Foundry Trade Journal : with which is incorporated the iron and steel trades journal, Vol. 72, No. 1469

TH E FACTS ABOUT NICKEL

y e a r s a g o n i c k e l p r o d u c e r s w e r e in th e v a n g u a r d o b e l i e v e d in e d u c a t i o n a l a d v e r t i s i n g . T h e y m a d e w n t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f n i c k e l a n d n i c k e l a ll o y s a n d r e c o r d t h e r e s u l t s o f r e s e a r c h a n d th e e x p e r i e n c e o f h u s m e t a l l u r g i s t s a n d e n g i n e e r s w e r e a b le to d e c i d e

~ e lv e s w h e t h e r a p a r t i c u l a r m a t e r i a l w o u ld m e e t u i r e m e n t s . W a r p r o b l e m s h a v e a m p l i f i e d o u r o f b o th p r o p e r t i e s a n d f a b r i c a t i o n m e t h o d s . W h e n r n s , i n c o m p a n y w ith o t h e r r a w m a t e r i a l p r o d u c e r s , a b l e to m a k e t h i s k n o w l e d g e g e n e r a l l y a v a il a b le , o u r s e r v i c e s a r e a t y o u r d i s p o s a l f o r th e s o l u ti o n p r o b l e m s .

Page from our

= 300

“ 200

2 4 6

H a rd n ess C u rve s w ith in cre asin g n ic k e l

Data Book on Nickel Cast Iron

T H E M O N D N I C K E L C O M P A N Y L I M I T E D G r o s v e n o r H o u s e , P a r k L a n e , L o n d o n , W . l

DAYS & O N IO N S L TD

B IR M IN G H A M I I

. « N K

T H E E R I T H R A N G E O F S A N D S

C o m b in e a variety of selected L O A M S and S IL IC A S A N D S of gu aran teed q u a lity , su ita b le fo r every ap p ro p riate fo u ndry re q u ire m e n t. In a ll fu n d am en tal resp e c ts th ey are th e o u tsta n d in g san d s fo r p rese n t-d a y p ra c tic e , a n d ere trie d a n d pro v ed b y p erfo rm a n c e a n d resu lts.

W rite fo r illu stra te d Brochu re and Free Sam ples t o : ESTA BLISH ED 1805 J . PARISH & CO.. ER IT H . KEN T. • f r.t m ?n<A

ITISH HJLDING .CHINE C ° L ?

ERSHAM, K E N T .

WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED T H E IR O N A N D S T E E L T R A D E S J O U R N A L

V O L . 74. N o . 1469. O C T O B E R 12, 1944 r S in g l e C o p y 6 d . By P o st 8 d . Registered at the C .P .O . as a N ew spaper. Offices : 49, W e llin g to n Street, S tran d , London, W . C .2 L a n ^ O v e r s e a s .^ p - ^ P r e p a i'd J

S T E I N

R E F R A C T O R IE S FO R E V E R Y P U R P O S E

JO H N G. STEIN & CO. LTD.

B O N N Y B R ID G E , SC O T LA N D

MANSFIELD MOULDING SAKB

• P U L V E R IS E D R E A D Y F O R U S E I F R E Q U IR E D A L B IO N (M an sfie ld ) S A N D C O .^

V^hSL* ^w. ^w£^{r d lt d}/ Albion Works, SHEFFIELD

Telephones: S h e ffie ld 26311 (15 lines) M ansfield 371

2 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URN A L O C T O B E R 12, 1944

F O U N D R Y

B L A C K I N G S

F O R IR O N & S T E E L F O U N D E R S

C O A L D U S T C H A R C O A L , P L U M B A G O B L A C K L E A D , C O R E G U M S , “ C O R El T E , ” L I Q U I D C O R E B I N D E R A N D

A L L F O U N D R Y R E Q U I S I T E S

I S A A C & ISRAEL WALKER

E F F IN G H A M M ILLS, R O T H E R H A M

C O N T R A C T O R S T O T H E W A R O FFICE A N D A D M IR A L T Y Telephone : R O T H E R H A M , No. 33. Telegrams : “ W A L K E R S ,” R O T H E R H A M

EST A B LISH ED 1831

P L U M B A G O F A C I NG S

O u r S p ic ia liti is Studying Special Requirements K i n d l y h a n d us your

enquiries

W rite for a copy of our Descriptive Catalogue No. 70

FUEL SYSTEMS, LTD ., GLASGOW

H e a d O f f i c e : 30, Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h A v e n u e , H i l l i n g t o n , G l a s g o w , S . W . 2

Telegrams : "ATOM ISER, GLASG O W " Telephone ; HALfw ay 1678-9

a u t o m a t i c

C O A L S T O K E R S

For In dustrial Fu rn a ces

C iy d e A u to m a tic C o a l S to k e rs o ffe r m an y and sub­

stan tial ad vantages w hen used fo r firing In d u strial Furnaces. T h e y burn a cheap grad e o f fu el, yet o b tain p e rfe ct com b ustion ; la b o u r and fu e l costs are reduced, and as a co n sta n t te m p e ra tu re is m ain ­ ta in e d , th e useful life o f th e b ric k w o rk in th e furnaces is g r e a tly extend ed .

W e illu s tra te a S t e e l A n n e a lin g F u rn a c e , 13'6" x 13' 0 x 6 ' 6 ", heated by a C ly d e S to k e r th e rm o s ta t­

ic a lly c o n tro l led to m a in ta in a co n sta n t te m p e ra ­ tu re o f 900°C., th e sto k er being in s talle d a t th e end o p p o site fro m th e loading door.

O C T O B E R 12, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URNAL 3

B r i t i s h M o u l d i n g M a c h i n e C ^o . L ^{t d}

ic n?

---

— --..1

FOUNDRY TRADE JO URN A L O C T O BER 12, 1944

n m y f a c t o r y . . .

I f o n ly b y ea sin g the burdens o f la b o u r , l i g h t a llo y s w ill p a y th e ir w a y . Besides th is th ey w ill save pow er, overcom e corrosion. U sed a rch i­

te c tu ra lly they w ill sym bolise a b e tter a g e when lig h tn e ss and cleanliness g o w ith stren gth a n d b e a u ty . These, to o , are reasons why ^‘ IN T A L ^’ are so p r o u d t o b e m a k e r s o f a lu m in iu m a llo y s f o r every con ceivable pu rpose.

O C T O BER 12, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL

THE FORDATH ENGINEERING C T

t e l e p h o n e:

WESt 8P0MWICH 0549(2

HAMBLET WORKS WEST BROMWICH

'm ETALLICAL WEST BROMWICH

6 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URN A L O C T O B E R 12, 1944

O C T O BER 12, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL

J R R R

S Q U E E Z E

S T R I P

_______________ t

The Pneulec Ja rr Squeeze Stripper is designed for pro­

duction work. Only a few jarrs are required to settle the sand, and the mould is then squeezed up hard against the crosshead. The pattern is withdrawn on the return down stroke, which demands accurate, rigid pattern equip­

ment. W e use long oversize pistons giving plenty of power and providing additional guide and support. The extra cost of this construction is justi­

fied, both by the speed of o p e r a t i o n a n d t h e l o n g accurate life of the machine.

