ater on Selen iu m and T ellurium . E . M ontignie {B ull. Soc. chim . France, 1934, [v], 1, 507-508).— G rey selenium is u n a tta c k e d b y w a te r ev en a t 160° C. u n d e r p ressu re, b u t re d selenium dissolves slow ly a t 50° C. a n d m ore ra p id ly a t h ig h er te m p e ra tu re s . T ellu riu m in a ll its form s dissolves slow ly in w ater a t a ll te m p e ra tu re s giv in g te llu riu m d io x id e ; h e a t a n d p ressu re acc elerate th e d isso lu tio n .— A. R . P .
♦ D enotes a p ap er describing th e resu lts of original research.
I D enotes a first-class critical review.
2 E
410 Metallurgical Abstracts Vo l. 1
*B actericid al E ffect of M etallic Silver ; A n tisep tic A ctio n A ccordin g to V in c e n t; O ligodynam ic A ctio n A ccordin g to N aegeli. P . L asse u r et al. (T ra v.
L a b . M icrobiol. Fac. P ha rm . N a n c y , 1 9 3 2 , (5), 13; Z entr. ges. H yg ., 1933, 2 9 , 8 8 ; (U .S .) P ublic H ealth E n g . A b s., 1934, 1 4 ).— A fu ll d iscussion of e a rlie r w o rk o n th e b a c te ric id a l effect of m eta llic silv er, w ith a cc o u n ts of som e e x p erim e n ts u sin g B. coli a n d 3 colour-form ing b a c te ria m ore se n sitiv e to th e a c tio n of silv er t h a n B. coli. G en tle h e a tin g of silv er w ire in cre ased b u t s tro n g h e a tin g d ecreased th e b a c te ric id a l a ctio n . In c re a sin g th e su rface a re a in cre ased t h e a c tio n . S h o rt tim e s of c o n ta c t d ecreased th e b a c te ria l c o n te n t b u t co m p le te d e s tru c tio n of b a c te ria w as n o t a ch iev e d in 24 h rs.— S. G.
* Colour in F ilm s of Sputtered T in. C larence J . O v erb eck («7. Opt. Soc.
A m e r., 1933, 2 3 ,1 0 9 -1 1 3 ).— F ilm s of t i n s p u tte re d fro m c irc u la r cath o d es in a ir show ed u n d e r m o n o ch ro m atic lig h t rin g s a n d cycles of colour, p ro b a b ly d u e to th ic k n e ss a n d in te rfe re n c e effects. F ilm s p ro d u c ed in n itro g e n w ere bro w n a n d o p a q u e. T hese w ere fo u n d to co n sist of a tin - n itr o g e n c o m p o u n d . H e a tin g th e n itrid e film in a ir p ro d u c ed a tr a n s p a r e n t film sim ila r to th o se s p u tte r e d in a ir.— R . G.
*T he R ate of C rystallization of and th e N um ber o f N u clei in T in, B is m u th , and L ead. G. T a m m a n n a n d H . J . R o c h a (Z. anorg. C hem ., 1934, 2 1 6 , 17-25).—
T h e r a te of c ry s ta lliz a tio n of u n d er-co o led m e lts is d e te rm in e d b y in o c u la tin g su c h a m e lt in a U -tu b e in one lim b a n d o b serv in g th e tim e ta k e n fo r th e c r y s ta l
lite s to re a c h th e m eniscus in th e o th e r lim b o r th e tim e ta k e n fo r a th erm o co u p le in th e o th e r lim b to show a n in crease in te m p e ra tu re . A th ir d m e th o d con sists in d e te rm in in g th e grain-size a f te r in o c u la tin g th e m o lte n m e ta l in a c y lin d rical c o n ta in e r a n d q u e n ch in g a f te r th e single c ry s ta l h a s re a c h e d a c e rta in size, so t h a t th e s till liq u id p o rtio n freezes to a finely c ry sta llin e a g g re g a te ; fro m th e le n g th of th e single c ry s ta l a n d th e tim e b e tw e e n in o c u la tio n a n d q u e n ch in g th e r a te of c ry sta lliz a tio n c an be d e d u ce d . T h e r a te of c ry s ta lliz a tio n of tin , b is m u th , a n d le a d h a s b een d e te rm in e d fo r v a rio u s degrees of u n d er-co o lin g b y t h e second a n d t h ir d m eth o d s, a n d fro m th e grain-size of q u e n ch e d u n d e r cooled m elts th e n u m b e r of n u clei p re s e n t a n d th e influence of th e cro ss-sectio n of th e m eltin g tu b e h a v e b e en d e te rm in e d .— B . Bl.
*S om e T h erm ion ic P roperties of B a r iu m F ilm s A dsorbed o n T u n g sten . H e r b e r t N elso n (P hysics, 1931, 1, 8 4 -9 3 ).— A fu ll r e p o rt of w o rk p re v io u sly n o te d in a b s tr a c t. See J . In s t. M etals, 1931, 4 7 , 326.— S. G.
*The E ffect of A lk a li Io n s on th e P h o to electric E m issiv ity of T u n g sten . A.
K e ith B rew er (P hys. R ev., 1933, [ii], 4 4 , 1016-1019).— K n o w n q u a n titie s of N a + , K + , R b +, a n d C s+ io n s w ere d e p o site d on tu n g s te n a n d th e ch an g es in th e p h o to ele ctric c u rre n t m easu re d . F o r w a v e-le n g th s below 28 0 0 A. t h e c u rre n t in creases p ro p o rtio n a lly to th e fra c tio n f of th e su rface co v ered as long a s / i s sm all. T h e em issiv ity fo r lo n g er w av e-len g th s is low a t first, a n d th e n in cre ases s h a rp ly b e y o n d som e c ritic a l v alu e of / , w h ich in cre ases w ith th e w a v e-le n g th . T h e re s u lts in d ic a te t h a t th e w o rk -fu n c tio n is n o t u n ifo rm o v e r th e s e com p o site su rfa c e s; th is m ak e s i t im p o r ta n t to fix a d efin ite th re s h o ld fo r th e v a rio u s v a lu e s of / . T h e e m iss iv ity in cre ases w ith te m p e ra tu re to a b o u t 50 0 ° C., w h ere fa tig u e becom es ap p rec ia b le. As th e fila m en t fa tig u e s fo r p h o to e le c tric em ission th e p o sitiv e io n e m iss iv ity in cre ases re a c h in g a m a x im u m w h en th e th re s h o ld r e tu r n s to t h a t fo r c le an tu n g s te n . T h e re s u lts show t h a t th e a lk a li dissolves so ra p id ly in th e tu n g s te n t h a t th e d e p en d e n ce of th e w ork- fu n c tio n on / c a n n o t be d e te rm in e d a t te m p e ra tu re s ab o v e 5 0 0 ° C.— S. G.
