M E T A LLU RG IC A L ABSTRACTS
PAGE
I . P ro p e rtie s o f M etals . . . 137
I I . P ro p e rtie s o f A lloys . . . 147
I I I . S tru c tu re (M e ta llo g ra p h y ; M a c ro g ra p h y ; C ry sta l S tru c tu re ). 149
IV . D e n ta l M e tallu rg y . . . —
V. P o w d er M e tallu rg y . . . 151
V I. C orrosion a n d R e la te d P h e n o m e n a . . . 152 V II. P ro te c tio n (O th e r t h a n b y E le c tro d e p o s itio n ) . . . 154
V I I I . E le c tro d e p o sitio n . . . 157
I X . E le c tro m e ta llu rg y a n d E le c tro c h e m istry (O th e r t h a n E le c tro
d e p o sitio n ) . . . 157
X . R e f in i n g ...157 X I . A n a l y s i s ...157 X I I . L a b o ra to ry A p p a ra tu s , I n s tr u m e n ts , &c. . . . . 1 5 9 X I I I . P h y s ic a l a n d M ech an ical T e stin g , In s p e c tio n , a n d R a d io lo g y . 160 X IV . T e m p e ra tu re M e a su rem e n t a n d C o n tro l . . . . 161 X V . F o u n d ry P ra c tic e a n d A p p lian c es . . . . . 1 6 2 X V I. S eco n d ary M etals : S cra p , R esid u es, &c. . . . . 164 X V I I . F u rn a c e s , F u e ls, a n d R e fra c to ry M a te ria ls . . . . 1 6 4
X V I I I . H e a t- T r e a tm e n t . . . . 1 6 4
X I X . W o r k i n g ... 165
X X . C leaning a n d F in ish in g . . . . 1 6 6
X X I . J o i n i n g ...166 X X I I . I n d u s tr ia l U ses a n d A p p lic a tio n s . . . —
X X I I I . M iscellaneous . . . —
X X IV . B ib lio g ra p h y . . . . 1 6 8
X X V . B o o k R ev iew s . . . 172
a
A U T H O R IN D E X TO ABSTRACTS
Adams, R. C., 159.
Aitchison, L., 164.
Albano, V. J ., 155.
Almen, J . 0 ., 173.
Armstrong, W. M., 162.
Baeyertz, M., 169.
B arnett, S. J ., 148.
Barr, E. E., 159.
Barrett, C. S., 174.
Bartoli, I., 174.
Bass, N. W., 137.
B atty, H . B., 159.
Beaumont, R. A., 169.
Beeby, W. L., 163.
Benedict, O. J ., Jr., 169.
Bennett, F . 0., Jr., 158.
Berry, N. E., 154.
Bialosky, J. M., 152, 154.
Billings, R. H., 159.
Birch, F., 142.
Bloodgood, H., 153.
Blythe, N. C., 163.
Boas, W., 139, 140.
de Boer, J ., 149.
Bogroff, S., 172.
Bonner, W. F., 156.
Boucher, J., 163.
Bowen, I. G., 148.
Bozorth, R. M., 149.
Brady, G. S., 169.
Bragg, (Sir) L., 150.
Bristow, J. R., 144.
Brown, R. H ., 152, 155, 156, 162.
Bulow, C. L., 152.
Burton, L. W., 156.
Cabrera, N., 137.
Calingaert, G., 148.
Came, J . B., 164.
Cass, W. G., 155.
Castro, R., 158.
Chalmers, B., 143.
Charrin, V., 170.
Chase, H., 162.
Christen, H., 170.
Clark, H. T., 174.
Clark, K. L., 162.
Clarke, F. E., 159.
Cole, J . H., 138.
Cook, P., 161.
Comey, G. M., 161.
Cozzo, G., 170.
Cramer, E. M., 163.
Cross, R. J., 166.
Crowe, J . J ., 166.
Cummings, J. M., 162.
Curry, T. W., 162.
Cusset, F., 176.
Custers, J. F. H., 150.
Darrin, M., 154.
Daunt, J . G., 146.
Davies, O. L., 170.
Davis, R. T., Jr., 139.
Dean, R. S., 145.
Denigfcs, G., 158.
Denison, I. A., 157.
Dews, J . W., 162.
Dietze, I. C., 156.
Dively, R. W., 161.
Dixon, E. O., 174.
Du Mond, J . W. M., 159.
Du Mont, C. S., 170.
Dunbeck, N. J ., 163.
Dunkley, G. T., 171.
Dunn, E. J ., Jr., 156.
Durand, S. R., 164.
Eeles, C. C., 165.
Elliott, Ii. E., 162 . Elliott, M. A., 160.
v. Engel, A., 145.
Featherly, R. L., 156.
Fergus, D. J ., 153.
Findley, W. N., 160.
Fitzgerald, J . W., 138.
Fitzgerald-Lee, G., 155.
Folgner, H. A., 166.
Forrester, P. G., 143.
Fox, F. A., 168.
Freudenthal, A. M., 143.
Frye, R. A., 154.
Gardner, C. R., 163.
Garrido, J ., 171.
Gibb, (Sir) C. D., 164.
Gibbs, L. E., 175.
Gibney, R. B., 147.
Girschig, R., 160.
Goldkamp, C., 154.
Gordv, W., 145.
Gosnell, E. C., 154.
Gourley, V. C., 175.
Gow, J . T., 153.
Graves, H. B ., Jr., 171.
Greenwood, H . W., 151, 152.
Greenwood, J . N., 138.
Griffiths, E., 171.
Gwatkin, J . G., 165.
Gwyther, R. E., 166.
Ham ann, C. E., 156.
Hamburg, H. F., 174.
Hamon, J ., 137.
Harkins, W. D., 144.
Harper, W. E., 155.
Heywood, R. B ., 143.
Hill, R., 140.
Hiskey, D. R., 156.
Holler, H. D., 154.
Honeycombe, R. W. K., 139, 140, 171.
Hoover, C. P., 154.
Horger, O. J., 173.
Hothersall, A. W., 157.
Howson, H. O., 163.
Hoxeng, R. B., 156.
Huang, K., 149.
Hudson, D. R., 151.
Hudson, F., 162.
Hunter, E., 162.
Hurdle, B. G., 138.
Hyde, W. L., 159.
Imbembo, E. A., 160.
Ingall, D. H., 164.
Janco, N., 162.
Jaycox, E. K., 158.
Jelatus, D. G., 159.
Jenkins, I., 165.
Johnson, Y. A., 147.
Johnson, C. G., 171.
Jimeno, E., 171.
Kahn, N. A., 160.
Kê, T.-S., 137.
Kemball, C., 138, 139.
Kemsley, D. S., 171.
Kessler, K. G., 159.
King, C. Y., 153.
Kirk, R. E., 171.
K ittel, C., 145.
Kleinschmidt, B., 171.
Klug, H. P., 138.
Kochanovska, A., 149.
Kosting, P. R., 173.
Krohn, I. T., 148.
Lark-Horowitz, K., 147.
Laurent, P., 172.
Lawrie, R. D., 164.
Lee, E. H., 140.
Lichy, C. M., 174.
Longmuir, J . B., 164.
Lype, E. F., 149.
McAfee, E. J ., 163.
McKeehan, L. W., 145.
McRaven, C. H., 157.
Maréchal, J. R., 172.
Masi, F., 174.
Mason, C. W., 172.
Mason, E. W., 165.
Mears, R. B., 155.
Mendelssohn, K., 146.
Mersereau, S. F., 172.
Meyer, E. G., 160.
Mezoff, F. G., 162.
Miller, J . L., 176.
Müler, M. C., 154.
Müls, B. D., Jr., 161.
Müner, G. W. C., 158.
Mitchell, N. W., 152.
Moore, H. F., 173.
Morrogh, H., 148.
Morton, B. B., 153.
Morton, C. A., 155.
Morucci, R., 172.
Murray, W. M., 173.
Naylor, B. F., 149.
Nye, J. F., 150.
Ogg, R. A., Jr., 146.
Orland, J ., 171.
Orth, R. L., 163.
Othmer, D. F., 171.
Owen, E. A., 138.
Parkes, A. R., 162.
Pearson, G. L., 147.
Pereny, L., 154.
Phelps, E. R., 143.
Pitaval, R., 174.
Plantenberg, G., 138.
Poncelet, E. F., 142.
Pope, J . A., 141.
Pope, R., 155.
Pouvreau, J. M., 158.
Pullin, V. E., 161.
Quadt, H . A., 164.
Raynor, G. V., 147.
Reynolds, I. W. G., 166.
Rideal, E. K., 138.
Ringo, G. R., 138.
