D TESTING
BLACK SEAM HOUSE- NARBOROUÖH-LEICESTER
TELEPHONES T E L E G R A M S
2 2 Ä 8 - 9 NARBOROUÜH (L E IC S .) 2 LIN ES M O N O L IT H IC * N A R B O R O U G H - LEIC ES T ER
?WtSi Wvtti:
\r Catalogue o f T e stin g M a ch in es to fDSI
IS N O W V ITA L TO ALL FO U N D ER S TO E C O N O M ISE SAND AW!> Mfi.Kr
E Y R E
S M E L T IN G C O M P A N Y LTDT a n d e m W h i t e M e t a l s • G u n - M e t ; Phosphor B ro n ze and A lu m in iu m ( Ingo C h i l l C a s t P h o s p h o r B r o n z e " * R o d
TANDEM WORKS. MERTON ABBEY. LONDON. S.W.I IM itrhjm 7031
WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED T H E IR O N A N D S T E E L T R A D E S J O U R N A L
V O L . 73. N o . 1463. A U G U S T 31, 1944 ["Sin g le Copy 6d, B y P o t 8.
R e g is te r e d a t th e G .P .O . as a N e w sp a p e r» O ffic e s : 49, W e llin g to n Street. Strand, Lo nao n, W .C .2. L ^ J^ O v e r s ^ a ^ lT / - ^ P re p t T id
)ULDING ICHÍNE C° LTD
iRSHAM, KENT.
F L U X I T O L fo r Perfect Castings o r Ingots C U P O L I N E fo r Furnace o r Cupota
Repairs
E F F I C I E N T service, w ith consultation R O B S O N R E F R A C T O R I E S L I M I T E D
47, C o n is c llf fe R o a d , D a r lin g t o n
'Phnn* • 1441 'Grnm; ; Cuooline
M A N S F I E L D MOULDING SAND
• P U L V E R I S E D R E A D Y F O R U S E I F R E Q U I R E D A L B I O N (M a n s f ie ld ) S A N D C O .
TA R D l t d A ,b io n W o r k s , S H E F F IE L D P r o p . . --- ---
THOS. W . W A R D LT D .
Telephones: S h e ffie ld 26311 (15 lines) M ansfield 371
COKE TIRED
TYPE B.S.3 TILTER
T A I
440 lbs. G U N M E T A 1 . M E L T E D 40 M I N S . P O U R I N G T E M P .
1,300 C.
OTHER TYPES AVAILABLE I 0 0 l b . P O R T A B L E 2 4 0 l b . P I T T Y P E
6 0 0 l b . T I L T E R
1 , 0 0 0 l b . T I L T E R
MIDLAND MONOLITHIC
R O T A R Y FURNACES
FIRED BY FUEL OIL
T O W N S GAS
“ PULVERITE ” OR
CREO SO TE PITCH
M IXTURE
S T E IN & A T K I N S O N L TD
47, W O L S E Y R O A D ,
E A S T M O L E S E Y , S U R R E Y . T E L E P H O N E S :
M O L E S E Y 3111-2
T e l e g r a m s : M E T A S T E I N A . P H O N E , L O N D O N
P N E U M A T IC
( Photograph > £ ‘i l o r a » Dept.) Lam ps L ta .,
W O R K .
HEAVY w o r k
f or
S T E A D Y
w o r kC A M B O R N E - - E N G L A N D
'P h o n e : C a m b o rn e 2275 'G r a m s : A ir d rill- C a m b o r n e L o n d o n O ff ic e : B r o a d S t r e e t H o u s e , E .C .2
A U G U ST 31, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
B R I T I S H P IG IR O N S
L I M I T E D
aterials in short supply owing to war conditions are advertised as an indication that they o?e necessarily available for export
B r i t i s h M o u l d i n g M a c h i n e C o . L t d .
NDRY TRADE JOURNAL 5
M O D E L A M I X E S I TON PER BATCH IN TWO M I N U T E S
OTHER MODELS
B
‘BA ' C'D RANGE DOWN TO 20 lbs.PER BATCH
: Send Illustrated Brochure.
THE FORDATH ENGINEERING C L
H A M B L E T W O R K S WEST BROMWICH
1
TELE GRAMS : 'mEHLIICAL WEST BROMWICH
FOR
STEEL FOUNDRIES
Use the right boxes and your production will increase your scrap is reduced
your moulders will turn out more work you will not be held up for replacements
Use the right boxes and your machines will handle larger moulds THE RIGHT BO X ES FOR Y O U A RE STERLIN G B O X ES
p m t Í 0 UNDRX
B E D F D RD
T J f L I M I T E D
A U G U ST 31, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL
cupolas
Royer sand mixers sand preparing
L ® €
sand mixing mills rotary sand dryerst-v-vt *—■» v ■ v b~^ f f -» m t m r i pants sand disintegrators portable mould dryers P N E U L E C L l M I T E D ^ M a f e k i q q R o a d - S m e t h w f r k - N e a r B I R M I N G H A M
CONSETT
H ig h O r a c le H e m a t it e
PIC IRON
Manufactured to customers' requirements. Can be relied on implicitly for uniformity of analysis. Also High Manganese Pig Iron, for use in Basic Lined Open Hearth Furnaces, and Foundry Pig Iron for special work, such as Cylinder Castings, etc. Enquiries invited.
tilso best Quality
FOUNDRY COKE SILICA H9 B J AND S H A P ES I
f y l f f l l i i c i T a
FIR EC L A Y
SCIEN TIFIC SUPERVISION
'■'■i ' ./ ■ -
CONSETT IRON COMPANY LIMITED
T E L E P H O N E : C O N S E T T 341 (10 lines) T E L E G R A M S : S T E E L , P H O N E , C O N S E T T
A U G U ST 31, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL 9
r e d d ' . Sutton
9 9REDUCES FOUNDRY
COSTS
S q u e ez in g , v ib ra tin g and heatin g a re c a r r ie d o u t e le c tric a lly .
P r o d u c tio n o f d iffic u lt w o r k is rapid and e fficie n t— 100 m o u ld s can be produced
fo r one u n it o f e le c tric ity .
D is to rtio n o f m o u ld s is e lim in a te d as rollin g-o ver
squeezing.
m a tic a lly strip p e d on to th e co n ve yo r th e en ergies o f th e o p e ra to r are
th e re b y conserved fo r m ould prod u ction only.
W r i t e fo r le aflet M .II5 .
R0LL-0VERTYPÉ MAGNETIC MOULDING MACHINES
BRITISH INSULATED CABLES LTD.,
Head o ffic e :-p r e s c o t, la n c s.N.R.S. HEATING UNITS
50% less fuel, half the drying
time ,
and perfect Cores & Moulds
2 B rick b u ilt fo r l a r g e S to v e s USING CO K E BREEZE 1 S e lf-c o n ta in e d f o r S to v e s OR C O K E REFUSE u p to 2,000 c u b ic f e e t Sole Suppliers:
MODERN FURNACES AND STOVES LTD.
B O O T H S T R E E T ■ H A N D S W O R T H ■ B IR M IN G H A M , 21
Pig Iron
a d v an c e o f e a rlie r s ta n d a rd s . I n th e p r o d u c tio n o f p ig iro n s fo r h ig h duty, c astin g s fo r a ll p u r p o s e s , B R A D L E Y "
& F O S T E R h a v e d e v e lo p e d g ra d e s w h o se p o te n tia litie s fo r p o st-w a r re c o n s tr u c tio n w o rk w ill im p re s s y o u . W e sh a ll b e g lad to d isc u ss th e f u tu r e o f h ig h d u ty c a s tin g s in re la tio n to y o u r o w n r e q u ir e m e n ts .
