BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
B.— APPLIED CHEMISTRY
OCT. 12, 1928.
I.— GENERAL; PLA N T; MACHINERY.
Safe h eatin g of a u toclaves. A. S a n d e r (Chem.
Fabr., 1928, 515—51G).—The direct heating of au to claves under high pressure involves the risk of local over
heating, and the use of m etal or oil baths is not entirely
‘ safe. Superheated steam requires a jacket capable of resisting high pressures, whilst the use of superheated w ater in a coil involves structural difficulties in appara
tus of cast steel. The use of superheated oil is more satisfactory if the velocity of the oil through the super
heater is great enough to prevent the formation of incrustations. The author combines the use of oil and w ater for the heating of large autoclaves under high pressure to 200°. The w ater is heated by coke in a separate room to 250—300°, and its h e a t is then trans
ferred to mineral oil of high flash point, the pressure, of which need not exceed 10 atm . The heated oil feeds the jackets of the autoclaves. The avoidance of overheating of the oil allows its conductivity and viscosity to remain unaffected for a long period. C. I r w in .
S p ray d ry in g . E. D. S t e w a r t (Chem. Met. Eng., 1928, 35, 470—472).—The D o u th itt Gray-Jcnsen spray dryer includes a conical drying chamber with central liquid spray and tangential air inlets through slots and a preliminary chamber with coarser spray. This filters the exit air and effects a prelim inary concentration of the liquid. A part from milk, this method has been successfully applied to blood products, eggs, gelatin, soap, and sodium sulphate. Vegetable flour presents difficulties owing to the viscosity of the solution, and sugar cannot be obtained as a solid unless a colloid is present. The advantage offered by the low and well- controlled tem perature is principally useful for food
products. ' C. I r w in .
O xygen concentration for ex p lo sio n prevention fin d u sts]. P. W. E d w a r d s and R. W. H a r r is o n (Chem. Met. Eng., 1928, 35, 479—481).—The preven
tion of the explosion of certain dusts in air to which carbon dioxide was added was studied by the aid of a bronze bomb fitted with a cup from which dust could be blown into the enclosed air-gas mixture. Propor
tions of du st giving maximum pressure development on explosion were used. The lower lim it for develop
m ent of pressure on explosion was found to be : oat hulls 13-7% of oxygen, cork dust 14-1% , and pyrethrum
flowers 15-5% . ‘ C. I r w in .
Im proved O rsat apparatus for the a n a ly sis of flu e g a s e s . K. M u n z e r (Chem. F abr., 1928, 518—520).
—The usual glass cocks are replaced by needle valves, and the scale of readings on the b u rette is increased by constrictions a t the points where accurate readings are chiefly necessary. India-rubber is eliminated, and
the glass bulbs are very robust. The case is of metal, so as to give an apparatus durable under works’ conditions.
C. Ir w in. A p p licab ility o f the an alytical quartz la m p to m ix tu r e s of solid su b sta n ces. F. H e in and W.
R e tte p . (J. pr. Chem., 1928, [ii], 119 , 368—370).—
Adm ixture of a fluorescent substance with a supposedly inert m aterial frequently masks or even destroys the fluorescence. Thus 1 pt. of zinc oxide is not detectable by the analytical quartz lamp when mixed with 2—3 pts.
of iron oxide, 5—8 pts. of cinnobar, or 20—25 pts. of chromic oxide. The fluorescence of uranyl sulphate is completely masked by 4— 5 pts. of iron oxide, or 8—10 pts. of cinnabar. Anisil shows no fluorescence in presence of 60—70 pts. of iron oxide, 200—250 pts. of cinnabar, or 350— 400 pts. of chromic oxide. The effect of other diluents is also recorded. I t is necessary, therefore, to separate the fluorescent substance from all masking diluents before exam ination in the quartz
lamp. C. H o l l i n s !
P la stic ity rela tio n sh ip s in the tech n o lo g y of p lastic m a teria ls and p rod u cts. 0 . M a n fr e d and J . O b r is t (Z. angew. Chem., 1928, 41, 971—977 ; of.
A., 1927, 514; B., 1927, 563, 838).—The authors’
previous work is reviewed and general d ata regarding the modulus of elasticity, breaking strain, etc.
of cellulose products, casein products, artificial resins, rubber compositions, clays, and metallic bodies are discussed from the point of view of the directional or
“ stream effects.” There exists a definite relationship between the degree of plasticity of the raw m aterial and th e physical properties of the moulded article.
The principle of the “ aggregation form ” is the dom inant principle in the technology of plastics. A. G. P o l l a r d .
Effect on heat flo w through an in su la tin g w a ll of m od ification s of sh ap e of its iso th erm a l b ou n daries. F. II. S c h o f i e l d (Phil. Mag., 1928, [vii], 6, 567—592).—M athematical.
L ubrication. B a r n a r d .—See II. P u m p for m o lten sa lts. O e t t in g e r .—See VII. P la stic ity . R u f f and R ie b e t h .—See VIII. D eterm in ation of colour n u m b ers. S to c k .—See X II.
Paten ts.
A pparatus for m ea su rin g and recording v a ria tion s in tem p eratu re. W. C. H e r a e u s G.m.b.H.
(G.P. 448,217, 5.3.25).—A vessel closed by a mercury seal or a membrane to which is attached means for recording changes in volume of the contents, contains a gas stable a t high tem peratures, e.g., nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or carbon monoxide, and absorbent m aterial, e.g., active charcoal or silica geJ. L. A. C o le s , 733
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
73-.t Cl. I I .—FffBL ; Gas ; Tab ; Mineral Oils.
A to m isin g so lid m a ter ia l. T. G o ld s c h m id t A.-G., and V. K o h l s c h u t t e r (G.P. 439,509, 18.5.21. Addn. to G.P. 438,221 ; B., 1927, 463).—Superheated steam is added to the m aterial before electrical precipitation in the process described previously. L. A. Co les.