Please ask for illustrated folder.

B u i l t i n E n g l a n d b y

P N E U L E C L I M I T E D , S M E T H W I C K , N r . B I R M I N G H A M

8 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URNAL O C T O BER 12, 1944

THOMAS E ISAAC BRADLEY LTD

M odern Fo u n d ry Prac tice re ­ quires careful sand control

COLBOND & SILICA FLOUR

give you this.

C O L B O N D — a fine g ra in e d collodial clay — is the incomparable foundry bonding material for mould­

ing sands for all purposes. It possesses high refractoriness as well as a unique degree of plasticity and adhesiveness and gives the ideal green sand and dry sand strength.

C O L B O N D is in big demand in Iron and Steel Foundries all over the country for synthetic moulding;

sands, core sands, the renovation of spent sand, core washes and joint­

ing pastes. Economical to handle, it. saves space, labour, time and money.

S I L I C A F L O U R —ackn owledged by Iron and Steel Foundries every­

where to be w ithout equal for core washes and mould dressings.

It is available in several grades of particle fineness.

B E N T L E Y R O A D - D A R L A S T O N • S T A F F S .

FOUNDRV ENGINEERS-METALLURGICAL iABRA SIVE S U P P L IE S ■ Telephone DARLASTON 356 - Teleproms BRADLEY D A R LA STO N 3SI

C

C(

O C T O BER 12, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL 9

T h e freezin g ra te o f m o lte n m e tal is g o verned by its m ass, an d heavy form ations are slow to solidify.

C ores im m ersed in C astings o f heavy section are subject to a soaking action by th e su rro u n d in g m e tal, an d this m ay re su lt in p e n e tra tio n o f th e body o f th e C ore by th e m etal.

P e n e tra tio n m ay in tu rn le ad to a fusion o f the finer sand grain s an d o th e r silicates adjacent to th e areas affected, a n d instead o f C lea n C ore C avities, n odules o f h a rd m etallic clin k er are f o rm e d .,w h ic h are difficult to rem ove and leave a very ro ugh surface on

th e castings.

► I

Photos by courtesy of : Messrs. W. H. Baxter Ltd..

Stone Breaking Machine M anufacturers L E E D 5

The photograph shows heavy section castings fo r stone breaking machines. I t will be noted how clean the Core Cavities appear. Castings fo r these machines up to 8 tons are in daily production, in which all cores employed are made with G. B . Kordek and Linseed Oil.

o r d e K

Manufactured under British Letters Patent No. 515470

c 0 R N P R O D U C T S C O. , L T D . , 356- 60

b r A N C H E S A T M A N C H E S T E R . B I R M I N G H A M

FOR CLEA N WORKING AND C LEA N STRIPPING

O X F O R D S T R E E T , L O N D O N , W . l

L E E D S , N E W C A S T L E , B R I S T O L A N D G L A S G O W

10

f o u n d r y t r a d e j o u r n a l O C T O B E R 12, 1944

The basic policy o f Foundry Equipment Ltd.

^ is to design, build, erect and sta rt up—

I M e c h a n i z e d and S e m i - M e c h a n i z e d

i

P l a n t s

Such Plants being made from the highest quality of Materials, Engineering Skill and past Foundry Experience. W e are also ready to go to the assistance of any of our Clients, at any time, during the lifetime of any Plant supplied by us.

FOUNDRY EQUIPM ENT LTD.

L I N S L A D E W O R K S L E I G H T O N B U Z Z A R D

T E L E P H O N E S : L E IG H T O N B U Z Z A R D 2206/7

BEDS

T E L EG R A M S : E Q U IP M E N T L E IG H T O N B U Z Z A R D

O C TO BER 12 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URN A L 11

J K E IT H B L A C K M A N LTD. M IL L M EA D RO AD. LO N D O N . N . t 7 \

Telephones. Tottenham 4522 (twelve lines). Telegram s: - Keithbl.c Phone London."

R O T A R Y FURNACES

FIRED BY FU EL O IL

T O W N S G A S

“ P U L V E R IT E ” O R

C R E O S O T E PIT C H

M IX T U R E

S T E IN & A T K IN S O N L TD-

T E L E P H O N E S :

M O L E S E Y 3111-2 T e le g ra m s :

M E T A S T E IN A , P H O N E , L O N D O N

12 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URN A L O C T O B E R 12,

S A N D S L I N G E R S

F O R E X P R E S S R A M M I N G

Motive type Sandslinger with 17 ft. 6 in. radius arm, rams on both sides of rail track in large

modern foundry.

Can be used on either box or pit work. Tank capacity lO to n s . All m ovem ents controlled by

operator from Sandslinger head.

F O U N D R Y P L A N T & M A C H IN E R Y LTD. I,3> M S 7 ST-

O C T O BER 12, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URNAL 13

TISH INSULATED CABLES

REDICES FOUNDRY

COSTS

S q u e ez in g , v ib ra tin g and heatin g c a r r ie d o u t e le c tric a lly .

P r o d u c tio n o f d iffic u lt w o r k is rap id and e fficie n t— 100 m o u ld s can be produced

fo r o n e u n it o f e le c tr ic ity .

D is to r tio n o f m o u ld s is e lim in a te d as ro llin g - o ver

squeezing

m a tic a lly strip p e d on to th e c o n ve yo r th e en erg ies o f th e o p e r a to r are

th e re b y co n served fo r m o u ld p rod u ction only.

W r i t e fo r le a fle t M .II5 .

ROLL-OVEffTYPE MAGNETIC MOULDING MACHINES

IN A MODERN PLANT CREOSOTE-PITCH FIRING: a n u m b e r o f firms

adopting this fuel have encountered new Refractory Problems caused by Corrosion and Vitrification Spalling. But. if a suitable design of burner is used, the trouble can usually beovercom e by using a High Alumina Firebrick such as N E T T L E —a point proved by the practical experience ofseveral customers. An additional protection to the b rickw o rk by washcoating with Maksiccar II or Stein Sllllm anite Cem ent w ill often be found economic. Further information w ill be gladly supplied on request.

JOHN G. S T E IN & C °LTD

Selected high grade ra w material and careful technical control at all stages of manu­

facture from the mine to the loading bank ensure the con­

sis te n t high q u a l i t y of NETTLE (42/44% Alumina) Firebrick.

FOUNDRY TRADE JO U RN A L O C T O BER 12, 1944

M ost U n fo rtu n ate!

T h e increasing use o f scrap in th e steel-fo u n d ry ju s t can’t be helped these days.