Robinson, H . A., 156.
Rohrman, F. A., 154.
Roush, W. L., 156.
Saacke, F. C., 166.
Saibel, E., 142.
Sälceanu, C., 141, 142.
Sanderson, L., 158.
Saunderson, J . L., 174.
Sawyer, D. W., 152.
Schofield, M., 157.
Schroeder, A. J., 155.
Schulman, J . H., 159.
Segsworth, R. S., 174.
Shaler, A. J ., 151.
Shapiro, H., 148.
Shaw, C., 163.
Shestopal, V. M., 162.
Shriner, M. E., 165.
Simmons, C. R., 163.
Simoni, G., 174.
Singer, F., 151.
Sladden, J . W., 165.
Sondheimer, E. H ., 146.
Squires, A. T. B. P., 168.
Stout, A. D., Jr., 155.
Sweet, M. H., 161.
Symes, W., 163.
Tama, M., 164.
Tate, L. C., 161.
Telford, A. C., 175.
Terrier, J., 137.
Thurnauer, H ., 151.
Tupper, S. J ., 140.
Uhlig, H. H ., 153, 155.
Yaleur, J ., 172.
Vennerholm, G., 161.
Verink, E. D., 156.
Wakeman, D. W., 147.
Walker, H. S., 165.
Webber, D. S., 148.
Weber, A. H., 138.
Weisberg, L., 157.
Weiter, G., 160.
Wilkinson, E. R., 154.
Wüliams, N. T., 167.
Wüliams, 1t. W., 138.
Williams, S. Y., 165.
Wüliams, W. J., 148.
van der Willingen, P. C., 167.
Wüls, M. S., 145.
Wüson, A. H., 146.
Wilson, S. P., 156.
Wintner, A., 150.
Wishinsky, H., 153.
Wolfe, R. A., 159.
Wood, D. H., 164.
Wood, E. I., 156.
Wright, D. A., 157.
Wulff, J ., 151.
Wyer, R. F., 167.
Wyllie, M. R. J., 150.
Yager, W. A., 149.
Zener, C., 148.
Ziegfeld, 1t. L., 153.
Zuidema, H . H ., 152.
METALLURGICAL ABSTRACTS
(G E N E R A L A N D N O N - F E R R O U S )
Volume 15 DECEMBER 1947 Part 4
I.-PR O PER TIES OF METALS
♦Stress R elax atio n A cross G rain B o u n d aries in M etals [In te rn a l F ric tio n in A lu m in iu m ]. T ’in g -S u i K e (P h y s . R ev., 1947, [ii], 72, (1), 41-^46).—;K e ’s view (ibid., 1947, 71, 5 3 3 ; M e t. A b s., 1947, 14, 305), t h a t g ra in b o u n d a rie s in m e ta ls b e h av e in a visco u s m a n n e r, is te s te d b y e x p e rim e n ts o n th e te m p , d ep en d en ce o f th e in te rn a l fric tio n a n d r ig id ity m o d u lu s o f 99-991% a lu m in iu m a t d iffere n t freq u en cies o f to rsio n a l v ib ra tio n , u sin g sp ecim en s w ith d iffe re n t grain-sizes. F o r th e sam e specim en a n in crease in th e freq u e n c y o f v ib r a tio n sh ifts th e in te rn a l-fric tio n c u rv e a n d rig id ity -re la x a tio n c u rv e to h ig h er te m p . A t c o n st, freq u e n c y , a n in c re ase d grain-size sh ifts th e tw o cu rv es to h ig h er te m p . T h e o b serv ed p h e n o m e n a ag ree w ith th e h y p o th e s is o f stre ss re la x a tio n across g ra in b o u n d a rie s, a risin g fro m th e viscous b e h a v io u r o f th e g ra in -b o u n d a ry m a te ria l. T h e o b se rv a tio n s le a d to a h e a t o f a c tiv a tio n H = 32,000 c al./m o l. a sso c iate d w ith th e stre ss re la x a tio n .— W . H .-R .
* 0 n th e O xidation of A lu m in iu m in a D ry A m osphere. N ico las C ab rera, J e a n T errien , a n d J e a n H a m o n (Com.pt. rend., 1947, 224, (22), 1558-1560).—
T he a u th o rs describ e th e o x id a tio n o f a lu m in iu m a n d c o m m e n t o n th e v a rio u s m ech an ism s su g g ested b y N . F . M o tt (T r a n s. F a ra d a y Soc., 1940, 36, 4 7 2 ; M et. A b s., 1940, 7, 297) : (a) th e p a ssag e o f ions is easier th a n t h a t o f elec
tro n s , (b) th e p assag e o f e le ctro n s is e asie r t h a n t h a t o f io n s (M o tt lean s to w a rd s h y p o th e s is (a)). T h e y o b ta in e d tr a n s p a r e n t film s o f a lu m in iu m b y e v a p o ra tio n in vacuoa n d tr a c e d th e v a ria tio n o f fa c to rs o f tra n s m iss io n a n d re fle ctio n a s a fu n c tio n o f th e tim e . T h e re s u lts in d ic a te d t h a t a lu m in iu m co rresp o n d s m o re to h y p o th e s is (b). W . W elk e n h o rs t (Z . techn. P h y s ik , 1941, 22, 14) a ttr ib u te s th e a cc e le ra tio n o f o x id a tio n in th e p resen ce o f u l t r a v io le t lig h t to th e fo rm a tio n o f ozone. E x p e rim e n ts show , h ow ever, t h a t e v en in th e p resen ce o f ozone, th e o x id a tio n is c o n tro lle d b y th e diffusion o f th e A l+++ ions a n d is in d e p e n d e n t o f th e ozone o r o x y g en p re ssu re .— J . H . W .
* 0 n th e O xidation of A lu m in iu m a t H ig h T em p eratu re. N ico las C a b rera a n d J e a n H a m o n (Com pt. rend., 1947, 224, (24), 1713-1715).— T h e a u th o rs d iscuss a n e w th e o r y o f o x id a tio n b y M o tt (in th e p re ss), w h ic h su pposes t h a t th e e le ctro n s p a ss easily th ro u g h th e o x id e film a n d th u s p ro d u ce in th e film a n ele ctric field, w h ich fa v o u rs th e diffusion o f th e A l+++ ions. T h is th e o ry w o u ld le a d o n e to e x p e c t a v e ry r a p id in crease in th e r a te o f o x id a tio n a t 200° C. E x p e rim e n ts o n a lu m in iu m film s, p re p a re d a s p re v io u s ly d e scrib e d (see p re v io u s a b s tr a c t) , sh o w t h a t th e r a te o f o x id a tio n does, in fa c t, in crease a t 200° C., beco m in g v e ry r a p id a t 400° C. A b o v e 200° C., a lu m in iu m film s o f th is th ic k n e ss (a p p ro x . 200 m p ) a re n o t co n tin u o u s, b u t h a v e a g ra n u la r s tru c tu re . C. a n d H . d iscu ss G. H a a s ’s e x p e rim e n ts (O ptik, 1946, 1, 134) o n th e v a r ia tio n o f th e o x id e film a t h ig h te m p , a n d d e d u ce e q u a tio n s fo r th e e le ctro n en erg y .— J . H . W .
B eryllium as a n A lloying C om pound. N . W . B ass (In d u s t. P lastics, 1946, 1, (11), 1 6 -1 8 , 3 6 ; C. A b s., 1946, 40, (11), 3088).— T h e p ro d u c tio n o f b e ry l
liu m -c o p p e r m a s te r a llo y a n d th e p h y sic a l p ro p e rtie s o f b e ry lliu m a re d is cussed.
♦ D e n o tes a p a p e r d e sc rib in g th e re s u lts o f o rig in a l re se a rc h , f D e n o te s a first-cla ss c ritic a l rev iew .
138 Metallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 15♦R apid a n d D irect M easu rem en t o i V apour P ressure of Liquid M etals [V apour P re ss u re of B ism u th a t 989-6° K .]. A. H . W eb er a n d G o n zag a P la n te n b e rg (.P h y s . R ev., 1946, [ii], 69, (11/12), 649-651).— A ra p id d ire c t m e th o d fo r m ea su rin g th e v a p o u r p ressu re o f liq u id m e ta ls is d e sc rib e d in w hich a s tre a m o f v a p o u r fro m th e surface o f th e m e ta l is allow ed to im p in g e o n th e b o tto m o f a glass b u c k e t su s p e n d e d fro m a helical q u a rtz s p ira l, th e re su ltin g u p th r u s t b ein g m easu red . T h e th e o ry o f th e m e th o d is d escrib ed , a n d th e v a p o u r p ressu re o f b is m u th a t 969-6° K . is d e te rm in e d as 0-0166 ± 0-0017 m m . m erc u ry . T h e e rro rs o f th e m e th o d a re discu ssed .— W . H .-R .