A pparatus for m ix in g liq u id s. I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G., Assees. of H, Prillwitz (G.P. 448,255, 30.8.24).—
Liquids are charged into a mixing vessel through inlet .pipes directing the stream of liquid on to a rotating
paddle agitator. L, A. Coles.
P u rification of liq u id s. G. C. L e w is , Assr. to D a r c o S a l e s C orp. (U.S.P. 1,678,676, 31.7.28. Appl., 13.5.26).—The liquids are passed through a filter made by filling a ceramic container with char and burning i t ; the charcoal is thus activated and the walls of the container are made porous. F. G. Clarke.
D ia ly sis of [putrescible] liq u id s. 0 . M, U r b a in , Assr. to T r a v e r s P r o c e s s Corp. (U.S.P. 1,680,349, 14.8.28. Appl., 15.7.27).—A dialysing tra y floated in w ater in a zone free from oxygen is used.
F . G. C r o sse .
A pparatus for electrical p recip itation of s u s pended p a rticles from g a seo u s flu id s. L o d g e - C o t t r e l l , L td . From M e t a l lb a n k & M e t a l l u r g i s t Ges. A.-G. (B.P. 295,890, 22.12.27. Addn. to B.P. 216,789; B., 1924, 622).—The membrane previously described (B.P. 230,841; B., 1925, 656) is attached to a hollow member insulated from the walls of the apparatus by an insulator which projects outwardly from the precipitating space. J . S. G. Thomas.
F ilter for treatin g air and other g a se s. M.
Berlowitz (G.P. 448,891, 7.3.25).— N atural or artificial asbestos in the form of spun fibres of such length (about 1 cm.) th a t they can be compressed to offer th e maximum resistance to the air stream is packed into filter chests.
L. A. Co les. H eat interch an ger. C. V. Boys (U.S.P. 1,680,850, 14.8.28. Appl., 24.10.24. U.K ., 3.1.22).—See B.P.
195,180; B., 1923, 528 a.
H ea t-trea tm en t of su b sta n ces b y m e a n s of m o lten m e ta l. J . S. M o rg a n , Assr. to T h e r m a l I n d u s t r i a l & C h e m ic a l (T .I.C .) R e s . Co., L td , (U.S.P.
1,681,808, 21.8.28. Appl., 20.11.22. U.K., 4.1.22).—
See B.P. 192,572 ; B„ 1923, 297 a .
D ry in g ap p aratu s. J . B. V e r n a y (U.S.P. 1,681,690, 21.8.28. Appl., 31.10.27. F r., 18.12.26).—See B.P.
282,432; B., 1928, 430.
Effecting the sep aration of subdivided m a te r ia ls.
[V ertical sep arators.] R . F. G r a n t , E. B. W o r t h in g t o n , and W . L. J a c o b u s, Assrs. to S u sq u e h a n n a C o l
l i e r i e s Co. (U.S.P. 1,669,820,15.5.28. Appl., 7.9.26).—
S ee B.P. 286,951 ; B., 1928, 352.
A g g lo m era tio n of pulverulent m a te r ia ls. H. S.
S c h u l t z e , Assr. to I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G. (U.S.P.
1,656,572, 17.1.28. Appl., 5.5.27. Ger„ 10.4.26).—
See B.P. 269,209 ; B., 1927, 831.
A pparatus for w a sh in g and so rtin g coal and the lik e. F . B a s c o u r , A ssr. to Soc. A n o n . C r ib la (U.S.P.
1,681,164, 21.8.28. A p p l., 20.7.26. Belg., 28.7.25).—
See B.P. 256,211 ; B., 1927, 132.
C oncentration of in cru stin g or corrosive so lu tio n s. P . B r in g h e n t i (U.S.P. 1,682,265, 28.8.28.
Appl., 15.1.26. Italy, 26.10.25).— See B .P . 254,944;
B „ 1926, 776.
P roduction of [liquefied] d ry g a se s. G, W i e t z e l and F . S t o e w e n e r , Assrs. to I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G, (U.S.P. 1,682,588, 28.8.28. Appl., 29.6.25. Ger„
30.6.24).—See B.P. 257,372 ; B„ 1926, 904.
T re a tm e n t of ga seo u s m e d iu m s w ith liq u id s.
E . M. Sa l er n i (U.S.P. 1,644,089, 4.10.27. Appl,, 22.11.26. U.K., 21.9.26).—See B.P. 282,493; B„
1928,176,
C om p ression refrigeratin g p ro cess and appa
ra tu s. C h ica g o P n e u m a tic T o o l Co., Assees. of R. W . D a v e n p o r t (B .P . 281,622, 27.10.27. U.S., 30.11.26).
R eversin g ab sorp tion refrigeratin g apparatus.
J . 0 . Boving (B.P. 295,836, 31.8.27).
C om p osition of m a tter [lam in ated paper device]
for m a g n etic screen in g etc. W . D u n b a r (B.P.
295,613, 14.5.27).
C ircular k iln (U.S.P. 1,674,992).—See V III. D is tillation of so lv e n ts from so lu tio n s (B.P. 285,380).—
See X II.
II.— F U E L ; G A S ; T A R ; MINERAL OILS.
S tren gth [a g a in st im p act] and h ard n ess of various ty p e s of coal. D. J. W. K r e u l e n (Brennstoff- Chem., 1928, 9, 264—267).—Methods of carrying-out
“ shatter ” and “ ram bler ” tests on coals are described, and the results from such tests on a series of coals of different rank are tabulated and plotted. In general, the hardness, as measured by either m ethod, decreases in passing from “ flaming-gas ” coals through “ gas ” coals to “ fa t ” coals, increasing again through “ lean ” coals to anthracites. Certain coals, e.g., anthracites, may appear more resistant against friction th an against im pact, depending on the relative hardness and fria
bility. The bearing of the results on the liability of coals to spontaneous ignition is discussed.
A. B. Ma n n in g. Coal con d u ctivity cell. E. S in k in so n (Ind. Eng.
Chem., 1928, 20, 862—865).—F or the m easurement of th e electrical resistance of coal it is necessary th a t it should be powdered and enclosed in a suitable cell.