Some nationally-econom ically-m inded steel m akers (m ore pow er to th e ir elbows !) are using practically 100% scrap for a large n u m b e r o f castings. T h is, o f course, is ju st w izard— provided the castings only begin as scrap. U nfortunately, too many of ’em also end as scrap. T h a t’s w here S odium C arbonate could have m ade all the difference. A p art from th e necessity o f controlling th e excessive sulphur pick-up resu ltan t from using a high percentage o f scrap, th e application of Sodium C arbonate produces a far b e tte r quality steel w ith im proved ductility and m achining qualities. I t ’s m ost u n fo rtu n a te if you are adding

to your scrap w ith steel castings rejected after m uch tim e and m oney has been lost and costly tools possibly dam aged in their production p articu la rly w hen this state of affairs is so easily guarded against by th e use o f th e Sodium C arbonate process.

I M P E R I A L C H E M I C A L I N D U S T R I E S L I M I T E D

O C T O BER 12, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URN A L IS

A “ Pattern”

° f

Good Lighting

From the pattern-maker’s point of view, the need for good lighting is just as im­

portant as it is to the foundryman.

The lighting problems of the two workshops may be quite dissimilar — one per­

haps ¿calling for the fitting of Metrovick 5 ft. Fluorescent Tubes, and the other for Metrovick Electric Discharge Lamps.

W hatever the lighting prob­

lem in your factory, consult Metrovick Illuminating En­

gineers, and in the meantime send for further details of

M E T R O V I C K I N D U S T R I A L L I G H T I N G

M E T R O P O L I T A N - V I C K E R S E L E C T R I C A L C O . L T D .

N U M BE R O N E K IN G S W A Y , L O N D O N , W .C .2

S/Q406

tsCobHsfted /$02

WHICH IS IHCOHFORATED T H E IR O N UN O S T E E L T R A D E S JO U R N A L

49, W e llin g to n S tre e t, London, W .C .2 .

W A R T I M E A D D R E S S to w hich all communication« should be sent i — 3, A m e r.h a m Road, H IG H W Y C O M B E , Buck«.

’G ra m i i “ Zacatecaa, High W y c o m b e .”

Phone i H IG H W Y C O M B E 1792 (3 line«).

P U B L I S H E D W E E K L Y i 21«. p er annum (H o m e and O v e r a e a t) 0 = F IC IA L O R G A N O F i

C O U N C IL O F IR O N F O U N D R Y A S S O C IA T IO N S C h airm an i F ltiH e r b e r t W rig h t, The B u tte rle y Com pany R i d . , near D e rb y . S ecretary , V . D e lp o rt. 2. Caxton ¿tr e e ,. w J t m l S ’.

R r K f 1'".1 AT oc' ? iio" s 1 , Bl;,tlih B »‘ h M an u factu rer*' A s,oclatlon B ritish ronfounders Association ; B ritish M alleable Tube F ittin g . A ssociation ; Cast Iro n A xleb ox Association ; Cast Iron C h a ir A s .o c u ! cio n ; Cast Iron H eating. B o ile r and Rad iator M anufacturers' Association- ,Se* men.' A s s o c ia tio n ; Greensand Pipe Fou n d e rs'A ssociation of S co tla n d , Ironfoun ders N atio n al Confederation ; N atio n al Associa­

tion of M alleable ronfounders ; N atio n al Ingot M ould Association ; m nbhi. ■ H " a l i i 1 a u T P n '’* ’ 5 F e d e ra tio n A s s o c ia tio n o f A u to ­ m o b ile and A llie d H ig h D u t y Ir o n fo u n d e r s ; B ritis h Cast Iron Research Association (affiU a te d ); British G r it A ssociation (a f fills t.d l;

Fou’n d rym e nC (affi 1 iated)".* : ' " » - t e o f British IN S T I T U T F O F B R IT IS H F O U N D R Y M F N P R E S ID E N T , 1944-45 : Jo h n W . G ard o m , R ip le y D e r b y s h ir e . G e n e ral S e cretary I T . Makemson. A ctin g b e cre csry, i . bolton Saint Jo h n S tre e t Cham bers, Deansgate, Manchester 3.

B R A N C H E S

Birm ingham . C o v e n try and W e s t Midlands i A . A . Tim m ins, F .I.C . 33, C a r t e r s Lan e, Q u in to n . B ris t o l and W e s t of E n g la n d : A*

Hares, 20, G r e e n b a n k R o ad , H a n h am , B ristol. E. Midlands i S. A . H o rto n “ T h re e ,” M ostyn A ven u e, L ittle o v e r, D erby. Lancs i H . B u c k ­ ley. Elle s m e re, N o r fo lk A v e n u e , B u rn le y . London i V . C . Fau lkn er, 3, Am ersham Road, High W y co m b e . Middlesbrough (pro tern.) j J. K . Sm ithson, N orth -Eastern Iron Refining Com pany, Lim ited, Stllllngton, Stockton-on-Tees. Newcastle-upon-Tyne : C . Lashly, S ir W . G . A r m ­ strong, W h itw o r t h & Co. (Ironfound ers), Ltd., C lose W o rk s , Gateshead Scottish : J. Bell, 60, St. Enoch Square, Glasgow . Sheffield : T . R. W a l k e r, M .A ., English S te e l C o rp o ra tio n , L t d ., Sheffield. W a le s and M onm outh i A . S. W a ll, 14, P a la c e A v e n u e , Llan daff, C ard iff. W e s t Riding o f Y o r k s h ir e : D ouglas Je p so n , M .Sc., 9, A m b lesid e A v en u e, Bra d fo rd . South A frica : B . P. S k o k , M utual Building, Johannesburg.

S E C T IO N S

B u rn le y i H . Buckley, Ellesm ere, N o rfo lk Aven ue. B u rn le y, Lancs.

Cape,1 T o w n : K . Z w a n z L e r , P .O . B o x 346, C ap e T o w n , S. A frica!

East Anglian : A . N . S u m n e r, 516, N o r w ic h Road, Ipswich F a lk ir k : T. R. G o o d w in . “ V le w fie ld ,” Falkirk Road, Bonnybridge. Lincoln i e] R . W a lte r , P h .D ., T h e Technical College, Lincoln.

A S S O C IA T IO N O F B R O N Z E A N D BR A SS F O U N D E R S P r e s id e n t : H . Bisse lJ, J. Sto n e & C o ., L td ., Lo n d on . S e c re ta rie s : H e a th co te & C o lem an , 25, B e n n e tts H ill, B irm in gh am , 2

T H E I N S T I T U T E O F V IT R E O U S E N A M E L L E R S Presid en t » W . H . W h it t le , W . H . W h ittle , Lim ite d , Ecdes, near M anchester. C hairm an I W . To d d , Park in son S to v e C o ., L td ., Stech- fo rd , B irm in g h a m . Hon. Sec. : W . Thom as, A .I.C ., B an k House, High S tr e e t, R ick m a n s w o rth , H e rts.

