METALLURGICAL A BSTRACTS
(G E N E R A L A N D N O N -F E R R O U S )
Yolume 3 APRIL 1936 Part 4
I.— PROPERTIES OF METALS
(Continued from pp. 09-73.)
Beryllium . --- (M ctallurgist (S u p p t. to Engincer), 1935, 11, (Dec. 27), 91-93).—A roview o f tlie re su lts o f recen tly p u blished w o rk on th e ex tra c tio n a n d pro p erties o f beryllium b y G adeau, R ohn, Slom an, a n d b y B enford.— R . G.
*The State of th e R are E a rth E lem ents in a Metal L attice [Cerium ; Praseo- dymium]. V. I. D ro ź iin a a n d R . I. J a a n u s (Physikal. Z . Sow jelunion, 1930, 9, (1), 72-80).— [In E nglish.] T he relatio n betw een tho m agnetic suscepti- bility (y_) an d te m p e ra tu re o f th e rare e a rth elem ents ccrium a n d praseodym ium is in v e s tig a tc d o x p o rim e n ta lly a t9 0 ° -3 7 6 ° C . Tlio following value3 o f -/ x 10°
were found : cerium , 92-5°, 57-0; 96-5°, 55-0; 223°, 22-6; 291°, 17-0 ; 351°, 14-3; 376-5°, 13-5; praseodym ium , 90-5°, 101-1; 120°, 71-6; 198°, 44-2 ; 273°, 31-7; 289-5°, 30-1; 321°, 27-5; 366°, 24-1. T he m agnetic m om ent, (p), a n d th e Curie tem p eratu ro (0) o f cerium are respectively 11-4 W eiss mag- netons, a n d 6° a b s . ; for p raseodym ium p = 16-0 W eiss m agnetons, 0 = 2°
abs. I n th e m etal la ttic e tlie elem ents are in th e sam e s ta te as w hen in triv a le n t chem ical com binations.— J . S. G. T.
*Ductiie Chrom ium. W . K ro ll (Z. anorg. Chem., 1935, 226, (1), 23-32).—
P u re chrom ium pow der m a y be m ado b y red u ctio n o f tho chloride w ith calcium in a bom b, o r b y h eatin g a m is tu re o f calcium shavings a n d chrom ium sesquioxide in fused calcium o r b ariu m chloride in a n atm o sp b ere o f argon.
T he pow der is pressed in to a sług, w hich is sin tered in tacuo or in a reducing or in e rt atm osphere a t 1600°-1700° C. a n d rolled a t 1250° C. T he rolled m etal is b rittle a t room te m p e ra tu re , b u t becom es m alleablo on h e a tin g ; tho B rinell hardness o f th e annealed rolled m etal is 150.— A. R . P .
*The D eterm ination of the Viscosity of Liąuid Gallium over a n Extended R angę of Tem perature. K . E . Spells (Proc. P hys. Soc., 1936, 48, (265), 2 99- 311).—A p p aratu s, em ploying tho capillary-flow m ethod, for tho d eterm in atio n o f th e viscosity o f m olten gallium betw een its m elting p o in t (a b o u t 30° C.) a n d 1100° C. is deseribed. Tho values o b tain ed agreo, w ith in a b o u t ± 4 % , w ith those calculated b y m eans o f A n d rad e’s form uła rfl113 — A e elvT, yj denoting tho yiscosity a t absoluto te m p e ra tu re 2’°, v th e speeific volum e o f th o lią u id a t T °, w hilst A a n d c are co n stan ts h aving th e respective values A — 246800 X 10~8 ; c = 79-05. A t 1100° C. tho viseosity o f gallium decreases b y only 2 % por 100° C.— J . S. G. T.
*Magnetic Suseeptibility of Single Crystals of Lead, Thallium , an d Tin.
S. R a m a c h a n d ra R a o a n d K . C. S u b ram an iam (P hil. M ag., 1936, [vii], 21, (141), 609-624).—T he specific diam agnetic susceptibiH ty (10-6 u n its) o f lead (single c ry stal) a t a b o u t 30° C. is 0-107 for field stre n g th s 11-18 k ilo g a u ss;
th e valuo is c o n sta n t u p to th e m elting p o in t (330° C.) a n d th e n decreases suddenly to 0-075, a t w hich i t rem ains u p to 360° C. T he specific p ara- m agnetic su seep tib ility (10“° u n its) o f tin a t 30° C. is 0-038, in d ep en d e n t of field s tre n g th a n d c ry s ta l o rien tatio n . A t th e m elting p o in t (233° C.) th e suseeptibility changes su ddenly to a diam ag n etic value o f 0-043 a n d is c o n sta n t a t th is value u p to 350° C. F o r a -th a lliu m th e d iam ag n etic su seep tib ility parallel to th e hexagonal ax is is 0-412 (in 10"° u n its ) ; tho yaluo n o rm al to
* Dcnotca a paper describing the results of original research.
f Denotes a iirst-class critical review.
K
110 Metallurgical Abstracts
Yo l. 3th is ax is is 0-165. T he m agnetic a n iso tro p y is therefore 2 -5 ; tho averago valuo fo r polycrystftlline th a lliu m is 0-247. O n heating, a -th a lliu m passes in to (3-thallium at- 235° C. T h is has a cubic stru c tu re an d a diam agnetic su sccp tib ility e ą u a l to 0-158. A t tho m elting p o in t (300° C.) tliis deereases to 0-131, a n d rem ains c o n sta n t u p to 350° C.— J . S. G. T .
*On the A tom ie H eat of Niekel a t Low T em peratures. K la u s Clusius an d Jo ch em G oldm ann (Z. physilcal. Chem., 1936, [B], 31, (4), 256-262).—T he ato m ie h e a t o f niekel w as m easured a t 10° a n d 30° abs. Tlie re su lts confirm tho w ork o f C lark an d K ecsom , a n d in d icate t h a t niekel shows anom alous decrease in a to m ie h e a t, w liieh is n o t in agreem en t w ith e ith e r B loch’s law o f ferrom agnetism or Som m orfcld’s law for freo electrons.— K . S.
*The H all Effect in Niekel on Passage T hrough the Curie Point. I. K . K ikoin (Pliysikal. Z . Sow jdunion, 1936, 9, (1), 1-12).— [In G erm an.] V alues o f tho H all effect in niekel a t 20°-400° C. were d eterm ined. T he valucs o f th e H a ll coeff. rango betw een 1-4 an d 3-8 m agnetic c.g.s. u n its betw een room te m p e ra tu re a n d tho Curie p o in t. T ho H a ll effect deereases ra p id ly in tho noighbourhood o f th o Curie p o in t, b u t no sudden clmngo in th e tem p eratu ro coeff. o f th e effect is found a t th is tem p e ra tu re . Tho H all e.m .f. is found to be p ro p o rtio n al to tho m ag n etizatio n o f th e m etal.— J . S. G. T.
Electron-O ptical Investigation of the Incandescence-Em ission from Niekel in Csesium V apour. D . Schonk (Z . P h ysik, 1936, 98, (11/12), 7 53- 758).—T he electron em ission from niekel, a c tiv a te d b y h eating in ca:sium v ap o u r, is observed b y m eans o f tho electron microscope. T he dependenco o f em ission on tem p eratu ro is found to differ fo r different crystallites.
— J . S. G. T .
*Dispersion of X -Rays by Niekel.—H . J . O um anski a n d W . W oxler (Pliysikal. Z . Sow jełunion, 1935, 7, (3), 336-342).— [In F rench.] See M et.
A bs., 1935, 2, 456. T he effect o f te m p e ra tu re on th e in te n sity o f th e X -ra y (311) diffracted by niekel w as stu d ie d betw een 290° a n d 740° abs. B etw een 290° a n d 590° abs. th e in te n sity is in accord w ith W aller’s c ą u a t io n ; a su d d en decrease o f in te n sity occurring betw een 590° a n d 690° abs. is p ro b ab ly associated w ith passage o f th e m etal from th e ferrom agnetic to th e p ara- m agnetic s ta te .—J . S. G. T .
*The R efractive Indices of Metallic [Platinum ] Film s Showing N ewton’s Rings. K . P ro s a d a n d B. N . G hosh (In d ia n J . Pliysics, 1936,10, (1), 49-53).—
Tho value o f th e ra tio o f tho refraetiv e indices o f a p la tin u m film for sodium lig h t (X, 5893) a n d for m ercury lig h t (X, 5461) is found to bo u Ni1/uh* = 1-082.
— J . JS. G. T.
*Photo-Electrom otive Forces an d Currents in Single Crystals of Selenium.
R . M. H olm es (./. Opt. Soc. A m er., 1935, 25, (10), 326-329).— A stu d y o f th e photo-e.m .f. a n d c u rre n t in selenium cry stals grow n from v ap o u r a t 200 °- 215° C., w ith eleetrodes o f tra n slu e e n t sp u tte re d p latin u m . Tho c u rre n t an d e.m .f. fo r various sources an d w ave-lcngths a re given.— R . G.