B R A D L E Y & F O S T E R lid DARLASTON . SOUTH STAFFS
S p u n -re fin e d p ig iro n s . S p u n -re fin e d a llo y p ig iro n s . B le n d e d “ All M in e ” p ig iro n . H ig h c a rb o n s te e l p ig iro n . F ire - re s is tin g p ig iro n .
■ fa M A K E R S O F
Putting
C a stin g s h a v e no w to satisfy sp e c ifica tio n s p re v io u s ly m e t b y steel. R e se a rc h w o rk c a r rie d o n fo r m a n y y e a rs b y B R A D L E Y & F O S T E R an d in te n sifie d b y w a r-tim e e x p e rie n c e h a s le d to th e p ro d u c tio n o f b e tt e r a n d s till b e tte r i r o n — iro n w ith
“ m u s c le ” in i t — iro n c a p a b le o f p ro d u c in g c a s tin g s fa r in
A U G U S T 31, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL 11
y K E IT H B L A C K M A N LT D . M IL L M E A D R O A D . L O N D O N , N .I7 \ ,
T e le p h o n e s : To tte n h a m 4522 (tw e lv e lines) Telegram s : " K e it h b la c Phone L o n o o n ."
A d v l. o f T h e G e n e r a l E le c tr ic Co. L t d ., H e a d Office, M a g n e t H o u s e , K in g s w a y , L o n d o n , W .C .2
£ Ć > .C . ELECTRIC FURNACES
Simply <c built for the job ” in foundries which aim at more and better castings, in a shorter period o f time.
Efficiency, speed and unvarying around-the- clock service are being obtained from G.E.C.
F u r n a c e s i n b u s y
Foundries
FOUNDRY TRADE JO URN A L A U G U ST 31, 1944
On my
designs. . .
I n my designs i t w ill be possi
ble to work out a castin g or f o r g in g th a t w ill w eigh pou n ds instead o f h u n dredw eigh ts, or ounces instead o f pounds. In this w ay the lig h t alloys th a t have been developed under the stress o f war are destined soon to ligh ten the machinery o f life in every direction — so that in du stry, tran sport, ( and, we hope, intern ation al relationsJ w ill beneft.
That is one o f the reasons why we are so p ro u d to be makers o f alum inium alloys f o r every conceiv
a b le purpose.
D*T
Word Hot«
»jodiord Wc
L
A U G U ST 31, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URNAL 13
O V E R H E A D E L E C T R I C C R A N E S E R V I N G C U P O L A P L A T F O R M
P A T E R S O N H U G H E *
E N G IN E E R IN G C O M P A N Y L IM IT E D V Bedford H o u se, B e d fo rd S t., S tr a n d , W . C . 2 T e m p le B ar 7274/6 W y n d fo r d W o r k s , M a ry h ill, G la s g o w , N . W . M a ry h ill 172/3
M A T TH E W S & Y A TES
H e a tin g an d V e n tila tin g Engineers LT0 S W I N T O N (M anchester) & L O N D O N
Telephon., : SWInton 2173. « III»». LONDON. Ch.nc.r, 7823 G L A S G O W L E E D S ■ B I R M I N G H A M ■ C A R D I F F
f u ll Technical Data l upp/i ed an quoting re f. PE. 11
Citabhshcd 1902
3 5 3 H M
WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED T H E IROhl AND S T E E L TR A D ES JOURN AL
49, W e llin g to n Stre e t, London, W .C .2 .
W A R T I M E A D D R E S S to w hich all communications should be sent i — 3, A m e re h a m R o a d , H I G H W Y C O M B E , B u cks.
'G ram s I " Zacatecas, High W y c o m b e .”
•Phone 1 H IG H W Y C O M B E 1792 (3 lines).
P U B LIS H ED W E E K L Y i 2 1 a. per annum (H o m e and O v e r te a t)
O F F IC IA L O R G A N O F i
C O U N C I L O F I R O N F O U N D R Y A S S O C I A T I O N S C hairm an i F ltz H erb e rt W rig h t, T h e B u tte rle y Com pany Ripley, near D arb y. Se cretary I V . D e lp o rt, 2, Caxton Stre e t, W e s tm in s te r.
S . W . I.
P a rtic ip a tin g A sso cia tio n s i B ritish Bath M anufacturers' A ssociation B ritish Iron fou n ders’ Association ; British M alleable Tu b e Fittings A ssociation ; Cast Iron A x le b o x Association ; Cast Iron C h a ir Associa
tio n ; Cast Iron H eating, B o ile ra n d Rad iator M anufacturers' Association!
Cast Iron Segm ent A ssociation ; Greensand Pipe Fou n d e rs'A ssociation of Sco tlan d ; Iron fou n ders’ N atio n al Confederation ; N atio n al Associa
tion of M alleable Ironfounders ; N atio n al Ingot M ould Association ; N atio n al Ironfoun dlng Em p lo ye rs ' F e d e ra tio n A ss o c ia t/ o n o f A uto^
m o b ile and A llie d H ig h D u ty Iro n fo u n d e rs ; B ritijsh Cast Iron Research Association (affiliated ); British G r it A s s o c ia tio n (affiliated );
Flushing C is te rn M ak e rs ' A ssoc atio n (a ffilia te d ); Ins tu te o f B ritish Fo u n d rym en (affiliated ). ______
I N S T I T U T E O F B R I T I S H F O U N D R Y M E N P R E S ID E N T , 1943-44 : D. S h arp e , F o u n d ry P la n t & M a c h in e ry , L t d . 113 W e s t R e g e n t S t r e e t , G lasgow .
G e n e ral S ecretary I T. Makemson. A ctin g S e c re ta ry , J . Bolton Saint Jo h n S tre e t Cham bers, Deansgate, M anchester 3.
B R A N C H E S
Birm ingham , C o v e n try and W e s t M idlands* A . A . Tim m ins, F.I.C 33 C a r t e r s Lan e. Q u in to n . B ris to l and W e s t of E n g la n d : A . Hares, 20, G r e e n b a n k Ro ad . H a n h am , B risto l. E. Midlands I S. A . H o rto n “ T h re e ,” M ostyn A ven u e, Llttle o v e r, D e rb y. Lancs l H . B u c k ley Elle s m e re, N o r fo lk A v e n u e , B u rn le y . L o n d o n : V. C . Fau lkn er, 3, Am ersham Road, High W yco m b e . M iddlesbrough (pro tem.) : J. K . Sm ithson, N orth-Eastern Iron Refining Com pany, Lim ited, Stilllngton, Stockton-on-Tees. Newcastle-upon-Tyne : C . Lashly, S ir W . G . Arm- strong, W h itw o r t h & C o . (Ironfounders), Ltd., Close W o r k s , Gateshead Scottish i J. Bell, 60, St. Enoch Square, Glasgow. Sheffield : T . R . W a l k e r, M .A ., En g lish S te e l C o rp o ra tio n , L td ., Sheffield. W ales and M onm outh i A S. W a ll, 14, P a la ce A v e n u e . Llan daff. C ard iff. W e s t Riding o f Y o r k s h ir e : D ouglas Je p so n , M .Sc., 9, A m b lesid e A v en u e, Brad fo rd . South A frica : B . P. Sko k, M utual Building, Johannesburg.