^ P h otoelectric P rop erties of T hin F ilm s of A lk a li M etals. S. A sao (P hysics, 1932, 2 , 12-20).— M e asu rem en ts a re r e p o rte d o n th e co lo u r sen sitiv en ess of v a rio u s p h o to ele ctric tu b e s h a v in g cath o d es m ad e of a lk a li m eta ls. A co m p o site su rfa ce of R - A g - R O - A g of a n y a lk a li m e ta l R show s a h ig h e r s e n s itiv ity o v e r a w id er ra n g e of w av e-le n g th s th a n R - R O - A g a n d h a s 2 p e a k s , one b e tw ee n 330 a n d 370 rnp a n d one a t a b o u t 5 0 0 m u fo r p o ta s siu m a n d 550 m p
1934 I . — Properties of Metals 411
for ru b id iu m a n d b etw een 700 a n d 800 mp. for cæ sium . I f a gas-filled lam p a t 2700° K . is u sed as a lig h t source, p h o to electric c u rre n ts fro m v a cu u m p h o to tu b es a re o b tain e d som etim es as larg e as 29 p a p e r lu m en fo r p o tassiu m , a n d 10-15 p a p e r lu m en fo r ru b id iu m , a n d 4 0 -5 0 p a p e r lu m en for cæ sium .— S. G.
♦E lasticity of F lexure. A. J a q u e ro d a n d H . M iigeli (Helv. Phys. Acta, 1931, 4 ,3-30 ; Sci. Abs.,1931, [A], 3 4 ,454).— [ In F re n c h .] A s in a previous p u b lic a tio n (ibid.,1929, 2, 419 4 4 4 ) o nly th e d a ta re ferrin g to th e v a ria tio n of th e first m odulus of e la s tic ity w ith te m p e ra tu re a re now p u b lish ed , a n d th is fo r th e following m ate ria ls : iro n , copper, gold, silver, p la tin u m , n ickel, silica, a n d glass. T he te m p e ra tu re range was 0° to 140° C. a n d th e te m p e ra tu re -e la s tic ity curves, w hich a re g iv en for eac h m a te ria l, a re fo u n d to be sim ilar to t h a t of steel, i.e.parab o lic. S ilica glass p ro v e d to be a n e x cep tio n , since i t possessed a positive th erm o ela stic coeff. a n d a lm o st a lin e a r v a ria tio n . T h e rm a l a n d m echanical tr e a tm e n t g e n era lly p ro d u ces a n in crease of Y o u n g ’s m o d u lu s : iron a n d silica glass ex ce p tio n a lly show ing a d im in u tio n . H o o k e’s law is n e v er com pletely o beyed ev en fo r sm all defo rm a tio n s. N ickel e x h ib its in te re s tin g phenom ena.— S. G.
♦The D eterm in ation of the Character of V iscous E x ten sio n of M etals at H ig h Temperatures. G. R a n q u e a n d P . H e n ry (Compt. rend.,1 9 3 1 ,1 9 3 ,1061-1063).
— See J . Inst. Metals, 1932, 5 0 , 149.— S. G.
♦The P la stic o -V isco u s D eform ation o f R igh t Circular Cylinders of S oft M etal under Variable Load A x ia lly D irected. W . E . G rim shaw (Phil. Trans. Roy.
Soc.,1934, [A], 2 33, 217-245).— S u b je ct to th e re s tric tio n c u sto m a rily im posed of a n order of s tra in sm allness w h e n s tre s s -s tra in re la tio n s h ip s a re being con
sidered, a n a n aly sis is develo p ed fo r th e m o tio n of a so ft-m e tal cy lin d er w h en subjected to a c ru sh in g lo ad d ire c te d a x ia lly , surface fric tio n being reg ard ed as absent. T h e m e ta l is co n sid ered to be hom ogeneous, iso tro p ic, a n d in co m pressible, a n d coefficients of p la s tic ity a n d v isc o sity a re u se d in th e s tr e s s - stra in relatio n sh ip s. T h e m odifying influence of r a te of a p p lic a tio n of lo ad is exam ined. T heorem s of th e a n aly sis a re show n to be in acco rd w ith co n clusions reach ed fro m ex p erim e n ts especially fro m th o se o n th e com pression of copper cy lin d ers (Res. Dept. Woolwich, R .D . Report,N o. 6 4 ,1927 ; L o n d o n : H.M . S ta tio n e ry Office).— W . H .-R .
♦M echanism of P la stic ity . N . J . S eljak o v (Z. K rist., 1932, 83, 426 4 4 7 ; Sci.
Abs., 1933, [A], 36, 111).— Cf. J . Inst. Metals, 1932, 50, 597. F o r ro c k s a lt, p lastic d efo rm atio n is ac c o m p a n ied b y th e ap p ea ran c e of in te rm e d ia te lay e rs of m onoclinic sy m m etry . T h e change of sy m m e try is b ro u g h t a b o u t b y sim ple gliding. T h e differen t v alu es of th e c h a ra c te ris tic angle afo r th e m onoclinic layers p roduces “ s ta rrin g ” on th e X -ra y p h o to g ra p h s .— S. G.
P lasticity and H ardening. O. M an fred (Z. physikal. Chem., 1932, [B], 15, 383-387 ; Sci. Abs., 1932, [A], 3 5 , 466).— E v id en ce is p re se n te d to show t h a t p lastic d isto rtio n of a m a te ria l is alw ays follow ed b y increase of h a rd n ess, w h eth er th e m a te ria l is p o ly cry sta llin e lik e a m e ta l or a p las tic colloid like rubber. T h is p a ra lle l re la tio n , w h ich seem s to be in d e p e n d e n t of th e u ltim a te s tru c tu re of th e m a te ria l, m a y be re g a rd e d as a new g en eral p rin cip le.— S. G.
The R elation B e tw ee n P lastic S h ortenin g and P ressure in Com pression of Salts and M etals. K a r l P rz ib ra m (Sitzber. AJcad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw.
Klasse, 1933, A b t. H a , 1 42, 3 7 7 -3 8 0 ; C. Abs., 1934, 2 8 , 3633).— T h e decrease in h eig h t of e ith e r a m e ta l (lead, copper) or a n a lk a li h alid e s a lt c ry s ta l w ith pressure is p ro p o rtio n a l to th e p ro d u c t of th e p ressu re a n d th e w id th . T h e p las tic ity coeff., 6 ,of th e a lk a li halid e sa lts dep en d s on th e ato m ic n u m b e r of th e an io n a n d of th e catio n . P lo ttin g a to m ic n u m b er of a n io n a g a in s t 6 giv es a s tra ig h t line.— S. G.
