BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
B.—A PPL IE D CHEMISTRY
OCT. 11, 1929.
L— GENERAL ; PL A N T ; MACHINERY.
Use of carbon tetra ch lo rid e in fire ex tin g u ish ers.
F. W irt 11 (Chem.-Ztg., 1929, 53, 651—652).—Experi
ments are described in which artificial fires were pro
duced by burning oil, benzene, arid acetylene, and were extinguished with carbon tetrachloride. A series of gas tests for phosgene was made. Positive reactions were obtained in nearly all instances, the principal factor in. phosgene production being time of contact, It is considered th a t the use of carbon tetrachloride is dangerous in confined spaces or when a fire has got a firm hold and cannot be immediately extinguished.
The danger can, of course, be obviated by wearing a gas mask. No substance has yet been found the addition of which to the carbon tetrachloride will pre
vent phosgene formation. C. Irw in.
Clarification of liquids by m eans of centrifuges with filter drum s. A. Son.mucking and K. D iehl (C'hem. Fabr., 1929, 287—288, 298—300).—An illus
trated description of a new Krupp clarifying centrifuge fitted with a filter drum and automatic delivery and over
flow is given. A. It. Powelt,.
Fractional distillation analysis. W. J. P odbirlniak (Refiner Nat. Gas. Mfr., 1929,8, No. 3, 55).—A simplified form of Leslie’s apparatus for gas analysis by liquefac
tion and fractional distillation is described.
Chemical Abstracts. B im etals. Pohn.—See X. Boiler corrosion.
Splittgerber.—See X X III.
Pa t e n t s.
Furnace. 1. de F lo rez, Assr. to Texas Co. (U.S.P.
1,717,334, 11.6.29. Appl., 2.7.26).—A furnace for heating fluid is arranged in two parts, in which the fluid (in tubes) is heated by radiation and convection, respectively. The first part is constructed of a number of vertical tubes arranged in a circle, and forming the wall of an elongated combustion space ; burning fluid fuel is caused to pass axially upwards as a flame of small diameter, which meets with ho obstruction, and is, therefore, substantially out of contact with the tubes but heats them by radiation. The tubes are suspended from their upper ends, and may be easily removed.
From the radiation device the products of combustion may pass downwards through a heater of known type with cross tubes, which constitutes the “ convection ”
member. B. M. Venables.
Regenerative furnace. G. E. Rose (U.S.P. 1,721,885, 23.7.29. Appl., 9.9.22).—Vertical fixed flues, the dis
charge ends of which can be restricted, are provided on opposite sides of the furnace, and two air- and fuel- port units having restricted air and fuel passages can
be moved so that they register with the furnace end of the flues. When used in alternating operations, the discharge end of the flue is restricted so th at the flue acts as an uptake, while the other flue is unrestricted and acts as a downtakc. F. Cr. Clarke.
Tunnel kilns. A. Heimsoth, and ITeimsoth &
VOLLMER Ges.m.b.H. (B.P. 315,540, 6.6.28).—A cooling zone is provided for a tunnel kiln, comprising a number of individual passages in the roof and side walls. Cooling fluid is supplied to the roof passages at the centre or crown, and leaves at the sides or springing of the arch through individual regulators upwards into a pair of common flues provided with dampers. Other portions of cooling fluid are admitted to the upper parts of the wall passages, leaving at the bottom and passing into a pair of lower flues provided with dampers.
B. M. Venables. Production and repair of refractory linings for hearths of m etallurgical and other furnaces.
Vacou-mschmelze Ges.m.b.H. and W. Ronx, Assees. of HirsCh K uefer- u. Mf.ssingwerke A.-G. (B.P. 303/117, 1.1.29. Ger., 2.1.28. Adda, to B.P. 226,801 ; B., 1925, 850).—Quartzite of the cement-quartzite type is used as the refractory material. C. A. King.
Chemical apparatus for reactions on heated solid m aterial. T. Griswold, jtjn., Assr. to Dow Chem. Co. (U.S.P. 1,719,509/ 2.7.29. Appl., 1.2.27).—
Apparatus suitable, e.g., for the manufacture of carbon disulphide comprises a removable, vertical, cylindrical reaction chamber set in a common flue system, wi|h a stack of metallic vaporising pots. Molten sulphur supplied to the top pot. passes to the bottom pot by means of external conduits, and finally enters the refuse chamber, beneath the reaction chamber, in the vaporous condition. The refuse chamber being below the bottom sulphur pot, the latter remains uncontamin- ated. Several reaction chambers, with their sulphur pots, may be assembled in one system of flues.
F. G. Clarke. Catalytic apparatus. Selden Co., Assees. of A. 0. Jaeger (B.P. 306,442, 27.4.28. U.S., 20.2.28).—
An apparatus embodying the heat-exchange, double countercurrent principle described in B.P. 306,884 (B., 1929, 672) is figured. C. Hollins.
Heat interchanger. E. B. McCabe and G. E.
Chamberlain, Assrs. to C arbondale BIachise Co.
(U.S.P. 1,720,912, 16.7.29. Appl., 1.8.27).—A cylin
drical shell has a collar at one end presenting inwardly and outwardly extending flanges. A clamping ring engages the outer face of the inner flange, and a tube sheet, which fits the inside of the shell, engages the iuner face of the flange, the parts in these positions being
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts —B.
800 Cl. J.—G b n k b al ; P l a n t ; M achinery.
clamped together. A tube sheet is also detachably secured at the other end of the shell. I ’. G. Cl a r k e.
[Refractory] heat exchanger. R. L. Fr in k (U.S.P.
],721,442, 16.7.29. Appl., 2.8.27).—A concrete mix containing a refractory material, low-temperature cement, and glass-forming materials is cast, allowed to set, and heated to produce a glass-like bond for the refractory material. F . G. Cl a r k e.
Melting ladle for m aterials of low m .p. I.
Go n y k(B.P. 316,034,21.8.28).—The apparatus resembles a soldering iron, but has a combined ladle proper and melting chamber instead of the copper “¿bit.”
B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
Fireproof com position. T. Sh ig a, Assr. to T.
K a v a t a (U .S .P . 1,720,920, 16.7.29. Appl., 17.10.27.
Jap., 9.3.27).—An aqueous solution of ammonium phos
phate and sulphate is mixed with a clear solution of magnesium borate in boric acid.