This m ay consist of a pair of wide glass tubes closed by three brass plungers (one common to both) which serve as electrodes and also for compressing the samples.
One tube contains th e sample, the other 1 g. of beech- wood charcoal, the resistance of which, as measured on a bridge, is kept constant. A pressure of 7000 g. and a fineness of 48-mesh were used. The resistance of the brass-coal surface was compensated for. Very wide variations were found in th e resistance of various anthracites, from 5 X 106 ohms down to 75 ohms, and these variations had little connexion w ith th e analysis of the ash. The resistance of fusain was low. The boiling of coal with concentrated hydrochloric acid was found to reduce its resistance considerably.
C. I r w in , C arbonyl n u m b ers of so m e liu m ic a cid s. H.
Leopold (Brennstoff-Chem., 1928, 9 , 215—217).—
B r it it h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
Cl. I I .—F b j x ; G a s ; T a b ; M i n k b a l O i l s , 73«
Three preparations of humic acid, Merck’s reagent, Starke’s reagent, and a preparation from quinol by Eller’s method have been analysed by the phenyl- hydrazine m ethod of Fuchs and Leopold (B., 1927, 315, 377), the mean carbonyl oxygen contents being 1-27, 2-31, and 2-16% , respectively, corresponding to mol. wt. of 1260, 700, and 740. These results were confirmed by Strache’s method (B., 1893, 185), whilst Hoepner’s method (A., 1919, ii, 434) gave carbonyl oxygen contents of 0-22, 0-40, and 0-35% , respectively.
A. E . Mitchell. A pplication of the flo a t-a n d -sin k m ethod for iso la tin g the org a n ic con stitu en ts of carbonaceous sh a le s. K. L u t s (Brennstoff-Chem., 1928,9,217— 218).
—The dried shale, ground to 4900 meshes/cm.2, is mixed w ith sodium hydroxide or calcium chloride solution (d 1-06—1 • 15) and the separation effected in a centrifugal machine. The results are roughly in accord
ance w ith the chemical analyses. A. E. M i t c h e l l . V olatile m a tter and rea ctiv ity of cok e. Y.
Oshima (J. Soc. Chem. Ind. Japan, 1928, 3 1 , 506— 507).
—D eterm inations have been made of the moisture and volatile m atter of coke under different con d itio n s:
(a) air-dried sample, (b) sample (a) exposed to the atmosphere for 24 hrs. after the determ ination of m oisture and volatile m atter, (c) sample (a) exposed to the atmosphere for 24 hrs. after preparation, and (d) sample (a) immersed in w ater for 24 hrs. and then air-dried. I t is concluded th a t coke absorbs moisture which is not completely driven off a t 105—110°, b u t is removed a t a higher tem perature w ith the so-called volatile m atter. Consequently, volatile m atter of coke differs from th a t of coal in th a t it is m ostly moisture which is absorbed or occluded, due to the surface structure. I t follows, therefore, th a t the reactivity of coke is influenced by surface conditions, porosity, and th e state of the carbon—conditions which govern the absorption—rather than by the content of so-called volatile m atter. K . Kash i.ma.
C ountercurrent u se of d ecolorisin g carbons.
M. T. S a n d e r s (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1928, 20, 791—794.)—
A m athem atical treatm ent, based on Freundlich’s adsorption equation, of the two- and three-step counter- current processes of using decolorising carbons. Graphic
al methods are illustrated and a nomogram is given for determ ining the relative am ounts of decolorising carbon required in alternative m ethods of application.
H . S. Garlick. C arbonisation in vertical reto r ts. J . L. I I y s lo p (Gas J ., 1928, 183, 447—449).—On accou n t o f th e w ide range o f con d ition s w hich can be ob tain ed in v ertica l retort settin g s, careful control of operation is necessary.
S team in g of retorts, fuel con su m p tion , w aste-h eat boilers, sizin g o f coal, and co st of gas p roduction are d iscussed, and figures are g iv en rela tiv e to th e effect on th e q u a lity o f producer g a s of differences in m eth od s of ash rem oval from th e grate, and to th e influence of the ca p a city o f th e fou l m ain on th e pressure con d ition s m aintained in th e retort. R. H . G r i f f i t h . •
Influence of w ater content of coal and coke on retort perform ance and retort gu aran tees. E.
D u b o is (Gas- u. Wasserfach, 1928, 71, 793—798).—
Increased moisture content of the coal charged to a gas re to rt results in a very considerable decrease in the throughput and in the gas yield. Calculation shows th a t the effect on the la tter is double th a t on the former, the actual values being dependent on the heat of coking of the coal. E.g., an increase in moisture content from 2% to 12%, for a coal with a heat of coking of 350 g.-cal./g., lowers the throughput by 10-55%. The consequent increased fuel consumption with lrigh- moisture coals is greater for settings w ith self-contained generators th a n for those heated by gas from an external source. The w ater content of the coke used for firing the former type of setting has an injurious effect not only on the fuel consumption, b u t also on the combus
tion tem peratures. The relation between fuel consump
tion and moisture content of the coke is discussed.
A. B. Ma n n in g, E xp losion lim its of technical g a s m ix tu r e s.
K. B u n t e and A. S t e d in g (Gas- u, 'VVasserfach, 1928, 71, 821—822).—The explosive limits of a gas-air m ixture are determined by the points a t which the ignition velocity becomes zero. The apparatus of E itner has been used to measure these lim its for m ixtures of coal gas w ith carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water-gas ; the addition of carbon dioxide or nitrogen raises the minimum concentration of gas necessary to cause explosion and narrows the range over which this can occur. Adm ixture w ith water-gas affects the lower limit to a small extent only, b u t increases the explosive range very considerably. R . II. G r i f f i t h .