R eaction s in Solids. R o la n d W a rd (Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci., 1933, 25, 167-169; C. Abs., 1934, 2 8 , 3634).— A rev iew of th e w ork of v a n L ie m p t, L angm uir, H u m e a n d Colvin, T am m an n , H e d v all, S a n d e r, a n d o th ers . R e-
412412 M etallurgical Abstracts Vo l. 1
a n d 4 0 0 ° C. th e d e n s ity s till f u r th e r in creased , b u t th e h a rd n ess decreased, a lth o u g h no g ra in -g ro w th o ccu rred , t h e c h an g e s b e in g e x p la in e d a s c ry stal re co v e ry . T h e ma.-Hmnm d e n s ity o b ta in e d w as t h a t of t h e m assive m e ta l, b ut t h e h a rd n ess a t th is p o in t w as m u c h g re a te r. T h e specific e le c tric a l resistan ce, a n d i t s te m p e ra tu re coeff. c o rre sp o n d e d w ith th o se of th e m assiv e m eta ls. A t p ressin g te m p e ra tu re s of 4 5 0 °-6 0 0 ° C. t h e h a rd n e s s d e creased a n d re c ry sta lliz a
tio n o c cu rre d .— B . B l. n m
*Ig n itio n T em peratures [o f M etals] as a F u n c tio n of P a rticle Size. G . la m - m a n n a n d W . B oehm e (Z. anorg. C hem ., 1934, 2 1 7 , 22 5 -2 3 6 ).— If sm all strip s o r w ires of m e ta l a re allo w ed to slid e th r o u g h a la b o r a to r y tu b e fu rn ac e a re la tio n c a n b e fo u n d b e tw ee n th e ig n itio n te m p e ra tu r e (f) a n d th e cross- se c tio n al a re a of th e s tr ip (q). F o r q = 0 -0 2 -0 -4 m m .2, t is giv en b y th e follow in g e q u a tio n s : e le c tro ly tic iro n in a ir, a n g u la r s trip , 1015-f = 4-80/2 i e le ctro ly tic iro n w ire, i n a ir, 1128-1 = 3-5 0/2; e le c tro ly tic iro n w ire in oxygen,
1 0 0 0 -i = 5-8 0 /2 ; m an g a n ese in a ir, 1 2 2 5 - f = 15-5¡q; m ag n e siu m in air, 6 3 0 -i = O -lO /g; c eriu m in a ir, 5 5 0 -i = 2-25/2- I f t h e iro n w ire is c o ated w ith s ilv e r i t d oes n o t ig n ite below th e m e ltin g p o in t of t h e c o atin g . I f th e boilm g p o in t of t h e m e ta l is m u c h a b o v e th e m e ltin g p o in t of i t s o x id e, ig n itio n occurs o n ly w h e n th e ox id e film sh rin k s o r m e lts. I n m e ta ls , t h e v a p o u r p ressu re of w h ic h is a p p re c ia b le a t th e ig n itio n te m p e ra tu r e b u t t h e o x id es of w h ic h m e lt m u c h ab o v e th is p o in t {e.g. m ag n esiu m ), o x id a tio n of t h e v a p o u r in a ir is a c c o m p a n ied b y th e d e v elo p m e n t of sm oke. S o lid s o lu tio n s of gold in iro n h av e th e sam e v a lu e fo r tas e le c tro ly tic iro n , b u t a d d itio n s of n ick e l, silicon, an d a lu m in iu m te n d to in cre a se t fo r iro n . T h e p a rtic le s of s te e l ru b b e d ofl b y a c a rb o ru n d u m disc a re p a r tly a n g u la r fra g m e n ts of iro n a n d p a r tl y m o lten sp h e re s of ox id e w ith a d ia m e te r of 0 -0 5 -0 -2 4 m m . th e a v e ra g e v a lu e being 0-1 m m . C orresp o n d in g figures a re g iv en fo r som e ste els. T h e ig n itio n te m p e ra tu re s of t h e follow ing p y ro p h o ric m e ta ls h a v e b e en d e te r m in e d ; iro n (red u ced in h y d ro g e n a t 370° C.) - 11° C. in a ir, - 15° C. in o x y g e n ; co b alt (red u ced in h y d ro g e n a t 320° C.) 3° C. in a i r ; n ic k e l ( tr e a te d in h y d ro g e n a t 350° C.) — 6° C. in a ir, — 9° C. in o x y g e n ; o sm iu m p o w d e r (red u ced in h y d ro g e n a t 2 0 0 ° C.) a b o u t 5 0 0 ° C. in a ir.— B . B l.
♦T he O ptical P rop erties o f M etallic and C rystalline P o w d e rs. A. H . P fu n d ( J . O pt. Soc. A m e r ., 1933, 23, 375 -3 7 8 ).— T h e p ro c e d u re d e v elo p ed fo r th e p ro d u c tio n of v e ry fin ely -d iv id e d b is m u th (b is m u th b lac k ) h a s b e en fo u n d ap p lic ab le to a w ide v a r ie ty of m e ta ls , in c lu d in g gold, silv er, n ick e l, co p p er, zin c, a n d lead . T h e m e th o d co n sists in th e d is tilla tio n of th e m e ta ls a t h ig h p re ssu re . M easu re
m e n ts of th e tra n s p a re n c y of th e b lac k s in t h e in fra -re d a re g iv en .— R . G.
*The Isotopic C onstitution and A to m ic W eig h ts of th e R are-E arth E lem en ts F. W . A ston (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1934, [A], 146, 4^ 5 5) . - A p ro v 1sion al s u r v e | is given of th e isotopic c o n stitu tio n s of a ll th e ra re -e a rth elem en ts. M ore th a n 30 new isotopes h a v e b een discovered. E s tim a te s of th e p ercen tag e ance of each isotope a re given a n d th e chem ical ato m ic w eig h ts a re cM cuiated therefrom . T he follow ing v alu es of a to m ic w eig h t are so d e riv e d r ian th a n u m ,
¡38-91 ± 0 0 5 ; cerium , 1 4 0 1 3 ± 0 0 5 ; p raseo d y m iu m , 140-91 ± 0 0 6 , neodym ium , 143-5 ± 0 -2 ; sa m ariu m , 150-1 ± 0 -2 ; eu ro p iu m , 151-90 ± 0 0 3 , gadolinium , 156-9 ± 0 - 2 ; te rb iu m , 158-91 ± 0 - 0 5 ; d ysprosium , 162-5 ± 0 2 , holmium , 164-91 ± 0 - 0 5 ; e rb iu m , 167-15 ± 0 - 2 ; th u liu m , 1M-91 ± 0 0 5 , y tterb iu m , 173-2 ± 0 - 2 ; lu te c iu m , 174-91 ± O-Oo. R ev isio n of th e in t national ato m ic w eig h ts is d esirab le in th e case of n e o d y m iu m , sa m ariu m , gadolinium, te rb iu m , th u liu m , a n d p a rtic u la rly ho lm iu m a n d c r hunn. — ^
* 0 n the Theory of E lectrolytic T ransm ission and D iffu sion in Crystals, u . W. J o s t (Z. physikal. C hem ., 1934, [A], 169, 129-1 3 4) .- M a th e m a tic a l. Cf.