II. Ro y a l- Da w s o n.
Drying apparatus. W. Tr e t o w (B.P. 297,774, 25.9.28. Ger., 27.9.27).—A twin row of drying com
partments is divided by a central series of compartments containing fans and air-heating devices. The drying air is caused to pass through the whole device in a zig
zag path, leaving at the point where the goods enter.
The goods arc preferably drawn through the side com
partments on conveyors. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Fillings for cooling towers. A. E. S im m o n d s , J. H.
S im m o n d s , J. H. T o d d , and R e u n e r t & L e n z , L t d .
(B.P. 316,393, 25.6.28).—A number of perforated plates are bent and laid with convexity or ridge upwards in staggered rows within the cooling tower.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Crushing m ills. E . C. Lo e s c h e (B.P. 3 1 5 ,7 8 1 , 1 4 .4 .2 8 ).—The apparatus described in B.P. 3 1 3 ,6 9 0
(B., 1929, 669) is provided with a casing, and provision is made for swinging the rollers out through holes in the casing, the holes being provided with lids.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Pulverising m ill. Ha r t s t o f f-Me t a l l A.-G. ( Ha m e- t a c) (B.P. 304,152,14.1.29. Ger., 14.1.28).—Beaters are rotated in a casing which is wide a t the top and con
verges to the bottom. The top is provided with two openings out of the path of the beaters, and also, if desired, with a third in the plane of the beaters, these openings being used for inlet and outlet of material and air. Deflectors, preferably comprising square plates with a diagonal in the plane of the beater, are also
provided. B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
p Grinding or m ixin g m ill. F. B. Re e d, Assr. to
Cl e a r f ie l d Ma c h in e¿Go': (U.S.P. 1,718,004, 18.6.29.
Appl,, 17.3.28).—A rotary pan with edge runners is also provided with rotating discs of which the axes are adjustable and which serve to scrape the material in the pan either into the path of the edge runner or out of the pan according to the position of their axes.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Mixing, em ulsifying, hom ogenising, com m inut
ing, etc. substances of all kinds. H. Hil d e b r a n d t
(B.P. 284,3o4, 28.1.28. Ger., 28.1.27).—A rotating member provided with blades, teeth, or the like runs at
an adjustable distance from a fixed member (or they may be pressed together by springs), and between the fixed member and the casing a space is left forming a return passage for the material back to the emulsifying
zone. B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
M ixing machine. Ho b a r t Ma n u f. Co., Assees. of II. L . Jo h n s t o n (B.P. 291,732, 1.6.28. U .S ., 6.6.27).—
A bowl for the material (such as dough) is raised into the operating position by means of a hand wheel, worm gear, and rack. The stirrer is driven by an electric motor through a four-speed gear provided with a friction clutch and brake. B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
Fractional separation, grading, and sizing of solid m aterials in the form of lum ps, granular particles, and powders, and the separation of the components of a m ixture of different solid m ate
rials. B. Mo o r e (B.P. 315,245, 10.4.28).—The stream of fluid (gas, vapours, or liquid) conveying the commin
uted materials in suspension is subjected to a number of alternate abrupt contractions and expansions, separate grades being removed from the duct at points between the constrictions. B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
Rem oving oil, grease, and like foreign matter from the interior surfaces of steam condensers.
S . B. Fr e e m a n, and Im p e r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r i e s, Lt d.
(B.P. 315,930, 4.5. and 28.7.28).—The condenser, or other apparatus not easily accessible, is filled with the vapour of a volatile solvent such as trichloroethylene, the vapour being produced either in an external apparatus or by means of a removable heating coil in the lower part of the condenser shell. The process of filling with vapour (and displacement of air) can usually be followed by feeling with' the hand the temperature of the casing..
The tubes will usually be cold enough to cause con
densation of liquid solvent (hence removal of grease by dissolution), but, if necessary, cooling water may be passed through the tubes for that purpose, and should be used in any case a t the finish to reduce the vapour pressure of the solvent so th at there is a negligible quantity left in at the end of the cleaning process. In some apparatus it may be necessary to provide a removable cooling coil. B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
Centrifugal separator. E . S. E c c l e s t o n (U.S.P.
1,718,547, 25.6.29. Appl., 1.6.26).—A slightly conical bowl is provided with a number of orifices arranged in horizontal rings ; the pulp is supplied to the inner surface at points above the orifices, clings to the interior, and works downwardly to the orifices ; the outlet of material through the orifices is controlled by angle rings attached to the outside of the bowl, the upstanding flanges obstructing the orifices, and the se p a r a te d material flows over the flanges into stationary collecting channels.
B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
Centrifugal machines.*? S ü l z e r F r è r e s S o c . A n o n .
(B.P. 316,503, 20.12.2S. Switz., 6.9.28).—When a number of impellors or other elements are mounted on a long shaft of different material and the apparatus is subjected to changes of temperature with consequent differential expansion, an elastic collar is inserted at some point between the impellors to allow fo r expan
sion. In the case of a high-pressure pump for circu-
Ol. I . — G e n e r a l ; P l a u t ; M a c h i h e r t .
B ritis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts —B .
801
luting hot water, this member may be hollow and kept distended by tlie pressure of the fluid.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Non-rotative centrifugal separator. E . C. R . Ma r k s. From Ge n t e i f i x Co r i\ ( B .P . 316,710, 19.5.28).
—A vortical type of separator, suspended in a steam boiler a t the outlet to ensure delivery of dry steam, is described. B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Centrifugal apparatus for extracting juice from juicy m aterials. M. Lin a r e s (B.P. 301,822, 19.10.28.
Fr., 6.12.27).—The material is caused to traverse down
wards through a conical, perforated basket by means of a worm driven at a speed different from that of the basket. The liquid is caught in a gutter just above the lower edge of the basket, and the basket terminates some distance above the bottom of the worm, so that space is left for the compacted material to be flung out against obstructions which break it up and from which it falls on to a plate rotating comparatively slowly, whence it is removed outside the apparatus. The bearings of the basket and worm are a sufficient distance apart to allow for the above arrangement.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Concentration of juices, vegetable extracts, and organic and inorganic solutions generally. G.
La Ca u z a (B.P. 316,167, 23.4.28).—Apparatus suitable for concentrating liquids (that might be damaged by heat) by refrigeration is described. A tank of the liquid may be provided with partition walls containing freezing coils upon which walls pure ice is formed, or the liquid contained in specially shaped moulds [e.g., star section) may be placed in the chilled brine bath of an ordinary ice-making plant. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Filter. G . H. Gr e e n h a l g h, Assr. to E . .T. Sw e e t l a n d
(U.S.P. 1,721,250, 10.7.29. A ppl, 27.11.23).—The filter is arranged in a casing comprising two similar, counter
part sections, the rims of which are secured together by outwardly projecting flanges. The latter are also engaged by a device for supporting the casing.