F O U N D R Y T R A D E S * E Q U IP M E N T A N D S U P P L IE S A S S O C IA T IO N

Presid en t i G . E. France, A u gu st’s, Lim ite d , T h o rn T re e W o r k s , Halifax. H o n o r a ry S e c r e t a r y : K . W . Brid g es. Assistant S e cre ta ry i Miss L. C o x , 52, Su rb ito n H ill Park, Su rb ito n , Su rrey.

W E L S H E N G IN E E R S * A N D F O U N D E R S * A S S O C IA T IO N Presiden t s W . E. C le m e n t, C .B .E ., M orfa Found ry, N e w D ock, Llan elly S e cre ta ry : J . D. D . Davis, I, St. Jam es Gardens, Swansea.

B R IT IS H C A S T IR O N R E S E A R C H A S S O C IA T IO N

^ ‘^ c n u r c h , B irm in g h a m . ’P h o n e and ’G ra m s : R e d d ltch 714.

Fall^lL (PhoWlt°335,V~F° Undry

16 FOUNDRY TRADE JO U RN A L O C T O B E R 12, 1944

7 /

*. ,rJ ; W

T he need for all p o ssib le co n ser v a tio n o f m an pow er ; the dem and for the m axim u m o u tp u t o f v ita l cast m etallic p roducts ; the in sisten ce u p o n th e lo w e s t c o s t o f p ro d u c­

tion ; and the n ecessity o f m ain tainin g, and even im p rovin g, the q uality o f th o se p rod u cts.

A ll th ese c o n d itio n s co m b in e to p o in t to the on ly satisfactory so lu tio n to all th ese p ro b le m s—

M E C H A N I S A T I O N

but it m u st be m ech an isatio n particularly con sid ered , designed and adapted to the in d iv id u a l site c o n d itio n s ; to the particular p rod u ct ; and w ith fu ll regard to a ll the factors, ec o n o m ic , geographical and h u m an , w h ich may have any bearing on the p ro b lem .

In oth er w ords c o n su lt :—

" T h e S p e c i a l i s t s i n F o u n d r y M e c h a n i s a t i o n ”

w h o se p rod u cts

S e t t h e S t a n d a r d b y w h i c h F o u n d r y P l a n t i s j u d g e d .

' ' U s t s c

LIMITED

’P hones : 6 1 2 4 7 & 8 H A L I F A X , E N G L A N D ’C ra m s : A u g u s t, H a lifa x

Sole Licensees a n d m a n u fa c tu r e rs fo r B ritish E m pire(exclu d in g C a n a d a ) o f the S im p so n S a n d M ix er

fournir* Trade Journal, October 12, 1944

e s ta b lis h e d ! ÿ 0 2

M U r l f i r i

WITH which a IIKOWOKATED T H E IR O N AN D S T E E L T RA D ES JO U R N A L

Vol. 74 T hursday, O c to b e r 12, 1944 No. 1469

Selling M a n -H o u rs by W eight

Since the Institute o f British Foundrym en was established just 40 years ago, several of the Presi­

dents of its Branches have in their inaugural addresses stressed the folly of selling castings by weight, but none has supplied such cogent arg u ­ ment as did Mr. G. R. S hotton w hen addressing members from the chair o f th e Birm ingham Branch.

A new point strongly em phasised by Mr. Shotton is a tendency tow ards the acquisition by buyers o f com ponents m ade as castings m ore cheaply by unit weight reduction, bu t often associated with increased m anufacturing costs due to added co m ­ plication. T he new president does n o t envisage too m uch difficulty in convincing the production engineer as to soundness o f his argum ent, but rightly fears lack o f understanding on the p art of the com m ercially-m inded buyer. This type o f indi­

vidual, however, is usually quite susceptible to the clever, though no t necessarily logical, appeals em anating from astute advertising specialists. Such firms would deem it an easy cam paign to launch.

Again, as some o f the em ployers’ associations are constantly giving attention to “ Conditions o f Sale,” and their unification, it would not be diffi­

cult to phrase a rule covering the subject. We suggest one reading, “ All castings are quoted per piece, or by quantity, and in no case will they be offered on a weight basis. The estimated weight will, however, be subm itted on request for in fo r­

mation only.”

It is no m o re in the custom er's interest than in the foundrym an’s to do business on this weight basis, especially when it is extended to create schedules covering a client’s overall requirem ents.

Lack o f dim ensional accuracy, involving extra m achining or increased difficulty in assembly, may result from a desire to sell m axim um weight. At one time quite a m easure of progress was made in the direction o f selling by piece, but we detected a reversal to the earlier practice when foundrym en becam e m ore sure of their costs through the in­

creased interest taken in this subject. A t last they knew fairly well w here they stood, an d why should thev not °bH se custom ers by quoting in the form the buyer liked best? Mr. Shotton has provided

the answers. T he buyers ta k e advantage o f the situation by lightening the castings so as to get a larger num ber for the same expenditure o f money, and they add com plications with no m aterial in­

crease in weight. T he custom ers’ salesmen, on the other hand, m ay quite often m ake such a virtue of decreased w eight in their product as to dem and an increased price for each one.

A nother lesson which the buyer m ust learn is th a t the foundrym an can break dow n a job into simple operations just as well as the engineer, but, like the engineer, he needs time to m ake pilot com ­ ponents, to modify, and plan a production line.

T o do this he m ust have a guaranteed high p ro ­ duction and a proper allowance for jigs and tools, in the form o f a m aster pattern, m aybe dum m y carrier plates for the cores, moulding machine m odification and special cleaning devices. Surely for such a com ponent, actual weight would come low down in the list of the physical properties specified in which soundness, dimensional accuracy, strength, m achinability and uniform ity would all take preference. The present m om ent is surely the m ost opportune for killing this ridiculous system of selling an obvious variable by weight.

C O -O PER A T IV E R ESEA R C H

“ M alleab le Iro n F acts,” the house o rgan o f the [A m erican] M alleable F o u n d e rs’ Society in its 17th issue, a n n o u n ces th a t the Society has established its ow n m etallurgical and testing lab o rato ries in order to rein fo rce the consulting services established in 1912, w hich has been continued w ith o u t interm ission ever since. W hilst follow ing som ew hat along the lines o f the B ritish C ast Iro n R esearch A ssociation, this s v .ste.m ;s new to the A m erican fo u n d ry industry.