S E C T IO N S
B u rn le y 1 H . Buckley, Ellesm ere. N o rfo lk Aven ue, B u rn le y, Lancs.
C ap e T o w n : K . Z w a n z U e r , P .O . B ox 346, C ape T o w n , S. A frica.
East Anglian I A . N . S u m n e r, 516, N o r w ic h Road, Ipswich Falkirk : T. R . G o o d w in . “ V le w field ,” Falkirk Road, Bonnybrldge. Lincoln * E.
R. W a lte r , P h .D ., T h e Technical College, Lincoln.
A S S O C I A T I O N O F B R O N Z E A N D B R A S S F O U N D E R S P r e s id e n t : H . B lsse ll, J. Sto n e & C o ., L td ., Lo n d on . S e c re ta rie s : H e ath co te & C o lem an , 25, B en n e tts H ill, B irm in gh am , 2
T H E I N S T I T U T E O F V I T R E O U S E N A M E L L E R S Presid en t : W . H . W h it t le , W . H . W h it t le , Lim ited , Eccles, near M anchester. Chairm an : W . To d d , Park in so n S to v e C o ., L td ., Seech- fo rd . B irm in g h am . Hon. Sec. * W . Thom as, A .I.C ., B an k H ouse, High S tr e e t, R ick m an sw o rth , H e rts.
F O U N D R Y T R A D E S ' E Q U I P M E N T A N D S U P P L I E S A S S O C I A T I O N
Presiden t I G . E. France, August's* Lim ited , Th o rn T ree W o r k s , H a l i f a x . H o n o r a ry S e c r e t a r y : K . W . B r i d g e s . A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y * Miss L. C o x. 52, Su rb ito n H ill Park, Su rb ito n , S u rrey.
W E L S H E N G I N E E R S ’ A N D F O U N D E R S ’ A S S O C I A T I O N President * W . E. C lem en t, C .B .E .. M orfa Foundry, N e w D ock, Llan elly S e cre ta ry * J . D . D . Davis, I, St. Jam es Gardens, Swansea.
B R I T I S H C A S T I R O N R E S E A R C H A S S O C I A T I O N A lv e c h u rc h , B irm in g h a m . 'P h o n e and 'G ra m s : R e d d ltch 7 l6 . S c o ttis h L a b o r a t o r ie s — F o u n d ry T e ch n ica l In s tlttifa .M e e k • F a lk ir k . IP h o n e i 332.*
T he need for all p o ssib le co n ser v a tio n o f m an p o w er;
the dem and for the m a xim u m o u tp u t o f v ital cast m etallic p rod ucts ; the in sisten ce u p o n th e lo w e s t c o s t o f p rod u c
tio n ; and the n ecessity o f m ain tainin g, and even im proving, the q uality o f th o se p ro d u cts.
A ll th ese co n d itio n s co m b in e to p o in t to th e only satisfactory s o lu tio n to all th ese p ro b lem s—
d esigned and adapted to the in d iv id u a l site c o n d it io n s ; to the particular p r o d u c t; and w ith fu ll regard to a ll the factors, ec o n o m ic , geographical and h u m an , w h ich may have any bearing on the p ro b lem .
In o th er w ords c o n s u lt :—
“ The Specialists in F ou n dry M echan isation ”
w h o se p rod u cts
"
S et the S tandard b y which F o u n d ry Plant is j u d g e d ”
LIM ITE D
•P h on es : 6 1 2 4 7 & 8
H A L IF A X , E N G L A N D
’G r a m s : A u g u s t, H a lif a x Sole L icen sees a n d m a n u fa c tu r e r s fo r B ritis h E m p ire (e x c lu d in g C a n a d a ) o f the S im p so n S a n d M ix e rfo u n d r y Trade Journal, A u g u st 31, 1944
Vol. 73 Thursday, August 31, 1944 No. 145 3
W IT H W H ICH IS I IK O V O K A T E D T H E I R O N A N D S T E E L T R A D E S J O U R N A L e s t a b l i s h e d I ÿ 0 2
“ Let Th ere Be Ligh t ”
It is d iffic u lt n o t to a s s o c ia te th e in c r e a s e in p u l
m o n a ry d ise a s e s a m o n g s t s h o t- b la s t o p e r a tiv e s in the ste el f o u n d r y in d u s tr y w ith th e f a c to r y b la c k o u t re g u la tio n s , b u t th is is o n ly o n e r e a s o n f o r u rg e n cy f o r th e ir a b o litio n a t th e e a r lie s t p o s s ib le m o m e n t. O th e r r e a s o n s a r e th e b a n a l in flu e n c e on th e m o r a le a n d h e a lth o f e v e r y b o d y w o rk in g in th e f o u n d r y in d u s tr y . T h e r e is n o lig h t re fle c tio n f r o m b la c k s a n d , a n d th is m a k e s f o r p a r ti c u larly d e p re s s in g c o n d itio n s . G e n e r a lly s p e a k in g , the im p o s itio n o f b la c k - o u t r e g u la tio n s m a k e s f o r p o o r v e n tila tio n . T h e b la c k - o u t is d ir e c tly r e s p o n sible f o r m u c h a b s e n te e is m ; u n tid in e s s ; in c re a s e d fuel c o n s u m p tio n ; a n d d e fe c tiv e w o rk . W e a r e sure t h a t w h e n e v e r a b o d y o f f o u n d r y m e n m e e ts fo r a n y p u r p o s e w h a ts o e v e r , if r e s o lu tio n s w e re p a sse d u r g in g th e r e s c in d in g o f th e b la c k - o u t r e g u la tio n s in so f a r a s th e y a p p ly to th e f o u n d r y in d u s try , th e y w o u ld re c e iv e s y m p a th e tic re c e p tio n by m o s t o f th e M in is trie s .
T h e M in is tr y o f F u e l a n d P o w e r w o u ld re a d ily re co g n ise th e i m p o r t a n t s a v in g s t h a t w o u ld a c c ru e f ro m th e r e d u c tio n in a rtific ia l lig h tin g . T h e M in is try o f L a b o u r a n d N a t io n a l S e rv ic e b e in g r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e h e a lth o f in d u s tr ia l w o rk e rs m u st h a v e o n r e c o r d s ta tis tic a l p r o o f o f th e i n c re a s e d p r e v a le n c e o f illn e ss a n d a c c id e n ts d ire c tly a s c rib a b le t o th is c a u s e . S u re ly th e ir s u p p o r t c a n be r e lie d u p o n . T h e M in is tr y o f S u p p ly , th e p e r so n n el o f w h ic h is la r g e ly d r a w n f r o m in d u s tr y , w ill w ell re c o g n is e t h a t th e flo w o f m u n itio n s to th e fig h tin g se rv ic e s re s ts o n th e d u a l b a s tio n s o f th e h e a lth a n d m o r a le o f th e o p e r a tiv e s in k e y in d u s 7 tries. T h e s u p p o r t o f th is M in is try s h o u ld be e n th u s ia s tic . T h e B o a r d o f T r a d e is in s is te n t t h a t if w e a r e to s u rv iv e a f te r p e a c e is e s ta b lis h e d w e m u st e x p o r t, a n d to d o th is su c c e s s fu lly th e r e m u s t be in d u s tr ia l efficien cy . T h e f o u n d r y c a n n o t a c h ie v e a h ig h s t a n d a r d oi efficien c y w ith a lo w e re d m o ra le a n d im p a ir e d h e a lth . H e re , to o , th e n , i n d u s tr y c a n lo o k f o r s u p p o r t.