F. G. Cl a r k e.
Filter for fine filtering of fluids, especially fuel oils. T. V. He m m in g s e n (B.P. 307,003, 20.4.28.
Denm, 1.3.28).—The filter described is of the “ conical plug and body ” type, the surface of the plug being provided with parallel grooves extending alternately to the inlet and outlet ends, the inlet grooves being made larger than the outlet to allow for accumulation of residue, and the outlet grooves being shallow and so shaped th at they may be easily cleaned. Two or more filters may be placed inside each other, the largest plug being bored out to receive a smaller one.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Film evaporator. Co a l Oi l Ex t r a c t io n, Lt d.,
Assees. of W. Ru n g e (B.P. 296,430, 3.8.28. U.S., 2.9.27).—The apparatus is of the type in which a cage comprising substantially horizontal heating tubes rotates in a vessel partly filled with the liquid to be evaporated, so that heat is supplied both to the liquid and to the vapour space above it. Any one tube leading from the rotary inlet header to the rotary outlet header is provided with two return bends.so that the heating fluid makes three horizontal zig-zag passes. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Vacuum evaporator. G. A. Ze i t l e r (U.S.P.
1,721,760, 23.7.29. Appl., 8.4.29).—One end of a horizontal cylindrical shell is detachable and the other fixed. A heating unit, which can be inserted through the detachable end, engages steam inlet and exhaust, conduits passing through the fixed end of ¿the shell by means of detachable connexions.
F. G. Cl a r k e.
Production of high vacua. H . S. Co o p e r, Assr. to
Ke m e t La b s. Co., In c. (U.S.P. 1,721,544, 23.7.29.
Appl., 14.4.27).—The gases in a sealed envelope are converted into solid compounds by means of an alkaline- earth metal, which is liberated in the nascent state by a non-gas-forming exothermic reaction.
F. G. Cl a r k e.
Production of heavy granular concentrates [from dilute solutions]. A . B. Jo n e s, Assr. to In d u s t r i a l As s o c ia t e s, In c. (U.S.P. 1,721,452, 16.7.29.
Appl., 11.3.26).—The solutions are evaporated by spraying, and the light solids so obtained are liquefied and dispersed into an atmosphere sufficiently cool to cause solidification. F . G. Cl a r k e.
Reconstruction of liquid m ixtures. A. Je n s e n
(U.S.P. 1,721,121, 16.7.29. Appl, 11.3.26).—A fluid mixture of liquids and normally solid or semi-solid substances is introduced into one end of the narrow space between two concentric, relatively rotating, horizontal cylinders, and its temperature is progressively varied as it passes to the other end, emulsions being thereby
obtained. F . G. Cl a r k e.
Gas washer. J. C . Ha y e s, j u n., Assr. to Fk ey n En g in e e r in g C o. (U.S.P. 1,722,400, 30.7.29. Appl., 20.9.27).—The gas passes upwards first through a number of hurdles and then through a honeycomb of vertical, rectangular passages, each of which is provided with a water spray. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Washing of sm oke and fum es from furnaces and the like. V. R. Ch a d w ic k (B.P. 314,900, 18.4.2S).
—The gases are propelled and moistened by jets of water, wet steam, or other fluid blowing through groups of Venturi tubes, which pass through a transverse parti
tion in the flue carrying the gases. The moistening device may be by-passed and access obtained to it for cleaning by means of flap valves or dampers.
B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
Separating substances from gases b y cooling.
Ka l i- In d. A.-G. (B.P. 306,106, 27.4.28. F r , 17.2.28).—
The gas passes through a chamber within which are rotated at centrifugal speed two or more drums with smooth exterior surfaces which are cooled by an internal fluid. The particles or substances separating on the drums are flung off and collected in the lower part of the
casing. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Separation of m ixed gases by progressive solu
bility. W. L. De Ba o t r e, Assr. to S. G. Al l e n (U.S.P.
1,722,458, 30.7.29. A ppl, 3.0.24).—The mixed gases enter the lowest zone of a tower-like apparatus and come in contact with a solvent (of different nature from the gases) at a lower pressure. The undissolved gases are then compressed and delivered to an intermediate point of the highest zone of the tower, which is maintained
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts —B .
802 Cl. II.— Fu e l ; Ga s ; Ta r ; Mi n e r a l Oi l s.
under pressure and to the extreme top of whioll the solvent is delivered by a pump drawing from a well at the bottom of the tower. One constituent of the gases (nitrogen in the case of air) is drawn off at the top of the tower, the other (oxygen) being drawn off from a middle section in which the downward-flowing solvent is subjected to the reduced pressure, in the absence of any upward current of gas. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Apparatus for chem ically transforming gases.
II. 0. C. Is e n b e r g, Assr. to Gen. Chew. Co. (U.S.P.
1,719,610, 2.7.29. Appl, 10.10.25).—-Apparatus suit
able, e.g., for the oxidation of sulphur dioxide comprses a series of annular converters arranged one above the other, with a lieat-exchanger in the central space for each converter. The heat-exchangers may each com
prise a gas-inlet distributing chamber at the top and a similar gas-outlet chamber a t the bottom, the chambers being connected by vertical pipes, which are surrounded by the cooling or heating medium. Prom the outlet chamber the gas passes through radial pipes to the converter, and then enters the inlet chamber of the next heat exchanger below. F, G. C l a r k e .
Preventing contamination of centrifugally p uri
fied liquids. W. R . Ch a d b u r n, Assr. t o De La v a l Se p a r a t o r C o. (U.S.P. 1,723,329, 6.8.29. A ppl, 7.1.20. U.K., 27.1.25).—See B.P. 252,421; B , 1926,649.
Separation by liquefaction of com plex gaseous m ixtures. G. Cl a u d e, A s s r. t o I / Ai r Liq u io e S o c . An o n. i>o u r l’Ex p l o i t. d e s Proc. G. Cl a u d e (U.S.P.
1,724,004, 13.8.29. A p p l , 16.7.25. F r , 7.8.24).—
S ee B.P. 238,174 ; B , 1925, 872.
Refrigerating apparatus. J. C. Siia w (B.P.