Contents

S e llin g M an -H ou rs b y W e ig h t, 107.—C o-operative R esearch , 107.—R em o v a l o f G a ses from M olten B ro n zes, 108.—Iron- fo u n d ry F u el N ew s—X X I V , 108.—F irst-A id in F o u n d ry A ccid e n ts, 108.—Som e U se fu l W a rtim e D ev elo p m en ts in W h ite h e a r t M a llea b le Iro n , 109.—B rush F o rem en ’s A sso c ia ­ tio n , 114.—P u b lic a tio n R eceiv ed , 114.—C orrespondence, 114.—

T he D ev elo p m e n t a n d P ro d u ctio n o f In o c u la ted C a st Iron , 115.—Speed o f R o ta tio n in th e C en tr ifu g a l C a stin g Process, 117.—N o te s from th e B ra n ch es, 122.—N ew P a te n ts . 122.—A C en ten a ry o f Iro n M a k in g , 122.—N ew s in B r ie f. 124.—O b itu ary.

124.—C om pan y R e s u lts, 126.—P e rso n a l. 126.—In te r im Schem e for U n e m p lo y ed , 126.—R a w M a ter ia l M a rk e ts, 128,

108 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URNAL

REM O VA L O F G A SES FRO M M O L T E N B R O N Z E S

M r. W. A. B aker an d M r. F. C. C h ild hav e draw n the follow ing conclusions in a P a p e r w hich th ey su b ­ m itted to the a u tu m n m eeting o f the In stitu te of M etals.

E xperim ents on degassing bro n zes o n a scale ap proaching com m ercial practice have sh o w n th a t: —

(1) P lain cop p er-tin bronzes c an be ra p id ly degassed by an oxid atio n -red u ctio n trea tm en t. S everal m eth o d s were successfully em ployed to in tro d u ce oxygen in to the m elt, b u t ad ditions o f co p p er oxide a lo n e w ere u n ­ satisfactory. T he oxide m erely fo rm ed a cru st on the surface o f th e m elt an d d id n o t tra n s fe r oxygen to the m elt efficiently. T he ad m ix tu re of a flux w ith the copper oxide overcam e th is difficulty, an d it is likely th at a wide variety of flux m ix tu res c o n tain in g , c o p p er oxide, etc., w ould be qu ite effective.

(2) T he presence o f ph o sp h o ru s in bronzes seriously low ers th e solubility o f oxygen in th e m elt a n d so hinders degassing by oxidation. C o p p er-tin alloys co n ­ taining sm all am o u n ts o f p h o sp h o ru s, e.g., u p to 0.05 p er cent., can be conveniently degassed by o x id atio n p rovided th at the p h o sp h o ru s is elim in ated in the o xidation. If th is is done the oxygen c o n te n t can be raised to an up p er lim it o f a b o u t 0.02 p er cent, an d hydrogen is then readily displaced. It is im p racticab le a n d w asteful to elim in ate larg e am o u n ts o f p h o sp h o ru s by oxidation, a n d co p p er-tin -p h o sp h o ru s alloys sh o u ld be degassed b y scavenging trea tm en t, i.e., by trea tm e n t with an inert gas such as d ry nitrogen. A five-m inute treatm en t is sufficient, prov id ed th a t the gas is blow n th rough the m etal a t a ra p id ra te so as vio len tly to agitate the m elt.

(3) T*he presence o f zinc has the sam e effect as th a t l P! n Si T t ’ t0 a IeSSer d e8ree- A lk >ys c o n ta in ­ ing up to 0.5 per cent, zinc can be degassed rap id ly by oxid atio n -red u ctio n trea tm e n t, w hile alloys co n ­ taining am o u n ts n o rm ally fo u n d in com m ercial alloys m fn t a p er ,c en t- can n o t be degassed by such tre a t­

m ent. A n oxidising atm o sp h ere m ain ta in e d th ro u g h ­ o ut m elting yields m elts w ith a low gas co n ten t alth o u g h n o t com pletely degassed. T he effect of an oxidising atm o sp h ere m ay be p a rtly one of p ro tec tio n S e t a l 8sam f a Ce0 rP Thn ’ dUen ° ° X‘de CrUSts fo rm ed the m etal surface. These alloys can be ra p id ly degassed by scavenging trea tm e n t w ith d ry n itrogen, b u t the i c fum e an d zinc loss m ak e the process u n a ttrac tiv e.

M anganese ore charged in the b o tto m o f th e crucible fairly effective in red u cin g th e gas c o n te n t o f gun m etals, and this is p ro b a b ly larg ely d u e to a scavlng-' mg effect of gases lib erated fro m th e m aterial.

• A m e rica n steel fo u n d ry in d u stry is lik e the

» * « o f l a L u , th a t the m f litS ? reiru ifin g P r° gram m e is b ein § jeo p a rd ised . A c a r a v a n m n / T k 1 su p P ° rted b y a 10-unit m o to rised

£ S L ™ r ™ " ' ns has » w •<

IR O N F O U N D R Y F U E L N E W S — X X IV

M an y iro n fo u n d ers sh o u ld n o w be c o n sid erin g w h at arra n g e m e n ts th ey a re to m ak e f o r h e atin g th e ir shops d u rin g the co m in g w in ter m o n th s. A c o m m o n m eth o d o f h eatin g is, o f course, by m ean s o f fire-baskets, ra n g ­ ing in type fro m the n o rm a l article to th e pierced b u ck et a n d the old an n ea lin g c an rim . C o n v e n ie n t as these p o rta b le fires a re , th ey len d them selves to abuse unless th eir use is strictly c o n tro lle d by th e m an ag e­

m ent. N u m b e rs o f fo u n d rie s have fo u n d t h a t a m uch m o re sa tisfac to ry an d efficient m eth o d o f heating is by m ean s o f p ro p e r h e atin g stoves. A p a rt fro m being m o re efficient, such stoves will g e n era lly b u rn coke breeze a n d o th e r fu els w h ich a re som etim es difficult to dispose o f otherw ise.

T h e c o n sid era b le savings w hich can re su lt from co n tro l over h e atin g m e th o d s a re a m p ly illu strated by the case o f an iro n fo u n d ry on T yneside w hich has com e to the n o tice o f the Iro n fo u n d in g In d u stry F uel C o m m ittee. T h is firm a p p o in te d o n e m an to be re­

sp onsible fo r th e c o n su m p tio n o f co k e used fo r h e at­

ing H e m ad e a c a re fu l check on the n u m b e r o f fire- baskets in use a n d issu ed “ ra tio n e d ” q u an tities o f coke to each b ask et an d h e atin g stove. He also en­

su red th a t n o m eta llu rg ic a l coke w as used fo r heating T h e resu lt o f his a p p o in tm e n t w as th a t coke was saved a t the ra te o f 335 to n s a y ear. It w ill be seen th at this firm co u ld hav e afforded to p a y this “ officer i/c n re -b u c k e ts q u ite , an ap p re c ia b le w age!

T h e q u an tity o f coal an d coke a lo n e (excluding gas and electricity) used fo r h e atin g th e iro n fo u n d ries, and th eir allied d e p artm e n ts, in G re a t B rita in a m o u n ts to som e 100,000 tons a y ear. T h ere fo re , even a small p ercen tag e o v erall re d u c tio n will m ea n an ap p reciab le c o n trib u tio n to the n a tio n a l fuel positio n .