A g a i n s t all th is is th e M in is try o f H o m e S e c u rity , w h ic h h a s to b e g u id e d in its d e c isio n s b y th e H ig h C o m m a n d . I n th is c o n n e c tio n it is g e r
m a n e to p o in t o u t t h a t b la c k - o u t is n o d e fe n c e
a g a in s t “ d o o d le b u g s ” o r a n y o th e r d e v ic e b a se d o n r e m o te c o n tr o l. T h e o n ly o th e r c o n s id e ra tio n w e c a n v isu a lise is a la s t m in u te s u ic id e a tta c k by th e L u f tw a f f e a g a in s t th e civ il p o p u la tio n fro m m o tiv e s o f re v e n g e , th e d e s tru c tio n o f m u n itio n p la n ts b e in g o f little o r n o im p o r ta n c e to a b e a te n e n e m y . O b v io u s ly th e r e m a y b e g o o d re a s o n s f o r th e c o n tin u a tio n o f th e in d u s tr ia l b la c k - o u t r e g u la tio n s , b u t w e q u e s tio n w h e th e r th e y a r e g e o g r a p h ic a lly g e n e ra lly a p p lic a b le , a n d su g g e st th a t as a m in im u m th e r e a r e la rg e a re a s re a s o n a b ly im m u n e f r o m a ir a tta c k b y th e m u c h d e p le te d L u ftw a ffe . I n q u ite a fe w e s ta b lis h m e n ts th e r e is, a t th e m o m e n t, th e l a b o u r a v a ila b le f o r r e m o v in g th e b la c k - o u t e q u ip m e n t a n d a ffe c tin g a g e n e ra l tid y in g u p o f th e sh o p s , a n d th e tim e is p r o p itio u s f o r la u n c h in g a c a m p a ig n f o r a r e la x a tio n if n o t a c o m p le te re s c in d in g o f th e b la c k -o u t re g u la tio n s .
Dr. Zay Jeffries, the in tern atio n ally know n non- ferro u s m etallu rg ist and a pioneer in the developm ent o f h igh stren g th alum inium alloys and o f tungsten, has been elected to the B oard of T rustees of the Battelie Institute.
American production of m agnesium sand castings show ed a red u ctio n of 9 per cent, in A pril at 3,088 tons, b u t th a t o f pressure die castings increased slightly; th ere was also a decrease in the production o f gravity die castings.
The W ashington correspondent of the A m erican
“ M etal M ark et ” attrib u tes the sm all decline in _ the M ay figures fo r the p ro d u ctio n of A m erican m unitions to the shortage o f m an-pow er in the fo u n d ry industry, as the m ain fa cto r was a decrease in the production o f heavy lorries owing to the shortage o f castings an d forgings.
Contents
“ L et T h ere B e L ig h t ,” 347 — D isto rtio n F r ee M eta llic H e a r th s, 348 —N ew T rade M arks, 348.—The D ev elo p m en t and P r o d u ctio n o f I n o c u la te d C ast Iro n , 349.—N ew C a ta lo g u e, 354.—S a n d slin g e r M o u ld in g P r a ctic e , 355.—N ew s in B rief, 362.—P e rso n a l, 362.—C om pan y R e su lts, 364.—O b itu a ry , 364.—
T .U .C . P la n s for C ontrol o f In d u stry , 364.—R aw M aterial M a rk ets, 366.
DISTO RTIO N FREE M ETA LLIC H EARTHS
F o r m an y years fu rn a c e en g in eers h a v e s o u g h t to evolve a m etallic h e a rth fo r heat-,treatm en t, carbu,ris
ing a n d a n n ealin g fu rn ace s, toy re aso n o f the m an y ad v an tag es en su in g fro m th e in sta lla tio n o f su c h h e a rth p ro tec tio n — a m etallic su rface fa c ilita te s ch arg in g a n d d ischarging o p e ratio n s— h e a rth te m p e ra tu re is quickly recovered a fte r th e ch arg in g of a co ld load; a n d there is a fa r g re a te r resistance to a b ra s io n th a n w ith a b rick w o rk h e a rth , th e re b y g re atly red u cin g m a in te n ance ch arg es o f th e eq u ip m e n t.
B ecause o f such ad v an tag es, it h a s been com m on practice to fit 'heat-resisting p la te s o n a n o rd in a ry
b rick w o rk h e arth in furnaces su b ject to u n u su ally ro u g h and heavy usage, b u t th e general de
velo p m en t o f this fo rm of h e a rth p ro tectio n has been h in d ere d by the relativ ely h ig h d isto rtio n of such plates w hen th ey becom e co n tin u ally subjected to th e lo a d ing of co ld co m p o n en ts. Such disto rtio n n o t only m ak es it difficult to ch arg e an d discharge the fu rn aces, b u t the life o f the plates is co n sid erab ly reduced because the pro tectiv e scale, n o rm ally fo rm ed on the su rfa ce o f a heat-resisting m etal, is c rack ed off w hen the p late distorts, w ith the o bvious resu lt th a t o x id atio n in dep th quickly develops.
D esigned fo r use in furnaces o p eratin g a t tem p e ra tu res u p to 1,000 deg. C., the P a ten t N icro - tectile h e a rth developed by the In can d escen t H e a t C o m p an y , L im ited, o f C o rn w a ll R o ad , Sm ethw ick, B irm ingham , c o m
p letely elim in ates these disadvantages. T h e c o m p le te h e a rth a re a is co v ered by a series o f sm all h e a t-re s is t
ing itiles positiv ely in terlo ck ed in a ll p lan es in su ch a m an n e r t h a t th e tile s c a n n o t be displaced even w hen sub jected to ro u g h handling.
T h e design o f th e sm all tile s is su c h t h a t d isto rtio n is co m p letely a v o id ed , a n d a c o m p le te h e a rth can be b u ilt up , o r d ism an tled , in a few m in u te s, so th a t if, a fte r long service, a tile s h o u ld fa il, it c a n b e re p la c e d a t negligible co st, w h ereas the fa ilu re o f a n y p o rtio n o f the su rface o f a n o rd in a ry p late h e a rth m e a n s th e rep lacem en t o f th e co m p le te larg e plate. A p a rt fro m p ro tectin g th e h e a r th itself, th e d e sig n o f th e N icro - tectile h e a rth also provides p ro te c tio n f o r th e fu rn a c e g u ard tiles on e ith e r side o f the h e a rth , a n d th is a d d i
tio n a l fe a tu re is o f the g re atest p ra c tic a l v alu e. In m o st in stan ces the sm all tu rn -u p a lo n g th e side a n d b ack o f th e h e a rth p rovides a m p le g u a rd tile p ro te c tion, tout w h en re q u ire d th is h e ig h t c an toe in c re ase d to 12 in. o r ¡more by th e pse o f sp e c ia l in te rlo c k in g
vertical side elem ents, as sh o w n in Fig. 1 •
T h e design of th e h e a r th is c le a rly in d ic a te d in the illu stra tio n , w hich show s h o w a co m p le te h e a r th area is.c o v e re d by a series of sp ecial s ta n d a rd in te rch a n g e ab le elem ents. Special sizes a r e su p p lied to com plete the d im ensions o f a sta n d a rd h e a rth w h en necessary, a n d s u itab le fro n t locking p la te s fo r b o ltin g to the existing fu rn a c e cill p late s a re also p ro v id ed .