♦The E ffect of T em p eratu re on th e In ten s ity of X -R ay Reflection [of Gold, Copper, an d A lu m in iu m ], E . A. O w en a n d R . W . W illiam s (Proc. R o y. Soc., 1947, [A], 188, (1015), 50 9 -5 2 1 ).— T h e effect o f te m p , o n th e in te n s ity o f X -ra y reflection b y p u re gold , copper, a n d a lu m in iu m w as s tu d ie d b y m ak in g m ic ro p h o to m e tric m e a su re m e n ts o n lin es in X -ra y s p e c tra o b ta in e d w ith p o w d e r specim ens in a D e b y e -S c h e rre r cam era . T h e c y lin d rica l p o w d er specim ens, 0-8 m m . d ia. a n d o f u n ifo rm p a rtic le size, w ere h e ld to g e th e r w ith o u t ad h esiv e a n d w ere free fro m a core o f fo reig n m a te ria l. T h e y w ere m a in ta in e d in vacuo a t te m p , u p to ~ 9 0 0 ° K ., th e te m p , b ein g e stim a te d fro m la ttic e -p a ra m e te r m ea su re m e n ts. T h e p rim a ry b e am w as s ta n d a rd iz e d u sin g a fla t-p la te X -ra y c am era fu rn ish e d w ith a p la te o f p u re gold , w hich p ro v id e d a s p e c tru m w hose lin es co u ld b e a c c u ra te ly m easu red . T h e o b served fa ll o f in te n s ity o f X -ra y reflectio n b y g o ld a n d c o p p er as th e te m p , is raised u p to ~ 9 0 0 ° K . w as fo u n d to b e in a cc o rd an c e w ith th e e q u a tio n , 0 r =
© d l — a y ( T — T i)], w here ©r a n d 0 X a re th e c h a ra c te ris tic te m p , a t tem p . T a n d T u a is th e cu b ical coeff. o f th e rm a l e x p an sio n , a n d y is th e G riineisen c o n s ta n t. T h e e q u a tio n w as fo u n d to h o ld also for a lu m in iu m u p t o ~ 6 0 0 ° K ., b u t b e y o n d th is th e fa ll in in te n s ity exceeds t h a t to b e e x p ec te d , a n d th is m a y b e d u e to th e re m o v a l o f e n erg y fro m th e p rim a ry b e am to fo rm e x tr a reflectio n s. T h e c h a ra c te ris tic te m p , a t ro o m te m p . (293° K .) w ere fo u n d t o be : g o ld 175° K ., c o p p er 314° K ., a n d a lu m in iu m 395° K . T hese v a lu e s show go o d a g re e m e n t w ith th o se o b ta in e d b y sp ecific-h eat a n d e le ctrieal- c o n d u c tiv ity m ea su re m e n ts.— E . N .
*A R e -D eterm in atio n of th e L attic e C onstant of Lead. H a ro ld P . K lu g (J . A m e r. Chern. Soc., 1946, 68, (8), 1493-1494).— L e a d o f 9 9 -9 9 9 + % p u r ity w as e x a m in e d b y X -X -ra d ia tio n . T h e la ttic e c o n s ta n t a t 25 + 0-1° C. is 4-9408 + 0-0001 k X . u n its .— J . B . C.
♦Creep R a te of V arious In d u stria l L eads. J . N eill G reenw ood a n d J . H . Cole (M etallurgia, 1947, 36, (215), 23 3 -2 3 5 ).— C reep te s ts w ere carried o u t on sev eral b ra n d s o f in d u s tria l le a d to d e te rm in e w h e th e r re s u lts w ere in a c c o rd a n ce w ith th o se o b ta in e d p re v io u s ly w ith sy n th e tic la b o ra to ry p ro d u c ts . N o u n e x p e c te d re s u lts w ere o b ta in e d . T h e b e h a v io u r o f th e m e ta l u n d e r p r o longed s tre ss d e p en d e d m o re on th e n a tu r e o f im p u ritie s p re se n t th a n o n th e ir t o ta l c o n te n t. A 100-days te s t a t 500 lb ./in .2, su p p le m e n ted b y a t e s t fo r e m b rittle m e n t, is su g g ested a s a m ea n s o f classifying in d u s tria l le a d a lloys.
— M. A. V.
♦ P ro p ag atio n of U .H .F. Sound in M ercury. G. R . R in g o , J . W . F itz g e ra ld , a n d B . G. H u rd le (P hys. R ev., 1947, [ii], 72, (1), 8 7 -8 8 ).— A n o te d escrib in g m ea su re m e n ts o f th e v e lo c ity a n d a tte n u a tio n o f so u n d in m e rc u ry in th e fre q u e n c y ra n g e 100 to 1000 M c./s. T h e re s u lts fo r th e v e lo c ity v a rie d fro m 1-44 x 105 to 1-47 x 105 cm ./sec. a t te m p , b etw een 24° a n d 28° C., a n d d id n o t show a n y d efin ite d ep en d en ce on th e freq u e n c y . T h e v alu es fo r th e freq u en cy -free pressu re a b so rp tio n coeff. v a rie d fro m 4-7 to 6-0 + 1-0.
— W . H .-R .
♦The A dsorption of V apours o n M ercury. I.— N on-P olar S ubstances [B enzene, Toluene, an d « -H e p tan e ]. C. K e m b a ll a n d E . K . R id e a l (Proc.
R o y. Soc., 1946, [A ], 187, (1008), 5 3 -7 3 ).— R e v ersib le re su lts fo r th e a d s o rp
1947
I .— Properties of Metals 139
tio n o f p u re b e n ze n e, to lu e n e , a n d » -h e p ta n e v a p o u rs o n m erc u ry w ere o b ta in e d usin g th e m e th o d o f sessile d ro p s. Iso th e rm s w ere n o rm a lly o b ta in e d a t 25°
a n d 50° C., b u t in th e case o f b enzene v a p o u rs som e m e a su re m e n ts w ere m ad e a t 75° C. T h e film s w ere fo u n d to be gaseous a n d o b e y ed th e V olm er e q u a tio n F ( A — b) — k T , w here F = sp re a d in g p re ssu re, A = a re a p e r m olecule, a n d 6 = co -area. T h e p o ss ib ility t h a t th e film s m ig h t b e im m o b ile w as co n sid ered , a n d th e L a n g m u ir e q u a tio n w as a p p lie d b u t w as fo u n d to be u n s a tis fa c to ry . A s ta n d a r d s t a te fo r th e su rfa ce p h a se is d efin ed w hich is in d e p e n d e n t o f te m p , in th e sam e m a n n e r a s th e s ta n d a r d p ressu re o f one a tm o sp h e re is in d e p e n d e n t o f te m p . V a lu es fo r th e free en erg y , to ta l en erg y , a n d e n tro p y o f a d s o rp tio n o f th e v a rio u s s u b s ta n c e s a t th e v a rio u s te m p , a re e v a lu a te d . I t is show n t h a t th e h e a t o f a d s o rp tio n in creases w ith th e a m o u n t o n th e su rface. A fte r th e co m p le tio n o f m o n o la y e r a d s o rp tio n , w h ich is s ta b le u p to h ig h v a lu e s o f p /p o , p b ein g th e v a p o u r p re ssu re a n d p0 th e s a tu r a tio n v a p o u r p re ssu re, a n u m b e r o f p h a se ch an g es occur, th e m o s t strik in g bein g in te r p r e te d a s th e ch an g e fro m “ fla t ” to “ v e rtic a l ” a d s o rp tio n o f th e to lu e n e m olecule. O th e rs a re th o u g h t to h e e ith e r tw o -d im e n sional c o n d en s atio n o r a d s o rp tio n o f a sec o n d la y e r.— E . N .
*The A dsorption of V apours o n M ercury. I I .— The E n tro p y an d H e at of A dsorption of N o n -P o lar S ubstances. C. K e m b a ll (P roc. B o y . S o c., 1946, [A ], 187, (1008), 7 3 -8 7 ).— E q u a tio n s a re d e riv e d w hich e n ab le th e e n tro p y o f a d s o rp tio n o n m e rc u ry o f b enzene, to lu e n e , a n d » -h e p ta n e a n d th e h e a t o f a d s o rp tio n o f b enzene to b e c alc u la te d . T h e v a lu e s o b ta in e d w ere o f th e sam e m ag n itu d e a s th e e x p e rim e n ta l v a lu e s (see p reced in g a b s tra c t) a n d in d ic a te w ith fa ir a c c u ra c y th e a m o u n t o f tra n s la tio n a l a n d r o ta tio n a l freedom possessed b y th e su b s ta n c e s o n th e su rfa ce o f th e m erc u ry . B enzene a p p e a rs to r o ta te o n ly in th e p la n e o f th e rin g a n d h a s n o th ir d degree o f tra n s la tio n a l freedom , th e su rface m o b ility o f to lu e n e is co n sid era b ly h in d e re d , a n d th e m olecules o f » -h e p ta n e a re p a r tia lly ro lle d u p .— E . N .