O C T O BER 12, 1944

FIRST-AID IN F O U N D R Y A C C ID E N T S

J “ e mcei in8- J h e C ap e T o w n Section of the S o u th A frican B ran ch , p resid ed over by M r L R ow ley, ,n v ,te d a lo cal m ed ical p ra ctitio n er, D r' fiVsf „id ; ' rf gV ° a d d re ?s th em on th e subject of first aid in fo u n d ry practice. A m o n g st o th er aids suggested w as th a t fo r bu rn s, strip s o f lin t o r gauze soaked in a so lu tio n if b ic a rb o n a te o f so d a (tw o tab le­

sp o o n s to one pint o f w ater) o r else h o t an d very stro n g tea. T hese so lu tio n s sh o u ld re m a in on the affected p a rt until m edical a tte n tio n i s o b t a i n e d

Tannic acid jelly, the ideal d ressing fo r b u rn s should be a p p lied all over the w ou n d , a n d .then co v ered w ith a sterilised dressing. T h e w h ite o f an egg is a lso to be reco m m en d ed , fo r the alb u m e n a ctu ally feeds as web as c o o ls the devitalised tissues.

According to a report fro m the W ar M e tallu rg y B oard, the post-w ar era will see the « „ .■ e ta *lurgy o f the 95 per cent. P b; 2 per cem A a J " ^ ' ' 1" ^ T tin fo r so ld erin g , an d no re tu rn will ’be m fri ♦ C6£

70 p er cent. Pb and 30 p er cent. S n as i H W * 16

consistently b etter results. ’ yielding

O C T O BER 12, 1944 f o u n d r y t r a d e j o u r n a l

SOME USEFUL WARTIME DEVELOPMENTS IN W HITEHEART MALLEABLE IRON

By G. R. W E B S T E R , A.M.I.Mech.E., A.M .I.Mar.E.

(C o n tin u ed fr o m page 91.) Hardening

The w earing p ro p erties an d resistance to heavy loads of w h iteh eart m allea b le cast iro n c an be greatly im ­ proved by su itab le , h a rd en in g and, in som e cases, a subsequent sim ple* tem p erin g o p e ratio n . It is, of course, very n ecessary to ha v e th o ro u g h ly a n n ea le d castings b efo re carry in g o u t the h ard en in g o p e ratio n , as un d er-an n ealin g is liab le to lead to b rittlen ess o n quenching.

All the track link castings in the e arlie r types re-

109 Foundry p ro ­ blems in the production o f w h i t e h e a r t m alleable c a s t­

ings

ceived a fu rth e r trea tm e n t a fte r the m alleablising o p e ratio n , nam ely, a cyanide hardening, producing a fairly h a rd surface of a b o u t 0.015-in. thickness w ith a

Fi g. 20.—Cy a n i d e Ha r d e n i n g Fu r n a c e.

Fi g. 21.— Qu e n c h i n g Ta n k f o r Ha r d e n i n g Li n k Ca s t i n g.

Ta b l e I .— Effect of Various Heat-treatments on the Physical Properties of B .S . Test-b

3 annealed

il quenched, 750 deg. C.

750 750 800 800 800 850 850 850 900 900 900 950 950 950 TPjqot broken.

T em p er, 450 600 T em p er, 450

„ 600 T em p er, 450

600 T em p er, 450

600 T em p er, 450

600 deg. C.

deg. C.

deg. C.

deg. C.

deg. C.

Yield stress.

Tons per sq. in.

1 6.3 2 1 .6 5 1 9 .4 1 7 .9 5 2 7 .3 2 4 .7 2 2 .2 5 2 8 .5 2 6 .9 5 2 4 .6 3 1 .4 3 0 .0 2 7 .1 3 2 .7 5 3 0 .6 2 7 .3

Max.

stress.

Tons per sq. in.

2 6 .1 5 3 1 .7 3 0 .6 2 9 .0 5 3 3 .9 5 3 3 .7 3 2 .7 3 6 .8 5 3 4 .7 3 3 .4 5 3 6 .2 3 7 .6 5 3 5 .9 5 3 9 .2 3 6 .5 3 4 .5

Elongation.

Per cent.

9 .7 7 .7 5 9 .5 9 .2 5 .2 6.00 7 .5 6.00 5 .5 7 .5 4 .0 5 .5 7 .2 4 .5 4 .0 0 5 .7

Bend test 180*

143 180*

180*

98 154 180*

100 148 180*

63 64 180

53 87 180*

V.P.N.

hardness.

30-kg.

load.

148 180 181 158 203 201 187 207 214 191 218 219 210 234 218 210

110 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URN A L O C T O B E R ¡2, 1944

W h ite h e a rt M a lle a b le Iron

to u g h en ed core. T h is o p e ra tio n w as, how ever, quick ly discontinued in fa v o u r o f a stra ig h tfo rw a rd o il-h a rd e n ­

ing process, the p a rts being h e ated th ro u g h o u t th e sec­

tio n as quick ly as possible in sa lt b a th fu rn ac e s to 780 deg. C. q u en ch in g te m p e ra tu re, th e n q u enched direct in m in e ral oil. Fig. 20 c le arly illu strates the vario u s fu rn ac es an d p re h e a te rs. O n the w all a t the left can be seen the “ reco rd in g b a th im m ersio n p y ro ­ m e te r,” each fu rn ace hav in g a se p a ra te in stru m e n t with a check in stru m e n t co m m o n to the d ep artm en t.

Q u en ch in g T a n k .— In Fig. 21 are seen tw o tanks in the fo reg ro u n d . T h a t o n the left co n tain s the m in eral q u en ch in g o il w ith, a d jacen t; a circu latin g oil pum p, p u m p in g th e oil th ro u g h a w ater-cooled coil.

T h e tan k nex t to it c o n ta in s h o t w a ter fo r rem oval by w ashihg o f an y re m a in in g h e a t-tre a tm e n t salts a fte r the oil q uenching. T h e final testing, assem bly, riv et­

ing etc., are c arried o u t in line in a se p a ra te bay.

T esting A s s e m b ly a n d R iv e tin g .— Fig. 22 show s the assem bly line a n d the a rra n g e m e n t m ad e fo r riveting

MICROGRAPH N 0.2 S . MICROGRAPH NO.26.

show s tw o track s being riv eted a t th e sam e tim e. An a ir-a c tu a te d vice set a t a b o u t 45 -deg. h o ld s th e track firm ly in p o sitio n ag ain st a n an v il, w h ilst the. rivets in th e c h a in a r e c o ld h e a d e d b y the use o f c o m p re ss e d -a ir h am m ers.

D r o p -te stin g M a c h in e .— Fig. 23 is a clo se-u p o f th e d ro p -testin g m a c h in e; e a c h lin k is sep a rately tested, in th e assem b led chain (not riv eted ). G u id e h o rn s a re in th e d o w n w ard p o sitio n .