317,598, 6.7.28).
Absorption refrigerating'machines. P. v o n Vago and V. Ma g y a r (B.P. 317,336, 14.3.28).
Refrigerating machines of the absorption type.
G. Ma i u r iand R. F. Bo s s in i ( B .P . 317,334, 10.2.28).
Power presses. J. H. Ro b e r t s, a n d Im p e r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r ie s, Lt d. (B.P. 317,686,17.11.28).
Welded joints. A. Ca r p m a e l. From I. G. Fa r b e x- i n d. A.-G. (B.P. 317,140, 15.5.28).
[Pressure-tight joint for bomb] calorim eters.
G. E. Sc h o l e s (B.P. 315,285,10.4.28).
Means for indicating the condition of [auto
motive] filters. A.C. Sp a r k Pl u g Co. (B.P. 291,097, 17.5.28. U.S., 27.5.27).
[Asbestos-bakelite] friction bodies, especially for brakes. Kir c h b a c h’s c h e We r k e Ktr c h b a c h& Co.
(B.P. 306,927, 9.5.28. Ger, 28.2.28).
Thickening of pulp (U.S.P. 1,717,604).—See V.
Refractory arch for furnaces (U.S.P. 1,719,416).—
See VIII. Removal of boiler scale (B.P. 315,287).—
See X X III.
II.— F U E L ; G A S; T A R ; MINERAL OILS.
Correlation between the adsorptive capacity of coals and peats and their other characteristics.
B. P. Pe n t e g o v ( P u b . F ar Eastern State Univ. Vladi- voslock, 1929, No. 12, 3—28).—The degree of fossilisa- tion of coal is characterised b y its colloidal state;
advance of fossilisation is associated with decrease in the unsaturated, non-oriented carbon atoms and in the colloidal phase. Hence younger coals contain more hygroscopic moisture. The author classifies coals according to their adsorptive capacity. Weathering decreases the adsorptive power. Similarly the absorp
tive power of coke is characteristic. The ratio of the value for coal to th at for the corresponding coke is usually less than 1 for bituminous coal, approx. 1 for anthracite, less than 1 for peat, and greater than 1 (sometimes greater than 2) for brown coals ; the ratio is reduced by weathering, and increases with the depth of the coal stratum. The gas content of coals is also a function of their adsorptive capacity. Spontaneous combustion is apt to follow adsorption of sulphates and their reduction to sulphides. The greater is the adsorp
tion value of a coal, the greater is the yield of ether- soluble hydrogenation products by Fischer’s method.
Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s.
Titrim etric determination of carbon-containing gases in exhaust gases of m otors. J. I Iir s c h
(Z. H yg, 1928, 109, 266—271 ; Chem. Z cntr, 1929, i, 1406).—The significance of the difference between the total carbon and the carbon present as dioxide, as determined by the author’s method, is discussed.
A. A. El d r i d g e.
Accurate determination of the gasoline content of natural gas and analytical separation of natural gas by isotherm al fractional distillation. M.
Sh e p h e r d (Bur. Stand. J. R es, 1929, 2, 1145—1199).—
“ Natural gasoline ” is defined as the maximum amount of condensate possessing a fixed vapour pressure (p) at a fixed temperature (T) which can be extracted from the gas, p and T being fixed arbitrarily. I t includes all the pentane arid hydrocarbons of higher b.p. together with sufficient «-butane to give a saturation pressure p at T°. The determination of gasoline in natural gas involves separation by fractional distillation into three fractious: (1) isobutane and hydrocarbons of lower b.p. together with gases other than hydrocarbons, (2) «-butane, (3) pentane and hydrocarbons of higher b .p , and their re-combination in such a way th a t the maximum amount of condensate present in the original gas having a vapour pressure p a t T° can be determined.
Details of apparatus and analyses are given.
C . J . Sm i t h e l l s.
Coumarone in coal tar. Or l o v and Be l o p o l s k i.—
See I I I . Minerals and flotation. Ta k a h a s h i.—
SeeX.
See also A , S ept, 998, Adsorption with active charcoal ( En g e l). 999, Sorption of wrater vapour by active charcoal (Al l m a n d and others). Charcoal as an adsorbent ( Du b i n i n). 1000, Adsorption of weak electrolytes by pure charcoal ( Ph e l p s anti
Pe t e r s). 1004, Sm oke particles ( Pa t t e r s o n and others). 1036, Theory of formation of fusain
(Li e s k e). 1037, Therm ochem ical investigation of petroleum (Ab e and Sh o b a y a s h i). 1108, Bacterial oxidation of crude oils (Ta u s s o n).
Pa t e n t s.
Carbonising or distilling m aterial. In t e r n a t. Co m b u s t io n, Lt d, and S . McEw e n (B.P. 316,901.
Cl. I I . — Fu e l ; Gas ; Ta b ; Min e k a l Oil s. B ritish C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
803
3.4.28).—The material is given a positive and, if neces
sary, a continuous movement through the retort, and the gases are withdrawn without being decomposed by heat. The bench of retorts (horizontal or vertical) is made up of heating walls alternating with pairs of eixlless-chain grates j>rovided with projections which engage the material when it is fed into the spaces between the walls and the moving grates. The wall- moving-grate system ; may constitute the whole or only .part of the carbonising chamber. The products of carbonisation arc withdrawn (each section separately, if required) through the grates into chambers situated between the two runs of each grate. The retort space may be tapered if necessary. J. A. Su g d e.v.
Coking of solid fuel. E. Ra f f l o e r (U.S.P. 1.723,807, 6.8.29. A ppl, 27.5.26).—The material is passed through an externally heated chamber where it is dried and desulphurised and then, while moving through the heating chamber in the opposite direction, is compressed it) long, narrow masses, the surfaces being intermittently exposed to allow the free discharge of gases.
J. A. Su g d e n.
P ro d u ctio n of carb o n and h y drogen chloride.
R. M. Wi n t e r, and Im p e r ia l Ci i e.m. In d u s t r i e s, L td.
(B.P. 317,165, 9. and 29.6.28).-—Mixed hydrocarbon vapour or gas and chlorine gas is burnt at a suitable orifice in an atmosphere of air. The flame consists of a highly luminous interior where the chlorine reacts with the hydrocarbons, and an outer mantle where partial oxidation takes place. The gases are led away and the suspended carbon is separated by filtration or electrostatic precipitation e tc .; the gases arc then washed in water to separate the hydrogen chloride.