*The A dsorption of V apours on M ercury. I I I .— P o la r Substances [W ater, A cetone, A lcohols]. C. K e m b a ll (Proc. B o y. Soc., 1947, [A ], 190, (1020), 117-137).— Cf. p reced in g a b s tr a c t. U sin g m e th o d s p re v io u s ly d escrib ed , d e te rm in a tio n s w ere m ad e o f th e a d s o rp tio n o f w a te r, a ce to n e, a n d n o rm al alcohols fro m m e th y l to h e x y l o n m e rc u ry a t 25° a n d 50° C. A ll su b s ta n c es g av e rev ersib le a d so rp tio n , a n d , w ith th e ex ce p tio n o f w a te r, a s h a d been fo u n d w ith n o n -p o lar su b stan c es, th e first reg io n o f th e a d s o rp tio n iso th e rm w as alw ay s a gaseous m o n o la y e r o b ey in g th e V o lm er ty p e o f e q u a tio n . M e th y l a n d e th y l alcohol b o th fo rm ed second lay ers, th e d o u b le la y e r h a v in g h a lf th e co-area o f th e o rig in a l m o n o la y er, w hile th e h ig h e r alcohols fro m » -b u ty l u p w a rd s fo rm ed c o n d en sed film s. A ceto n e g a v e rise to a d o u b le a n d fin ally a tr ip le la y e r. C o n tra ry to th e re s u lts o f p re v io u s w o rk e rs, w a te r v a p o u r w as fo u n d to be a d so rb e d on m erc u ry , a lth o u g h n o t s tro n g ly a t 50° C. I t sh o w ed n o in c lin a tio n to fo rm a seco n d la y e r, o n ly a m o n o la y e r bein g fo rm ed a t h ig h ra tio s o f p / p 0. T h e larg e e n tro p y (35-9 1-1 c a l./d e g . m ol.) a n d h e a t o f a d so rp tio n o f w a te r a re ev id en ce fo r th e a sso c iatio n o f th e a d so rb ed w a te r m olecules o n th e su rface o f th e m e rc u ry , a n d th is p ro b a b ly o ccurs to som e e x te n t w ith m e th y l alco h o l a s w ell.— E . N .
*The A ctivated A dsorption of N itrogen o n a F inely Divided T u ngsten Pow der.
R a y m o n d T . D av is, J r . (J . A m e r. Chem. Soc., 1946, 68, (8), 139.3-1402).—
T h e a d s o rp tio n o f n itro g e n o n tu n g s te n p o w d e r w as s tu d ie d in a pressu re ra n g e o f 1(T8 to 35 m m . a n d a te m p , ra n g e o f 4 00°-750°. A t s a tu r a tio n th e re w as one m olecule o f n itro g e n fo r e v e ry fo u r su rface a to m s o f tu n g s te n . T h e th e rm o d y n a m ic s o f th e tu n g s te n - n itr o g e n sy s te m a re d iscu ssed .— J . B . C.
*The P lastic D efo rm atio n of N on-Cubic M etals by H eatin g an d Cooling.
W . B o as a n d R . W . K . H o n ey co m b e (Proc. B o y. Soc., 1946, [A ], 186, (1004), 5 7 -7 1 ).— A c o m p a ra tiv e s tu d y o f th e p ro p e rtie s o f tin -b a s e a n d lead -b ase
140 Metallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 15 b earin g allo y s re v ea le d t h a t a f te r a lte rn a te h e a tin g a n d cooling, surface ro u g h en in g a n d c rack in g o c c u rre d on th e fo rm erly sm o o th su rface o f th e tin -b a s e b earin g , w h ich in cre as e d w ith th e n u m b e r o f tre a tm e n ts , w hereas th e su rfa ce o f th e lea d -b ase b e a rin g re m a in e d q u ite sm o o th . T h e p h en o m en o n w as fo u n d to b e d u e to a n in h e re n t p ro p e rty o f th e a llo y o r its c o n stitu e n ts . I n o rd e r to m ak e a fu n d a m e n ta l s tu d y o f th e p h e n o m en o n , specim ens o f p u re m eta ls, re liev ed o f re s id u a l stresses s e t u p b y p re v io u s cold w ork, w ere s u b je c te d to cyclic th e rm a l t r e a tm e n t b etw een 30° a n d 150° C. T h e n o n-cubio m e ta ls , zinc, cad m iu m , a n d t in show ed signs o f p la s tic d e fo rm a tio n — slip lin es, som e ev id en ce o f tw in n in g , ro u g h n ess o f th e su rface, a n d in ten sificatio n o f g ra in b o u n d a rie s— a f te r a sm a ll n u m b e r o f cycles, th e effect becom ing m o re p ro n o u n c ed th e g re a te r th e n u m b e r o f cycles. T h e p h en o m en o n w as n o t o b serv ed in lead , w h ic h h a s a cubic c ry s ta l s tru c tu re . I t is show n t h a t : (1) fa c to rs w h ich influence th e d is to rtio n a re , d u ra tio n a n d n u m b e r o f cycles, te m p ., a n d o rie n ta tio n o f th e c ry sta ls, (2) th e d e fo rm a tio n is in d e p e n d e n t o f grain-size, (3) la ttic e d isto rtio n s p ro d u c e d b y th e p la s tic d e fo rm a tio n o f th e specim en a re n o t re m o v e d b y th e cyclic tr e a tm e n t b u t re m a in in th e specim en a n d , th ere fo re, becom e m o re e x te n siv e as th e n u m b e r o f cycles increases, (4) g ra in -b o u n d a ry m ig ra tio n o ccurs w ith t i n a n d c ad m iu m b u t n o t w ith z in c ; i t is d e p e n d e n t o n th e d u r a tio n o f th e cycle a n d occurs to a m u ch g re a te r e x te n t d u rin g th e cooling p h a se o f th e cycle, (5) slip lines c o n tin u e th ro u g h th e c ry s ta ls to th e g ra in b o u n d a rie s, w here th e y are em p h asized . I t is co n clu d ed t h a t th e cause o f th e d e fo rm a tio n is th e a n is o tro p y o f th e rm a l ex p an sio n in h e x ag o n a l a n d te tra g o n a l c ry s ta l sy stem s, a n d a n e stim a tio n w as m ad e o f th e o rd e r o f m a g n itu d e o f th e stresses s e t u p , b a se d o n co n s id e ratio n s o f th e lin e a r b o u n d a ry e le m en t b etw een tw o c ry stals. M en tio n is m a d e o f som e o f th e th e o re tic a l a n d p ra c tic a l a p p lic a tio n s o f th e p h e n o m en o n : th e d ifficu lty o f o b ta in in g co m p le te ly stra in -fre e zinc a n d cad m iu m a t ro o m te m p ., th e fa ilu re o f c e rta in b earin g a llo y s, a n d th e effect o f su ch stresses su p erim p o sed o n e x te rn a lly a p p lie d stresses, e.g. fa tig u e a n d creep co n d itio n s.— E . N .*The A nisotropy o! T h erm al E xpansion as a Cause of D eform ation in M etals a n d Alloys. W . B o as a n d R . W . K . H o n e y co m b s (P roc. R o y. Soc., 1947, [A], 188, (1015), 427-439).— T h e w o rk d e sc rib e d in a n e arlie r p a p e r (see p re ce d in g a b s tr a c t) h a s b e en e x te n d e d to th e te m p , ra n g e — 190° to 250° C.