P a r t I, J . Chem. P hysics, 1 933,1, 466.— B. Bl. ,
The Therm ionic W ork -F u n ctio n and th e Slope and Intercept of R ichardson Plots. J . A. B ecker a n d W . H . B r a tta in (P hys. R ev., 1934 [n], 45, 0iM±7O5) (1) T he th erm io n ic em ission c u rre n t (i) fro m a m e ta l c an be re p re se n ted by t R ichardson e q u atio n i = w here T is th e a b so lu te t e m ^ r a t u r e - a n d A an d b are co n sta n ts. T h is im plies t h a t if log ^ 2 log 1 is p g - , a stra ig h t lin e is o b tain e d of w h ich th e slope is 6/2-3, a n d th e in te rc e p t log A . The slope of th is lin e w h ic h is som etim es re a lly slig h tly c u rv ed is som etim es called th e w o rk -fu n ctio n . (2) F e rm i-D ira c s ta tis tic a l th e o ry gi equation log i - 2 log T = log U (l - v) - w /2-3T , w here V 18
con stan t of value 120 am p./cm .* “R 2, v is th e reflection coefl., a n d w is th e th eo retical w ork -fu n ctio n . C on seq u en tly A a n d b in (1) can e 1
U an d w in (2) o n ly , if r = 0 a n d w is in d e p e n d e n t of te m p e ra tu re , l h e a u th o rs show fro m e x p e rim e n ta l a n d th e o re tic a l co n sid eratio n s t h a t r negligibly sm all, b u t t h a t in gen eral w v aries w ith te m p e ra tu re , w t i c h i s t o b e 4 e c t e d from th e S om m erfeld th e o ry , since w dep en d s o n th e n u m b er of free electrons p e r u n it volu m e, a n d th is v a rie s on a cc o u n t of ex pansion,
in th e em pirical e q u a tio n is n o t a u n iv ers al c o n sta n t. ( )1 n . k/ ot i dynam ic th e o ry th e so-called h e a t-fu n c tio n h is defined as h pj
w here \ is th e la te n t h e a t of v a p o riz a tio n of electro n s p e r grm .-m o ■ a u th o rs show t h a t h c an be id en tified w ith 6, a n d t h a t h - w f (4) T he p h o to electric w o rk -fu n c tio n is e q u a l to w, a n d is ■con seq u en tly n really in d ep en d en t of T , as h a s so m etim es been a ssum ed. T h e p a p e r is^a, u setu correlation of experim ent a n d th e o ry w here confusion h as b een cau sed y ■ g th e sam e te rm w ith d ifferen t m ean in g s.— W . H .-R .
D irections of D isc o n tin u o u s C hanges of M agnetization in a R atatm g Mo crystal of Silicon Iron [B ark h au sen E ffect]. L . W M cK eeh a n (P h y s.
1934, [ii], 45, 839-840).— A n o te. I n a single c ry s ta l of 3 /0 silicon n o n , s y ro ta te d in a m ag n etic field, a lm o st a ll of th e larg e B a rk h a u s e n c < S e x plained as d u e to sim ple re v ersa ls along one of th e d irectio n s o <. y < 0 n e tiz atio n h ere of th e fo rm < 1 0 0 > . — W . H .-R . ,. rin v id
On th e H vD othesis of a C ritical F ie ld in S u p ercon d u ctivity. JJaviu R itte n h o u se In g lis ( J . F r a n ld in I n s t., 1924, 217, 2 2 7 - 2 2 8 ) .- A b rief discmssmn.
¡934 / . — Properties o f Metals 413
414 M etallurgical Abstracts Vo l. 1
II.— P R O PE R T IE S OF ALLOYS
(Continued from pp. 380-383.)
*A Study of th e A lu m in iu m -R ic h A lu m in iu m - Copper Silicon A llo y s .— III.
C hiuyo H is a ts u n e (S u iy d -K w a ish i, 1929, 6, (1), 3 1 -3 4 ; (2), 1 9 9-211;
Jap a n ese J . E ng. A b s., 1933, (9), 69).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] Cf. J ■ In s t. M etals, 1933, 5 3 , 294. A lloys c o n ta in in g c o p p er u p to 4 0 % a n d silico n u p to 8 % w ere p re p are d , q u e n ch e d a t 4 5 0 °-5 2 0 ° C. a n d a g ed a t 1 0 0 °-2 0 0 ° C. T he ag ein g p h e n o m e n a w ere o b serv ed . T h e c h an g es of te n s ile s tr e n g th a n d C h a rp y im p a c t v a lu e of w ro u g h t a n d c a s t a llo y s d u e to q u e n c h in g an d artificial ageing w ere stu d ie d , a n d also th e im p a c t h a rd n e s s a t 2 5 °-5 0 0 ° C.
T h e q u e n ch e d a n d a g ed a llo y s sh o w ed t h e h ig h e s t v a lu e s. I t w as fo u n d t h a t 4 5 0 °-5 0 0 ° C. w as t h e b e st te m p e ra tu re fo r forg in g a n d t h a t t h e allo y s c o n ta in in g m ore t h a n 4 % silico n a n d m ore t h a n 6 % c o p p er w ere u n s u ita b le fo r th is p u rp o se. T h e m ec h an ical a n d p h y sic a l p ro p e rtie s a re c o n sid e ra b ly im proved b y h e a t- tr e a tm e n t. T h e a llo y c o n ta in in g c o p p er 4 a n d silico n 2—4% is superior in m a n y re sp ec ts to th e o th e r a lu m in iu m -ric h a lu m in iu m -c o p p e r-s ilic o n alloys.
— S. G.
A Study o f th e A lu m in iu m -R ic h A lu m in iu m -C o p p er-S ilico n A llo y s. Chuyo H is a ts u n e (S u iy d -K w a ish i, 1930, 6, (4), 3 7 3 -3 7 9 ; Jap a n ese J . E n g . A bs., 1934, (10), 4 8 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] H . in v e s tig a te d t h e tim e re q u ire d fo r th e d isso lu tio n a n d diffusion of th e soluble c o n s titu e n ts in th e so lid so lu tio n by m e a su re m e n ts of R o c k w ell h a rd n e ss a n d e le c tric a l re sista n c e , a n d b y m icro
scopic e x a m in a tio n . H e also s tu d ie d th e a rtific ia l ag ein g of th e s e allo y s;
5 h rs. w ere fo u n d to be sufficient to h e a t t h e sp ecim en s a t 50 0 ° C. fo r th e p u rp o se of th e so-called s o lu tio n tr e a tm e n t.— S. G.
a J® u m in ' G am m a , th e N ew Q u ality A llo y for H e a t-T rea tm en t. J . D o rn au f (A llu m in io , 1934, 3, 6 8 -7 3 ).— A sm a ll a d d itio n of m ag n e siu m to S ilu m in re n d e rs i t s u s ce p tib le to g r e a t im p ro v e m e n ts b y h e a t- tr e a tm e n t. T h e changes in s tr u c tu r e a n d p ro p e rtie s p ro d u c e d b y v a rio u s h e a t- tr e a tm e n ts a re illu s t r a te d .— G. G.
A N ew A lu m in iu m L ig h t A llo y “ C h lu m in .” Ic h iro I i ta k a (Zassan (J.
J “P a n eseS o c. N a v a l A rch .), 1931. 48, 165-177).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] See J . In st.