*The Diffusion of Silver in Glass. O. ICubaschewski (Z. Elektrochem., 1936, 42, (1), 5 -7 ).— Metallic silvcr an d soda glass re a c t w ith each o th e r only in tho presence o f oxygen. Tho a m o u n t o f silver enterin g th o glass depends on the su rrounding o x j’gen pressure. I t is th u s concluded t h a t th e silver m igrates as ions in th e w ay t h a t G unther-Schulze (A n n . P h y sik , 1913, 40, 335) assum ed fo r tho diffusion o f silvcr from silver n itra te in glass.—J . H . W .
*The Contact Difference of P otential Between B arium and Silver. The E xternal W ork-F unction of Silver. P a u l A. A nderson (P hys. Eev., 1936, [ii], 49, (4), 320-323).— T he c o n ta c t p .d . betw een m icrocrystallino barium an d silver surfaces (prepared by th e rm a l y ap o rizatio n in a g ettered vacuum ) is
1-94 ± 0-02 v. a t liquid a ir tem p eratu re. T he w ork-function o f barium being 2-39 v ., th e w ork-function o f m icrocrystallino silver is 4-33 ± 0-05 eq u iv alen t v.
T h is com pares w ith 4-08 v. found by G oetz, an d 4-74 found by W inch.—J . T.
1 9 3 6
I .— Properties o f M etals 111
♦Experim ents on Superconductive T antalum . K . M endelssohn a n d J . R . Moore (Phil. M ag., 1930, [vii], 21, (141), 532-543).—Tho m agnetic th rcsh o ld a n d tho in d u ctio n p e n o tra tio n curvcs o f superconductiyo ta n ta lu m aro in y estig ated o x p e rim e n ta lly ; 110 sh a rp field stre n g th w as found a t w hich m agnetic flux p e n e tra te d tho super-conductivo surface, b u t p en e tra tio n occurred g rad u ally . T hrcshold a n d “ p e n e tra tio n ” curves, w hich according to G orter should coincide, w ere fou n d to bo d iffe re n t; tho diflcrence is discussed in te rm s o f tho th erm o d y n am ical b eh av io u r o f sm ali super- conductiyc regions.— J . S. G. T.
♦Research on Thin Layers of Tin and O ther M etals. I .— The Influence o£
Thin Metal Layers on th e D eterioration of Technical In su latin g Oils. P . J . H aringliuizen a n d D. A. W as (Proc. K . A ka d . Wet. A m sterdam , 1935, 38, (9), 1002-1000 ; a n d Tech. Publ. Internat. T in 11 es. Dcvelop. Council, Series A , 1935, (29)).— Copper is found to h av e th o g re a te st, lead less, a n d tin tho least eifcct on sludgo fo rm atio n a n d inerease o f acid ity o f tech n ical insulating o ils ; tin , in som e cases, m ay a c t as a n a n ti-o x id a n t. Tho n a tu ro o f th e cataly sis is in y estig ated .— J . S. G. T.
*The Mobility of Potassium on T ungsten. R . C. L. B osw orth (Proc. Roy.
Soc., 1936, [A], 154, (881), 112-123).— I n co n tin u atio n o f prcvious w ork (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1935, [A], 150, 58), B . in y estig ated th e surface m ig ratio n of films o f p o tassiu m on tu n g ste n ovor a w ide rangę o f c o n c e n tra tio n ; tho dillusion coeff. inereases w hile th e associated a c tiy atio n energy dccrcases w ith inereasing concentration. T he a c tiy a tio n energy o f diflusion fo r a n infinitely diluto film w ould be 0'72 v . ; for films o f m ono-m olecular th ick n ess th is energy is reduced to 0-29 v. T he decrcaso is a ttrib u te d to th e existenco o f a spreading forco d u e to th e m u tu a l repulsion o f adsorbed ions.—J . S. G. T.
♦Therm ionic Em ission from Tungsten an d T horiated Tungsten Filam ents.
W . B. N o ttin g h a m (P hys. Rev., 1936, [ii], 49, (1), 78-97).—Tho elcctron em ission from p u re a n d th o ria te d tu n g ste n filam ents is in y estig ated as a function o f th e ap p lied p o te n tia l ov er th e rangę betw een a few v. re ta rd in g to 1400 v. accelerating. A strip th e o ry , sim plcr th a n B ecker’s p a tc h th eo ry , is fo u n d to in te rp re t tho resu lts satisfacto rily .— J . S. G. T.
♦The Tension Coefficients of [Electrical] R esistance of H exagonal Crystals [of] Zinc an d Cadmium. M ildred A llen (P hys. Rev., 1936, [ii], 49, (3), 2 48- 253).—V alues o f th e tension eoeffs. o f resistance o f liexagonal c ry sta ls o f cadm ium a n d zinc wero m easured, a n d found to be in d ep en d e n t o f secondary o rie n ta tio n ; th is is in agreem en t w ith B rid g m an ’s th eo ry , revised b y Cookson.
—J . S. G. T.
♦The Photo[-E lectric] Effect in the Case of Adsorbed Layers of th e A lkali Metals. W . Gei a n d I . T ru te ń (P hysikal. Z . Sow jetunion, 1935, 8, (3), 3 42- 351).— [In G erm an.] F ilm s o f tho a lk a li m etals o f thickness a few atom ie diam eters, deposited b y ad so rp tio n upon silica gel, obey O hm ’s law an d show a photoelectric eilect. T he respective lim itin g red w aye-lengths fo r th is effect are : potassium , 7800 A . ; CEesium, 9550 A. T he effect is norm al in each case.
— J . S. G. T . The Possibility of Applying the T hom as-F erm i Method to the Problem of Metallic Cohesion. E . L . F einberg (Physikal. Z . Sowjetunion, 1935, 8, (4), 416-424).— [In E nglish.] Tho T h o m a s-F e rm i th eo ry is unablo to explain tho s ta b ility o f th e c ry s ta l la ttic e .— J . S. G. T.
V ariation w ith Tem perature of Y oung’s Modulus for Certain M etals. J . E . C althrop a n d J . T. Miller (Am er. P hys. Teacher, 1935, 6, (O ct.), 2 9 6 -2 9 8 ; Sci. A bs., 1935, [A], 38, 1672).— A sim ple m ethod, involving tho loading o f a m e ta l rin g th ro u g li w hich a h eatin g c u rre n t is passing, is used fo r th e d e te r
m ination o f th e lo ad-depression curyes a t different te m p e ra tu re s. F rom these curyes is found th e c o n sta n t K in th e u su al expression E — / E 0e~xo,
112 M etallurgical A bstracts
Vo l. 3wliere E is Y oung’s m odulus an d 0 is tho te m p e ra tu re . V alues o f K fo r 7 m etals aro given, including N ichrom e a n d M anganin.—S. G.
*The V ariation w ith Tem perature of th e H ardness of Metals as D eterm ined by m eans of a Cone subjected to Pressure [Tungsten ; Molybdenum ; Copper- Nickel Alloys]. J . E ngl a n d J . F ólm er {Z. P h ysik, 1936, 98, (11/12), 702-708).
— V alucs are ta b u la te d for th e hardness o f p o lycrystalline tu n g ste n an d m olybdenum , determ ined b y m eans o f a cono su b jected to pressure, a t 2 0 °- 1900° C. S im ilar d a ta fo r 6 eopper-nickel alloys containing, respectively, 0, 10, 20, 45, 67, a n d 100% o f niekel aro ta b u la te d fo r te m p e ra tu re s u p to tlie ir respectiye m elting points. A t all te m p e ra tu re s th e m axim um h ardness n u m b er characterizes th e alloy containing a b o u t 67% niekel.— J . S. G. T.
*The Solubility of M etals in Crystals of H alides. G. T am m an n (Z. anorg.
Chern., 1936, 226, (1), 92-96).—T he so lu b ility o f sodium in sodium chloride a n d o f cadm ium in cadm ium chloride increases w ith incrcase in te m p e ra tu ro ; p re cip itatio n ellects havo been observed b y (juenching and tem pering, b u t p re cip itatio n o f th e m e ta l ta k e s płaco ra p id ly a n d no h ardening effects can bo d etcc ted .—A. R . P .
The Change in th e E nergy of Em ission [of Electrons] of M etals a t the Melting P oint. H . K u rzk e (Z. P h y sik , 1936, 98, (11/12), 684-691).— The e sp crim e n tałly -d eterm in ed change occurring in tho energy o f em ission o f a n electron from a m etal a t th e m elting p o in t is explained in te rm s o f R o th e r a n d B om ke’s electron th e o ry com bined w ith a n a ssu m p tio n o f a change in th e binding forco betw een “ freo ” electrons a t tho m elting p o in t.— J . S. G. T .
*Effect of Oxygen upon th e Photoelectric Thresholds of M etals. H . C.
R en tsch ler a n d D. E . H e n ry (./. Opt. Soc. A m er., 1936, 26, (1), 30-34).—
W hen a sm ali a m o u n t o f oxygen is allow ed to re a c t w ith a n activ e surface o f c e rta in m etals such as th o riu m , u ran iu m , calcium , b arium , a n d caaiu m , tho photoelectric th resh o ld is sh ifted to w ard s th e longcr w ave-length. A sim ilar reactio n o f oxygen w ith o th e r m etals such as zirconium , silver, iron, a n d niekel sh ifts tho th resh o ld to w ard s sh o rte r w aye-lengths, while th ere is no ellect w ith gold. T he ellects are due to tho a c tiv ity o f th e o x y g en -m etal p ro d u c t.— R . G.