E xp erim en tal o il-sh a le plant of the Bureau of M ines. M. J . G a v in (Ind. Eng. Chem., 20, 1928, 784—791).—A description of the mine and retorting plant a t Rulison, Colorado. The shales range in richness from a few gals, to over 65 gals, of oil per ton. A continuous vertical section of shale yields 30-47 gals, of oil per ton. The oil-producing equipm ent comprises two retorts—a standard commercial size Pum pherston and a 25-ton capacity N-T-U retort. W ith a throughput of 7-5—8 tons per day the former was yielding an oil recovery of 93-2—100-1% on a shale assaying 29 gals, per ton. The gas yield varied inversely with the through
p u t rate and am ount of steam supplied, the retort being practically self-supporting as regards fuel. The N-T-U reto rt gave oil recoveries ranging from 36 to 94% of the assay values of the shales. Some difficulty was experi
enced owing to the formation of oil fog. The oils pro
duced in the two retorts are essentially similar except th a t those from the N-T-U reto rt are uniformly heavier and contain less of the more volatile fractions.
H . S. Garlick. T h eo ry of the form ation of p etroleu m . G.
S ta d n ik o v and E. I v a n o v s k i (Brennstoff-Chem., 1928, 9, 261—264 ; cf. B., 1928, 700).—The fa tty acids from linseed oil have been decomposed by heating a t 400°
in the presence of an iron catalyst, yielding thereby about 76% of a product with an acid value of 0-5 and an iodine value of 153. The steam distillate from this product consisted alm ost entirely of a m ixture of hydro
carbons, mainly unsaturated b u t containing also some paraffin and arom atic hydrocarbons and traces of naphthenes. The unsaturated hydrocarbons were
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
736 Cl. n . —Fuel ; Gas ; Tab ; Minebal Oils.
aliphatic in nature, yielding simple fa tty acids on oxida
tion w ith alkaline perm anganate. The residue from the steam -distillation was fractionated under reduced pressure ; in addition to hydrocarbons these fractions contained some oxygen compounds and had acid values in the region of 2. I t is concluded from the close resemblance between these products and those obtained by th e low-temperature distillation of Tsclieremchovski boghead coal th a t the la tter consists of polymerised fa tty
acids. A. B. Ma n n in g.
C om position of p etroleu m (kerosene and other) fraction s. J. A. C a r p e n t e r (J. Inst. Petroleum Tech., 1928, 14, 446—476).—Aniline points of paraffins and of naphthenes rise with mol. wt., b u t those of naphthenes are lower th an those of corresponding paraffins. Aniline points of arom atic hydrocarbons are from —20° to 0°.
The values for unsaturated hydrocarbons are inter
mediate between those for aromatic hydrocarbons and naphthenes, and vary greatly ’.vith constitution. W hilst the presence of naphthenes and more particularly of arom atic hydrocarbons m ay be followed fairly accurately by means of aniline point depression, unsaturated hydro
carbons produce too irregular an effect. Aromatic hydrocarbons are isolated by Arm strong’s method.
Solvent extraction a t low tem peratures produces a concentration of arom atic hydrocarbons, b u t pure hydrocarbons cannot be isolated by this method alone.
Paraffins from C20H 4a to C33IIc8 and C57 H ue are prepared from waxes, which are distilled under reduced pressure or w ith steam , the resulting fractions being then re
crystallised from solvents or by fractional cooling.
Paraffins from C1SH| 8 to C19H 4n are isolated by fractional distillation after removal of arom atic hydrocarbons.
The narrow fractions are then subm itted to drastic sulphonation or nitration, or to solvent extraction, or a combination of these methods, and are finally purified by fractional freezing. Lower paraffins are prepared by similar methods excluding freezing. The selective solvent action of aniline for different classes of hydrocarbons is accentuated by the presence of water.
The following have been identified in a fraction of Burm ah crude oil to 155°: «-butane, isobutane, w-pent- ane, isopentane ¡3- or y-m ethylpentane, n-hexane, methylc-yc/opentane, dimethylpentanes, cyclohexane, im pure [3-methyl-p-ethylbutane, either or both of the dimethyicT/cZopentanes, methylq/cZohexane, «-heptane and (probably) S P'ff-tetram ethylbutane, dimethyl- hexanes, 1 : 3-dimethylcycZohexane, a fraction of b.p.
135—140°, giving trinitrom esitylene and trinitro-<|i- cumene on vigorous nitration, a paraffin, d 0-725, contained in the fraction of b.p. 152-5— 155°, and hexa- hydrocumene. Burm ah wax, m.p. 58°, when cracked a t 418° and 140 lb./sq. in. yielded 90% of pressure dis
tillate. The portion of b.p. up to 175° contained 19%
of olefines, 14-5% of arom atic hydrocarbons, a small proportion of naphthenes, and the remainder paraffins.
The kerosene obtained by distillation w ith steam had 3% of olefines and 12% of aromatic hydrocarbons.
B.p., m.p., and aniline point values are given for 24 paraffins up to C'60U122 isolated from petroleum. W ith the exception of the lowest members of the spirit range, the values correspond with those for side-chain hydro
carbons, Aniline points are given for various naphthenes
isolated from petroleum and aniline points, d, and w“ are given for fractions, b.p. 125— 300°, from various crude oils. Tentative rules are suggested for determining the classes of hydrocarbons in kerosene. W. S. No r r is.
C om parison of S o v iet and A m erican k ero sen es.
S. N a m e tk in (Neft. Choz., 1927, 13, 328—331).—Soviet kerosene has a wider boiling range th a n American ; 70—75% is volatile a t 100—110°, and the final b.p. is higher. Soviet kerosene has more heavy gasoline and light solar oil fractions, a high (5—10%) content of unsaturated compounds,and a negligible sulphur content.
Chemical Ab str a c t s. T u b e -still d istilla tio n . C. II. S. E dm onds (J. Inst.
Petroleum Tech., 1928, 14, 388— 393).—The “ single
flash ” or “ once-through ” method of tube-still distilla
tion has advantages when a topping or stripping opera
tion is to be performed, whilst the “ step-up ” system is particularly suited for deep cutting into the crude oil, since the later stage of evaporation m ay be performed under reduced pressure. The single-flash system, which takes full advantage of the partial-pressure effect of the light components, may, however, be adapted to give both light and heavy distillates in one operation.