M eta ls, 1932, 5 0 , 11, 221, 425, 661.— S. G.
^ E lastic H y steresis of A lu m in iu m and Its A llo y s. G. C o lo n n eti a n d G. M.
ic m n 0 rA i 'H F o n L Acca(L S cL N u o vo L in c e i, 1930, 1 4 , 4 3 5 -4 8 8 ; S c i. A b s., 1931, [A], 3 4 , 264).— T h e e la stic p ro p e rtie s of th e allo y s of a lu m in iu m do n o t d e p e n d o n ly o n th e ch em ical c o m p o sitio n of t h e allo y b u t also, a n d p e rh a p s m ore, on th e th e r m a l a n d m ec h a n ic al tr e a tm e n t t h a t th e m a te ria l h a s u n d e rg o n e. T h e follow ing 3 p ro p e rtie s w h ic h w ere n o te d in allo y s of c o p p e r w ere fo u n d also in a lu m in iu m allo y s. (1) T h e irre v e rs ib ility of th e p h e n o m e n o n of d e fo rm a tio n . I f a sp ecim en is g ra d u a lly s u b je c te d to a load in c re as in g fro m zero to a n a r b itr a r y v a lu e a n d th e lo a d is th e n g ra d u a lly ae c re a se d th e d e fo rm a tio n s o b se rv e d o n th e o rig in a l pro cess a re in gen eral d itle re n t fro m th o se in th e re v erse process. (2) T h e a d ju s tm e n t of th e cycles, r tn e o p e ra tio n of lo ad in g a n d u n lo a d in g is re p e a te d a seco n d tim e th e e to rm a tio n cu rv e is d iffere n t in th e l a t t e r case fro m t h a t in th e first. (3) T he e la s tic ity a ssu m es fo r e ac h m a te ria l a v a lu e p ra c tic a lly c o n s ta n t m e d ia te ly a f te r e v e ry in v e rs io n of th e sense of v a r ia tio n of th e lo ad I n ofTo0n n e ? C w i 1e .Char+t CteristicSi ° i th e allo y s of a lu m in iu m d iffer fro m th o se i.in f f , ln tllc case of t h e c o p p e r allo y s e x a m in e d th e m o d u lu s of e la s tic ity a lw ay s a ssu m e d a f te r e v e ry reg ressio n a m a x im u m v a lu e w ith n u m e ro u s sp ecim en s of a lu m in iu m a llo y s th e c h a ra c te ris tic v a lu e of th e to th e lm m edl; lte ly af t e r a reg re ssio n w as a m in im u m . A tte n tio n is d ire c te d to th e a s s y m m e try of th e b ila te ra l cycles, t h a t is, th e d iv e rs ity of th e v alu e s
th a t o th e r circu m stan ces b ein g eq u al, th e m od u lu s of e la stic ity can assum e according as th e ex p erim e n t is w ith ten sio n o r com pression.— A G.
4 h e Influence of Tem perature on th e E la stic P roperties o f C a J A l — Allovs M v. Schw arz a n d A. E v e rs (Z. M etallkunde, 1934, 26, 37 39).
C om parative ten sile te s ts o n a self-h ard e n in g A m erican allo y a n d on a G er
m an alloy show ed th e fo rm er to h av e th e b e tte r m ech an ical p ro p e rties a t v ^ h tem p e ra tu res (up to 250° C.). T h e B rinell h ard n ess of th e specim ens S a t S S e d T hree d a y s a fte r th e ten sile te s t. T he original m u st be C° ” o n t th ef P r o h le m t f th e E lectrom otive F orce and E lectrical C onductivity of Alloy“ of A n tim on y and Cadm ium . B. N . V olfson a n d V. N R o jd es tv e n sk iy
of ^ i h e r m o e t c t r i c po w er k n d e le ctrica l re sistan c e of a n tim o n y -c a d n n u m alloys show th e presence of 3 ranges of com p o sitio n in w h ich th es e p ro p e rtie s reach u n stab le m ax im a, in d ic a tin g th e e x iste n c e of m ix tu re s of com pounds which are c o n v erted one in to th e o th e r ^ ^ e a t' ^ e a t“ e^ ^ V b ^ - N a ' T he probable com positions of th es e a re S b3C d6, S b6Cd4, a n d b b5Gd3. JN. A
*The C obalt-S ilicon E quilibrium D iagram . R u d o lf V ogel a n d K u r t R o se n t h a l (Arch E isenhM enw esen, 1933-1934, 7, 689-6911 ) .- T h e sy stem h as been re-investigated b etw een 8 a n d 32-45% silicon b y th e rm a l a n d ™ c rographic m ethods. T he c o m p o u n d C o3Si se p a ra tes fro m th e liq u id it .210 C. a
1 «p. 0+ i i An° r T hp oomDOiind. Co2Si m elts a»t 1 SoZ o . cinci untie decomposes a t 1160 C. ^ ^ f c an dissolve a l i t t le silicon goes a tra n s fo rm a tio n a t 13ZU O ., dowi p 590-80/ b u t no cob alt, a n d th e silicon-rich (3-form decom poses a t 1208 C. (20 8/ 0 silicon) in to a-solid so lu tio n w ith 19-8% silicon a n d th e co m p o u n d CoSi, w hich are b o th sta b le dow n to ro o m te m p e ra tu re . T he ex isten ce of C o3S i2
» * « » . » y ^ B u d o l f V ogel on d W alter D an n o h l (Arch. E isenhuttenw esen 1934 8, 39-40) i n the.
copper system th e closed g a p o f ™ b d r t y e x t e n d t o U 8 0 _ C-, » d th e
* » p i '2 % 1 1« th e regios, 5 5 - « % a irtim o n y th e J o l t s of H Sgg o b ta in e d b y X - r „ s h av e been confirm ed by
” ‘i Z io iCS * ¥ C “ V ' e C opper-M agnesium System . V. G. S e d e m . n 1034, [v lll, 18, 343-352),— T h e fl-ph,* of t t a l s y s t e m of . 1 o y . a t 500° C is fo u n d b v X -ra y an aly sis to e x te n d fro m 842 7/ 0 co p p er to 89-64°/ copper w h ilst a t low er te m p e ra tu re s i t is co n sid erab ly less. T h is extent^1 is sm n ew h at less t h a n t h a t ¿ u n d
2 or 3% on e ith e r side of th e C u2Mg com position. T h e alloys e m p l o y m th e in v estig atio n w ere th o se used b y Jo n e s, w ho fo u n d by
scopic m ethods no evidence fo r th e e x isten ce of a ran g e of so lu b ility a t point (see J . In st. M etals, 1931, 46, .195). J . • • • Ohznr 1934
A New FoD D er-N ickel-Tin-Iron Alloy. I v a n C erkesov (th e m . Ubzor, i u m , 9 9-13) — A n allo y for h ig h -p ressu re a rm a tu re s w o rking in s u p e rh ea ted ste am
», .> 1 6). a n au o y lu i iiig r 7 „ , j h ig h ly re s is ta n t to consists of copper w ith n ick e l 37, t in 9, a n a iro A» s ^ . e : t ;on corrosion, a n d has a h ig h re sistan c e tc - w e a r ^ a n d a s m a llc o e ff. of ™ o n w ith w a ter as a lu b ric a n t. T h e allo y h as a B rin ell h a rd n ess of 300 w ith a tensile stre n g th of 4 0 -5 0 k g ./m m .2 in th e c a s t s ta te a n d >
tre a tm e n t. T h e m eth o d of p re p arin g a n d castin g th e allo y is d escribed, a n a a tab le of p h y sical a n d m e ch an ical p ro p e rtie s given. . • A non
The E je c t .1 Silver on th e S o f t e n i n g T e m w rn n e o^ C n p jer A non.