Physics of Very Low Tem peratures. E . J u s ti (Z .V .d .I ., 1936, 30, (5), 109-116).— R ecen t researches on su p erco n d u ctiv ity have afEorded a n in sig h t in to tho n a tu ro o f th e specific lieat o f m etals a n d non-conductors a n d th e anom alies observed a t v ery low tem p eratu res. Surprising re su lts have also been o b tain ed in th e d eterm in atio n o f tho electrical an d th e rm a l conductivities o f solids a t low te m p eratu res.— K . S.
Transverse Effects, D ue to D eform ation, in the Conductivity of Metals.
A. P e rrio r (Ilelv. P hys. A cta, 1935, 8, (6), 494-497 ; Sci. A bs., 1935, [A], 38, 1232).— [In F rencli.] P . discusses (1) th o tra n sy e rse m echano-galvanic effect a n d su b jc c t to confirm ation ho m entions a m echano-galvanic-therm al effect a ls o ; (2) a lo n g itu d in al m echano-therm oelectric c ffe c t; (3) a tran sy erse m echano-therm oelectric effect. Tho tran sv erse effects o f deform ation, as also th e lo n g itu d in al effects, a re m ore allied to elasticity th a n to p lastieity . T he róles o f elongation a n d slipping are defined. I n a ll cases th e effects observed conform to tho th e o ry o f spontaneous an iso tro p y w ith reg ard to conduction. P . announces th e fortheom ing p u b licatio n o f a therm oelectric m ethod fo r th e d eterm in atio n o f an iso tro p y o f num erous ferrom agnetic b o d ie s ; th e m ethod is sim pler a n d more sensitive th a n th e m agnetic m ethod.
—S. G.
*The So-Called D ependence on Tem perature of Spontaneous M agnetization.
K o ta ro H o n d a a n d T am o tsu N ish in a (Z. P h ysik, 1936, 98, (11/12), 6 5 7 - 665).— Tho v a ria tio n w ith tem p e ra tu re o f th o re m a n e n t m agnetization o f a n iro n single c ry s ta l is d eterm in ed along its th re e p rin cip al axes. Tho resu lts differ considerably from th e know n y a ria tio n w ith tem p e ra tu re o f th e induced
1 9 3 6
I I . — Properties o f A lloys 113
m a g n e tiz a tio n ; i t is, th erefore, suggested t h a t tho so-called v a ria tio n w ith tem p eratu ro o f spontaneous m ag n etizatio n is really a v a ria tio n o f induced m agnetization.— J . S. G. T.
N onorthogonality and F errom agnetism . J . H . V an V leck (Phys. Itev., 1936, [ii], 49, (3), 232-240).—M athem atical. D iscusses a p p a re n t difficulties in H eisenberg’s th e o ry o f m agnetism , to w hich a ttc n tio n h a s been d irected by Inglis an d o th ers.— J . S. G. T.
^Electron Theory of M etals.— I. S. Schubin an d S. W onsow sky (P h ysika l. Z . Sowjetunion, 1935, 7, (3), 292-328).— [In G erm an.] M athem atical. The
“ p o l a r ” th e o ry o f m etals, first proposed b y S later, is doveloped, a n d th e electrical p ro p erties o f ferrom agnetics a re briefly discussed.— J . S. G. T.
*The In e rtia of E lectrons in M etals. C. G. D arw in (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1936, [A], 154, (881), 61-66).— In th e th eo ry o f m etals i t is believed t h a t th e effective m ass o f th e freo electrons is inereased on acco u n t o f tho d istu rb an ce o f th e ir energy levels b y th e lattico field. I t is show n, m a th em atically , t h a t in con- fo rm ity w ith th e resu lts o f T o lm an ’s expcrim ents, such a n effect w ill n o t be exhibited in experim ents on electro n -in ertia.— J . S. G. T.
I I .— P R O P E R T IE S OF ALLOYS
(Continued from pp. 73-75.)
*Effect of M agnesium in Smali Q uantities on th e M echanism of Eutectoid T ransform ation in A lum inium -Z inc Alloys. H iroshi Im a i a n d M asam i H ag iy a ( T etsu to Hagane (J. Iro n Steel In s i. Ja p a n ), 1936, 22, (1), 37-41).—
[In Jap an ese.] I n a p revious invostigation (M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 50) on th e eu tec to id tra n sfo rm a tio n in alu m in iu m -zin c alloys th e a u th o rs stu d ie d th e m echanism o f tho tra n sfo rm a tio n a n d suggested a step p ed tran sfo rm atio n P ---- >- P ' ---- -> P " ---- a y. I n tho p re se n t w ork sm ali ą u a n titie s o f m agnesium (0-002-0’3 % ), w ere a d d ed to alloys o f ap p ro x im ately eu tec to id com position, a n d th e effects on th e tra n sfo rm a tio n w ere stu d ied . T he experim ents were carried o u t on ąu enched specim ens b y h ard n ess, electrical resistance, a n d d ila ta tio n m ethods. As little as 0-002-0-006% m agnesium re ta rd s th e changes in a rem ark ab le w ay, b u t oven in th e case o f tho 0-3%
alloy changes in p ro p ertie s w ere observcd b y ageing a t room te m p e ra tu re . On th e o th e r h a n d , tho u n u su al characteristic o f th e in tcrm ed iato stru c tu re , w hich ap p ears on tem p erin g a t 100°-150° C., fades aw ay owing to th e presence o f m agnesium . T h is effect is m o st noticeablo w ith a m agnesium c o n te n t b etw een 0-01 a n d 0 0 2 % , sh o w in g .th a t m agnesium causes im p o rta n t changes in tho c ry s ta l la ttic e .—-S. G.
The E ndurance Strength of A lum inium Alloys. R . Ir m a n n (A lu m in iu m , 1935, 17, (12), 638-643).— T he im p o rtan ee o f a knowledgo o f th e resistance o f alum inium c o n stru ctio n al alloys to fatigue is stressed a n d a b rie f description is given o f m ethods o f determ ining i t an d o f th e effect o f stru c tu re , m echanical an d h e a t-tre a tm e n t, a n d th e presence o f inclusions on th e fatiguo lim it o f various h ig h -stren g th alum inium alloys.— A. R . P.
*The Fluidity of A lum inium Casting Alloys. T a k u ity M orinaga (T etsu to Hagane (J. Iro n Steel In s t. Ja p a n ), 1936, 22, (1), 41-43).— [In Jap an ese.]
M. m easured th o flu id ity o f N o. 12 alloy, L a u ta l, Silum in, alum inium -zinc (25% ), G erm an alloy, a n d “ Y ” alloy. S ilum in h a s good fluidity, N o. 12 alloy, L a u ta l, G erm an alloy, a n d “ Y ” alloy com ing n e x t in order o f fluidity.
T he alu m in iu m -zin c (25% ) alloy is inferior to th e o th e r alloys in th is respect.
— S. G.
*The Oxidation of Cobalt A m algam . F . P . D w yer a n d J . W . H o g a rth (J.
and Proc. Roy. Soc. N .S . Wales, 1935, 59, 105-110).— Eleotrolysis o f co b alt su lp h ate solution using a m orcury cathode a n d rem oving th e excess o f m er-
114 M etallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 3 c u ry b y sąueezing un d er pressure leaves a residue o f Co2H g3 as a brifctle cry stal- lino solid w hich ra p id ly oxidizes on exposure to tho air, tho te m p e ra tu re increasing to o0°-C0° C. in 10-15 m in u tes w hile a blaek pow der sep arates.T h is pow der ap p ears to be Co40 w hen first form ed, b u t i t ra p id ly decomposes in to CoO a n d finely divided cobalt. E x tra c tio n o f tho pow der w ith am m oni
acal am m onium sulphato leaves a residue o f pyrophorie cobalt.— A. R . P .
*Investigations on the Solid Solubility o£ Alloys. V.— The A bnorm al P henom ena of Cast Copper-Rich A ntim ony-Copper Alloys D uring H eating.
Y oshio T a n a k a a n d M asakatsu Iio (N ip p o n K w agaku K w a ish i (J . Chem. Soc.
Ja p a n ), 1935, 56, (11), 1293-1300; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 1011).— [In Japaneso.]
Cf. T a k e ta n i a n d K a to ri (M et. A bs., th is vol., p . 74). T he a b n o rm al th e rm a l oxpansion o f alloys containing 2 -9 % a n tim o n y w as stu d ie d b y d ifferential expansion m oasurom ents, w ith pu re copper as s ta n d a rd . W ith decrease o f an tim o n y c o n te n t th e a b n o rm al oxpansion n e a r 460° a n d 490° C. decreases.
Tho lim it o f solid so lu b ility o f an tim o n y a t 470° C. is fo u n d to be 9-5-9-75% .
— S. G.
*Investigations on th e Solid Solubility of Alloys. VI.— The A bnorm al Phenom ena of Cast Copper-Rich M agnesium -Copper Alloys D uring H eating.
E iich i ICoizumi a n d T akehiko K aw aguchi (N ip p o n Kwagaku K w a ish i (J. Chem.