S p ro c k e t W h eel W ra p Test.— The final c h ain s a re teste d over a s p ro c k e t w heel f o r th e ir co rrect p itch . T h is c a n be seen in Fig. 24.

W earing Properties o f Track Link Castings

In a n a tte m p t to im prove the w earin g p ro p e rtie s o f th e tra c k link castings, th e p in h o le s w ere cast sm alle r th a n u s u a l a n d th e n drilled o u t to the n o rm a l size to tak e the pin. T h e re a s o n fo r th is w as to re- f e t p t 'c su rfa c e layer, w hich is re la tiv e ly u n c h a n g e d by an y o il-h a rd e n in g p ro cess; by its re m o v a l th e fine p e a rlite a n d tem ­ per c a rb o n a re a is re a c h e d , w hich is affected by th e o il-h a rd e n in g pro- I b f h f r T 8 H h a r Hd 6 r Z° n e W h i c h Fi g. 23. Dr o p Te s t i n g Ma c h i n e. Fi g. 24.—Sp r o c k e t Wh e e l Wr a p T e s t a c tu a te . T h es e"b e tte r0 wearing* pro"

Fi g. 22.—As s e m b l y Li n e f o r Ri v e t i n g Op e r a t i o n s. Fi g. 2 4a.— Cr o s s Se c t i o n o f Tr a c k Li n k Lu g.

wnrEincr^aVe, r ' 3eerl Provec* ' n p ra ctic e u n d e r severe T h e hard n ess figures in the p inholes show a m ark ed

•t u ■ c o ,i l o n s > b y a s m a l l e r p itch increase. T h e im p ro v em en t a fte r the rem o v al o f th e ferrite. T he pitc i n c r e a s e is a l m o s t s o l e l y due to the p in h o le w e ar follow ing details are given o f the tw o m icro g rap h s or c o m p r e s s i o n o f t h e s o f t i s h ferritic layer, p articu - (Figs. 2 5 a n d 2 6 ) . B o th m icro g rap h s are o f the sam e tarty i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h e trac k life. o il-h ard en ed sam ple, an d are a t a m agnification x 6 0 .

O C TO BER 12, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL III

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Fi g 2 5 . — Oi l Ha r d e n e d Ma l l e a b l e f r o m Ir o n o f Fi n e Pe a r l i t e. Th e Ar r o w Po i n t s t o Pa r t l y Ox i d i s e d Sp o t s, w h i l s t i n t h e c e n t r e t h e r e a r E v e r y f i n e Pe a r l i t e a n d Fe r r i t e. Th e L i n e In d i c a t e s Fi n e Pe a r l i t e a n d Te m p e r

C ak b °n - x 60.

F i g . 2 6 . — O i l H a r d e n e d M a l l e a b l e T a k e n a t S e c t i o n I n d i c a t e d b y L i n e i n F i g . 2 5 . T h e T o p S h o w s a T r a c e o f F e r r i t e , w h i l s t T o w a r d s t h e B o t t o m t h e r e i s V e r y F i n e P e a r l i t e a n p T e m p e r C a r b o n , x 6 0 .

« W \ •/, ; ••,

I •,!- ' L , i <t *1 ' i f ' • ’ ' '*

' ' •-

: i ■%

»"f f-'i.ri. >?,v 5 ¿V‘

: . i r# r r ,

; t; .5 - trfV; -

Fi g. 2 7 —Oi l Qu e n c h e d f r o m 800 De g. C . x 60. Fi g. 2 8 —Oi l Qu e n c h e d f r o m 800 De c c ■ Tr m p e r e d a t 450 De g. C . x 60. "

112 FOUNDRY TRADE JO URN A L O C T O BER 12, 1944

W h ite h e a rt M a lle a b le Iron

Fig. 25 has a core o f very fine pearlite w ith tem per carb o n ; the edge o f the sam ple show s a typical decarburised zone.

T he edge o f the specim en in Fig. 26 c o rresp o n d s to the line draw n on Fig. 25. T he e x am in atio n of the Fig. 26 m icro g rap h show s a b o u t 0.075 in. m etal has been rem oved from ' the o riginal an n ealed skin o f the m icrograph (Fig. 25).

Effect o f Various Heat-treatments on the Physical Properties o f B.S. Test-bars

A n experim ent was carried o ut to d eterm in e the effect o f various q uenching tem p eratu res, and sub seq u en t tem pering fo r 2 hrs. a t 450 deg. C. an d 600 deg. C.

respectively. F o r this purpose, a sufficient n u m b er o f B.S. tensile and bend b ars w ere cast fro m the sam e

tap of m etal fro m the c u p o la , w ith the follow ing a£ As an aly sis:— T .C , 2.86; Si, 0.56; M n, 0.21; S, 0.189, and ^ P, 0.061 p e r cent. A ll these test-b ars w ere an n ealed m to g eth er fo r a p p ro x im a te ly 160 hrs. a t 980 deg. C. \

w ith an ore ra tio o f 1:5. :¡£

T h e a n n ealin g tim e o f 160 hrs. is ra th e r m o re than 1 the n o rm al c o m m erc ial p ra ctic e o f p ro d u c in g a good w h iteh e art m alleab le iron, b u t it was th o u g h t advisable 7 in this in stan ce in view o f the high q u en ch in g tem ­ p e ra tu res em p lo y ed fo r the su b se q u e n t h eat-treatm en t.

F o r this reaso n the yield stress a n d th e tensile of the an n ealed test-b a rs o b tain e d w ere ra th e r low er than with th e n o rm al a n n ealin g practice.

A c arb o n analysis w as m ad e fro m the “ centre ” of W a f-in . ben d b a r a fte r a n n ealin g , w hich was as svtr fo llo w s : — T .C , 1.24; C .C ., 0.43; a n d G .C , 0.81 per *

cent. T h e p h y sical p ro p e rtie s o b ta in e d w ith these v ario u s h e at-tre a tm en ts a re show n in T ab le I, repre- senting the av erag e figures o f fo u r test-bars.

_Wt0 u ' (?i *3e exPec,te b> the q u en ch ed m aterials show , * te n s d e . a n d yield results, w ith co rrespondingly angles o f bend, th a n the plain 5° .A d T em p erin g fo r two hrs. a t 450 cleg. c . an d 600 deg. C. caused a g rad u al d ro p in the tensile a n d yield stresses, an d a c o rresp o n d in g increase m e lo n g a tio n an d angle o f bend. T h e V ickers P y ram id hardness figures w ere o b tain e d w ith a lo ad o f 30 kg.

and tak en m th e cen tre o f the bend test-bars. In View of th e very w ell a n n ea le d m aterial, th e hard n ess figures h av e n o t in creased co n sid erab ly a t the h ig h er on-quenched tem p e ra tu res, w h ich w ou ld be expected with the n o rm a l co m m ercial w h iteh e art m allea b le iron.