(M etallurgist (S u p p t. to E ngineer), 19o4, 9, 122-123). A or
recen t w ork, m ain ly su m m arizin g a p a p e r b y H . C. K e n n y a n d G. L . C g.
See M et. A bs., th is volu m e, p. 341.— R- G.
\ol.i 1934 / / . — Properties of Alloys 415
as. Unfa fa
• M i m t i i s i
416 M etallurgical A bstracts Vo l. 1
*On th e P roperties of P h o sp h o r -B r o n z e for Springs. M itsu g u T a n a k a a n d T o sh iich i O gaw a (Res. Eleetrotech. L a b . T o kyo , 1931, (3 0 1 ), 1 -8 5 ; S c i. A b s., 1931, [B ], 3 4 , 593).— [ I n Ja p a n e s e .] P a r tic u la r c o n sid era tio n is g iv en to th e p ro p e rtie s of p h o sp h o r-b ro n z e fo r sp rin g s fo r use in e le c tric a l in s tru m e n ts . O v er 4 0 0 specim ens of d ifferen t co m p o sitio n s (up to 10% o r 12% of t i n an d 0-5% of p h o sp h o ru s) w ere a n n ea le d a t v a rio u s te m p e ra tu re s u p to 60 0 ° C.
T h e test-sp ecim en s c o n sisted of a w ire ro lle d a n d d ra w n fro m a ch ill-cast in g o t 1 cm .2 in cross-section. W h e n re d u c e d to 2 m m . in d ia m e te r a ll w ires w ere a n n ea le d a t 600° C. fo r 30 m in u te s a n d th e n c o ld -d ra w n to a d ia m e te r of 0-4 m m ., th u s e n su rin g u n ifo rm a n n e a lin g of a ll specim ens. N u m ero u s e m p irical form ulae a re g iv en fo r t h e v a rio u s p h y sic a l a n d m ec h a n ic al p ro p e rtie s of th e m a te ria l. D e tails a re in clu d e d of a sim p le eodensometer h av in g a n a cc u rac y of 0-001 m m . w ith a d ia l g au g e.— S. G.
* E la stic F a tig u e and Creep o f Coiled Springs [o f P h o sp h o r -B r o n z e ]. W . H . P ie le m eier (Science, 1933, 7 8 , 511).— A n o te . T w o o rd in a ry jo lly b alance sp rin g s of p h o sp h o r-b ro n z e u n d e r a c o n tin u o u s lo a d of 50 g rm . show ed in creases in le n g th of 0 03 a n d 0-23 cm ., re sp ec tiv e ly , a f te r 6 m o n th s , th e fo rm er b ein g e q u iv a le n t to a b o u t 0 -0 8 % of th e le n g th of t h e sp rin g . T his creep w as m u c h less th a n t h a t sh o w n b y sp rin g s m ad e of s te e l p ian o w ire, w h ich w ere q u ite u n s u ita b le fo r b ala n ce sp rin g s s u b je c te d to c o n tin u o u s lo ad in g .— W . H .-R .
, in v e stig a tio n s on Cast A llo y s. V .— P erk in s M etal. G u n ji ShiDoda (o u iy o -K w a ish i, 1929, 6, (1), 4 2 -4 7 ; Jap a n ese J . E n g . A b s., 1933, (9), 69).—- [ I n J a p a n e s e .] T h e effect of a n n e a lin g o n th e e le c tric a l re sistan c e of c a s t bro n zes c o n ta in in g 1 8 -2 4 % of t in w as s tu d ie d . T h e re s u lts re p o rte d in a p re v io u s p a p e r (ibid., 1928, (4 ), 687) fo r q u e n ch e d allo y s w as also o b se rv ed fo r c h ill-ca st allo y s, a lth o u g h th e p h e n o m e n a w ere less rem ark - u j - j sPcc' bc re s is ta n c e -c o n c e n tra tio n c u rv e w as o b ta in e d ; its general sh a p e d id n o t differ e sse n tia lly fro m t h a t of S te p h e n ’s la te r e x p erim en ts, e x c e p t fo r a sm all k in k co rresp o n d in g to C u 3S n 2 a n d C uSn. T h e electric p o te n tia l of th e te m p e re d a llo y c o n ta in in g 2 4 % t i n w as m e a su re d a n d S.
fo u n d a n in tim a te re la tio n b e tw e e n th is a n d th e m icro sco p ic s tr u c tu r e due to te m p e rin g , i.e. h e co n sid ered t h e re a c tio n rim s su rro u n d in g th e m ar- te n s itic n eed les m u s t be a k in d of tin - r ic h so lid s o lu tio n a n d t h a t th e specific re sistan c e m u s t be less t h a n t h a t of Cu4Sn. F ro m t h is p o in t of view S.
e x p la in s th e re m a rk a b le m in im u m a t a b o u t 340° C. L au e p h o to g ra p h s were ta k e n of a ll th e specim ens a n d th e c h an g e of in te r n a l s tr u c tu r e w as stu d ied , t h e effect of te m p e rin g first a p p e a re d a t a b o u t 2 0 0 ° C. a n d fro m 300° C. th e s tr u c tu r e becam e fibrous.— S. G.