Soc. Ja p a n ), 1935, 56, (11), 1300-1304; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 1011).— [In J a p an ese.] Cf. precoding a b s tra c t. T he th e rm a l changes o f tho alloys con
ta in in g 0 -2-10% m agnesium , p re p a re d b y dio-casting, wero stu d ied . Tho alloy containing 0-8% m agnesium show s noticeablo expansion n c a r 550° C.
—S. G.
*Investigations on the Solid Solubility of Alloys. VH.— The Influence of Third M etals on the N orm alization of C ast-Structures of Bronze. S aburo K a to ri an d Y asu sh i Ogino (N ip p o n K w agaku K w a ish i (J. Chem. Soc. Ja p a n ), 1935, 56, (11), 1305-1313 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 1011).— [In Japanese.] Cf.
preceding a b s tra c ts. 0 -5 -5 % o f zinc, m anganese, silver, nickel, an tim o n y , alum inium , m agnesium , an d Silicon, rcspectivcly, w ere ad d e d to a 10% t i n - bronze, a n d th e differential d ila ta tio n o f th e alloys w as stu d ie d w ith p uro copper as s ta n d a rd . Zinc a p p ears to accelerato th e no rm alizatio n (hom o- genization) o f th e c a st s tru c tu re o n annealing, b u t th e o th e r m etals re ta rd it .— S. G.
*Electrical-R esistance Alloys of Copper, M anganese, an d A lum inium . Jam es L. T hom as (J. Res. N a t. B u r. Stand,., 1936, 16, (2), 149-159; a n d Research Paper, N o. 863).—A n investigation w as m ado o f tho electrical resistance of alloys containing m anganese 4 -1 5 % a n d alum inium 0 -1 0 % , th o rem ain d er being copper. A n alloy containing copper_85, m anganese 9-5, a n d alum inium 5-5% has p ro p erties v e ry sim ilar to those o f M anganin. I t s therm oelectrio pow er a g a in s t copper is m uch sm aller th a n t h a t o f M anganin a n d th is therm o- electric pow er m ay be b ro u g h t to zero b y th e a d d itio n o f a v ery sm ali a m o u n t o f iron. R esistance coils co n stru cte d from these alloys, w ith o r w ith o u t iron, h ave been v ery stab le in resistance. B y p ro p er baking, th e ir te m p e ra tu re coeffs. o f resistance a t 25° C. m ay be m ado as n e a r zero as is desired, a n d th is coeff. changes less w ith te m p e ra tu re th a n does t h a t o f M anganin.— S. G.
*The Equilibrium D iagram of the Copper-Tin Alloys. W . B roniew ski, J . T . Jab ło ń sk i, a n d Sto Maj (Compt. rend., 1936, 202, (4), 305-307).— As previous diagram s show disagreem ent in th e im p o rta n t region o f tho (3 an d y phases, due to th o extrem cly slow a tta in m e n t o f e ąu ilib riu m d u rin g cooling, a th e rm a l an aly sis by h eatin g was u n d ertak en . T he alloys co n tain in g u p to 38% o f tin w ere mado hom ogeneous by annealing a t4 0 0 ° C. for 500 hrs ., an d th e rem ainder a t 200° C. fo r 2000 hrs. Tho existence o f th e com pounds Cu^Sn, Cu3Sn, a n d CusS n2 w as confirm ed. Cu4Sn solidiiics a t 752° C., form ing a n extcnsive rangę o f solid solutions, th e (3-phase w ith copper a n d th e y -p h a s e ; a t 585° C., i t undergoes a n allotropic tran sfo rm atio n form ing a eu tec to id a t 28-5% tin ,
1936
I I . — Properties o f Alloys 115
analogous to th e A 3 tra n sfo rm a tio n a n d th e fo rm atio n o f p earlite in steels.
Cu3Sn is form ed from th e solid alloy, becom ing sta b le below 645° 0 . T he alloys betw een 55 a n d 61% tin , th e 0-phasc, a p p e a r heterogeneous for some hours a fte r solidification, a n d only become hom ogeneous a fte r annealing a t 200° C.
for 9 m o n th s. T he d iag ram co n stru cte d agrecs m aterially w ith th e resu lts o f a stu d y o f th e physical p ro p ertie s o f th e alloys a t room te m p e ra tu re .— J . H . W .
♦The Solubility D iagram of th e Copper-Zinc Alloys. W itold B roniew ski, J . T. Jab ło ń sk i, an d S te M aj (Compl. rend., 1936, 202, (5), 411-414).—T his investigation followed th e lines o f t h a t on th e c o p p e r-tin alloys (preceding a b stract). T he com pound CuZn m elts a t 875° C., a n d undergoes a t 465° C.
an allotriom orphic tran sfo rm atio n w hich ex ten d s to its solid solution ((3-phase) betw een 465°-455° C. CuZn2 a p p ears sta b le below th e tra n sitio n lino a t 840° C., on w hich, a t th e p eritectic a t 5 8% zine, is form ed th e lim iting solid solution on th e copper side. T he solidification o f th e com pound th u s begins b y th e p rim a ry p recip itatio n o f th e cry stals o f th e n o n -sa tu ra te d solid solution rich er in copper th a n th e com pound. CuZnc is form ed in a n e x a c tly sim ilar m a n n e r ; i t becomes stab le below th e tra n sitio n line a t 698° C., wrhere th e peritectic a t 7 2 % zinc m a rk s th e lim it o f th e solid solution on th e coppcr side (phase S). A t a b o u t 598° C., th e com pound ap p ears to undergo a n allo trio m orphic tran sfo rm atio n , w hich ta k e s place in tho solid solutions a t th e low est tem p eratu res. T his tran sfo rm atio n , corresponding to th e A a tran sfo rm atio n in steels, form s fo r th e sam e rcason a t 551° C. a eu tec to id a t 73% zinc, corre
sponding to pearlite. T he solid solutions o f CuZn6 p ersist below th e allo trio m orphic tran sfo rm atio n appearing in th e form o f phase e.— J . H . W .
♦Properties of Metals a t Low T em peratures [Iron and Copper Alloys]. A. S.
F a l’kevich an d B . A. Sm irnov (Khirnislrol, 1935, 7, 4 3 6 -4 4 2 ; C. A bs., 1930, 30, 707).— [In R ussian.] D ifferent iro n a n d copper alloys, w ith a n d w ith o u t electrically w elded seam s, wero tr e a te d w ith boiling liq u id oxygen a n d a t
— 183° to 50° C. e ith e r onco o r rep eated ly for yarious periods o f tim e, an d tlien su b jected to p hysical a n d m echanical te sts. T he resu lts are giyen in curves a n d tables, an d discussed.— S. G.
♦On Alloys of P latinum and A ntim ony. W . A. N em iloy a n d N . M. V oronov (Z. anorg. Chem., 1936, 226, (2), 177-184).— Cf. M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 216.
P tS b 2 a n d P tS b are form ed by p eritectic reactio n s a t 1210° a n d 1055° C., respectiyely, a n d P tS b 4 by a tran sfo rm atio n in th e solid sta to a t 670° C. Tho eutectic is a t 635° C., 66% an tim o n y .—A. R . P .
♦On the Alloys of P latin u m w ith R hodium . W . A. N em iloy a n d N . M.
V oronov (Z. anorg. Chem., 1936, 226, (2), 201-208).—A ppears to be esscntially a tra n sla tio n from th e R u ssian (cf. M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 217). T he h ardness o f p la tin u m -rh o d iu m alloys reaches a m axim um a t 70 ato m ic-% rh o d iu m , th e electrical resistance a m ax im u m a t 40 ato m ic-% rh odium , a n d th e tem p eratu ro eoeff. o f resistance a m inim um a t 50 ato m ic-% rh odium . P olishcd alloys w ith moro th a n 40 ato m ic-% rh o d iu m are u n a tta c k e d b y aąua regia, an d alloys w ith m ore th a n 10 ato m ic-% rh o d iu m are oxidized in th e a ir a t 750°- 1150° C., b u t a t higher te m p e ra tu re s th e oxide decom poses again.— A. R . P .
♦The E ąuilibrium D iagram of th e System Silver-G allium . F ried rich W cibke, K a rl Mcisel, a n d L o tte W iegels (Z. anorg. Chem., 1936, 226, (2), 201-208).—Tho system was exam ined b y th e rm a l, m icrographic, a n d X -ra y m ethods. T he a-phase contains 12% gallium a t 619° C., 11% a t 440° C., a n d 10-4% a t room - te m p e r a tu r e ; tlic p-phase e x ten d s from 12 to 17% gallium a t 619° C. an d from 11 to 23-7% gallium a t 440°^ł38° C. below w hich te m p e ra tu re i t is converted in to tho y-pliase (AgsG a2), w hich is hom ogeneous in th e rangę 19-6-23-5% gallium b u t is n o t hexagonal like Ag5I n 2. T he S-phase (Ag2G a3) is form ed by a p eritectic reactio n a t 326° C. a n d h a s only a sm ali ran g ę o f hom ogeneity a ro u n d 50% gallium . T he solid solubility o f silyer in gallium is a b o u t 5 % a n d th e eu tectic p o in t is 25° C., 5 % silyer.—A. R . P .