A lth o u g h orig in ally designed f o r h e a rth p ro tectio n , the P a te n t In c an d escen t N ic ro te ctile s c a n be -used for m any o th e r purposes, toeing p a rtic u la rly su itab le for the c o n stru c tio n o f w aste gas d a m p e rs o p eratin g a t tem p e ra tu res up -to 1.100 deg. C ., th eir use e lim inating in m an y cases the necessity fo r w ater c o o lin g w ith all its a tte n d a n t c o m p licatio n s.
N E W T R A D E M ARKS
T h e f o l l o w i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s to r e g i s t e r tr a d e m a r k s appea r in t h e “ T r a d e M a r k s J o u r n a l ** :—
“ We n d o r ”— E n gineering h a n d t o o ls . B e n S le ss, 20, P ark C ro ss S treet, Leeds, 1.
“ Ne w m a n ”— E lectric m o to rs. Ne w m a n In d u s t r i e s, Li m i t e d, Y ate, B ristol.
“ Wh e w a y ”— M etal chains. Io b Wh e w a y & So n, Li m i t e d. B irchills H a m e an d C h a in W o rk s, G reen L an e, W alsall.
“ Tr ic r a n e ”— M obile cranes. A .C .E . Ma c h in e r y, Li m i t e d. H a rleq u in A venue, G re a t W est R o a d , B re n t
fo rd , M iddlesex.
“ Af e c o”— A g ricu ltu ral a n d ro a d m ak in g m ach in es E. Al l m a n & Co m p a n y, Li m i t e d, 1 1 5 , T h e H ornet!
C hich ester, Sussex.
S A V E y v A S T E P A P E R
L ig . 1.— P a t e n t I n c a n d e s c e n t “ N i c r o t e c t i l e ” L u r n a c e H e a r t h a n d
S p e c i a l N i c r o t e c t i l e G u a r d T i l e s P i t t e d I n t o a 6 f t . x 4 f t . H e a t - t r e a t m e n t L u r n a c e .
AUGUST 31, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL 349
THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION _ _ ._ , _ „ ., a n - r m nMi overcome some to OF INOCULATED CAST IRON current difficulties
By H. P. H UGH ES and W . SPEN C ELEY of the ironfounder
This P a p e r deals w ith the investig atio n an d e x p eri
ments w hich led to re g u la r p ro d u c tio n o f in o cu lated cast iron d eveloped to rep lace o rd in a ry cast iro n , and so attem pt to overcom e som e o f the p resent-day problems of the iro n fo u n d er. T h e sh o rta g e of certain desirable m ate ria ls has p resen te d m an y p ro b lem s, n ot the least being the in ad eq u ate supply o f su itab le base irons. T o m an y the h e m atite stock in the yard was a regular re so rt w h en tro u b le o c cu rre d th a t was thought to be due to m etal, an d m o re o ften th a n n o t the fault was p u t right.
M o st h e m a tite iro n s fa ll in the hypereutectic range, refined irons, on the o th e r han d , in th e hypoeutectic range, a n d this fa c t no d o u b t accounts fo r the o u t
standing difference betw een the tw o. D uring the co o l
ing o f a h ypereutectic iro n , excess c arb o n in the form of g rap h ite is th ro w n o u t o f solution due to the de
creased solu b ility , this g raphite th en fo rm in g a large n u m b er o f “ in o cu lated ” centres fo r fu rth e r precipi
tatio n an d th e lib erty to b uild up in a ra n d o m fo rm a tio n giving gra p h ite in th e m o st desirable d istrib u tion. O n the o th er h a n d , w ith a low c arb o n or hypo-
Fig. 1.— x 75.
The faith in h e m atite is n o t w ith o u t logical reason-
’ because it h as m an y v alu ab le p ro p erties to re co m ind it, som e o f th em only now becom ing fully derstood M an y have a tte m p ted to fill this void by
■ use of refined irons a n d have been soon to realise it it does n o t ad eq u a te ly rep la ce hem atite. T h is is obablv n ot due to the unsuitab ility o f the m aterial, ire refined irons carefu lly used c an give_ good results, t ra th e r th a t the latitu d e in its use is greatly re- ced and calls fo r m o re rigid c ontrol.
. r e a d a t t h e F o r t v - f i r s t A n n u a l M e e tin g o f t h e I n s t i t u t e
fBrlufhFo.mdrymen.
Fig. 2.— x 75.
eutectic iron, this c arb o n will n o t be th ro w n o u t of solu tio n so easily, an d th erefo re does n ot show satis
fa cto ry g raphitising effects.
In th e light of p resen t-d ay know ledge, hem atite co u ld be trea te d as a n a tu ra lly in o cu lated iro n due to the g raphitising nuclei it contains, a n advantage over
“ s y n th e tic ” g raphitised irons being its pow er to re tain the g raphitising effects over a com plete tim e range, w hereas ladle ino cu latio n has a sh o rt graphitis
ing period. T h is m ay b e due to the fact th a t irons of the “ sy nthetic ” type a re n o rm ally hypoeutectic, a n d in the h e m atite ran g e are hypereutectic, so th at w hen once co m p lete solution of the graphite nuclei
Inoculated C a st Iron
has ta k e n place, no fu rth e r graphitisimg p ro p erties are av ailab le.
T h e c o m p lete stru c tu re o f pre sen t-d a y know ledge o f cast iro n h as b een b u ilt up to a g re at ex ten t a ro u n d g rap h ite, its shape, size a n d d istrib u tio n an d to a lesser degree in th e ty p e o f m atrix . H a v in g this in view , it is the a u th o rs ’ in te n tio n to in d icate som e o f these fo rm atio n s fo u n d an d developed d u rin g investigation, so th a t it m ay b e p ossible to a rriv e a t a c ast iro n having the m o st d esirab le g rap h ite stru ctu re, thus giv
ing the m ax im u m m ech an ical p ro p erties, soundness a n d good m achinatoility.
F ig . 3 — x 7 5 . Structure o f Raw M aterials
Fig. 1 is the stru c tu re o f a h igh cartoon iro n chill cast show ing tw o d istin ct sizes a n d shapes of grap h ite.
T h e larg e g ra p h ite a p p a re n tly fo rm in g a t a hig h er te m p e ra tu re w hen th ere w ou ld be m o re freed o m to grow a n d th e fine g ra p h ite p ro b a b ly the d eco m p o si
tio n o f a c a rb o n ric h au sten ite fo rm ed a t a lo w er tem p e ratu re. I t w o u ld a p p e a r th a t it is only possible to p ro d u c e this effeot w ith h ig h cartoon a n d ra p id c o o l
ing. Fig. 2 is the stru c tu re o f a S cotch g ra d e o f fo u n d ry pig -iro n , w hich also show s tw o d istinct sizes a n d form s o f g ra p h ite stru c tu re , th e larg e flake c h a ra c teristics o f slow c o o lin g a n d the fine clu ster fo rm a tio n o f d eco m p o sed a u sten ite.