The value of tube-still distillation units depends on the efficiency with which heat is transferred to the oil and later removed from the oil. The danger of local over
heating, with consequent decomposition of the oil, is minimised by the use of a tube furnace in which advan
tage is taken of radiation. This perm its of greater furnace efficiency. The fractionating tower m ust be flexible and easily controlled, and should give specified products w ithout redistillation. There is a distinct trend tow ards the use of bubble-tray towers. Definite h eat control is generally effected by pumping back reflux into the tower ; for this purpose the lightest cut yielded by the crude oil is usually employed. Additional reflux a t interm ediate points in the tower is provided by the inclusion of “ reboiling ” or “ stripping” sections.
Economy is effected by the use of h eat exchangers, as much as 40% of the total heat liberated being recovered.
W. S. No r r is. Sulphu r toleration in g a so lin e. G. E g l o f f and C. D. L o w r y , j u n . (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1928, 20, 839—
843).—Refining methods for the production of gasoline w ith a m aximum sulphur content of 0 • 1% involve poly
merisation and destruction of unsaturated compounds desirable for their high anti-knock value. Corrosion is exclusively a cold-weather problem, b u t even in winter it does not occur in engines in constant use, b u t only in those where, through condensation, w ater collects in the crank-case. Analysis of statistics shows th a t more th a n two thirds of the total consumption of gasoline are used in warm weather when there is no danger of corrosion. I t would therefore be advantageous to distribute gasoline w ithout regard for sulphur content in the summer months, and to reduce the sulphur in addition to increasing the volatility when cold weather conditions prevail. H. S. G a r lic k .
D eterm in ation of o x id isa b ility of tran sform er o ils. N. B u tk o v (Neft. Choz., 1927, 13, 332—333).—
The oil is contained in a glass tube immersed in W ood’s metal a t 150° in an autoclave, and oxygen is led in a t
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c t»■—S .
Cl. I I . — Fu b l ; Gas ; Ta b ; M u m u x Oil s. 737
4—5 litres/hr. The oil is then treated with sulphuric acid, and the acidity, form ation of sludge, and saponi
fication arc determined. Chem ical Ab stra ct s. L ubrication [and lu b ric a tin g o ils]. D. P.
B a r n a r d , IV (Ind. Eng. Cliem., 20, 1923, 843—846 ; cf. Parsons and Taylor, B ., 1926, 620).— Comparison of viscosities in a Saybolt viscosimeter under varying heads a t low tem peratures showed th a t the deviation in the case of asphalt-base oils from the curve for a fluid obeying the ordinary laws of viscous flow was n o t great. W ith other oils the flow increased more rapidly th an iu proportion to the pressure. The departure from the ordinary laws of viscous flow is typical for different classes of oils, and due to the presence of a colloidal structure which becomes more pronounced as the tem perature is lowered. From comparison of the viscosity as predicted by extrapolation on a Herschel chart, and th a t actually determ ined for several conditions of shearing stress, the best agreement was obtained under a pressure drop of 200 lb./in.2 B y plotting the cranking torque against the apparent oil viscosity it was shown th a t cranking effort is deter
mined by oil viscosity corresponding to fairly high shearing stresses. Any deviation could not be correlated w ith any pour-test effect, which appeared to be un
connected with ease of starting. The cranking effect characteristic of a m otor oil can be estim ated with fair reliability by means of a Herschel diagram, b u t m ay be modified by excessive pour tests. The establishm ent of circulation depends entirely on the pour test, and is unaffected by viscosity characteristics. F or use in autom otive work an oil should possess a low tem perature coefficient of viscosity and low pour test. A t lower tem peratures all oils exhibit plastic characteristics and do not follow the laws of viscous flow. Where deviation is great the oil is a t a disadvantage owing to poor circulation characteristics. Low tem perature coefficient of viscosity is of more fundam ental im portance a t both low and high tem peratures, and the effect of the pour test can be minimised by suitable enlargement of pum p
inlets. H. S. G a r u c k .
D irect current con d u ctivity of in su la tin g o ils.
D. E . Black (Phil. Mag., 1928, [vii], 6, 369—384).—
The dim inution in current with tim e when a P.D. is applied across a liquid dielectric is attrib u ted to the building up of a “ contact resistance ” a t one or both of the electrodes which tends to disappear a t a rate proportional to its m agnitude. Experim ents with films of oils in the paraffin series are cited in support of this theory. The final steady resistance is a linear function of the current strength except in freshly prepared films. Moisture seems to reduce the value of the contact resistance w ithout m aterially changing the true resistance of the oil. S. K. Tw ee dy.
E x p lo sio n of d u sts. E d w a r d s and H a r r i s o n . A n a ly sis of flue g a s e s . M ü n z e r .—See I.
Pa t e n t s.
P lan ts for w a sh in g coal or other m in era ls.
A. France (B.P. 285,864 and 286,281, 21.9.27. Belg., [a] 24.2.27, [b] 4.3.27).—(a) A coal or mineral washing plant, depending on the separation of particles of different density as they are carried along in an alluvium-
forming stream inside a horizontal or slightly inclined launder in which slots are provided for the reception of the denser m aterial, has th e launder so shaped as to aid in the separation. Thus the cross-section gradually narrows on approaching a slot from upstream , remains constant in width from ju st above to ju st below the slot, and thereafter widens again, (b) The launder is provided with movable false sides so th a t the shape of the cross- section in th e neighbourhood of the slots can be adjusted to give the best separation with the particular material under treatm ent. A. B. Ma n n in g.
R egenerative coke o v e n s. N. V. S i l i c a e n Oven- botjw M ij., Assees. of C. O t t o & Co., Ge s.m.b.H. (B.P.
286,234, 28.2.28. Ger., 28.2.27. Addn. to B.P. 240,167 ; B., 1925, 981).—A n oven of the kind described in the main p a te n t has gas-distributing ducts beneath the soles of the oven chambers for supplying strong gas to the heating flues, so arranged th a t the ducts beneath each chamber are simultaneously either in communica
tion w ith or disconnected from the strong-gas main.