116 M etallurgical Abstracts
V o l . 3*The P recipitation from S apersaturated Solid Solutions on Decrease in T em perature. G. T am m an n a n d W . Boelime (Z. anorg. Chem., 1936, 226, (1), 87-91).— To exam ine tho m echanism o f th e decom position o f super- s a tu ra te d solid solutions a rod o f a n alloy o f copper w ith 6-1% silver w as ąuonched from 750° C. a n d clam ped in a n in su lated cover so t h a t one en d p ro tru d o d in to a furnace a t 600° C. an d th e o th e r in to a yessel o f cold w ater.
A fte r 10 hrs., th e B rinell hardness w as m casured a t yario u s p o in ts along tho ro d , tho te m p e ra tu re o f w hich h a d previously been t a k e n ; tho h ardness s ta rte d to inerease a t 210° C., reached a m ax im u m a t 300° C. a n d decreased slow ly betw een 350° a n d 500° C. wliile th e first yisible p re c ip ita tio n o f silver ap p eared a t 250° C. Tho hard n ess o f D u ralu m in (m agnesium 0-5, Silicon 0-5, copper 4 % ) show ed a ra p id inerease a t room te m p e ra tu ro a n d th e n a slow inerease u p to 170° C., followed b y a slow decrease, w hile precip itatio n was first visiblo a t 300° C.—A. R . P .
A Special Phenom enon A ssociated w ith T ransform ations Extending over a R angę of Tem peratures. A. Schulze (P h ysika l. Z ., 1936, 37, (2), 4 1 ^ 3 ) .—
See M et. A bs., th is vol., p. 39.— J . S. G. T .
fT h erm al [and E lectrical] Conductivities of M etals and Alloys. J . W . D onaldson (M etallurgia, 1936,13, (77), 159-160).— A review o f re c e n t w ork on th e th e rm a l a n d electrical conduetivities o f m etals an d alloys, p a rtic u la rly th e rm a l co n d u ctiy ity . D a ta are given for tu n g ste n , m olybdenum , silver, h ig h -p u rity a n d com m ercial nickel, h ig h -p u rity zinc, a n d for th e b in a ry alloys o f copper w ith Silicon, alum inium , m anganese, an d nickel.— J . W . D.
E xperim ental Test of A kulov’s Theory of Coercive Force. W . S. Messkin a n d B. E . Som in (Z. P h ysik, 1936, 98, (9/10), 610-623).— E x p erim en tal m easurem ents o f th o coercivo foreo in iro n -n ick e l, iro n -alu m in iu m , ir o n - tita n iu m , iro n -tu n g s te n , iro n -m o ly b d en u m , iro n -n ick e l-alu m in iu m , a n d iro n -m an g a n ese-alu m in iu m alloys, su b jected to y arious h e a t-tre a tm e n ts, aro c o n tra ry to resu lts to bo a n tic ip a te d from tho p re s e n t form o f A kulov’s th eo ry (Z. P h ysik, 1933, 81, 790).— J . S. G. T.
II I.— STRU CTU RE
(M etallography; M acrography; C rystal S tru ctu re.)
(Continued froin pp. 75-78.)
tT h e R ationale of th e Phase F orm ation in Alloys. A n Introductory Essay.
E . H . B [ucknall] (M et. In d . (Lond.), 1936,48, (7), 2 0 3 -2 0 8 ; (9), 273-277 ; (10), 303-307, 310).—A com prehensivo su ry ey o f th o a tte m p ts w hich h av e been m ado to co rrelate tho co n stitu tio n a n d p ro p erties o f alloy sy stem s a n d to o b ta in a generalized view o f alloy stru ctu res. A bibliography o f 67 referenccs is ap p en d ed .— J . H . W .
*The M echanism of E lectrolytic Polishing of Copper. P ierro J a c ą u o t (Compl. rend., 1936, 202, (5), 402-404).— See also following a b s tra c t. A ll th e facto rs w hich fav o u r th e diflusion o f th e p ro d u ets o f a tta c k re ą u ire a n appreci- ab le inerease o f th e m inim um c u rre n t d en sity n e c e ss a ry ; such facto rs aro decrease o f th e co n cen tratio n o f th e acid solutions, inerease o f tem p eratu ro an d ag itatio n , a n d position o f th e anodę. T he form o f th o in to n sity -te n sio n curvo a t its ex trem ities is explained b y th e progressiye fo rm atio n o f a p a rtly in su lat- ing anodic skin. These resu lts are confirm ed b y microseopic obscrvation o f th e profile o f tho anodę du rin g eleetrolysis. W hen th o anodę surface is sm ooth, th e m axim um thiekness o f th e lią u id film is 0 05 m m . for a h o rizo n tal su rfa c e ; if th o anodę is rougli, i t is eoyered u n if o rm lj'; th e thiekness o f th is p a rtly in su latin g film being g re a te r over deeper p a rts th a n over p a rts in relief, th e la tte r aro first a tta e k e d . W hen th e electrolyte is a n aąu co u s solution o f m etaphosphoric acid, a lią u id film is form ed rig lit a t th e beginning, b u t it
1936
I I I . — Strucłure 117
follows th e irreg u larities o f th e surface, a n d a t once gives place to a solid cru st.
Theso dillerences betw een o rtho- a n d pyro-phosplioric acids a n d m etaphos- phoric acid agree w ith th e respective solubilities in acid solutions o f th e corresponding copper salts.— J . H . W .
* 0 n th e Anodic B ehaviour of Copper in Aąueous Solutions of Orthophosphoric Acid. P . A. J a c ą u e t ( Electroclicm. Soc. P reprinł, 1936, A pril, 17-38).— Cf.
preceding a b s tra c t. A copper surface anodically etehed in aąu eo u s solutions o f orthophosphoric acid becom es as b rig lit as th o u g h i t h ad been polished if v oltage a n d c u rre n t d e n sity are k e p t w ith in definite lim its. I f pro p erly con- trolled, anodic etch in g w ill rcv eal th e cry stallin e stru c tu re o f th o m etal. T his phenom enon ap p ears to bo based on th e p a ssiv atio n o f th e anodę, an d is a function o f eo n cen tratio n polarization. T he anodic etch in g m eth o d w as applied to m e ta l sections fo r m etallograpliic e x a m in a tio n ; excellent resu lts w ere o b tain ed . As com pared w ith th e u su al acid etching m eth o d , th e anodic m ethod has tho a d v an ta g es o f being m uch more rap id a n d less expensive.
— S. G.
*Etch Planes of Tin. Ł . W . M cK eehan a n d H aro ld J . H oge (Z. K rist., 1935, 92, (5/6), 476—178).— [In E nglish.] S u itab le etching w ith hydrochloric acid develops etcli planes on te tra g o n a l tin so t h a t tho crystallographic axes o f large cry stals can be d cterm ined therefrom to w ith in 1° o f arc b y m eans o f a n optical goniom eter. P o r p u re tin , co n cen tratcd acid is u sed a n d a little potassium chlorato added ; fo r alloys w ith as m uch as 0 -6% a n tim o n y , d ilu te acid is used a n d th e etch in g is carried o u t in s ta g e s ; alloys w ith u p to 1%
cadm ium o r gallium aro etch ed w ith acid o f in term ed iate stren g th s. T he results o b tain ed b y tho m eth o d aro exem plified. C halm ers’s d iag ram s (M et.
A bs., 1935, 2, 424) o f atom ie positions in tin are incorrect.— J . S. G. T .
*Diffuse Rings Produced by E lectron Scattering [A m orphous Layer on Polished Metals]. L. H . G erm er (Phys. Ecv., 1936, [ii], 49, (2), 163-166).— Two diffuse rings p roduced b y eleetrons sc a tte re d from polished m e ta l surfaccs h ave been in te rp re te d as evidonce t h a t such surfaccs are am orphous. Sim ilar rings are form ed b y eleetrons sc a tte re d from vapori7.ed zinc sulphide, a n d from unpolislied surfaccs o f Silicon Carbide a n d cuprous oxide, all o f w hich aro probably crystalline. Theso expcrim ents a p p a re n tly v itia te th e preyious inter- p re ta tio n , a lth o u g h th e y c a n n o t be defm itely accep ted as evidence ag a in st th e presence o f a n am orphous la y e r on polished m etals.— J . S. G. T.
Q uantum -S tatistical Theory of Fusion. L. T arschisch (Z. P h ysik, 1936, 99, (3/4), 259).— A m a th e m a tic a l th e o ry o f fusion is dovcloped, based on D ebye’s ą u a n tu m th eo ry o f specific h e a t, B o rn ’s th e o ry o f th e dynam ics o f the c ry s ta l la ttic e , a n d F erm i-D eb y e statistics. T he th e o ry in d icatcs th a t
? V /.o W ar>d T J U n a re c o n stan ts, T t denoting th e m elting p o in t, / „ tho com pressibility, i i 0 th e in ter-ato m ic d istan ce, n th e ex p o n en t o f th e in te r- atom ic repulsive force, a n d U th e onergy p e r mol. Tho degree o f constancy o f thesc expressions is in d icated b y d a ta referring to 11 m etals.— J . S. G. T.