Fig. 3 is a very fine d istrib u tio n o f g rap h ite. T h is is th e stru c tu re o f a cast iro n o f A m e ric an o rigin w hich was a lm o st w holly ferritic. A t h ig h m ag n ifica
tion it is show n in very fine flakes as a clu ste r a rran g e-
m ent. F ig. 4 is th e stru c tu re of a low c a rb o n cast iro n a n d is ty p ic a l o f su c h iro n s cast w ith o u t ladle trea tm e n t. T h e d en tritic o r g rain b o u n d a ry effect is g en erally accep ted as u n d esirab le, d u e to the m an y u n sa tis fac to ry p ro p erties it possesses.
Fig. 5 is the stru c tu re o f a m e d iu m cartoon c a st iro n an d show s the g rap h ite in a clu ste r o r ro se tte fo rm a tion. It is co n ten d ed th a t this ro se tte d istrib u tio n ¡s a m o d ificatio n o f th e d e n tritic s tru c tu re p rev io u sly show n. T h is d istrib u tio n is ag ain u n d e sirab le, d u e to the lack o f co n tin u ity th ro u g h o u t. Fig. 6 is th e stru c ture o f a m ed iu m c a rb o n iro n a n d show s the g rap h ite in a ra n d o m a n d flaky d istrib u tio n , w h ich it i§ m a in tained is the ideal fo rm a tio n fo r th e p ro d u c tio n of cast iro n w ith all-ro u n d su itab le p ro p erties.
Fig. 4.— x 75.
It w as w ith this know ledge a v ailab le a n d the fact th at the cast iro n th a t was being re g u la rly produced d id n o t show the m o st desirable d istrib u tio n o f graphite th at the p resen t in v estig atio n h a d its origin. C o m b in ed w ith this was the fa c t th a t serious difficulty h ad a risen in the m ach in e shop. W h en dealing w ith certain types o f castings, a larg e a m o u n t of d isto rtio n develo p ed d u rin g m ach in in g , an d to o v erco m e this it was o ften n ecessary to exceed the n u m b er o f cu ts n o r
m ally rem o v ed , till this m o v em e n t ceased. Fig. 26 show s o n e su c h casting; it is a b a n d saw tab le a n d is 30 in. sq u a re an d f in. thick, w ith a sp littin g p late in tro d u ced to leave a n o p e n in g fo r the saw s to en ter.
Problem o f D istortion
U n d e r n o rm al c o n d itio n s th ese castin g s w ere p ro duced fro m an iro n co n tain in g a n ap p rec ia b le a m o u n t o f h e m a tite an d h a d a n ad d ed a d v an tag e o f a lo n g
A U G U ST 31, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL 351 perio d of w eathering in the y a rd b efo re m achining.
I t is th erefo re easy to visualise the difficulty o f present- d ay con d itio n s w hen no h e m atite is a v a ilab le a n d the sp eed o f p ro d u ctio n did n o t allow a lengthy period o f w eathering.
D ifferen t m ethods w ere re so rted to, to try an d o v er
com e this tro u b le; a ro u g h m ach in in g an d a fu rth e r p erio d o f w eath erin g did n o t ob v iate it, a low tem p e ratu re an n eal gave better resu lts, b u t, as this w ould re su lt in a co n sid erab le increase in the price o f the casting, it was n o t to be decided u p o n unless there w as no o th er altern ativ e.
T h ere has been a g reat d eal o f in fo rm a tio n on the im proved m ach in in g p ro p e rties o f in o cu lated irons, b u t now here have the A u th o rs fo u n d any on its effects
Fi g. 5.—Or d i n a r y Ir o n Ed g e o f 5 i n. Se c t i o n x 75.
on d isto rtio n . H ow ever, w orking fro m the basis that the use o f h e m atite iro n s show ed reduced d istortion, an d assum ing th a t the beneficial pro p erties were p rim arily due to th eir g raphitising pow er, it was decided to try an d induce sim ilar con d itio n s by inoculation so th a t in this respect it m ight co m p are fav o u rab ly w ith h em atite.
]t was th ere fo re decided, a fte r becom ing conversant w ith the p resen t tren d s in cast-iro n m etallurgy, to carry o u t experim ents w ith a view to developing a practical m eth o d fo r the p ro d u ctio n o f a suitable iron t0 overcom e these difficulties. As is later seen, m any o th er advantages w ere fo rth co m in g fro m this develop- rnent. As the A u th o rs w ere reg u larly pro d u cin g high s t r e n g t h cast iro n by in o cu la tio n , and a full kn o w l e d g e o f the theo ry re latin g to the process becam e built up, it was decided to a d o p t a som ew hat sim ilar p r o c e d u r e in the p ro d u ctio n o f the general cast iron.
Introduction o f Inoculants
A n u m b er of co m p licatio n s p resented them selves, first the h igh stren g th iro n s w ere p ro d u ced fro m a sm all cu p o la with in term ittin g tapp in g , an d rem oving a specified q u a n tity to w hich was added a fixed a m o u n t of in o cu lan t, w hereas the general iro n w as p ro d u c ed from a larger cu p o la w ith c o n tin u o u s ru n n in g fro m a sy phon brick. Secondly the m etal fro m the sm all cu p o la w as tap p ed o ut in m oderately large qu an tities, w hereas 50 p er cent, o f the general m etal was tap p ed direct into h a n d shanks.
It w as o b vious th a t by h o lding a scoop o ver the stream of m etal and allow ing the ino cu latin g m aterial to drop in w ould n o t be satisfactory w ith a c o n tin u o u s run o f m etal, due to the difficulty of determ ining a
Fig. 6.— x. 75.
suitable ra te of flow. A fte r m u ch searching a m achine was fo u n d th a t gave every indication of m eeting the requirem ents, i.e., a b le to give either a re g u la r or v aria b le rate o f flow. Fig. 7 show s this m achine.
O th er th an the co n tro l valve, th ere is only one a d ju s t
m en t necessary, an d th a t is to ra ise the sm all h o p p e r sufficiently fa r above th e v ib rato ry sp o u t to allow the m axim um size o f in o cu la n t to pass th ro u g h .
It was also realised th a t no m a tte r ho w reg u lar the flow of in o cu lan t into the m etal, it w ould h a rd ly be satisfactory w hen only very sm all q u an tities o f m etal are rem o v ed (in the o rd e r o f 50 to 100 lbs.). In view o f this, it w as decided to in co rp o ra te a m ixing ladle a t the spout to ensure effective dispersion and a b so rp tio n o f the in o cu la n t, a n d give a m o re satis
facto ry m etal m ix, an d retain any coarse particles of in o cu lan t th a t m ay still exist undissolved in the ladle until solution took place.
In oculated C a s t Iron
Fig. 8 show s the la y o u t a d o p te d to o b ta in the desired results, an d it h as p ro v ed to be w h a t m ig h t be term ed ideal in o cu latin g facilities, th ro u g h in tro d u cin g a c o n tin u o u s trickle o n to th e m o lte n stre a m o f m e ta l as it flows in the sp o u t, thus allo w in g all the m eta l to com e in to c o n ta ct w ith the in o c u la n t an d c arry it into the ladle.
T h e m ach in e ad d in g the in o cu la n t is o p e rate d by co m p ressed air, an d is o f the v ib ra to ry ty p e; c o n tro l is by a needle valve, to give a d eq u a te m o v em e n t fo r an y n ecessary v a ria tio n s in the supply. A large scale dial is in clu d ed to facilitate re g u latio n . By su itab le test, the speed o f flow in lbs. per m in. has been d eterm in ed , a n d th is is d e ta ile d o n th e d ial in su itab le term in o lo g y to give th e fu rn a c e m a n fu ll know ledge o f w h at is req u ired . T h e v ersatility o f the m ach in e can be a p p rec ia ted w hen it is re alised th a t a v a ria tio n in flow fro m as low as 0.25 lbs. p e r m in. to as h igh as 10 lbs. p er m in. can be o b ta in e d w ith the m a te ria l in use.