A s th e te m p , ra n g e is in creased , th e e x te n t o f d e fo rm a tio n increases. Cyclic t r e a tm e n t o f tin , c ad m iu m , a n d zinc b e tw ee n ro o m tem p , a n d t h a t o f liq u id a ir re s u lts in com plex slip p in g a n d tw in n in g , b u t g ra in -b o u n d a ry m ig ra tio n is p ra c tic a lly a b se n t. Cooling fro m th e liq u id s ta te , w hich re p re se n ts h a lf a th e rm a l cycle, se ts u p stresses in m e ta ls possessing a n is o tro p y o f th e rm a l e x p an sio n , e.g. zinc, c ad m iu m , a n d tin , a n d lea d s to p la s tic d efo rm atio n . I n c ad m iu m s u b s eq u e n t a n n ea lin g re s u lts in m a rk e d g ra in g ro w th . D u p le x a llo y s o f tin -ric h tin —a n tim o n y , con sistin g o f a tin -ric h m a tr ix in w hich p a rtic le s o f a h a r d seco n d p h a se o f cubic c ry sta l s tr u c tu r e are e m b e d d ed , show c o n sid era b ly sm a lle r d e fo rm a tio n in th e region o f th e b o u n d a rie s betw een c ry s ta ls o f th e tw o p h ases t h a n t h a t in th e reg io n o f th e c ry s ta l b o u n d a rie s o f th e an iso tro p ic m a tr ix . S im ila r re s u lts a re o b ta in e d w ith tin -b a se bearin g a llo y s.— E . N .
*The T heory of W edge In d e n ta tio n of D uctile M aterials. R . H ill, E . H . Lee, a n d S. J . T u p p e r (Proc. R o y. Soc., 1947, [A], 188, (1013), 273-288).— A s a first ste p to w a rd s th e c o rre la tio n o f h a rd n e s s -te s t re s u its w ith th e d e fo rm a tio n p ro p e rtie s o f a m a te ria l u n d e r c o n d itio n s o f stress, e.g. th e ten sile te s t, a th e o re tic a l so lu tio n is giv en fo r th e d e fo rm a tio n p ro d u c e d b y a rig id , frictio n - less w edge p e n e tra tin g a p la s tic m a te ria l. T h e so lu tio n d e te rm in e s th e form o f th e lip a n d th e d e fo rm a tio n o f th e m a te ria l squeezed o u t to w a rd s th e su rface. T h e v a ria tio n w ith w edge an g le o f th e force re q u ire d fo r p e n e tra tio n
1947
I .—Properties of Metals 141
is d e te rm in e d in te r m s o f th e y ie ld stre ss in th e te n sile te s t, a n d th e a v era g e s tra in d u e to w edge in d e n ta tio n co rresp o n d s to a n e q u iv a le n t re d u c tio n o f area in a ten sile te s t, w h ic h in creases w ith in creasin g w edge angle. T h e th e o ry is co m p ared w ith e x p e rim e n ts in w h ic h le a d b locks w ere in d e n te d b y steel wedges c o ated w ith v aselin e, a n d s a tis fa c to rily p re d ic ts th e d e fo rm a tio n o f a g rid o f sq u a res ru le d o n a c ross-section o f th e b lock.— E . N .
*D eform ation o i M etals D u rin g Single a n d R epeated Tensile Im p ac t. J . A.
P o p e (J . Ir o n Steel I n s t., 1947, 157, (1), 3 1 -5 4 ).— P . t r e a ts m a th e m a tic a lly th e case o f a b a r, one e n d o f w h ich is s tr u c k b y a h a m m e r, th e o th e r e n d being rig id . P ro m c o n sid era tio n o f th e stre ss-w av e reflectio n s a n d d e fo rm a tio n s ta k in g p lace a t th e e n d s o f th e b a r, g e n eralized c u rv es a re d e riv e d for th e v a ria tio n s w ith tim e o f th e r a te s o f d e fo rm a tio n a n d energies a b so rb ed a t th e tw o e n d s o f th e b a r. A sy s te m o f dim en sio n less u n its is e m p lo y ed in p lo ttin g th ese curves. I n d ev elo p in g th e th e o ry a n u m b e r o f a ssu m p tio n s w ere m ad e : (1) t h a t th e lo a d o n th e b a r re m a in s c o n st, a f te r th e m e ta l h as y ield e d (e q u al to th e d y n a m ic y ie ld stress), (2) t h a t th e stre ss w av es a re reflected p e rfe c tly , (3) t h a t th e w e ig h t o f th e specim en is sm all co m p ared w ith t h a t o f th e h a m m e r, a n d (4) t h a t th e k in e tic a n d e la stic energies o f th e b a r a re neg lig ib le in c o m p ariso n w ith th e p la s tic en erg y a b so rb ed . P . d escribes th e re s u lts o f t e s ts c a rrie d o u t o n m ild steel (c arb o n 0-22, m an g an ese 0-49% ) a n d L o w m o o r iro n (0-085% carb o n ), u sin g a fa llin g -tu p im p a c t m ach in e. S to p s w ere fitte d to th e m ac h in e so a s to lim it th e a m o u n t o f ex te n sio n on th e g au g e le n g th , th e re m a in in g en erg y in th e tu p , w h ic h g re a tly exceeded t h a t re q u ire d to d e fo rm th e specim en, bein g a b so rb e d b y t h a t p a r t o f th e specim en o u ts id e th e g auge le n g th . I t w as th u s po ssib le (a) to s p lit a single im p a c t in to sta g es b y su b je c tin g a n u m b e r o f specim ens to d iffere n t ex ten sio n s, a n d (b) to c a rry o u t re p e a te d -im p a c t t(e sts a t a p p ro x . co n st, v e lo c ity . A fte r im p a c t, h a rd n e ss e x p lo ra tio n s a n d m icroscopical e x a m in a tio n s w ere p e rfo rm e d o n th e specim ens. T h e s p re a d o f d e fo rm a tio n d u rin g im p a c t w as show n to be f u n d a m e n ta lly d iffe re n t fro m t h a t in a s ta tic te s t.
T h e in crease in h a rd n e ss a t th e c e n tre o f th e im p a c te d specim ens w as g re a te r th a n t h a t a t th e edge b y a la rg e r a m o u n t th a n w as th e case w ith s ta tic sp eci
m ens. S ta tic a lly te s te d L o w m o o r iro n sp ecim en s show m o re slip b a n d s th a n th o se te s te d in im p a c t. I n specim ens o f m ild steel, u n d e r b o th single a n d re p e a te d im p a c t, n e ck in g a t b o th e n d s o ccurs in itia lly . A fte r a sm all e x te n sion th e n eck s d is a p p e a r a n d th e sp ec im en a g a in becom es p a r a lle l; e v e n tu a lly a single n e ck o ccurs n e a r th e c e n tre o f th e specim en a n d le a d s to fra c tu re . S pecim ens in L ow m oor iro n also show d o u b le n e ck in g , b u t d e fo rm a tio n does n o t s p re a d to th e c e n tre u n til co n sid era b le e x te n sio n h a s o ccu rred , a n d th e specim en g e n era lly b re a k s a t one o f th e o rig in al necks. T h e r a tio im pa,ot e lo n g a tio n , jg fu n c t i o n 0f g auge le n g th a n d is n o t a fu n d a m e n ta l
s ta tic elo n g a tio n , %
p ro p e rty o f th e m a te ria l. P . c o n clu d es t h a t , in g e n era l, th e e x p e rim e n ta l re s u lts a re in a cc o rd w ith th e m a th e m a tic a l t h e o r y ; su c h d iscrep an cie s as e x is t a re a ttr ib u te d to th e in a c c u ra c y o f a s su m p tio n (1), w h ic h p reclu d es d e fo rm a tio n o th e r th a n a t th e sp ec im en en d s.— R . W . R .
*E xperim ents on th e E lastic P ro p erties of M etals by M eans of Two Oberbeck R eso n an ce P e n d u lu m s. C o n s ta n tin S a lcean u (C om pt. rend., 1947, 224, (25), 1756—1758).— T h e e la stic p ro p e rtie s o f iro n , a lu m in iu m , silv er, co p p er, a n d b ra ss, w ere s tu d ie d b y m ea n s o f th e re so n an c e e x h ib ite d b y tw o p e n d u lu m s o f th e sam e le n g th co n n ec te d b y a w ire o f th e m e ta l bein g s tu d ie d . One p e n d u lu m is m a d e to o scillate a n d is follow ed b y th e o th e r. T h e tim e betw een tw o m in im a o f o scillatio n o f one p e n d u lu m is m ea su re d a n d p lo tte d a g a in s t th e te n s io n . I n a ll cases, tim e -s a tu ra tio n w as o b ta in e d . T h e o rd e r o f th e m e ta ls g iv en b y th is m e th o d does n o t c o rre sp o n d to a n y o f th e k n o w n elastic p ro p e rtie s o f th e m e ta ls , a n d S. su g g ests t h a t h is re s u lts a re in d ic a tiv e o f a
142 Metallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 15p ro p e rty a n alo g o u s to t h a t o f v isc o sity in liq u id s. A n o th e r s e t o f e x p eri
m e n ts o n th e sam e m eta ls , in v o lv in g to rsio n u n d e r c o n st, te n s io n , gives a n o rd e r in v erse to t h a t giv en b y th e first set.— J . H . W .