*The Virial Theorem and th e Theory of Fusion. E . L. H ill (Pliysikal. Z . Sowjełunion, 1935, 8, (4), 401-406).— [In E nglish.] Tho significance o f th e forco fu n ctio n em ployed to describe tho in teractio n betw een m olecules is discussed, a n d i t is eruphasized t h a t th is function contains a c o n trib u tio n from th e kinetic cnergy term s o f tho eleetrons. F ro m th is fact, a schem atic e x p lan a tio n o f tho changes in kin etic an d p o te n tia l energies o f tho moleeules along th e m elting curve is proposed.— J . S. G. T.
*CrystalIization of Thin Layers of Super-Cooled Liquids. F . K . G orsky (Physilcal. Z . Sow jełunion, 1936, 9, (1), 89-93).— [In G erm an.] A tw o-dim en- sional th eo ry o f ery stallizatio n from supercooled lirjuids is doveloped, based on considerations o f surface energy a n d association, an d w hich enables th e effect o f a n electric field on nuclei form ation to bo d cterm ined.— J . S. G. T.
118 MetaUurgical Abstracts
Y o l . 3♦Tho K inetics of R ecrystallization of Tin, Cadmium, and Iro n . M. K o rn - feld an d F . Saw izki (P liysikal. Z . Sow jelunion, 1935, 8, (5), 528-532).— [In G erm an.] T he p roduction a n d g row th o f new g rains in tho recry stallizatio n o f these m etals are show n expcrim entally to correspond w ith th e phenom ena charaeterizing tho recry stallizatio n o f alum inium (M et. A b s., 1935, 2, 684).
I n each caso a period o f in eu b atio n o f tho grain is followed b y gro w th o f th e g rain a t a e o n sta n t ra te .— J . S. G. T.
Nucleus Form ation in the R ecrystallization Process. II.— The N aturę of the Ineubation Period. M. K ornfeld (Pliysikal. Z . Soujetunion, 1935, 8, (5), 533-535).— [In G erm an.] Cf. M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 684. I t is suggested t h a t a recry stallizatio n nucleus is produced eith er (1) su ddenly in a sm ali region o f tho deform ed m a te ria ł in conseąuenco o f th e rm a l fluctuation, or (2 ) in conso- qucnce o f an irrevcrsible process in itia te d a t tho com m encem ent o f annealing.
O f theso (2) only is show n to yield th co retical resu lts agreeing w ith experi- m e n ta l resu lts relatin g to tho n u m b er o f nuclei produced in a definite tim o in a given volum e, a n d is, therefore, to bo p referred.— J . S. G. T.
*Theory of th e Process of the Production of Order and of Diffusion in Solid Solutions of CuAu. Orderly T ransform ations in Alloys.—IV. W . S. G orsky (Pliysikal. Z . Soivjelunion, 1935, 8, (4), 443-456).— [In G erm an.] T he change w ith tim e o f tho degree o f orderliness a n d o f tho diffusion coeff. in th e CuAu la ttic e is calculated tak in g in to account, sep aratcly : (1) ato m ie m ig ratio n in in ter-lattico regions ; (2) m igration o f v a c a n t la ttic e regions, an d (3) atom ie interchango o f places. A com parison o f th e th eo retical resu lts w ith th e expcrim ontal resu lts o b tain cd b y G. a n d J o s t shows t h a t n o t ono o f th ese m cchanism s affords a sufficiently good e x p lan a tio n o f th o phenom enon o f tho o rd erly -d iso rd erly tran sfo rm atio n accom panying inereaso o f tem p eratu re.
— J . S. G. T.
♦Theory of E lastic A fter-Effect in D isordered Solid Solutions (Elastic A fter- Effect of the Second Class). W . S. G orsky (Pliysikal. Z . Sowjelunion, 1935, 8, (4), 457-471).— [In G erm an.] P re v a le n t theories o f tho elastic after-effect, w hich a ttrib u te tho phenom enon to non-uniform p lastic deform ation, are considered to be u n s a tis f a c to r y ; a th e o ry o f th e effcct in solid solutions a ttrib u tin g i t to a n association o f diffusion u n d e r conditions o f non-uniform stresses is doveloped. T he flexure o f solid solutions in tho presence o f in- filtratin g solutions is exam ined in some d c ta il m ath em atically , an d i t is show n t h a t tho eleastic after-effect m ay a m o u n t to as m uch as 50% o f tho elastic deform ation. I n th e caso o f b e n t single cry stals th e after-effect is established ex trem ely slowly w hen tho thickness o f th e c ry s ta l exceeds 10~2- 10~4 m m . A n a tto m p t to in te rp re t th e phenom enon in poly-crystallinc m etals a n d alloys is presen ted .— J . S. G. T.
Elastic A fter-Effect in Orderly CuAu Alloy. E lastic A fter-E Sect of the F irst Class. W . S. G orsky (P hysikal. Z . Sow jetunion, 1935, 8, (5), 562-571).
— [In G erm an.] G .’s th e o ry o f th e elastic after-effect in ord erly cry stals (M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 338) is te s te d by app licatio n to th e caso o f tho CuAu la ttic e w ith orderly atom ie arran g em en t. T he after-effect am o u n ts to 6 0 - 100% o f th o elastic deform ation in poly-crystallino m a te ria ł; a n d 10 o r 15 to 60% in single cry stals. These ex p erim en tal a n d th e th eo retical values are in agreem ent. T he velocity o f th e process charaeterizing th e phenom enon inereases w ith tem p eratu re.— J . S. G. T.
*The Diffraction of Slow E lectrons by Z inc Single Crystals. S. G. K ala- sclm ikow a n d I. A. Jakow lew (Pliysikal. Z . Sowjetunion, 1936, 9, (1), 13-26).
— [In G erm an.] E ig h t diffraction m ax im a are fou n d w hen slow electrons o f velocities corresponding to 5-5-130 v. are diffracted b y zinc single crystals.
Tho lim itin g yalue o f th e cq u iv alen t in te rn a l p o te n tia l o f th e m e ta l is found to be 27 v. T he effect o f tem p eratu ro on th e diffraction is exam ined quan- tita tiv e ly , a n d is found to agree, to som e e x te n t, w ith resu lts calcu lated by D ebye’s th e o ry o f th e diffraction o f X -ray s.— J . S. G. T.
1936
I I I . — Structure. 119
The D eterm ination of the In n e r P otential of Crystals from E lectron D iffrac
tion. S. K alasohnikow (P h ysika l. Z . Sow jetunion, 1936, 9, (1), 81-88).— [In G erm an.] B ragg’s fornnila fo r electro n diffraction is m odified to ta k e acco u n t o f a phase-chango o f th o tjj-wayes accom panying th o diffraction, an d th e re su lt applied to deduco th o yaluo o f tho m ean p o te n tia l o f th e c ry s ta l lattico .
—J . S. G. T.
*The S tructure of A lum inium Boride A1B... W ilhelm H o fm an n a n d W a lte r Jaoniche (Z. physikal. Chem., 1936, [B], 31, (3), 214-222).— T he com pound A1B„ crystallizes in hexagonal leaflets th e stru c tu re o f wliich corresponds w ith a new ty p e for AB» c o m p o u n d s; th e alum inium ato m s form a sim plo hexa- gonal la ttic e , an d th e boron ato m s a n e tw o rk analogous to t h a t o f g rap h ite.
Tho id eał stru c tu re corresponds w ith a ra tio o f th e ra d ii o f m etallo id : m etal a to m o f 0-58 : 1.— K . S.
L attice Constants an d A llotropy of Bcryllium . M. C. N e u b u rg er (Z. K rist., 1935, 92, (5/6), 474-475).— [In G erm an.] N .’s yalues fo r th o la ttic e c o n sta n ts o f bcryllium cłiffer from those fo u n d b y Owen, P ick u p , a n d R o b c rts (Z. K rist., 1935, 91, 70). N . d irects a tto n tio n to th e cxistence o f allotropic (a- a n d (3-) m odifications o f bcryllium a n d m entions t h a t th e bcryllium u sed b y him w as o f spectroscopic p u rity . O., P ., a n d R .’s sam ples w ere all h e a t-tre a te d before being used, an d N . suggests t h a t th o discrep an cy betw een th e ir re su lts a n d his m ay be a ttrib u ta b lo to th is fact. T he b e st yalues o f th e crystallographic d a ta o f beryllium a t 20° C. are given as a — 2-2680 ± 0-0003 A . ; c — 3-5942 ± 0-0004 A . ; c/a = 1-5847.—J . S. G. T.
(I) R elations Between Crystal Defects an d Suspension of Crystal G rowth.