D u rin g c o n tin u o u s tap p in g , the speed o f flow has b een reg u la te d to su it the m eltin g ra te o f the cu p o la . W h en b u lk m eta l is being rem o v ed the flow h as been reg u lated to a fixed d iam eter o f tap ho le. T h is m ach in e has given a consistently re g u la r su p p ly of
Fi g. 7 .— Vib r a t o r y Fe e d e r.
Fig. 8.— Ar r a n g e m e n t o f Fe e d e r s a t Th r e e Cu p o l a s
A U G U ST 31, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL 353 in o cu lan t since it w as installed. T ests taken over a
p e rio d of 1 hr. gave a m ax im u m v a ria tio n o f 5 per cen t. Slight a lte ra tio n s in the m elting ra te o f the cu p o la show little effect on the co m p o sitio n o f the m etal. T h e m elting rate is tak en a t 5 to n s per hr.
w ith a possible difference o f 10 per cent. W orking on a sp o u t a d d itio n o f 0.4 per cent, silicon, the m ax i
m um difference th ro u g h a c hange in m elting ra te will o nly give a difference in the silicon c o n te n t o f 0.5 per cent., an d co m b in in g w ith it the e rro r liable to develop in the m ach in e, the g reatest difference will not exceed 0.10 p e r cent, silicon.
T h e m ach in e is o p e rated a t 80 lbs. per sq. in., and
Fig. 9 .— Sh o w in g Vib r a t o r y Fe e d e r, Co n t r o l Va l v e, Mix in g La d l e, Sh a n k a n d Bl a s t- Co n t r o l Ha n d l e.
it was fo u n d necessary to instal a co n tro l valve to m ain tain this p ressu re as v ariatio n s w ere fo u n d with a lte ra tio n in pressure. As Fig. 8 show s, independent m achines w ere in stalled a t each of the three cu polas, an d special eq u ip m en t was co n stru cted to a tta c h t h e m to the w all an d to in co rp o ra te a large stock c o n ta in er to ensure a co n tin u o u s supply over a co n sid erab le p erio d o f tim e. O n the large cupolas these co n tain ers h o ld 80 lbs. o f in o cu la n t an d on the sm all cupola 30 lbs. o f in o cu lan t. T h e tu b e carrying the i n o c u l a n t in to the m etal is a d ju sta b le to suit a v a r i a t i o n in the m eta l flow, an d is kep t a p p ro x im ately 2 jn . above, th u s cutting dow n the flow to a sm all area.
T h e in o cu lan t is ad d ed to the stream n e ar th e tap p in g ho le in a p o sitio n th at does n o t in te rfere w ith the tap p in g arran g em en t. T his m achine has given very satisfacto ry results w ith little atte n tio n , an d only on ra re occasions h as a choke developed, a n d th en eith e r th ro u g h the in o cu lan t n o t being rid d led o r a piece o f oversize m ate ria l finding its w ay in to the larg er h o p p er.
Fig. 9 show s the m ixing lad le in p osition a t the cupola sp o u t, w hich has been m ade readily m ovable to suit the th ree cupolas. T h e cap acity is 6 cw ts., and is o f the sy phon sp o u t type to ensure a flow o f m etal free fro m slag o r an y undissolved in o cu lan t. T he p o sitio n o f tilt can be c o n tro lled w ith the utm o st ease, and a frictio n b rak e m ain tain s any desired lo ca
tion. T h e lad le is of the shallow lo n g itu d in al type, w ith the m etal flow ing in a t one end and rem o v ed at the o th er. It is lined w ith 2-in. firebrick, an d during the first ru n 350 tons o f m etal w as p u t th ro u g h b efore a fu rth e r reline. A shield, n o t show n in the illus
tra tio n , covers the flow of m etal fro m the cu p o la spout so th a t the sh an k er is n o t adversely affected by heat.
T h e d ro p in h eig h t fro m the tap ho le to the end o f the sp o u t w as also red u ced to a m in im u m so th at fu rth e r tim e w ould be allow ed the in o cu lan t in co n ta ct with the m etal w hile it was running. R esults have since show n th a t n o rm ally the in o cu lan t is alm o st all in solu tio n b efo re it enters the m ixing ladle, unless on p articu la r occasions w here g reater q u an tities of in o cu lan t are required.
T h e in o cu la n t in general use w ith the A u th o rs is ferro -silico n , the 75 to 80 per cent, variety, d u st free, and passed th ro u g h a f-in . riddle. It was adopted p artly because it is the m o st w idely used m aterial, and a considerable a m o u n t o f in fo rm a tio n was available fo r m aking com parisons. T h e m ain oppo sitio n to d u st was the tro u b le developing in the spout th ro u g h slag fo rm ing an d bridging, thus p ro d u cin g a stop in the flow of ferro-silicon. D u st has been fo u n d to collect during storage, an d the pro ced u re now a d o p te d is to dry sufficient m ate ria l in the stove fo r a d ay ’s run an d sieve to rem o v e dust. T h is gives a sp o u t as clean as one w ould expect w ith o u t in o cu latio n pro ced u re.
Size and Type o f Inoculant
T here are still conflicting ideas as to the m o st su it
able type a n d size o f in o cu la n t to give the b est re sults, an d a g re at deal o f beneficial w ork w ould be done if a th o ro u g h u n b iassed investig atio n o f the a v ail
a b le in o cu la n ts w as c arried out. T h e a m o u n t of in o cu lan t re q u ire d to d ev elo p m a x im u m p ro p erties has also been a su b ject of co n tro v e rsy ; w hereas one inves
tig a to r m ain tain s th at sa tisfac to ry in o cu latio n is p ro duced w ith o nly 0.1 p er cent, ad d itio n , w ith the sam e m aterial, a n o th e r inv estig ato r finds th a t 0.35 p e r cent, is req u ired to d evelop th e best results. T h e p resen t investigation has so f a r show n th a t varying quan tities to suit the different req u ire m e n ts w ith fixed m inim a an d m ax im a h as given beneficial results.
In o cu lan ts o th er th a n ferro -silico n w ere tried out, calciu m silicide w ith only a m easure o f success, the failu re being, o f course, d u e p rim arily to the p artie u-
('C o n tin u ed overleaf, c o lu m n 2.)
S A N D SLIN G E R M O U LD IN G PRA C TIC E (C o n tin u e d fr o m page 360.)
left th e m eeting, as he (M r. W ilson) w ished to c o rrect the im p ressio n th a t h a d been c rea te d , a t a n y ra te in his m ind, th a t th e S an d slin g er w as an expensive item o f fo u n d ry p la n t fro m a m ain ten a n ce p o in t o f view.
A ny m ech an ised p la n t co u ld be expensive to m ain ta in if this asp ect did n o t receive the a tte n tio n w hich it w a rran te d .