♦The A pplication of th e M ethod of th e R e so n a n t P en d u lu m to th e M easure
m en t of th e Coefficient of R igidity of M etals. C o n sta n tin S alcean u (Com.pt.
rend., 1947, 224, (26), 1810-1811).— T h e re so n an c e o f e q u a l p e n d u lu m s co n n e c te d b y a w ire o f th e m e ta l to b e s tu d ie d (see p rev io u s a b s tra c t) w as u se d to m easu re th e coeff. o f rig id ity o f nickel, iro n , steel, nickel-chrom e, copper, silver, a lu m in iu m , a n d b ra ss. T h e s ta tic m e th o d , in v o lv in g to rsio n u n d e r co n st, te n s io n (see ab o v e), show ed t h a t i f C is th e c o n s ta n t o f to rsio n (given b y yd = C - j- , w here g is th e ten s io n , r th e d ia . o f th e w ire, I th e le n g th , a n d 0Or4
th e to rsio n ) a n d T th e tim e , th e n C -j- T is a c o n s ta n t w ith in th e lim its o f e x p e rim e n ta l e rro r. T h e effect o f h e a tin g th e specim ens is d e sc rib e d for eac h m e ta l.— J . H . W .
♦ F inite E lastic S tra in of Cubic Crystals. F ra n c is B irch (P h ys. B ev., 1947, [ii], 71, (11), 8 09-824).— M u m a g h a n ’s (A m er. J . M a th ., 1 9 3 7 ,4 9 ,2 3 5 ; M et. A b s., 1938, 5, 468) th e o ry o f fin ite s tr a in is d e v elo p ed fo r a m ed iu m o f euhic sy m m e try su b je c te d to fin ite h y d ro s ta tic com pression p lu s a n a r b itr a r y h o m o geneous in fin itesim al s tra in . T h e free e n erg y is d ev elo p ed fo r cubic sy m m e try to in clu d e te rm s o f th e th ir d o rd e r in th e s tra in co m p o n en ts. T he effect o f p ressu re u p o n th e seco n d -o rd e r e la stic c o n s ta n ts is fo u n d a n d co m p a re d w ith e x p e rim e n t, w ith p a r tic u la r reference to th e c o m p ressib ility . T h e c o m p ressib ility d a ta fo r n u m ero u s m e ta ls a re ta b u la te d a n d discussed.
I n g en eral, th e d a ta confirm th e th e o ry , b u t th e re is a n in d ic a tio n t h a t B rid g m a n ’s re s u lts a t p ressu res a b o v e 50,000 k g ./c m.2 a re n o t d ire c tly c o m p arab le w ith th o se a t low er p ressu res. T h e re s u lts a re also co m p ared w ith som e o f th e calcu la tio n s b a se d o n B o m ’s la ttic e th e o ry , a n d som e d e v elo p m en ts o f th e l a t t e r b y o th e r w orkers a re criticized .— W . H .-R .
A T herm odynam ic Criterion fo r th e F ra c tu re of M etals. E d w a rd S aibel (P h ys. B ev., 1946, [ii], 69, (11/12), 667).— A n o te. T h e difficulties in a c c o u n t
in g fo r th e difference betw ee n the. c a lc u la te d a n d o b serv ed stre n g th s o f m eta ls a re o u tlin e d . A n ew th e o ry b y S. is b a se d o n th e follow ing a ssu m p tio n s : (1) A ll o f th e s tra in en erg y is a v aila b le fo r th e a b o litio n o f cohesive stre n g th . (2) T h e h e a t o f fusion is u n ifo rm ly p a rtitio n e d th ro u g h o u t th e vol. o f th e su b s ta n c e . (3) T h e q u a n tity o f en erg y re q u ire d fo r th e a b o litio n o f cohesive s tr e n g th is t h a t fra c tio n a l p a r t o f th e e n erg y o f fusion w h ich is a sso ciated w ith th e change in vol. on p assin g fro m th e so lid to th e liq u id s ta te . T hese a ssu m p tio n s e n ab le th e c rite rio n fo r fra c tu re to b e ex p ressed in th e fo rm U = J Q A V /V , w here U is th e s tra in e n erg y p e r u n it vo l., Q is th e la te n t h e a t o f fusion in kg .-cal./m o le, V is th e vol. occupied b y a m ole o f th e su b stan ce, A F is th e change in vol. p e r m ole o n p assin g fro m solid to liq u id , a n d J is th e m ech an ical e q u iv a le n t o f h e a t. G ood a g ree m e n t is show n fo r som e su b stan ces w hich fa il b y b r ittle fra c tu re , a n d re aso n a b le a g re e m e n t w here p la s tic flow preced es fra c tu re .— W . H .-R .
N atu re of S tren g th and F a ilu re in B rittle Solids. E u g en e F . P o n c e le t (Colloid Chem ., 1946, 6, 7 7 -8 8 ; C. A b s., 1946, 40, (9), 2375).— A n id ea l b r ittle so lid c an be visu alized a s a c o lle ctio n o f id e n tic a l p a rticle s h e ld a t defin ite sp acin g s b y e le ctro sta tic b o n d s. T h e M orse curve is th e g ra p h re p re s e n tin g th e r e s u lta n t o f th e sim u lta n eo u sly ex is tin g a n d ch an g in g a ttra c tio n s a n d rep u lsio n s. A b ro k en b o n d arises w h e n a c ritica l d istan c e betw een p a r tic les is exceeded. T h e follow ing fa c to rs a re con sid ered : th e p h y sical n a tu re o f f a ilu r e ; fa ilu re u n d e r te n s io n ; fra c tu re u n d e r c o m p re ss io n ; m ix ed s tre s s e s ; th e p h y sical n a tu re o f s tr e n g th is so lid s ; a n d th e fu n d a m e n ta l difference betw een v iscous a n d p la stic flow. T h e “ flaw s ” a ssu m ed b y G riffith, S m ek al, O row an, a n d o th e rs a re n o t esse n tia l to fra c tu re . C om pressive
1947
I .— Properties of Metals 143
s tr e n g th ex ceed s te n s ile s tr e n g th e ig h t tim e s o r m o re (in glass b etw een n in e a n d fifty tim es).
*T he S tatistical A spect of F a tig u e of M etals. A. M. F re u d e n th a l (P ro c.
B o y. Soc., 1946, [A ], 187, (1011), 416—429).— F a tig u e o f m eta ls , o r th e m o re a d e q u a te te r m “ p ro g ressiv e fa ilu re ” is th e e x p ressio n o n a m acroscopic scale o f th e p ro g ressiv e d e s tru c tio n o f th e cohesive b o n d s as a re s u lt o f th e re p e titiv e a c tio n o f a n e x te rn a l lo ad . A s su c h i t h a s th e ty p ic a l fe a tu re s o f a m ass p h en o m en o n , fo r b o th th e cohesive b o n d s a n d th e lo a d re p e titio n s a re co llectiv es in th e s ta tis tic a l sense. B y a p p ly in g th e fu n d a m e n ta l ru le s o f th e th e o ry o f p ro b a b ility , m a n y o f th e e s ta b lish e d re la tio n s b etw een th e p rin c ip a l v a ria b le s, e.g. a m p litu d e , freq u e n c y a n d n u m b e r o f lo a d cycles s u s ta in e d , n o tc h effect, &c., a re th e o re tic a lly d e d u c e d fro m th e p u re ly fo rm al a ssu m p tio n o f th e s e p a ra tio n -s tre n g th o f cohesive b o n d s. T h e p rin c ip a l p ra c tic a l a p p lic a tio n is th e e v a lu a tio n o f th e d a m a g in g effect o f re p e a te d lo ad cycles o f v a ry in g a m p litu d e a n d o f th e effect o f o v e rstress, w h ich a re th e m ain p ro b lem s in th e d esig n o f s tru c tu re s .— E . N .
*T he R elatio n sh ip B etw een F a tig u e an d Stress C oncentration. R . B . H ey - w ood (A ircra ft E n g ., 1947, 19, (217), 8 1 -8 4 ).— H . discusses th e effect o f stress c o n c e n tra tio n a t n o tch e s on th e e la stic s tre ss a n d fa tig u e p ro p e rtie s . H e deduces, fro m o b serv ed v a lu e s, t h a t th e e x p ressio n : - = — 1 = --?? ? (w here
K f V r
K is th e e la stic -stre ss-c o n e e n tra tio n fa c to r, i.e. th e m a x . s tre ss in th e n o tc h d iv id e d b y th e n o m in a l s t r e s s ; K f is th e fa tig u e -s tre ss -c o n c e n tra tio n fa c to r, i.e. th e e n d u ra n c e lim it o f u n -n o tc h e d specim ens d iv id e d b y t h a t o f n o tc h e d sp e c im e n s ; a n d r is th e r a d iu s o f th e s tre ss raiser) gives f a ir a g re e m e n t fo r c arb o n steels. F o r o th e r classes o f m a te ria l, o th e r v a lu e s o f th e c o n s ta n t, w h ich H . refers to a s th e “ a u g m e n te d c o n s ta n t ” , a re u se d .— H . S.