(U) The Structure of R eal M acro-Crystals. E . H erlinger (Z. K rist., 1935, 92, (5/6), 372-379, 380-386).— [In G erm an.] (I.— ) A c ry s ta l la ttic e defect produced d u rin g c ry s ta l g ro w th induces o th e r la ttic e defects in its neighbour- hood. T he d is trib u tio n a n d y a ria tio n o f th e frecjueney o f occurrence o f these secondary defects d u rin g th e process are in v estig ated . Such defects m ay be e ith e r o f a m o u n t o r o f h a b it o f cry stallizatio n . E x tre m e ly sm ali c ry sta ls p e rm it only a m inim um o f la ttic e d e fe c ts ; re a l c ry sta ls p e rm it a m ax im u m o f defects a n d a m inim um o f o rderly arran g em en t. ( I I .— ) Com- p lete suspension o f c ry s ta l g ro w th m ay occur. T h is is associated w ith th e decreased y alu e o f th e energy o f sep aratio n o f a surface p o in t o f a n irreg u la r la ttic e com pared w ith th e la ttic e energy o f tho ideał cry stal. C ertain conse- cjuences o f th is conclusion are discussed, e.g. m acrocrystalline a n d mosaic stru ctu res.— J . S. G. T .
*The Calculation of P otential D istribution in Certain Crystal L attices. W . E . L aschkarew a n d A. S. T sch ab an (P h ysika l. Z . Sowjetunion, 1935, 8, (3), 2 4 0 - 254).— [In E nglish.] Tho “ eq u iv alen t ” ato m s, a n d th o p o te n tia l d istri- b u tions for som e p lanes, aro calcu lated for tlić la ttic e s o f lith iu m , alum inium , sodium chloride, a n d diam ond.— J . S. G. T.
Some R elationships Betw een A tom ie Lattices. E . L . F cinberg (P h ysika l.
Z . Sow jetunion, 1935, 8, (4), 407—4-15).— [In E nglish.] A n ap p ro x im ate re p re se n ta tio n o f th e m etallic cry stallin e State b y m eans o f a n ionic space- lattice, th e inter-ionic space being filled w ith free-electron gas, a n d th e cry sta l being d ivided in to spherically-sym m etrical cells, enables th e in ter-ato m ic distances in th e c ry s ta l to be determ ined as a fu n ctio n o f tho yalency z. Tho dependence o f atom ie yolum e on z is deduced.— J . S. G. T .
R elation Between th e Sym m etry of a Crystal L attice and the States of Its E lectrons. F . H u n d (Z. P h y sik , 1936, 99, (1/2), 119-136).—T he re la tio n o f th e sy m m e try o f a c ry s ta l la ttic e to th e “ energy b an d s ” o f th e electrons is discussed m ath em atically .:—J . S. G. T.
*Statistical Theory of Superlattices w ith U neąual Concentrations of the Components. R . Peierls (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1936, [A], 154, (881), 207-222).—
T he th eo ry o f order a n d disorder in alloys as deyeloped b y B ragg a n d W illiam s (M et. A b s., 1934, 1, 3 8 4 ; 1935, 2, 589) a n d by o th ers, contains a fu n ctio n ,
120 M etallurgical Abstracts
Vol. 3 K(.s), rep resen tin g th e dependence o f th e average ordering force on th e degree o f order a lread y established. F(«) differs aceording to assu m p tio n s m ade as to th e p hysieal n a tu rę o f tho ordering force. P . show s th a t , on th e assu m p tio n t h a t th e force acts on ly betw een neighbouring a to m s, th e m a th e m a tic a l problem s can be ap p ro x im ately solved b y a m ethod duo to B ethe. T he m eth o d is generalized to a p p ly to a cubic face-centred stru c tu re o f com- position A B 3 (e.g. AuCu3). T he energy a n d degree o f o rd er are o b tain ed as fu n ctio n s o f tho tem p eratu ro .— J . S. G. T.*Theoretical and Experim ental L aue P attern s from B ent NaCl Crystals.
A. P . K o m a r (P h ysika l. Z . Sow jetunion, 1936, 9, (1), 97-99).— [In E nglish.]
A m eth o d is described for calcu latin g th e L aue p a tte rn given by sodium chloride cry stals b e n t in to a circular arc ; th eo retical a n d ex p erim en tal p a tte rn s are in y e ry close ag reem ent.— J . S. G. T.
*Theory of th e Effect of T em perature on th e Reflection of X -R ays by Crystals.
I.— Isotropic Crystals. Clarence Zener a n d G. E . M. Ja u n c e y (P hys. R ev., 1936, [ii], 49, (1), 17-18).— A sh o rt d eriv atio n o f th e D eb y e-W aller te m p e ra tu re fa c to r in th e rcflcction o f X -ra y s b y isotropic c ry sta ls is given. T he tre a tm e n t brings o u t tho assu m p tio n s m ado in th e th e o ry a n d p av es th e w ay for th e tr e a t
m e n t o f aniso tro p ic cry stals.— J . S. G. T.
*Theory of the Effect of Tem perature on the Reflection of X -R ays by Crystals.
I I .—-Anisotropic Crystals. Clarence Z ener (Phys. Rev., 1936, [ii], 49, (2), 122- 127).— Cf. prcceding a b s tra c t. I n aniso tro p ic c ry sta ls tho te m p e ra tu rę facto r fo r th e reflection o f X -ray s is a fu n ctio n o f th e o rien tatio n o f th e reflection piane. T he com plete solution is found fo r m etals w ith hexagonal sy m m etry . T he tem p eratu ro fa c to r is w ritte n as e~M ; yalues o f M are calcu lated for zinc a n d cadm ium w ith resu lts as follows : fo r zinc, 1-80; for cadm ium , 1-73.
—J . S. G. T . IV.— CORROSION
(Continued from pp. 78-80.)
The A ction of T ap-W ater on A lum inium . T su n e ta k a S asaki a n d J it- su saburo Sam esliim a (N ip p o n K w agaku K w a ish i (J. Chem. Soc. Ja p a n ), 1935, 56, (11), 1353-1358; O. A b s., 1936, 30, 1003).— [In Jap an ese.] A lum inium dissolves n o ticeab ly w hen boilcd w ith ta p -w a te r. T h is is a ttrib u te d to tho a c tio n o f H 2C 0 3 contained in th e ta p -w a te r.— S. G.
♦R ate of Corrosion of D uralum in. G. T am m an n a n d W . B oehm e (Z. anorg.
Chem., 1936, 226, (1), 82-86 ; an d (sum m ary) Light M etals Research, 1936, 4, (16), 265-266).— T he ra te o f dissolution o f D u ralu m in in 0-9iV-hydrochloric acid is a m easure o f th e degree o f p recip itatio n o f CuAl2. A fter ąuenching from 500° C. th e ra te is alin o st th e sam e as t h a t o f pu re alum inium a n d rem ain s p ra c tic a lly c o n sta n t a fte r ageing fo r several day s a t room te m p e ra tu re alth o u g h th e hard n ess is th ereb y inereased b y 35% . T he ra te o f dissolution increases w ith increase in ageing tem p eratu re, reaching a m axim um a t 300° C. a n d th e n decreasing to 400° C. The ra te o f d is so lu tio n -tcm p eratu re o f ageing curvo is sim ilar in shape to th e la ttic e p a ra m e te r-te m p e ra tu re o f ageing curve.
— A. R . P . tC opper-N ickel (70 : 30) Alloy. M ason S. N oyes (J . A m er. Soc. N a ra l E ng., 1936, 48, (1), 1-18).—V crtical ro ta tin g , electrolytic celi, a n d im pingem ent resistan ce corrosion te s ts carried o u t b y th e U .S. B u reau o f E ngineering on co p p cr-n ick el alloys, Monel m etal, copper, re d b rass, a n d silicon-m anganese bronze are considercd, an d reasons givcn fo r th o a d o p tio n o f th e 7 0 :3 0 c o p p e r- n ick el alloy fo r tubes fo r all salt-w ate r piping u n d e r th e B u re a u ’s cognizance.
Corrosion te s ts on jo in ts o f th is alloy m ade w ith tin -le a d (50 : 50) solder, an d th re e silver solders are also d e a lt w ith. R ep o rts on in stallatio n s o f th is alloy in seryice are briefly described, an d suggestions are m ade fo r th e m an u factu re
1936
I V .— Corrosion 121
o f pipes a n d tu b e s for n a v a l service from tho rolled a n d d raw n form s o f the alloy.— J . W . D.
*Studies on the Oxidation of M etals. I I I .— The K inetics of th e Oxidation of Molten Tin. L. L. B ireum shaw a n d G. D . P re sto n (P hil. M ag., 1936, [vii], 21, (141), 686-697).—-The ra te s o f o x id atio n o f m olten tin were d eterm ined ov er th e rango 400°-800° C. w ith yario u s in itia l pressures o f o s y g e n ; th e ra te increases rap id ly w ith in th is rangę. A t a n y p a rtic u la r te m p e ra tu re tho ra te y aried g re a tly for sim ilar specim ens o f th e m etal. Tho p arab o lic law suggested by yarious w orkcrs to re p re se n t tho o x id atio n o f solid m etals is n o t obeyed b y m olten tin , m ore especially a t Iow a n d high oxygcn p re s s u re s ; th e ra te o f o x id atio n is a p p a re n tly controlled b y som e fa c to r o th e r th a n th e progressive increase o f film thickness ; i t is suggested t h a t c ry s ta l o rie n ta tio n in tho oxide film is a d eterm in in g fa c to r.—J . S. G. T.