High yields of hydrogen chloride and a very pure carbon black are obtained. J. A. Su g d e n.
A p p a ratu s fo r the h ydrogenation of coal, oil, or the like. K. Go r d o n, and Im p e r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r i e s, L id. (B.P. 315,513,12.5.28).—The reaction vessel is so designed th a t . the walls are protected, by an incoming stream of comparatively cool oil or coal-oil mixture, from the action of hydrogen at high tempera
tures. Thus, by means of a suitable baffle, the incoming stream, at say 200°* may be made to flow down in contact with the wall of the high-pressure vessel and thence up into the reaction space, which is maintained at the necessary high temperature by introducing the hydrogen at about 500°. A. B. Ma n n i n g.
A p p a ra tu s for au to m atically indicating and reco rd in g the percentage of carbon dioxide gas contained in the com bustion gases of furnace flues and the like. A. and L . Lu m b (B.P. 315,510, 7.5.28).—
The multiple-way cock described in the original apparatus of Ward (B.P. 23,846 of 1909 ; B , 1910,1241) is replaced by two valves of the mushroom type, One to control the supply of gas to the measuring chamber, and the other to control the discharge from the bell-float to the
atmosphere. A. B. Ma n n i n g.
D istillation of ta r . Ba r r e t t Co, Assees. of S. P.
Mi l l e r (B.P. 284,703, 28.1.28. U.S., 5.2.27).—In a modification of the processes described in B.P. 282,367 and 282,826 (B„ 1929, 507, 633), the gases from the whole battery are collected (without cooling) in one
main where they meet a spray of the ta r to bo distilled.
Deposition of pitch in the main is prevented by con
tinuous flushing with a large amount of hot tar or pitch which is partly withdrawn and partly recirculated. The enriched gases pass o n . to suitable condensers. The operation may take place in a series of separate small collector mains, and the tar to be distilled may be passed successively from one to the other, thus separat
ing different fractions of the oil. One battery is capable of distilling tar from a large number of batteries.
The process may be adapted for dehydrating tars, J. A. Su g d e n.
P roduction of pitch. Ba r r e t t Co, Assees. of G. E. McCl o s k e y arid W . B. Win g e r t (B.P. 289,378, 12.4.28. U.S., 25.4.27).—Coke-oven gases discharged during the “ rich ” and “ lean gas ” periods are collected and treated separately whereby two types of pitch (which must ordinarily be obtained from gas-retort. and water-gas tars) are obtained, one high and one low in free carbon content. The gases are drawn, off through separate mains where they are cooled (by liquor sprays) to a suitable temperature. The pitch separates as a fog and is precipitated electrically. The gases pass on, are cooled and scrubbed, and yield clean oils (free from tarry matter) which may be used without further
treatment. J. A. Su g d e n.
T re a tm e n t of oils, ta rs , o r pitch es derived fro m coal to m odify th e ir viscosities a t p re d eterm in ed te m p e ra tu re s. So u t h Me t r o p o l it a n Ga s Co, H.
Pic k a r d, and H. St a n i e r (B.P. 316,897, 3.3.28).—To modify the “ consistency ” of coal tar for road-making or waterproofing purposes without subjecting it to distillation or adding bitumen or asphaltic bituminous substances, the dispersion of not more than 15% of bituminous coal or peat in the tar at 300° is claimed to give a cheaper but equally good product.
J. A . Su g d e n.
A p p a ra tu s fo r ex tractin g liquid h y d ro c arb o n s fro m oil shale. A. Sc h il l in g, R . Sa c h s e, D. Li a m i n,
and T. Ca l l a e r t ( U .S .P . 1,721,836, 23.7.29. A ppl, 23.11.26).—Shale is introduced at the top of a refractory- lined, vertical, tubular generator which is provided at the top and bottom with fluid-sealed removable closures.
Oxygen is introduced above the charge, which rests upon a grate, and just above the latter the gaseous products are withdrawn a t the periphery. Liquid products are collected in the lower closure, which can be raised, lowered, and swung laterally.
F. G. Cl a r k e.
C racking of h y d ro carb o n oils. E. W. Iso m, Asst, to Si n c l a ir Re f i n i n g Co. (U.S.P. 1,722,147, 23.7.29. A ppl, 21.5.27).—Preheated oil is raised to cracking temperature in a heating conduit, and is then discharged into oil in a reservoir maintained at a similar temperature. The resulting gases are subjected to two successive refluxing operations, cooling being effected by means of fresh oil. The heated oil from the first- reflux is passed to the reservoir, and th at from the second, together with the condensates from both refluxes, is introduced into the heating conduit. F. G. Cl a r k e.
T re a tm e n t of [hydrocarbon] oils. R . T. Po l l o c k,
Assr. t-o Un iv e r s a l Oi l Pr o d u c t s Co. (U.S.P. 1,721,973,
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts —B .
80-1 Cl. I I . — Fu e l ; Ga s ; Ta r ; Mi n e r a l Oi l s.
23.7.29. Appl, 23.3.21. Renewed 29.5.28).—Having passed through a chamber heated by combustion of carbon deposited in a previous cracking operation, a stream of oil enters a second similar chamber in which it is cracked. The oil stream is subsequently introduced into the second chamber, which is heated by combustion of the previously deposited carbon, and is cracked in the first chamber. F. G. Cl a r k e.
Manufacture of hydrocarbons. J. Y. Jo h n s o n.
From 1. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 316,422, 13.7.28).—
Conversion of mixtures of defines and acetylene into hydrocarbons of increased mol. wt. is carried out at high temperatures, under elevated, atmospheric, or diminished pressure, and without the deposition of carbon, provided that the heated gases and vapours come into contact only with; elements of group IV, e.g., tin, silicon, lead, carbon (as graphite), or with zinc or aluminium or alloys containing substantial amounts of these metals, and, if desired, in the presence of catalysts consisting of anhydrous chlorides of the heavy metals or aluminium chloride. H. S. Ga r l ic k.
Electric arc treatment of liquid hydrocarbons and apparatus therefor. Y. Me r c i e r (B.P. 316,336 and 316,352, 20.4.28).—(a) In the. electrical treatment of liquid hydrocarbons to produce gaseous products the arc is struck while two electrodes are in contact, and these are separated from one another to the maximum extent consistent with the stability of the arc. Alter
natively, a high-frequency spark may be made to jump between the electrodes, making a path through the liquid for the normal arc. (b) Oil to be treated enters a container through the central part of one or more stationary, insulated, hollow electrodes, having conical ends to allow spreading of the arc th at jumps between them and opposite, insulated, movable electrodes similarly cone-shaped. Oil is pumped between the electrodes, and gases formed are instantaneously cooled by the surrounding oil (thereby favouring the formation of acetylene) and removed from the system by a vacuum pump. [Stat. ref. to (a).] H. S. Ga r l ic k.