A S u m m ary of P ub lish ed L ite ra tu re o n In te rn a l Stresses in M etals. --- ( B .S . A . Group Research Centre, Sheffield, P u b l., 1947, (GRC/S. 29), 45 p p .).—
185 a b s tr a c ts a re giv en o f a rtic le s d e alin g w ith t h e o ccurrence, effects, m ea su re m e n t, a n d c o n tro l o f in te rn a l stresses, covering th e p e rio d 1938-1946.— J . L . T .
* K inetic F ric tio n in o r N ear th e B o u n d ary R egion. I.— A p p aratu s an d E x p erim en tal M ethods. B . C halm ers, P . G. F o rre s te r, a n d E . R . P h e lp s (Proc. R o y. Soc., 1946, [A ], 187, (1011), 430—439).— A n a p p a r a tu s is d e scrib ed a n d illu s tr a te d fo r o b ta in in g re la tiv e ly p u re b o u n d a ry fric tio n , w h ich is do n e b y co n tro llin g th e c o n d itio n s o f lo ad , speed, a n d c o n ta c t a rea , so t h a t little o r n o o p p o r tu n ity is g iv en fo r fluid-film fo rm a tio n . O ne specim en (th e p la te ) is d riv e n a t a fix ed v e lo c ity a n d a seco n d specim en (th e slider) is a p p lie d to i t b y a d e a d lo ad . T h e force re q u ire d to re s tra in th e second sp ecim en is m ea su re d b y b a la n cin g a g a in s t a v a ria b le d e a d lo ad , in s ta b ility bein g s u p p ressed b y flu id d a m p in g . A d ire c t re a d in g o f th e coeff. o f fric tio n is th u s o b ta in e d b y a n u ll m e th o d . R e p ro d u c ib ility o f d e te rm in a tio n s is g e n era lly w ith in 10% , th e lim itin g fa c to r b ein g th e a c c u rac y w ith w h ic h e x a c tly sim ila r su rfaces c a n b e re p ro d u c e d . T h e m e th o d o f p re p a rin g th e specim ens is d e s c rib e d ; th e te s ts c a n be c o n d u c te d a t te m p , u p to 150° C. w ith in a n a c c u rac y o f ± 1° C. o f t h a t re q u ire d .— E . N .
♦K inetic F ric tio n in o r N ear th e B o u n d ary R egion. I I .— T he Influence of Sliding V elocity an d O ther V ariables on K in etic F ric tio n in o r N ear th e B o u n d ary R egion. P . G. F o rre s te r (Proc. R o y. Soc., 1946, [A ], 187, (1011), 4 3 9 -4 6 3 ).—
U sin g th e a p p a r a tu s d e sc rib e d (see p re ce d in g a b s tr a c t) , a s tu d y w a s m a d e o f th e causes u n d e rly in g th e change o f fric tio n w ith slid in g v elo city . M easure
m e n ts w ere m a d e o f th e fric tio n o f sev eral d iffere n t c o m b in a tio n s o f m ate ria ls , m a in ly tin -b a s e B a b b itt (w ith 7 % a n tim o n y a n d 3 | % copper) ru n n in g o n ste e l a n d w ith h a r d ste el o n p h o sp h o r b ro n z e, a t ve lo cities b etw een 0-01— 2-25 cm ./sec. a n d u n d e r th re e d iffere n t c o n d itio n s : d ry , w ith th in film s o f v a rio u s lu b ric a n ts a p p lie d b y tw o d iffere n t m e th o d s, a n d w ith excess o f
144 Metallurgical A bstracts
Vo l. 15lu b ric a n ts . T h e lu b ric a n ts u se d w ere oleic a c id , m ed icin al p araffin, a n d I.C .E . (crank-ease) oil. T h e e x p e rim e n ts show t h a t changes in frictio n w ith v e lo c ity m a y b e d e riv e d fro m a t le a s t th re e d ifferen t so u rc es: (1) F ro m th e p ro p e rtie s o f clean m e ta l surfaces. C e rta in c o m b in atio n s show , w hen u n lu b ric a te d , a decrease in fric tio n w ith in creasin g velo city . T h is is m o s t m a rk e d w h en one co m p o n e n t is a s o ft m e ta l o f low m .p ., w hich su g g ests t h a t i t m a y b e a sso c iate d w ith re d u c tio n in sh e a r s tre n g th o f th e m e ta l w ith in creasin g te m p . (2) F ro m th e p a r tia l d e s tru c tio n o f th e film u n d e r b o u n d a ry co n d itio n s. T h is lead s to a n increase o f frictio n w ith in cre as
in g v e lo c ity , as th e r a te o f d e s tru c tio n rises w ith in creasin g slid in g speed.
(3) F ro m th e tr a n s itio n fro m b o u n d a ry to fluid-film co n d itio n s. T h is te n d e n c y is also m o s t m a rk e d w h en one c o m p o n e n t is a so ft m e ta l, in w h ich case th e re a l a re a o f c o n ta c t is g re a te r a n d th e local p re ssu res low er t h a n fo r tw o h a rd m eta ls . I t re s u lts in a decrease o f frictio n w ith in creasin g v e lo c ity . “ R u n n in g -in ” b rin g s a b o u t changes in th e p h y sical c o n d itio n s a n d g e o m e try o f th e m e ta l su rfaces a n d also in th e s ta te o f th e lu b ric a n t f ilm ; i t m a y influence th e fric tio n e ith e r w ay , b u t its influence is alw ay s m u ch g re a te r w ith ro u g h p la te s th a n w ith sm o o th . T h e influence o f su rface finish is w h o lly th ro u g h i ts effect on th e lu b ric a n t f ilm ; i t a cc elerates th e o n se t o f fluid lu b ric atio n a n d h a s m ore influence on th e c o m b in a tio n B a b b itt/s te e l th a n in th e co m b in a tio n steel/b ro n ze . T h e p ra c tic a l im p lica tio n s o f th e re s u lts a re d is cussed.— E . N .
* K inetic B o u n d ary F ric tio n . J . R . B risto w (Proc. R o y. Soc., 1947, [A], 189, (1016), 8 8 -1 0 2 ).— U sin g a n a p p a r a tu s w h ich is d e scrib ed , c u rv es o f b o u n d a ry frictio n a g a in s t v e lo c ity (CM>5 cm ./sec.) fo r v a rio u s slid in g surfaces (steel on ste el a n d p h o sp h o r bronze, b ra ss o r tin o n h a rd steel) w ere d e te r m in ed fo r a n u m b e r o f lu b ric a n ts . T h e re s u lts show t h a t sm o o th slid in g a n d re la x a tio n oscillatio n s, o r “ stick -slip s ” , u n d e r b o u n d a ry -lu b ric a tio n co n d itio n s, w h en fric tio n a l forces a re m ea su re d b y th e deflectio n o f a n e lastic sy ste m , a re d u e to th e d ep en d en ce o f k in e tic frictio n o n v e lo c ity . I n cases g iv in g s m o o th slid in g , k in e tic fric tio n decreases as v e lo c ity d ecreases, a t v e ry low s p e e d s ; in cases g iv in g re la x a tio n oscillatio n s, k in e tic frictio n in creases a s v e lo c ity decreases. T h u s, slid in g u n d e r b o u n d a ry co n d itio n s is n o t in h e re n tly d isc o n tin u o u s ; a n y d isc o n tin u o u s m o tio n is d u e to th e d y n a m ic s o f th e m easu rin g in s tru m e n t a s a re s u lt o f th e k in e tic frictio n in creasin g as th e v e lo c ity decreases. G en erally th e fric tio n falls c o n tin u o u sly w ith in cre a s
in g m o lecu lar w eig h t fo r a series o f e ste rs o f f a tt y acid s, a n d is d e p e n d e n t on th e p e rce n ta g e o f f a t t y oil in a c o m p o u n d e d lu b ric a n t su c h as oleic a c id in m in e ra l oil, a n d o n te m p , fo r a p u re su b sta n c e su c h a s e th y l p a lm ita te , a n d a m in e ra l oil. T h e te m p , a t w hich re la x a tio n oscilla tio n s first o ccu r d e p e n d s on t h e sp eed o f slid in g , a n d i t a p p e a rs, th ere fo re, t h a t m ea su re m e n ts o f th e tem p , a t w h ich re la x a tio n oscillatio n s s t a r t a t a co n st, slid in g sp eed a re n o t a m easu re o f th e te m p , a t w h ich th e re is a d is c o n tin u ity in th e p ro p e rties o f th e b o u n d a ry la y e r.— E . N .