T he physical p ro p e rties o b tain ed in these experim ents show very clearly th e g re a t possibilities fo r th e use of m alleab lised a n d oil q u e n ch e d w h ite h e a rt m alleable iron. A ll the q u en ch ed an d tem p e re d sam ples show ed a soft d e ca rb u rised o u te r rim o f a b o u t th e sam e thick-

(C o n tin u e d overleaf, c o lu m n 1.)

O C T O BER 12, 1944 FOUNDRY TRADE JO U RN A L

Fi g. 30.—Oi l Qu e n c h e d f r o m 800 De g. C . x 1,500.

F i g 29-—O i l Q u e n c h e d f r o m 800 D e g . C.; Tem-.

p e r e d a t 600 D e g . C. x 60. ^{Fi g.} 31.—Oi l Qu e n c h e d f r o m 800 De g. C.; Te m­ p e r e d a t 450. x 1,500.

114 FOUNDRY TRADE JO U Rinml. U L I U B t K I A, I7*t*t

SOME USEFUL W A R T IM E D EVELO PM EN TS IN W H IT E H E A R T M A LLEABLE IRO N

(C o n tin u ed fr o m p revio u s page.)

ness as th at in the plain an n ealed m aterial, th u s the various h eat-treatm en ts h a d n o effect on th e skin o f the casting, it consisting o f so ft ferrite, irrespective o f the h eat-treatm en t. Figs. 27 to 29 show m ic ro g rap h s x 60 o f hardened specim ens; Fig. 27 being o il-q u e n ch e d at 800 deg. C.; Fig. 28 o il-q u en ch ed , a t 800 deg. C. an d tem pered a t 450 deg. C.; Fig. 29 o il-quenched a t 800 deg. C. an d tem pered a t 600 deg. C.

Fi g. 32.—Oi l Qu e n c h e d f r o m 800 De g. C.- Te m­ p e r e d a t 600 De g. C . x 1,500.

T he sam e specim ens h av e been used to p ro d u ce m icrographs a t a m ag n ificatio n o f x 1,500, w ith a n o il im m ersion objective to give m ax im u m re so lu tio n of orin e,uteot° id con stitu en t. T h e sam ple q u en ch ed fro m 800 deg. C. show s very fine lam ellar p e arlite (sorbite).

I n e tem pered sam ples show sim ilar stru ctu res w ith traces o f sp h eroidisation. Fig. 30, a t 1,500 d iam eters has been oil q u enched a t 800 deg. C .; Fig. 31, also a t x 1,300, w as oil q u en ch e d a t 800 deg. C. a n d tem ­ pered a t 450 deg. C.; an d Fig. 32, a g ain a t 1,500, w as oil q u enched at 800 deg. C. an d tem p ered a t 600 ueg. Cx.

(T o be continued.)

B R U SH F O R E M E N ’S A S S O C IA T IO N

T h e F o re m e n ’s A sso ciatio n o f th e B ru sh E lectrical E n g in eerin g C o m p an y , L im ited , h e ld its second an n u al co n feren ce at the c o m p a n y ’s w o rk s in L o u g h b o ro u g h recen tly , w hen, in a d d itio n to B ru sh fo rem en , the delegates, n u m b erin g o v er 150, rep resen ted several im p o rta n t in d u stria l c o n ce rn s th ro u g h o u t the co u n try . M r. A lan P. G o o d , m an a g in g directo r o f th e c o m p an y , p resid ed a t th e d in n er on the first evening. Sir F re d e ric k L eggett, C .B ., D e p u ty S ecretary o f the M in istry o f L a b o u r a n d N a tio n a l Service, was the guest sp eak er a t th e d inner.

D u rin g the v a rio u s sessions ad d resses u p o n the fo llow ing subjects w e re delivered to the delegates:__

“ E co n o m ic A spects o f P o st-w ar E m p lo y m en t P olicy,” by D r. M a u rice D o b b , lec tu re r in econom ics a t C a m b rid g e U niv ersity ; “ P o st-w ar D ev elo p m en ts in J o in t C o n su lta tio n ,” by M r. L. FI. P e a rm a in e , N atio n al S ecretary o f the T ra n s p o rt a n d G e n e ra l W o rk ers’

U n io n ; “ T he F o rm a tio n o f a N a tio n a l In stitu te of F o re m e n ,” by F . J. Burns. M o rto n , w o rk s m anager, Sketchley D yew orks, H in ck ley (w ith discussion)- “ The P h ilo so p h y o f M an a g em en t,” b y D r. J. A. Bowie, in c h arg e o f R ese arch on P e rso n n e l A d m in is tra tio n ; “F ro m H o s p ita l to In d u stry ,” b y G ro u p C a p ta in C. J. S.

i? p-B-EL’ M .B., B.S., o f the R o y a l A ir F orce R e h a b ilita tio n U n it, L o u g h b o ro u g h .

P U B L IC A T IO N R E C E IV E D

Recom m ended Technique for M aking F illet Welds in the D ow nhand, V ertical and Overhead Positions.

P u b lish ed by th e W elding R e se arc h C o u n c il, The In stitu te o f W elding, 2, B u ck in g h a m P alace G ardens, L o n d o n , S .W .l.

T h is m em o ran d u m , p resen ted as an 8-page boo k let has been p re p a re d f o r th e W elding R esearch C ouncil by the F .E .5 C o m m itte e on A rc W elding P ro ced u re fo r S h ipbuilding. T h e re co m m e n d a tio n s have, in g en eral, been red u ced to ta b u la r fo rm , giving in fo rm a ­ tio n as to the n u m b e r o f ru n s, th e electro d e size, ru n length, a n d th e am p erag e o f the c u rre n t to be used.

It is stated in the A m erican P ress th a t 49,000 tons o r co rn flo u r a n d d extrine w ere used a n n u a lly fo r the p ro d u ctio n o f fe rro u s a n d n o n -ferro u s castings.

C O R R E S P O N D E N C E

[IVe a c c e p t no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y fo r t h e s t a t e m e n t s m a d e or the ep t n i o n s e x p r e s s e d b y o u r c o r r e s p o n d e n ts .]

F O U N D R Y FL O O R S

T o the E d ito r o f Th e Fo u n d r y Tr a d e Jo u r n a l. Si r,— W e w ou ld be obliged fo r a n y advice or in fo r­

m atio n u p o n su itab le flooring f o r a g rey -iro n fettling sh o p h a n d lin g castings fro m a few ounces to 3 tons, w ith th e u su a l fettlin g -sh o p e q u ip m e n t.— Y o u rs, etc.j

“ Ab r a s i v e.”

Statistics fo r the first h a lf y ear show th a t A m erican p ro d u c tio n o f m alleab le iro n castings w as slightly g re a ter at 440,478 sh o rt to n s th an in the first six m o n th s o f 1943. F o rw a rd b o o k in g s, h o w e v er are m u ch higher.