Manufacture of unsaturated hydrocarbons. J. Y.
Johnson. From I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 315,249, 10.4.28).—Higher olefines and diolefines, mainly of a gaseous character, e.g., propylene and butadiene, are formed by subjecting ethylene to the action of a spark or arc discharge, the gas being passed at a rate of flow higher than th a t required for the production of acetylene.
A . B . Ma n n i n g.
Decomposition of liquid hydrocarbons. J.
Be t h e n o d ( B .P . 316,905, 4.4.28).—Petroleum or coal- tar oil etc. is decomposed into hydrogen and acetylene (and small quantities of methane, ethylene, and carbon monoxide) by circulating it round an electrically heated conductor at temperatures above 800°. The gaseous mixture as it is evolved is quickly cooled to prevent the decomposition of the acetylene. J. A . Su g d e n.
Refining hydrocarbon distillates. Gr a y Pr o c e s s e s Co r v, Assees. of H. Pe a s e (B.P. 293,440, 28.2.28.
U.S., 7.7.27).—Reactivation and prolongation of the life of solid adsorptive material used for treating fluid hydrocarbon distillates is accomplished by maintaining
sujieratmospheric pressure on the entering hydrocarbons and periodically reducing the pressure applied to the effluent hydrocarbons. A description of a Cross cracking plant incorporating this process is given.
H . S. Ga r l ic k.
Desulphurisation of hydrocarbons. J. Y. Jo h n s o n. From I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. ( B .P . 315,439, 14.1.28).—Crude hydrocarbons, e.g., benzene, naphthal
ene, are freed from sulphur by treating them with hydrogen at elevated temperatures (200—300°) and, if desired, Tinder elevated pressures, in the presence of a metallic sulphide, e.g., molybdenum or nickel sulphide, which is stable under the conditions of working. The metallic sulphide may be mixed with a metallic activ
ator, e.g., chromium or cobalt oxide, and is preferably deposited on a carrier, e.g., activated charcoal. The organic sulphur compounds are converted into hydrogen sulphide. If this is then removed, the mixture of benzene, or other hydrocarbon, with the excess hydro
gen, may be passed directly over a hydrogenating catalyst for the production of egcloh.cxa.nc etc.
A. B . Ma n n in g.
Dewaxing of oils. L. W. Na y l o r, Assr. to Co n t i n e n t a l Oi l Co. (U.S.P. 1,722,307, 30.7.29. Appl, 7.6.27).—A long-cut residuum is treated with sufficient diluent to render the w7ax incompletely soluble at a low temperature, then cooled to such temperature, and the wax precipitated from the solvent mixture in the presence of particles of litharge. H . S. Ga r l ic k.
Production of montan w ax com positions. J. Y.
Jo h n s o n. From I. G. Fa r b e n i n d. A.-G. (B.P. 315,283, 4.4.28. Addn. to B.P. 296,145 ; B , 1928, 779).—The product described in the main patent, and consisting of salts and esters of bleached montan wax, is improved by the addition of an ester, e.g., the glycol ester, of bleached montan wax, in amount sufficient to reduce the content of salts to less than 25%, preferably to 15—20%, of the mixture. The product may replace carnauba wax, beeswax, etc. in the manufacture of shoe creams, polishes, etc. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Refining crude paraffin etc. J . Y. Jo h n s o n.
From I. G. Fa r b e n i n d. A.-G. (B.P. 315,117, 3.8.28).—
The wax is treated with dilute nitric acid or, in the presence of water, with gaseous mixtures containing small amounts of oxides of nitrogen having an oxidising action, and the product washed with an alkaline agent or with a small quantity of Sulphuric acid.
II. S. Ga r l ic k.
U tilisation of petroleum hydrocarbons. A. I’-
Bj e r r e g a a r d, Assr. to Do h e r t y Re s. Co. (U.S.P.
1,723,008, 6.8.29. Appl, 3.5.24).—The hydrocarbons are vaporised and the vapours cracked a t atmospheric pressure ; after removal of benzine by condensation any olefines present are estcrified.
H. Ro y a l- Da w s o n.
Removing terpene products from g a s o l i n e-ter- pene m ixtures. E. E. R e i d , Assr. to H e r c u l e s P o w d e r do. (U.S.P. 1,722,765, 30.7.29. A ppl, 9.8.27).
—The terpene products are separated by treating the mixture with liquid sulphur dioxide and removing the lighter hydrocarbon layer. H . S. G a r l i c k .
Cl. II I.— Or g a n i c In t e r m e d i a t e s.
B ritis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts —B .
b.05
Manufacture of em ulsifying and stabilising agents and dispersions obtained therewith. Df,
Ba t a a f s c h e Pe t r o l e u m Ma a t s c h a p p i j, and H. Lim b u r g (B .P . 291,393, 7.5.28. H oll, i.C.27).—Mineral oil fractions, especially tliose rich in aromatic and hydro- aromatic compounds, are five times treated with 10%
of 20% oleum, the acid sludge being separated each time.
The sludge from the last two treatments is neutralised and the soluble salts are isolated. The calcium salts are soluble in water and in calcium chloride solutions.
C. Ho l l i n s.
Flotation oil. R. Luckkxrach (U.S.P. 1,722,528, 30.7.29. Appl., 23.3.25).—The oil consists of 50—70%
of a heavy petroleum residue and 50—30% of a diluent, the latter being a frothing agent containing 30—50%
of pine pitch and kerosene. H . Ro y a l- Da w s o n.
Manufacture of binder for binding an aggregate [fuel briquettes]. S. W . Ca r p e n t e r, a n d G . N . Wh i t e,
Assrs. t o Pu l p Bin d e r s De v e l o p m e n t Co, Lt d. (U.S.P.
1,724,393, 13.8.29. A ppl, 9.7.25. U.K., 18.7.24).—
See B.P. 244,517 ; B , 1926, 146.
Oil-gas process. J. E. Ha c k f o r d, Assr. t o Ha k o l,
Ltd. (U.S.P. 1,723,418, 6.8.29. Appl.. 22.10.23. U.K., 19.12.22).—See B.P. 217,613 ; B , 1924, 703.