If desired, the ducts m ay be combined into a single duct beneath each chamber. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Coking retort o ven s, [a, b] J. B e c k e r , and [c] J. v a n A c k e r e n , Assrs. to K o p p e r s Co. (U.S.P. 1,678,801—3, 31.7.28. Appl., [a] 28.1.21, [b] 14.3.21, [c] 16.5.21).—
(a) The heating walls between the coking chambers of a coke oven are constituted of two parallel series of ver
tical combustion flues, the individual flues of one series being connected w ith the corresponding flues of the other series of the same heating wall. Individually regulatable and reversible regenerators are connected in pairs w ith each series of combustion (lues, (b) The heating walls are similarly constituted, b u t tapered horizontal flues in each heating wall connect both series of combustion flues, whilst the horizontal flues of each heating wall are connected with th e corresponding horizontal flues of an adjacent heating wall. Individu
ally regulatable and reversible, cross-wise, extending regenerators are divided into groups of th r e e ; two of each group are connected, one with the flues of one series and the other with the flues of the other series of an adjacent heating w a ll; the th ird of each group is con
nected with both flue series of the adjacent wall, (c) The heating walls of the coking chambers are constituted of vertical combustion flues disposed into two groups, the flues of one group alternating with the flues of the other, and one group operating for inflow while the other operates for outflow. Two series of regenerators are provided, one connected w ith the groups of flues and the other connected w ith individual flues, and are arranged so th a t both series m ay be used for conveying air to the flues, or one for conveying air and one for gas.
A. B. Man n in g. F u e l-d istillin g ap p aratu s. F. E. H ob son and J . F.
S h e l t o n (U.S.P. 1,672,860, 5.6.28. Appl., 6.1.25).—
The apparatus comprises a long, vertical, cylindrical retort with a centrally-disposed gas-collecting flue between which and the walls of the reto rt is arranged a vertical, cylindrical, hanging curtain provided with louvres throughout its length. The curtain is placed close to the walls of the retort, and m ay be moved verti
cally so as to cause the charge in the reto rt to fall towards
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
738 Cl. II.—PtJBL; Gas ; Tab ; Mineral Oils.
the bottom and to prevent it from adhering to the walls during carbonisation. A. R. Pow ell.
A pparatus for d istillin g lig n ite, p eat, coal, etc.
E. Marcotte and H . Breuille (F.P. 625,276, 6.3.26).
—The retorts can be constantly charged and discharged by removing the base, which is provided w ith duplicate housing and steam apparatus. L. A. Coles.
M anufacture of carbon from carbon m o n o x id e.
Cassel Cy a n id e Co., Lt d., and T. Ew a n (B.P. 294,759, 5.7.27 and 13.4.28).—Carbon monoxide, preferably containing a small am ount of iron carbonyl, is passed over a massive catalyst, e.g., pure sheet iron, a t 300—
600°, the exact tem perature chosen depending on the physical properties of the carbon required. The carbon produced is removed mechanically by scraping, and m ay be transferred to a cooler zone (60—70°), being moved counter-current to the carbon monoxide so th a t the la tte r is brought into contact with the carbon already formed before entering the reaction zone. In order to reduce the am ount of iron in the product the detached carbon m ay be agitated for some tim e in the high- tem perature zone. A. B. Ma n n in g.
P roduction of carbon black fro m m ix tu r e s of acetylen e and oth er hyd rocarb on s. L. R . C h u r c h ill , Assr. to G o o d y e a r T ir e & R u b b e r Co. (U.S.P. 1,673,496, 12.6.28. Appl., 11.7.23).— Carbon black of quality re
quired for use in rubber is obtained by introducing a m ixture of m ethane and air into a cooled explosion chamber, adding an alm ost equal volume of acetylene, the whole being a t about 75 lb./in.2, and detonating the acetylene with an electric spark before it has diffused through the chamber. C. Hollin s.
D estru ctive hyd rogen ation of carbonaceous m a ter ia ls. I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G. (B.P. 275,662, 8.8.27. Ger., 7.8.26).—The reaction vessel and other parts of the apparatus which come into contact with the hot organic reacting materials in hydrogenation processes carried out under high pressures are made of, or coated with, materials, e.g., alloys containing one or more of the metals nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, etc., or of the metalloids boron, arsenic, antim ony, silicon, etc., which do n o t give rise to the formation of m ethane or to the deposition of carbon.
Copper or its alloys may be used if the reacting materials are free from sulphur. Metals or alloys prepared by fusion in vacuo and free from im purities a t the boundaries of the crystal grains are particularly suitable for the purpose. (Cf. B.P. 268,796 ; B., 1928, 663.)
A. B. Ma n n in g. H eating carbonaceous m a te ria ls. I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G. (B.P. 279,825, 13.10.27. Ger., 28.10.26).—Liquid hydrocarbons or carbonaceous pastes which are to be subjected to destructive hydrogenation or other process involving high tem peratures are preheated in vessels or tubes the walls of which act as electrical resistances and are traversed by a heating current. Iron pipes m ay be used for the purpose up to about 400°, b u t if higher tem peratures are used the pipes shoidd be constructed of aluminium or chromium-nickel steel in order to prevent carbon deposition or m ethane
formation. A. B. Ma n n in g.
G as producers and plant in connexion th erew ith . R . M. A . E . Ce z a n n e, and S o c. d’Ai t l. d u Gaz a u x
Moteurs “ S.A .G .A .M .” (B.P. 294,773, 3.8.27).—A d ow n-draught gas producer, designed for u se on m otor v eh icles, is described. A. .B. Ma n n in g.
P roduction of reducing g a se s. A./S. N o r s k S t a a l ( E le k t r is k - G a s - R e d u k t io n ), and E . E d w in (B.P.