T he Surface of Solids an d Liquids an d th e F ilm s th a t F o rm on T hem . I I .—
Solids an d A bsorption a t th e Surface of Solids o r Liquids. W . D . H a rk in s (Colloid Chem ., 1946, 6, 1 - 7 6 ; C. A b s., 1946, 40, (9), 2371).— A rev iew o f fifte en y e a rs ’ w o rk w h ic h d e als w ith : classes o f s o lid s ; effect o f su b -p h ase o n m eta llic f ilm s ; c alcu la tio n a n d d e te rm in a tio n o f surfaee-en erg y v alu es illu s tr a te d b y d ia m o n d a n d ionic c r y s ta ls ; a b so rp tio n a t in te rfac e s in solid, liq u id , a n d gaseous sy stem s ; w a t e r / o il ; th e a p p lic a tio n o f th e G ibbs e q u a tio n to so lid su rfaces ; e x p e rim e n ta l p ro ced u res ; a rea s o f solids fro m a d so rp tio n is o th e r m s ; ex te n sio n o f th e a ttr a c tiv e en erg y o f a solid in to a liq u id a n d th e th ic k n e ss o f a d so rb ed film s ; th eo ries o f a d s o r p tio n ; d eso rp tio n s ; m u lti- m o lecu lar film s a n d o th e r t y p e s ; e x p erim e n tal m e th o d s fo r d e te rm in a tio n o f en erg y o f a d h esio n , a d so rp tio n , h e a t o f im m ersio n , & c .; c o n ta c t angle,
th e o ry , d a ta , a n d e x p e rim e n ta l m e th o d s fo r d e te rm in in g i t ; g ra p h ite a s a h y d ro p h o b ic s o l i d ; to p o c h e m is tr y ; chem ical c h an g es a t c ry s ta l corners, edges, a n d in te rfac e s. B esid es 68 n u m b e re d references, th e re a re g iv en 113 references to p a p e rs b y H a rk in s a n d h is school, classified chronologically.
Colloidal Behaviour in Metals and A lloys. R e g in a ld S. D e a n (Colloid Chem., 1946, 6, 5 6 1 -5 7 8 ; C. A ba., 1946, 40, (9), 2427).— A discu ssio n o f : (1) G ases in m e ta ls : p h y sic o ch e m ical n a tu r e o f m e ta llic in te rfa c e s ; g a s - m e ta l sy ste m s as c o llo id s ; d e g asifica tio n o f m e t a ls ; g rain -size c o n tr o l;
h y d ro g e n e m b rittle m e n t. (2) S la g -m e ta l sy s te m s : th e A s to n w ro u g h t-iro n p ro c e s s ; ste elm ak in g r e a c tio n s ; p o w d e r m e t a ll u r g y ; m a g n e tic , electric, a n d m ec h an ic al p ro p e rtie s o f m e ta l co m p a cts. (3) D isp ersio n s o f m e ta ls in m eta ls : so lid m e ta ls in solid m e t a ls ; o rd e rin g in a llo y s ; d isp e rsio n -h ard e n ing ; in te rn a l fric tio n o r v ib ra tio n -d a m p in g c a p a c ity o f m e ta ls . 78 references a re given.
*A New Method o i D eterm ining E lectro-N egativity from Other A tom ic Properties. W a lte r G o rd y (P h ys. R ev ., 1946, [ii], 69, (11/12), 6 0 4 -6 0 7 ).—
T he e m p irical re la tio n x = 0-31 + 0-50 h a s b een fo u n d to c o n n ect th e e le c tro -n e g a tiv ity , x, o f a n e le m e n t a cco rd in g to P a u lin g ’s re v is ed scale, w ith n th e n u m b e r o f e le ctro n s in i ts in c o m p le te ly filled (valence) shells, a n d r its sin g le-b o n d c o -v aleh t r a d iu s m ea su re d in A . T h is re la tio n does n o t h o ld for co p p er, silv er, o r gold , b u t is in good a g re e m e n t w ith re s u lts fo r m a n y elem ents, a n d is u se d t o c o n s tru c t a ta b le o f e le c tro -n e g a tiv itie s fo r 52 elem en ts.
T he th e o re tic a l ju stific a tio n is discu ssed .— W . H .-R .
Magnetic Dipole Fields in Unstrained Cubic Crystals. L . W . M cK eeh an (P hys. R ev., 1947, [ii], 72, (1), 78).— N u m e ric al e rro rs a n d m is p rin ts in a n e arlier p a p e r (M cK eeh an , P h y s . R ev ., 1933, [ii], 43, 9 1 3 ; J . In s t. M eta ls (M et. A b s.), 1933, 53, 441) a re c o rrec te d . T hese m is ta k e s in v o lv e th e p a p e r b y L u ttin g e r a n d T isza (P h ys. R ev., 1946, 70, 954).— W . H .-R .
*Theory of Long-Period M agnetic Relaxation. C harles K itte l (P h ys. R ev., 1946, [ii], 69, (11/12), 64 0 -6 4 4 ).— L o n g -p erio d c h an g e s in th e m a g n e tiz a tio n o f a m ild -ste el specim en a re discu ssed . I f a sp ecim en in a co n st, field o f th e o rd er o f 0-5 g a u ss is s u b m itte d to a lte rn a tin g stresses fo r a p e rio d o f th e o rd e r o f 5 y e ars, i t a p p ro x im a te s to a s ta te o f in fin ite effective p e rm e a b ility . I f th e a p p lie d field is c h an g ed su d d e n ly , a c o n sid erab le fra c tio n o f th e m a g n e tiz a tio n ch an g es a lm o s t in s ta n ta n e o u s ly ; th is fra c tio n is d e te rm in e d b y th e o rd in a ry p e rm e a b ility , a n d b y th e d e m a g n e tiz a tio n coeff. F ollo w in g th is su d d e n ch an g e, a f u r th e r slow ch an g e in m a g n e tiz a tio n o ccurs w ith a tim e c o n s ta n t o f th e o rd e r o f 3 m o n th s , w hile th e re m a in d e r o f th e m a g n e tiz a tio n changes w ith a p e rio d o f th e o rd e r o f 5 y e a rs. A fo rm a l t r e a tm e n t o f th e p h e n o m e n a is giv en follow ing th e lines o f th e tim e -d e p e n d e n t b a rrie r p o te n tia l u sed b y S noek (P h ysic a , 1938, 5, 6 6 3 ; M e t. A b s., 1938, 5, 656).— W . H .-R .
*Transverse M agnetization in Ferromagnetic Crystals in Relation to D om ain Structure. A . v o n E n g e l a n d M. S. W ills (Proc. R o y. Soc., 1947, [A ], 188, (1015), 461—484).— A lth o u g h th e fo rm a l th e o ry o f fe rro m a g n e tic a n is o tro p y is in go o d a g re e m e n t w ith e x p e rim e n ta l re s u lts a s re g a rd s th e c o m p o n e n ts o f m a g n e tiz a tio n p a ra lle l to th e field, sim ila r re s u lts a re n o t o b ta in e d w ith th e tra n s v e rs e c o m p o n e n t fo r th e p lan e s (100), (110), a n d (111), w h ere e x p e ri
m e n ta l re s u lts fo r single c ry s ta ls show t h a t i t d im in ish e s to zero in v e ry w eak fields, in s te a d o f in cre asin g a cc o rd in g to th e o ry . H o w ev er, i f th e d irec tio n s o f m a g n e tiz a tio n o f d o m ain s (sm all reg io n s s p o n ta n e o u s ly m a g n e tiz e d to s a tu ra tio n ) a re t r e a te d as b e in g d is tr ib u te d c o n tin u o u sly in an g le r a th e r t h a n as re s tric te d to a lim ite d n u m b e r o f p a r tic u la r d irec tio n s , a n d , a ssu m in g t h a t H h e p ro p o rtio n s o f th e v o lu m es o f d o m a in m a g n e tiz e d in a n y d ire c tio n a re larg e r th e low er th e e n erg y o f m a g n e tiz a tio n in t h a t d ire c tio n , th e n reaso n ab le ag ree m e n t betw een th e o ry a n d e x p e rim e n ta l re s u lts is o b ta in e d .— E . N .
1947