Treating m aterials [tars etc.] in liquid state electrochem ically. C. Lo n g h i (U.S.P. 1,720,910, 16.7.29. A ppl, 12.12.24. I ta l, 17.12.23).—See B.P.
248,830 ; B , 1926, 525.
Separating congealable solids from oils. J. F. P.
Sc h o n f e l d, Assr. t o N . V . De Ba t a a f s c h e Pe t r o l e u m Ma a t s c h a p p i j ( U .S .P . 1,724,732, 13.8.29. A ppl, 12.3.25.
H o l l , 24.3.24).—See D u t c h P . 14,653 ; B , 1928, 836.
Production of lubricants containing water.
M. J. He i t m a n n (U.S.P. 1,724,653, 13.8.29. Appl, 24.3.26. Ger, 11.4,25).—See B.P. 250,562; B , 1927, 695.
Gas, vaporised-oil, or coal-dust burners for furnaces. F. Lil g e (B.P. 317,582, 25.6.28).
Turbulent burners. A. W. Be n n i s (B.P. 316,957, 2.4.28).
Coke extractors for vertical retorts for distilla
tion of coal and the like. E . We s t, a n d We s t’s Ga s Im p r o v e m e n t Co, Lt d. (B.P. 317,257, 11.10.28).
Coke extracting m echanism for vertical retorts for carbonisation of coal and the like. F. J. and E. We s t, and We s t’s Ga s Im p r o v e m e n t Co, Lt d.
(B.P. 317,284, 29.12.26).
Filtering fuel oils (B.P. 307,003).—See I. Treat
m ent of unsaturated carbon com pounds (B.P.
289,414—5). Organic acids from paraffins (B.P.
315,813).—See III. Paper from peat (U.S.P. 1,721,974),
—See V. Treating oxides w ith hydrocarbons (B.P.
315,459). Gas purification (B.P. 288,977).—See VII.
Bitum inous em ulsions (B.P. 315,495). Wood pre
servative (U.S.P. 1,722,323). Fungicide (U.S.P.
1,720,905).—See IX. Blue pigm ents (B.P. 317,274).
Plastic substances (B.P. 302,270).—See X III. Ad
hesive rubber (U.S.P. 1,719,948).—See XIV.
ffl.— ORGANIC INTERMEDIATES.
Extraction of acetic acid from its dilute solutions.
S. P. Nasakin (J. Chem. Ind. Moscow, 1928, 5, 1149—
1157, 1369—1376).—As solvent a fraction from crude wood alcohol and coal tar, d20 0-905—0-920, b.p.
50—70°, consisting (80—85%) of esters of lower fatty acids and alcohols of low b .p , the remainder being ketones, is employed with good results.
Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s.
Cresyl [tolyl] esters of phenylacetic acid. L . C.
Ra if o r d and J. G. Hil d e b r a n d, j u n. (Amer. J. P harm , 1929, 101, 481—484).—By warming phenylacetyl chloride with o-, m-, or p-cresol the following phenyl- acetates are prepared : o-tolyl, m,p. 44—45° ; m-tolyl, rn.p. 51—52° ; y-tolyl, m.p. 74—75° (lit. 86°).
R. K. Ca l l o w.
Manufacture of ethylene chlorohydrin. E. A.
Sh il o v (J. Chem. Ind. Moscow, 1928, 5, 1278—1276).—
Directions for the manufacture of ethylene chlorohydrin by passing ethylene into hypochlorous acid solution are given. The gas obtained by passing ethyl alcohol vapour through a tube containing pumice moistened with phosphoric acid at 250° contains 95% of ethylene.
Hypochlorous acid can be obtained in theoretical yield by adding alkali to a cold solution into which chlorine is being passed; the chlorine is maintained in excess, the solution being finally treated with air or calcium carbonate. The velocity of absorption of ethylene in hypochlorous acid solution increases with the rate of stirring, and the formation of the chlorohydrin is catalysed by hydrogen ions. The chlorohydrin, which is obtained by operation in dilute solutions in a yield of 80%, calculated on the hypochlorous acid present, is only slightly oxidised by the hypochlorous acid.
Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s.
Manufacture of ethylene chlorohydrin. M. B.
Za p a d in s k i (J. Chem. Ind. Moscow, 1928, 5, 1426—
1429).—Directions for the manufacture of ethylene chlorohydrin by passing ethylene and chlorine into water are given. The addition of s-dichloroethane or alcohol decreases the yield; operation in presence of petroleum is of doubtful advantage. The ethylene chlorohydrin is separated by distillation, followed by extraction with s-dichloroethane and distillation through a dephlegmator.
Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s.
Separation of carbazole from crude anthracene.
B. V. Ma k s o r o v (J. Chem. Ind. Moscow, 1929, 6, 41—
45. Cf. G.P. 386,597 and 393,693; B„ 1924, 590).—The formaldehyde method is satisfactory if the anthracene is first washed with xylene to remove phenanthrene and other impurities. Repetitions of the treatment fail to remove the nitrogen completely. Two or three treat
ments with a mixture of ethyl alcohol (150 pts.), form
alin (15 pts.), and sodium carbonate (3 pts. per 50 pts. of crude anthracene) are necessary; an excess of sodium carbonate with prolonged heating is undesirable.
Anthracene previously treated with potassium hydroxide cannot be freed from nitrogen compounds by formalde
hyde. Treatment with potassium hydroxide should be carried out without access of air, and a t a low tempera
ture for a short time. Anthracene may be treated in a Soxhlet apparatus with a formaldehyde mixture
b
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts—B.
60S Cl. I H .—Or g a n i c In t e r m e d i a t e s.
containing 30—40% aqueous alcohol, using lime as the alkali. Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s.
Synthesis of thiocarbanilide. M. N. Ue d in o v,
N. S. Dr o zd o v, and N. A. St e p a n o v (J. Chem. Ind.
Moscow, 1929, 6, 37—39).—Thiocarbanilide was pre
pared in 86—88% yield by the method of B.P. 244,070 (B , 1926, 721). The relative proportions of carbon disulphide and aniline employed greatly influence the yield. When the carbon disulphide is in 10—20%
excess the yield increases to 94% ; an excess of 20—40%
does not further affect the yield, whilst a greater excess decreases it as a result of the reaction : NH2Ph + C S2 ==
NPh : CS + H 2S. An excess of aniline reduces the yield of thiocarbanilide owing to the tendency to form triphenylguanidine. The highest temperature of reac
tion (77°) is reached when the yield is best, the excess of carbon disulphide being 10—20%.
Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s.
Formation of coumarone in coal tar. N. A.
Or l o v and M. A. Be l o p o l s k i (Ber, 1929, 62, 1752—
1754).—By passing hexahydrodiphenylene oxide through a tinned-iron tube at 700° small amounts of a polymeric methylcoumarone are produced. The bearing of the observation on the presence of coumarones in coal tar is discussed. H. Wr e n.
Sec also A , S ept, 1021, Electrolytic preparation of iodoform (Vy s k o c il). 1057, Catalytic hydrogena
tion under pressure in presence of nickel salts :
a - and [3-hydroxy- and amino-anthracenes (von
Br a u n and Ba y e r). 1070, 2 : 4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde as reagent (Be n n e t t and Pr a t t). 1080, Pyrazolines
(v o n Au w e r s and Ca u e r). 1082, Diphenylmethyl- pyrazoles (v on Au w e r sand Sc h a u m). 1104, T oxicity of hydrocarbon vapours (La z a r e v). 1108, Acetic acid fermentation ( Ro s e n b l a t tand Mo r d k o v it s c h).
Pa t e n t s.
Manufacture of glacial acetic acid. A. H. Ma u d e, Assr. to Ru b b e r Se r v ic e La b s. Co. (U.S.P. 1,722,532, 30.7.29. Appl, 18.9.26).—The dilute acid (10% of water) is heated with 20 vol.-% of benzol and then subjected to single-stage distillation. F. G. Cl a r k e.
Manufacture of acetone from acetylation liquors.
Dr. A .Wa c k e rGe s. f. El e k t r o c h e m. In d. G .m.b.H . (B.P.
3 0 0 ,5 4 8 , 2 .1 1 .2 8 . G e r , 1 4 .1 1 .2 7 ).— A c e t y l a t i o n l iq u o r f r o m t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f c e llu lo s e a c e t a t e is e v a p o r a te d a n d t h e v a p o u r s a r e le d o v e r a k e to n is in g c a t a l y s t (c e ria o n p u m ic e ) a t 4 8 0 — 500°. C. Ho l l i n s.
Hydrogenation of aldehydes. G. F. Ho r s l e y, and
Im p e r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r ie s, Lt d. (B.P. 316,399,29.6.28).
—Crotonaldehyde vapour is passed with hydrogen (and preferably with steam) at 120° over a mixed copper and/
or silver catalyst containing an oxide or hydroxide of iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium, chromium, or manganese, not completely rcduced under the conditions of reaction ; copper and/
or silver, mixed with iron and/or nickel and oxide of iron and/or nickel, may also be used. Butyl alcohol is obtained in good yield. C. Ho l l in s.
Catalytic hydrogenation of non-nitrogenous organic compounds. Se l d e n Co, Assees of A 0
Ja e g e r(B.P. 306,803,14.4.28. U.S., 25.2.28).—Vapour-
phase hydrogenation of such compounds is conducted with the aid of a siliceous or non-siliceous base-exchange material carrying or containing the efiective catalyst.
E.g., mixed solutions of aluminium chloride and nickel nitrate are added to a stirrable paste of sodium silicate solution and kieselguhr, and the precipitated jelly is washed, dried, and reduced with water-gas or hydrogen
a t 250—350.° C. Ho l l i n s.
Catalytic reduction and hydrogenation of organic nitrogen compounds. Se l d e n Co, Assees. of A. 0.
Ja e g e r(B.P. 304,640,19.3.28. U.S. 23.1.28).—Siliceous or non-siliceous base-exchange bodies containing copper, tin, silver, nickel, iron, cobalt, or zinc are used as catalysts for hydrogenation of nitro-conipounds, oximes, nitriles, amines, etc. C. Ho l l i n s.
Catalytic oxidation of organic com pounds. Se l d e n Co, Assees. of A. O. Ja e g e r (B.P. 295,270 and 300,968, [a] 6.2.28, [b] 21.11.28. U .S ., [a] 8.8.27, [b]
21.11.27).—(a) A non-siliceous base-exchange body con
taining the catalytic material physically associated or chemically combined in exchangeable or non-exchange
able form is used as catalyst in a variety of organic vapour- phase oxidations. Thirty-two examples of such prepara
tions, usually containing vanadium, are described, (b) The heat-exchange, double countercurrent principle described in B.P. 306,884 (B , 1929, 672) is applied to vapour-phase oxidations of organic compounds. C. Ho l l in s.
Manufacture of crotyl [3-butenyI] bromide.
I. G. Fa r b e n i n d. A.-G. (B.P. 289,777, 27.4.28. Ger, 30.4.27).—Butadiene is passed into a solution of hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid. C. Ho l l i n s.
Manufacture of butadiene. J . Y. Jo h n s o n. From I. G. Fa r b e n i n d. A.-G. (B.P. 315,595, 11.8.28).—
ay-Butylene glycol vapour is led over a red phosphorus catalyst at 250—300°. With sodium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium aluminium sulphate mixed with 5% of red phosphorus yields of 98—99% are
obtained. C. Ho l l i n s.
Transform ation of d efin es into alkylene chloro- hydrins by m eans of chlorine water. T. Go l d s c h m id t A .-G . (B.P. 293,754, 3.7.28. G er, 11.7.27).—
Water is circulated from a vessel, A , through a pump, B, and returns by a pipe-line, C, to A . Chlorine is intro
duced between A and B, and define gas, forced into C shortly beyond A, forms a froth with the chlorine water and is rapidly converted into chlorohydrin.
Cold water is added at A and solution of chlorohydrin overflows at the same rate into a receiver.
C. Ho l l i n s.
Treatment of substances containing unsatu
rated carbon compounds for the purpose of m odifying the physical properties thereof. L. Au e r
(B.P. 289,414—5, 26.4.28. H ung, 26.4.27).—(a) Oils, resins, and other unsaturated compounds, which have been “ modified ” by treatm ent above 200° with metals, metal oxides or hydroxides, or organic bases, are sulphurised or vulcanised with sulphur, sulphur chloride, e tc , with or without addition of fillers, accelerators, etc.
(b) In the process of B.P. 287,943 (B , 1928, 398), especially as applied to unsaturated fatty oils, the modifying agent is used in solution in an organic