294,838, 20.12.27).—G ases con tain in g carbon d ioxid e and w ater vapour, h ea ted b y m eans of a h igh -ten sion electric arc, are passed through a layer o f solid carbonaceous m aterial rendered in ca n d escen t b y th e sensible h e a t of th e gases, and are th ereb y con verted in to carbon m on oxid e and hydrogen. T he tem p eratu re o f th e gases entering th e layer is so h igh (a t le a s t 1400°) th a t th eir sensible h ea t n o t o n ly Covers th e h e a t con
su m p tion of th e endotherm ic reactions, b u t also effects com p lete fu sion of th e slag. A. B. M a n n in g .
T rea tm en t of hydrocarbons w ith electric a r cs.
J . Y. J o h n so n . From I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G. (B.P.
294,494, 24.1.27).—Hydrocarbon gases or vapours are passed through an arc formed between a central electrode, insulated except a t the end, and a surrounding, tubular, counter-electrode. A movable insulating m antle between the electrodes perm its adjustm ent of the length of the arc to a value most suitable for the reaction. In this way increased yields of acetylene from m ethane and of hydrocyanic acid from gas m ixtures containing m ethane and nitrogen are obtained. A. B. M a n n in g .
M anufacture of m in era l o ils fro m p eat, lig n ite, coal, and other b itu m in o u s m a te r ia ls. C. \V. M.
Bervoets (B.P. 270,349, 2.5.27. D utch E a st Indies, 1.5.26).—The starting materials are moistened w ith salt water, heated to 50°, and fermented by th e micro
organisms normally present, under favourable conditions of time, tem perature, air supply, and moisture content.
A . B. Ma n n in g. P roduction of liquid and g a se o u s hydrocarbons of lo w b .p . from m in era l and other o ils , ta rs, etc.
J . Y. J o h n so n . From I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G. (B.P.
294,557, 21.4.27).—The vaporised oils arc cracked by being passed, preferably a t a high velocity, over a heating device arranged in a single plane, and of small linear dimensions in the direction of flow of the vapours.
The device, which m ay consist of a length of pipe arranged in the form of a grate and heated internally, or of rods of m etal, graphite, etc. heated electrically, is m aintained a t 500—700°. I t is advantageous to treat the device, either interm ittently or continuously, with a blast of air, hydrogen, or gases yielding hydrogen.
A . B. Ma n n in g. C onversion of hydrocarbons of h igh b .p . into com p ou n d s of lo w er b .p . I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G.
(B.P. 270,314,28.4.27. Ger., 1.5.26).—Cracking of heavy hydrocarbon materials (e.g., producer ta r or crude Panuco petroleum) is carried out in the absence of metals (cf. B.P. 268,796; B., 1928, 663), b u t in the presence of such non-metallic catalysts as do not give rise to the deposition of carbon. Suitable catalysts are oxygen compounds of the heavy metals of th e th ird to sixth groups of the periodic system or of iron, nickel, or cobalt (e.g., molybdic acid or an artificial zeolite for the in ter
changeable alkali m etal of which cobalt or uranium has
B ritis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts — B .
Cl. II I.— Oe o a n i o In t e r m e d i a t e s. 739
been substituted). The process m ay be conducted under ordinary, reduced, or increased p ressu re ; inert or reducing gases or steam m ay be passed through the apparatus during the process. W. S. No r r is.
D istillin g oil sh ale and p roviding a ra w m aterial for m anufacture of h yd rau lic ce m e n t. 0 . T e t e n s , Assr. to R e c o r d C bm ent-Ind. G.m.b.H. (U.S.P. 1,678,751, 31.7.28. Appl., 19.9.24, Ger., 14.7.24).—Columns of a m ixture of shale and calcareous m aterial are subjected to downward combustion, the columns being replenished from above and air entering a t the bottom . The combustion zone is cooled externally by water, which is thus converted into steam. Oil is distilled from the top of the columns and a cement mix is discharged a t the
bottom . F. G. Cla r k e.
D istilla tio n of hyd rocarb on s. C. A r n o ld . From S t a n d a r d D e v e lo p m e n t Co. (B.P. 295,142, 8.9.27).—:
In apparatus of the type in which oil undergoes heat- treatm en t in a num ber of series-connected stills or receptacles, transference of the oil is effected by con
necting adjacent vessels by means of a pipe in which is inserted a fluid injector, both down-flow and up-flow sections of the pipe being of substantial length. The use of steam in the injector effects distillation and tran s
ference of the oil simultaneously. W. S. N o r r is . P roduction of d em u lsify in g a g en ts for refining p etroleu m o il. E. D. G r a y , Assr. to S t a n d a r d O i l Co.
o f C a lif o r n ia (U.S.P. 1,673,045, 12.6.28. Appl., 4.10.23).—A viscous petroleum oil, preferably after a prelim inary treatm en t with sulphuric acid to remove tar-form ing constituents, is treated w ith oleum and the acid sludge produced is added to a light or medium lubricating oil, which extracts from the sludge a sub
stance having demulsifying properties. The ex tract (if desired, after a sulphuric acid treatm en t and removal of acid sludge) is made nearly neutral, decanted from heavy sulphonated compounds, and then completely neutralised ; the aqueous liquor now contains the demul- sifier, suitable for the “ brightening ” of heavy m otor oils and steam-cylinder oils. C. Ho llin s.
M anufacture of m o to r fu e ls. I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G. (B.P. 281,247, 3.11.27. Ger., 26.11.26).— “ Anti- knocking | m otor fuels can be produced by the hydro
genation of bitum inous coals if the bitum en in the original coal, or the prim ary conversion products of th e bitum en in the partially hydrogenated m aterial, is removed by extraction with benzene. A. B. Ma n n in g.
L ow -tem p eratu re fuel d istilla tio n . E. G. W e e k s, Assr. to M e r z & M cL en n a n (U.S.P. 1,681,450, 21.8.28.
Appl., 15.1.24. U.K ., 3.10.23).—See B.P. 223,387 ; B., 1924, 1004.