It w as ob v io u s th at, if the cost o f p ro d u c tio n was to b e red u ced a n d p ro d u c ts im p ro v ed , by th e in tro d u ctio n o f su itab le m ach in ery , it w as n ecessary to p rovide a n a d eq u a te m ain ten a n c e service fo r such m ach in ery , th e cost o f such m ain ten a n ce being offset ag ain st th e increased p ro d u c tio n an d re su lta n t red u c tio n in costs. It w as n o t goo d po licy to w ait u n til a b re ak d o w n occu rred in a n y p a rt o f a m ech an ised p lan t an d th en c arry o u t rep airs. T h e m o re sensible w ay w as to a n tic ip a te p o ssib le b re ak d o w n s an d k eep the p la n t o r m ach in e in co n tin u o u s w o rk in g order.
V ario u s types o f S an d slin g er w ere in use in his fo u n d ries, b u t the type m o st c o m m o n ly used w as a very sim ple type o f m ach in e, w hich w as p ro v id ed with an o v erh ead h o p p e r fro m w hich the san d w as fed by a belt. T h ese m ach in es w ere o p e rated in a sim ila r m an n e r to th a t e x p lain ed by M r. P eace. T h e m o u ld in g b oxes w ere p o sitio n e d in p a irs fo r ra m m in g up, and as so o n as o n e bo x w as ra m m ed u p th e o p e ra to r m oved o n to the a d ja ce n t b ox, a lte rn a tin g betw een th e tw o th e w h o le d a y long.
M r. W ilson h a d fo u n d fro m experience th a t it was a d ecided a d v an tag e to h a v e sp a re S an d slin g er h ead an d a rm u n its. T h e m ain ten a n ce d e p a rtm e n t d id n ot w ait f o r a b re ak d o w n , b u t ch an g ed these u n its at re g u la r p erio d ic in terv als. T h e fitting of a sp a re h e ad o r an a rm u n it c o m p lete co u ld be c arried o u t very speedily a n d co u ld be acco m p lish ed d u rin g the lunch h o u r break o r d u rin g an y tim e off fo r m eals. By fo llo w in g this p ractice b reak d o w n s w ere a lm o st c o m pletely e lim in ated a n d M r. W ilson co u ld n o t recall a single in stan ce w here p ro d u c tio n h a d been sto p p ed due to fa ilu re of a Sandslinger.
H e did n o t co n sid er th a t sa n d co n tro l w as o f g re ate r im p o rta n ce w hen using S andslingers th an w ith o th er types o f m ach in es. A t th e p re sen t tim e Sandslingers w ere o p e ratin g in his g rey -iro n fo u n d ries using a fairly open green san d a n d a t th e sam e tim e h e h a d sim ilar m ach in es in a steel fo u n d ry usin g a very stro n g sand, no difficulties being experienced in e ith e r case.
Mr. Bu c h a n a n t h o u g h t t h e r e w a s n o o c c a s i o n f o r h i m to m a k e a n y r e p l y t o t h e l a s t tw o s p e a k e r s ; t h e y h a d b o t h e m p h a s i s e d p o i n t s t o w h i c h h e h a d p r e v i o u s l y r e f e r r e d . H e w a s m u c h i n d e b t e d f o r t h e i r p o i n t o f v ie w o n t h e s u b j e c t .
V ote o f Thanks
Th e Ch a i r m a n, in p ro p o sin g th a t a h e arty v o te of th an k s be a cc o rd ed to M r. B u c h an a n f o r his P ap er, said he was p a rtic u la rly pleased to find th a t the A u th o r h a d d e a lt w ith the subject o f his P a p e r fro m
(C o n tin u e d at fo o t o f n e x t co lu m n .)
THE D EV ELO PM EN T A N D PR O D U C T IO N OF IN O C U L A T E D CAST IRO N
(C o n tin u ed fr o m p re v io u s page.)
la r p ractice a d o p ted . T h e c o llectio n o f slag fro n t the in o cu la n t q u ick ly co v ered the m eta l in the m ixing lad le an d a g ra d u a l re d u c tio n in the effectiveness o f the in o cu la n t b ecam e a p p a re n t. G ra p h ite electro d e w as a lso tried o u t, as it w as th o u g h t th a t if the m ix ing ladle co u ld c o n ta in a re aso n a b le q u a n tity o f elec
tro d e alw ays in c o n ta c t w ith the m etal, it w ou ld give a v ery sim ple a n d easily c o n tro lla b le m e th o d . H o w ever, the in o cu latin g effect ev id en t w ith the first q u a n tity o f m eta l th ro u g h th e lad le very so o n d isa p p ea red a n d no fu rth e r p ro o f o f its u sefulness c o u ld be fo u n d . T h is m ay be a cc o u n te d fo r by slag b re ak in g th e c o n tac t w ith the m etal, o r as a re su lt o f th e v ery high tem p e ra tu re w hich it v ery soon a tta in e d w ith the clo sed ladle effects w ere p ro d u c ed sim ilar to th a t o b tain e d w hen usin g m o lte n in o cu lan ts.
So th a t the fu llest in fo rm a tio n w o u ld be av ailab le w h en the p ro p o sed a lte ra tio n in m etal w as began, it was p rev io u sly decided to h av e o n re co rd fu ll details o f the o rd in ary m etal, so th a t a tru e c o m p a ris o n co u ld be m ad e w hen th e a lte ra tio n w as c a rrie d o u t T h e in fo rm a tio n so u g h t was the p h y sic al p ro p e rties, in clu d ing tran sv erse stre n g th , deflection, tensile stre n g th , im p act value a n d h ard n ess, the m ic ro -stru ctu re in thin an d th ick sections, the chill effect as sh o w n by the wedge test, a n d the sh rin k a g e effect as d eterm in ed by a sta n d a rd 4-in. sq u a re blo ck . I t w as fe lt th at, w ith all these fa cto rs d etailed , the A u th o rs w o u ld be in a positio n a d eq u a te ly to d eterm in e a tru e co m p a riso n . T h is in v estig atio n h as b een m ad e m u ch m ore en- lightning as a re su lt o f this p ro c ed u re , an d has fully an d finally show n the su p e rio r q u alitie s o f inoculated m etal.
(T o be co n tin u ed .)
N E W C A T A L O G U E
Cast Crankshafts. E alin g P a rk F o u n d ry , L im ited, Ju n c tio n R oad, S o u th E aling, W .5, ha v e sent us a 4-page illu strated p a m p h le t cov erin g th e m an u factu re o f cast c ran k sh a fts by the M eeh an ite process. T he interestin g fe a tu res a re the exp erien ce the firm has th ro u g h m ak in g o f o ver 5,000 o f these com ponents;
the rigid c o n tro l o f the raw m ate ria ls; the inspection by X -ray a n d m ag n etic testing devices to disclose flaws, and suggestions to engineers as to the im p ro v e
m en t in design. T h e p a m p h le t is good p ro p ag an d a, n o t o nly fo r the issuing h o u se b u t fo r the w hole iro n fo u n d ry industry.
(C o n tin u e d fr o m p re v io u s c o lu m n .)
the sand angle, b ecau se in the S an dslinging system the san d angle w as a very c o n sid era b le fa c to r in p ro m o tin g its success. T h e vo te of th a n k s w as c arried u n a n i
m o u sly by a cc la m atio n .
M r . Bu c h a n a n, in resp o n d in g to th e vo te o f th an k s, said he h a d en d eav o u red to p re sen t a P a p e r w hich w ould evoke discussion, an d a p p a re n tly h e h a d been successful. He w ished to th an k the v a rio u s sp eak ers fo r th e ir v a lu a b le co n trib u tio n s .