* T h e M ech an ical P rop erties o f th e C opper-Z inc A llo y s. W . B ro n iew sk i a n d b I r z e b s k i (R ev. F o n d e n e moderne, 1934, 2 8 , 173-178).— A n in v e s tig a tio n of th e m ec h an ic al p ro p e rtie s of u n o x id iz e d brasses c o n ta in in g u p to 44%
zinc h as been u n d e rta k e n . I n th e case of th e allo y s a n n e a le d a t 550° C .;
b e tw e t 9nSS’ in o io /StrC ngth’ a n d e la stic lim it c u rv es show a h o riz o n ta l p a rt b etw een 20 a n d 3 6 % zinc, p re ce d ed a n d follow ed b y risin g se c tio n s; th e elo n g a tio n h a s successiv ely a m in im u m a n d a m a x im u m to w a rd s 1 3 -3 2 % re d u c tio n of a re a c u rv e show s a s h a rp fa ll b e g in n in g a t 4 0 % z in c ;
w(: ; t ! : : ^ or:,an<i ,r sihr ce °?ly vary Kii«h% the composition.' coid-
o f , ^ fe consid% a b ly red u ce s th e e lo n g a tio n a n d m ak es i t n e a rly in d e p e n d e n t c o m p o s itio n ; th e h a rd n e ss a n d te n s ile s tr e n g th a re in cre ased , b u t th e c u rv es p reserv e th e gen eral d ire c tio n of th o se of th e a n n e a le d allo y s. O x id a tio n of th e allo y s affects th e m ec h an ic al p ro p e rtie s of chiefly t h e 1 2 -3 5 °/
ira s s e s ; th e elo n g a tio n , re d u c tio n of a rea , a n d resilien ce a re re d u c e d b u t th e h a rd n ess a n d ten s ile s tr e n g th a re in cre a s ed .— J . H W
B?e ta ls ° n ‘h e R a ilw a y s of th e U n ited S tates of A m erica and T heir 69 l o d e v e lo p m e n t (Satco M etal) F r. W itte (Z. M etallkunde, 1934, 2 ^ 69-70). T h e p ro p e rtie s of th e lead -b ase b e arin g allo y S atco m e ta a re
1934 I I . — Properties o f Alloys 417
compared w ith th o se of tin , lead , a n d a n tim o n y b e arin g alloys. S atco m etal consists of lead w ith (p referred co m position in b rack ets) t i n 0-5-2 (1), calcium U 05) m ercu ry O-l-O-5 (0-25), alu m in iu m 0 02-1 (0-05), m agnesium 0-05-0-1 (0-075), p o tassiu m 0-02-0-06 (0-04), a n d lith iu m 0-02-0-06 (0-04) /0.
The bending stre n g th is 1740-1870 k g ./m m .2, th e B rin ell h ard n ess 24-27 (20° C.) 17-19 (100° C.), a n d 10-14 k g ./m m .2 (150 C.), a n d m eltin g begins a t 315° C F u rth e r in fo rm a tio n o n th e ten sile s tre n g th , elo n g atio n , a n d defor
mation' u n d e r lo ad is given. T h e life of S atco m eta l b earings is 7 5 ,0 0 0 - 300,000 k m ., com pared w ith 4 5 ,0 0 0 -7 5 ,0 0 0 km . for o rd in ary bearings, B. ±51.
♦Some Investigations on M ag nesium -A lum inium Alloys. S hiro Ish id a. (J.
M ininq In st. J a p a n , 1930, 46 , (540), 2 4 5 -2 6 8 ; Japanese J . E ng. A bs., 1934, (101 45).— rin Ja p a n e se .] T he solid so lu b ility of alu m in iu m m m agnesium was’determ ined b y m icroscopic s tu d y a n d d ete rm in a tio n s of electrical resist-
was a e i e n m i K u uy ___ ? j , 130/ . ., eut ectic
a n c e a n d th e r m a l ex p a n sio n . I t w as fo u n d to be a b o u t 13% a t th e e u te ctic tem p eratu re a n d to decrease to 5 % a t room te m p e ra tu re . T he eflect o quenching a n d tem p e rin g w as in v e s tig a te d b y m icroscopic ex am in atio n a n d the m easurem ent of p h y sical a n d m ech an ical p ro p erties. T h e alloys con
taining m ore th a n 7 % of a lu m in iu m h a rd e n b y q u en ch in g a n d tem p erin g , and th e stru c tu re s a re tro o s titic . M axim um h a rd en in g occurred a t 15 170° C. h u t th e tem p e r-h a rd e n e d alloys are too b r ittle to be used u n d e r shock I. recom m ends t h a t th e y be cooled in th e fu rn ace a fte r h e a tin g a t hig h er tem peratures.— S. G.
* Solid Solubility o f A lu m in iu m and Z inc in M agnesium in R elation to Tem perature. P . J- S ald au a n d V. S. Sokolov (T r u d i Nauchno-IssledovtRelskogo ln d ü u tà Legkih M etallov “ N 1 1 M I N I " (Transactions o f the SctenUfic^
Research In stitu te fo r L ig h t M etals— N I I S A L U M I N I , 1 9 3 2 . 2), rin R ussian.! F ro m a m icroscopic e x am in atio n of a l l o y s an n eale d
fa “ c T J t differe n t t e m p e r .t u r e , nnd q u enched, t i e t a . t e of .o lid solubility of alu m in iu m a n d tin e ( 1 : 1 w eig h t m trn ) m m agnesm m h „ e been found to be : a t room te m p e ra tu re , 1-1 a n d l ' 6 ; a t 250 C., 2 45 a n , a t 300° C., 2-30 a n d 2-75 ; a t 350° C., 4-30 a n d 4-60 ; a n d a t 40 0 C., 3 04 an d 4-0% , respectively, w hence t h e v alu e s a t th e e u te c tic te m p e ra tu re (3 •) are deduced to be 4*5% fo r b o th m etals. D . N . S.
*golid Solubility of Z in c and A lu m in iu m in M agn esium in R elation to t e m perature P . J . S ald au a n d N . I . K o re n e v (T r u th N auchno-Isskdovatelskogo Instituta L egkih M etallov- “ N I I S A L U M I N I " { T ransactions o f th« Sc^ c Research In stitu te fo r L ig h t M etals— ' N I I S A L U M I N I ), 1 9 3 3 (3), bO b4p
— [In R ussian.] M icroscopic e x a m in a tio n of m agnesium alloys (w ith a à 1 weight ra tio of a lu m in iu m a n d zinc) a n n ea le d fo r 24 d a y s a n d T ren ch ed w ater, show ed th e lim itin g so lu b ility of th ese m eta ls to be : a t,20) <% 3 J a 1-31; a t 250° C., 4-84 a n d 1-66; a t 325° C., 6-57 a n d 2-14; a t 350 C., 7 o7 and 2-50% , resp ectiv ely .— D . N . S.