Corrosion in th e P roduction of Ethylene Chlorohydrin. E . V. Is k ra (Zhurnal K him icheskoi Prom ishlennosti {J . Chem. In d .), 1935, 12, 9 4 7 -9 5 3 ; C. A b s., 1936, 30, 711).— [In R u ssian .] M ixtures o f C2H 4(0H)C1, HC1, C2H 4C12, a n d chlorine such as are used in p rep arin g C2H 4(0H)C1 corrode lead v cry seyerely, a n d th e degreo o f corrosion increases w ith increase o f te m p eratu ro . A cid-resisting lacquers a n d m a n y alloys aro b a d ly afiected. Acid- resistin g cem ents a n d iro n co n tain in g 1 3-17% S i l i c o n are n o t g re a tly corroded.
A H aveg ty p o resin alone is slig h tly corroded, b u t w hen deposited on a n iro n su rface it resists corrosion.— S. G.
M etals in W ineries. C harles S. A sh (In d u st. and E ng. Chem., 1935, 27, (11), 1243-1244).—T he re su lts are given o f 30 y e a rs’ p la n t a n d la b o ra to ry experi- cnco in th e h an d lin g o f w ines, fr u it juices, a n d yinegar. M etals a n d alloys are corroded b y h o t f r u it juices a n d w ine in th e o r d e r : ch ro m iu m -stecl (18 : 8), high-silicon iro n s, bronze (A m brac, T obin), copper, M onel m etal, brass, nickel, alu m in iu m , alu m in iu m alloys, w ro u g h t iron, steel, lead, tin , c a s t iron, zinc. A lthough chrom ium steel is su p erio r to copper in a ll respects, i t is d o u b tfu l w h eth er its h ig h er cost for a p p a ra tu s a n d tu b in g is justified.
U n d er th e severe ex p erim en tal conditions described, nickel corrodes m ore th a n copper, b u t nickel salts do n o t pro d u ce tu r b id ity in sm ali am o u n ts n o r do th e y a lte r th e ta s te so m uch as copper sa lts do, m oreover u n d e r c ertain conditions a p ro tectiv e co atin g is form ed on nickel b y fr u it juices. A lum inium a n d alu m in iu m alloys aro n o t good fo r carry in g w ine. L ead a n d zinc should n ev er be used in w ineries, n o r should tin , owing to its high r a t e o f corrosion in th e presence o f a ir a n d carb o n dioxide.— P . J .
*The S tructure of T hin Film s of Metallic Oxides an d H ydrates. N ew bern S m ith (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, (1), 173-179).— S trip s o f m etal w ere w arm ed in a ir a n d th o oxido film s rem oyed b y anodic solution o f th e under- lying m etal. T he iso lated film s w ere m o u n ted across a hole 0'1 m m . in d ia m e te r a n d exam ined b y X -ra y diffraction. T ho film s wero polycrystalline, consisting o f relatiy ely large cry stals o f th e no rm al m etallic oxides—nickelous, cuprous, a n d , o n iro n , p red o m in an tly ferrosic oxide P e 30 4. T he c ry sta ls were large enough to give sh a rp diffraction rings. T he th in n e r film s m a y co n sist o f single lay ers o f cry stals. N o p referred o rie n ta tio n w as obseryed. G row th o f large c ry sta ls a t th e expense o f sm aller ones w as a p p a re n tly a ch aracter- istic o f copper oxide, sińce re la tiy e ly large cry stals were fo u n d in th ic k a n d in th in films. As elec tro ly tic tr e a tm e n t form s a cuprous oxide film on polished copper, th e ąu estio n o f th o id e n tity o f th e films before a n d a fte r electrolytic tr e a tm e n t should be in vestigated. M etallic hydroxides form ed on th e surfaces o f s a lt solutions h a d th e sam e s tru c tu re as th e p re c ip ita te d hydroxides.— R . G.
Inhibitors— Safe and D angerous. U lick R . E v a n s (Electrochem. Soc.
P reprinł, 1936, A pril, 1-15).—A n a tte m p t to in h ib it th e anodic reactio n o f a corrosion-change controlled b y th e cath o d ic re actio n w ill u su ally dim inish th e corroded a re a m ore q uickly th a n i t dim inishes th e to ta l d e stru c tio n o f m etal,
122 M etallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 3a n d th u s inerease th e in te n sity o f corrosion if th e ad d itio n h as been insufficient to sto p a tta c k a lto g e th e r; such m eth o d s o f in h ib itio n are dangerous. T his intensification o f a tta c k w ill n o t occur w liere th e corrosion is u n d e r anodie control, o r w here th e in h ib ito r is one w hich sm others th e cathodic reaction.
T he principles are applied in discussing tho a d d itio n o f a lk a li to h a rd , soft, a n d salinę w aters, a n d also th e tr e a tm e n t o f brine w ith chrom ate. T he classifieation o f p ro tectiv e processes in to safe a n d dangerous groups can bo ex ten d e d to p ro tectio n b y oxide films, p a in ts, a n d m etallie eoats.— S. G.
Corrosion o£ Metallie M aterials Used in W aterw orks P ractice. G. W iegand (Illu s t. Zeit. B kchindustrie, 1936, 65, (2), 36-37).— F ro m a lectu re delivered before th e Corrosion Congrcss, B erlin, N ov. 1935. M ethods are deseribed for m inim izing yarious form s o f corrosive a tta c k on w aterw orks p a rts , including those o f brass, copper, a n d galvanized iron.— P . M. C. R .
On Cylinder W ear. R ic h a rd K och (Aulomobiltech. Z ., 1936, 39, (2), 3 1 - 36).— A review o f th e facto rs influencing cylin d er w ear, including a discussion o f su ita b le m a te ria ls fo r pisto n s, eylinders, a n d rings, a d cscription o f finisliing m ethods, a n d suggestions reg ard in g lu b ricatio n a n d p ro tectio n ag ain st corrosion—P . M. C. R .
V.— PROTECTIO N
(Continued from pp. 80-81.)
R ecent D evelopments in the Anodie Oxidation o£ A lum inium . E . H err- m a n n (Schweiz. Tech. Z ., 1935, 32, 633-639).— A n in stru c tiv e review o f th e h isto ry , p re se n t m ethods, a n d uses o f th e process.— W . A. C. N.-
*Corrosion-Protective V alue of Electrodeposited Zinc an d Cadmium Coatings on Steel. W illiam B lum , P a u l W . C. S trau sser, a n d A bner B ren n er (J . Res.
N a t. B u r. S tand., 1936, 16, (2), 185-2 1 2 ; Research Paper N o. 867).— A tm o- spherie exposure o f p la te d specim ens in 6 locations show ed t h a t in a ru ra l or p u rely m arinę clim ate, zinc a n d cadm ium coatings b o th gaye b e tte r p ro tectio n a g a in s t corrosion o f steel th a n d id nickel o r chrom ium coatings o f th e sam e thiekness, a lth o u g h th e zinc a n d cadm ium ra p id ly lo st tlie ir lu stre. I n a n in d u s tria l atm osphere, w here sulphurous a n d sulphurie acids are p resen t, zinc a n d cadm ium w ere a tta c k e d r a th e r rap id ly , a n d th e life w as a b o u t p ro p o rtio n al to th e thiekness. U n d er th ese eonditions th e cadm ium coatings failed in a b o u t tw o -th ird s o f th e tim e re ą u ire d fo r failure of zine coatings of tho sam e thiekness.
Z in c-cad m iu m alloys containing a b o u t 10% cadm ium w ere su p erio r to eith er zinc o r cadm ium . V ariatio n s in th e eonditions selected for depositing th e coatings h a d no m ark ed effect o n th e ir p ro tectiv e value. H o t-d ip p ed zinc coatings gave a b o u t tho sam e p ro tectio n a s p la te d zinc coatings o f the same thiekness. I n accelerated te s ts, such as th e sa lt-sp ra y o r in te rm itte n t im m ersion in a sodium chloride solution, tho tim e re ą u ire d for failure o f a zinc coating is a b o u t p ro p o rtio n al to its thiekness. C adm ium coatings la s t m uch longer th a n those o f zinc in a salt-sp ray , w hich is n o t, therefore, a tn ie m easure o f th e ir relativ e value in a n in d u s tria l atm osphere. T he p ro tectiv e v alu e o f a zinc o r cadm ium coating depends p rin cip ally on its m inim um thiekness, w hich can bo d eterm ined b y dropping te s ts , m icroscopic m easurem ents, an d th e ch o rd m eth o d (see M et. A bs., th is vol., p . 125).— S. G.
♦Corrosion A fter Pickling M ajor Source of G alvanizer’s D ross. W allace G.
Im hoff (Iro n Age, 1936, 137, (8), 30-33, 51).—See also M et. A b s., th is vol., p. 43. T he eHeet o f th e reducing a ctio n o f m olten zinc a t galvanizing b a th tem p eratu res on m agnetic iro n oxide w as in vestigated. M olten zinc reduces th is oxide to form g alvanizer’s dross, b u t th e a c tio n is n o t so effective as t h a t o n ferric oxide. T here a p p e a r to be 5 d is tin c t phases : (a) from th e m elting p o in t to 900° F . (480° C .) ; (b) from 900° to 1100° F . (595° C.), du rin g w hich th e Z nF e alloy is fo rm e d ; (c) from 1100° to 1300° F . (705° C.), w hen th e action