*An In vestigation on S om e M agn esium A llo y s. J J
In st. J a p a n , 1929 (5 2 9 ), 2 5 6 -2 6 8 ; (5 3 2 ), 611 6 2 1 , (5 ), ’ r +jkerm ai J . Eng. A bs., 1933, (9 ), 68).— [In Ja p a n e s e .] * ro m th e results5 ofi t and m icroscopic in v estig a tio n s, I. confirm ed th e c o n stitu tio n s of th e m ag nesiu m -alu m in iu m , m ag n e siu m -ca d m iu m , m ag n esm m -co p p , g nesium -zinc alloys. T h e lim it of so lu b ility of alu m in iu m ^ f ° ™ d to be ab o u t 5 % a t room te m p e ra tu re a n d 13% a t th e e u te c tic te m p e ra tu re th e solubility of zinc in m a g n e siu m w as o b serv ed to be a b o u t 3 j a t - 0 0 . 7% a t 300° C. T h e allo y c o n ta in in g 5 5 % zin c sohdified a s a ^ w h ite so h d solution b u t tran s fo rm e d a few degrees below th e c ry s ta iz c ad m iu m in to a e u te ctic s tru c tu re . T h e sy ste m s m a g n e s iu m -a lu m im u m ^ a d m m m , m ag n esiu m -zin c-alu m in iu m , a n d m ag n e siu m zinc coPP®]; " , ‘ , t In th e tw o l a tte r a te r n a r y co m p o u n d w as fo u n d b u t th e fo rm u l
determ ined. Som e e x p e rim e n ts w ere c arried o u t on t e g
418 M etallurgical Abstracts Vo l. 1
n e siu m allo y s b y v a rio u s m e th o d s. I t is c o n clu d ed t h a t m ag n e siu m m a n u fa c tu re d b y th e ele c tro ly sis of m ag n esiu m ox id e c an be m e lte d w ith o u t cover, b u t fo r m ag n esiu m p re p a re d b y th e e le ctro ly sis of m ag n e siu m ch lo rid e i t is b e tte r to use a co v er su c h a s c a rn a lite o r a m ix tu re of c a rn a lite a n d sodium chloride. T h e m ec h an ic al p ro p e rtie s of allo y s m ad e b y th e l a t t e r m eth o d w ere a lw ay s b e tte r, b u t i t is n e ce ssa ry to ta k e p re c a u tio n s to p r e v e n t th e s a lt fro m e n te rin g th e a llo y a n d to p r o te c t i t fro m th e a c tio n of su lp h u r d io x id e.— S. G.
*The Iron Corner o f th e S y stem Ir o n -M a n g a n e se -C h r o m iu m . W ern er K o s te r (A rch. E isenhiittenw esen, 1933-1934, 7, 6 8 7 -6 8 8 ).— U p to 4 0 % m a n g an ese a n d 3 0 % ch ro m iu m o n ly th e a- a n d y -solid s o lu tio n s e x is t. The e q u ilib riu m d ia g ra m of th is reg io n h a s been c o n s tru c te d fro m m e a su re m e n ts of th e th e rm a l e x p an s io n a n d fro m m ic ro g rap h ic e x a m in a tio n .— J . W .
^Forced L ife T est of H e a tin g W ires. S h in ji Togo (J. Illu m in a tin g E n g . Soc.
J a p a n , 1929, 1 3 , (4), 2 0 1 -2 0 7 ; Jap a n ese J . E n g . A b s ., 1933, (9 ), 34).— [In J a p a n e s e .] See M et. A b s., t h is volu m e, p . 73.— S. G.
*L ife o f R e sista n c e W ires for E lec tric H ea ters. M asaie H o rio k a , K enichi Y a m am o to , a n d K o m a zo H o n d a (J. I n s t. Elect. E n g . J a p a n , 1931, (5 1 8 ), 645- 654).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] See J . In s t. M etals, 1932, 5 0 , 298.— S. G.
R em a rk s o n th e E qu ilib riu m D ia g ra m o f th e I r o n -N ic k e l S y stem B elow 1 0 0 0 C. U. G re n e t (A ciers speciaux, 1 9 3 4 ,9 ,7 6 —83).— T h e iro n —nick el d iag ra m is c ritic a lly rev iew ed a n d t h e re s u lts of X - r a y o b se rv a tio n s a re discussed. I t is c o n clu d ed t h a t i t i t is difficult to conceive a c o n tin u o u s e v o lu tio n fro m th e h om ogeneous a -p h a se to th e hom o g en eo u s y -p h a se w ith a c ry s ta llin e system , a s w ith a n a m o rp h o u s sy s te m , o r a ra p id v a r ia tio n fro m th e c u b e-c en tred to th e fa c e -c e n tre d cu b e. I t is su g g e ste d t h a t th e n o tio n of p h ases be s e p a ra te d from th e n o tio n of a c ry s ta llin e s ta te , a n d th e co ex isten ce of in d iv id u a litie s a n d n o t p h a se s be en v isag ed . T h is h y p o th e s is is e x p a n d e d f u r th e r a n d th e gro u n d s on w h ic h i t is b a se d a re e x p la in e d .— J . H . W .
L in es of R esea rch in th e F ield of H ig h -R e sista n c e and H ea t-R e sista n t A llo y s. A . A . B o tc h v a r ( Vestniclc Ingenerov i Tehnilcov (M essenger o f E n gineers a n d Technologists), 1 9 3 3 , (8), 3 4 0 -3 4 1 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]— N . A.
, * 0 “ i h e A b sorptive P o w er o f th e P a lla d iu m -B o r o n A llo y s for H ydrogen.
A dolf feieverts a n d K u r t B riin in g (Z. p h y sika l. C hem ., 1934, [A], 1 6 8 , 411-418).
— A lloys w ith u p to 6-9 a to m ic -% b o ro n a re hom o g en eo u s a f te r h e a t-tre a tm e n t, b u t allo y s w ith 13-8 a n d 16-6 a to m ic -% b o ro n c o n sist of tw o p h a s e s ; th e h a rd n ess in cre ases w ith th e b o ro n c o n te n t a t first r a p id ly t h e n m o re slow ly. T he a b s o rp tiv e p o w e r of th e allo y s fo r h y d ro g e n decreases in a ll cases w ith rise of te m p e r a tu r e ; a t c o n s ta n t te m p e ra tu re th e a m o u n t of g as a b so rb e d is a p p ro x i
m a te ly p ro p o rtio n a l to th e sq u a re ro o t of th e p re ssu re e x c e p t in th e case of allo y s low in b o ro n , ab o v e 50 0 ° C. A t 20° a n d 100° C. th e a b so rp tiv e pow er of th e allo y s decreases w ith in creasin g b o ro n c o n te n t. B etw ee n 160° a n d 900° C th e a b so rp tiv e p o w er in cre ases to a m a x im u m a t 7 a to m ic -% b o ro n , th e n d ecreases ag ain . T h e b e h a v io u r of b o ro n -p a lla d iu m a llo y s is v e ry sim ila r to t h a t of g o ld -p a lla d iu m a llo y s.— B . B l.
*AJloys of P a lla d iu m w ith N ick el. A. T . G rig o riev (Izv estia P latinago In stitu ta (A n n a les de I In s titu t de P la tin e), 1932, (9), 1 3 -2 2 ).— [ I n R u ssia n . I t h e sy ste m h a s b een stu d ie d b y m ic ro g rap h ic e x a m in a tio n a n d b y m ea su re m e n t of th e B rin ell h a rd n ess a n d te m p e ra tu re coeff. of e le c tric a l re sistan c e.
I h e h a rd n ess cu rv e is c h a ra c te ris tic of a c o n tin u o u s series of so lid solu tio n s, th e m ax im u m h a rd n e ss (156) b e in g re a c h e d w ith 6 0 -6 4 a to m ic -% p a lla d iu m . I h e s tr u c tu r e co n sists of p o ly h e d ra l g ra in s ty p ic a l of so lid so lu tio n s . T he cu rv e of te m p e ra tu re coeff. of e le c tric a l re sista n c e h a s a s h a rp b re a k a t 70-8