G as producer. G. H. B e n t l e y and E . G. A p p le b y (U.S.P. 1,679,645,7.8.28. A ppl., 20.5.25. U.K ., 22.5.24).
—See B .P . 227,346 ; B ., 1925, 197.
A pparatus for m an u factu re of m ix e d g a s . M. W.
T r a v e r s and F. W. C la r k , Assrs. to R e g e n e r a t iv e C o a l G a s if i c a t i o n S y s te m , L t d . (U.S.P. 1.681,313, 21.8.28. A p p l, 12.2.26. U.K ., 29.6.23).—See B.P.
210,356 ; B., 1924, 244.
P rep arin g artificial p etroleu m from rubber scrap or vu lcan ised rubber w a ste . H . N is h id a and
K. Shim ada (U.S.P. 1,680,908, 14,8.28. Appl., 28.1.27.
Japan, 24.12.25).—See B.P. 282,565 ; B., 1928, 253.
Fractional extraction o f petroleu m hydrocarbons w ith alcoh ol. T. A. W e r k e n th in , Assr. to S o l a r R e f in in g Co. (U.S.P. 1,680,352, 14.8.28. Appl., 19.11.24).—See B.P. 254,784; B„ 1926, 863.
[M otor] fuel. II. S. R e id , Assr. to C a n a d ia n E l e c t r o P r o d u c t s Co., L td . (U.S.P. 1,680,392, 14.8.28.
Appl., 30.3.25).—See B .P. 249,348 ; B., 1926, 430.
F eeding d evices for coal p u lv e risin g m ills . E.
Vogtand L. Kirchhof(B.P. 295,899, 24.1.28).
M eans for te stin g g a se s of co m b u stio n , p articu la r ly adapted for boiler su p erv isin g p lan t. S iem en s
& H a l s k e A.-G. (B.P. 271,841, 22.4.27. Ger., 26.5.26.
Addn. to B.P. 258,226).
V alves for u se w ith g a s p u rifiers. H . H . H o l l i s (B.P. 295,269, 8.4.27).
Lead tetra eth y l (B.P. 279,106). H yd rogen (B.P.
271,483).—See V II. P avin g co m p o sitio n s (B.P.
293,830).—See IX .
III.— ORGANIC INTERMEDIATES.
P reparation of x y le n o ls from technical x y lid in e s and eth ylp h en ols from benzene. H. B r ü c k n e r (Z.
angew. Chem., 1928, 41, 955— 956).-—m-4-Xylidine and jj-xylidine are separated successively as acetates from technical xylidines (Birukoff, B., 1887, 541), the m i- 2 - ,
0-3-, and o-4-isomerides by means of sulphuric acid (Busch, A., 1899, i, 496), each base being purified as formyl derivative. W aste xylidines, from which most of the wi-4- and all the p-xylidine had been removed, gave 25% of «1-4-, 21% of ?n-2-, 27% of 0-3-, and 19% of o-4-xylidine. wi-5-Xylenol is best prepared from
»t-4-xylidine by acetylation, nitration, hydrolysis, and diazotisation (Haller, Adams, and W herry, A., 1920, i, 670), followed by treatm en t of the diazo-compound w ith sodium zincate, reduction of the 5-nitro-m-xylene so formed, diazotisation, and boiling w ith water.
Ethylphenols are conveniently obtained by ethylating benzene w ith ethylene in presence of aluminium chloride a t 75° (Milligan and Reid, B., 1922, 245 a), followed by nitration, reduction, diazotisation, and boiling with
water. C. Ho l l in s.
C resol soap . K o g a n .—See X II. 2 -P h en y l- q u in o lin e-4 -c a rb o x y lic acid. C h e m n it iu s .— See X X .
Pa t e n t s.
S y n th esis of a lco h o ls. Comp, d e B e t h u n e (B.P.
274,492, 15.7.27. F r., 17.7.26).—As catalysts in the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, especially in the production of m ethyl alcohol, form ates of metals (which give oxides n o t reduced by hydrogen or carbon monoxide under the reaction conditions) are em ployed; e.g., zinc form ate or, better, a m ixture of zinc and chromium formates, is deposited on active carbon by evaporation of an aqueous solution, and the catalyst is used a t 300°
under 800 kg./cm.2 pressure. C. H o l l i n s . P u rification of JV-alkylcarbazoles. F . S. M o r t i
m er and R . W. H e s s , A ssrs. to N a t . A n ili n e & Chem.
Co., I n c . (U.S.P. 1,674,216, 19.6.28. A p p l., 17.6.25).—
b
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts — B .
740 Cl. IV.—Dyestuffs.
V -Ethylcarbazole is extracted from the crude product containing carbazole, anthracene, and phenanthrene, by 83—84% sulphuric acid a t 0— 10°. Carbazole is less soluble under these conditions in presence of an equal am ount of anthracene. C. Ho llin s.
Purification of crude a ro m a tic hyd rocarb on s.
A. 0 . Jaeger, Assr. to Sel de n Co. (U .S .P . 1,674,472, 19.6.28. Appl., 12.10.27).—The crude hydrocarbon fraction is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, and at the same tim e with sufficient chlorine to chlorin
ate the non-arom atic impurities. T reatm ent with chlorosulphonic acid is also claimed as a convenient combination of sulphuric acid treatm en t and chlorination.
C. Ho llin s. P roduction of e ste r m ix tu r e s. W. C la a ś e n (B.P.
294,947, 2.2.27. Addn. to B.P. 250,910 ; B., 1926, 7.69).
—The process of the prior p a te n t is applied to phenol, and leads to technically useful m ixtures of adipic, glutaric, and succinic esters. C. H o l l i n s .
M anufacture of alk ylated p h en ols and their hydrogenated prod u cts. Chem. F a b r . a u f A c t ie k vorm . E. ScfiSRiNG (B.P. 254,753, 5.7.26. Ger., 4.7.25).
— Catalytic hydrogenation of the condensation products of ketones w ith phenols yields alkylated phenols or cyclohexiinoh according to the activity of the catalyst, which may be adjusted b y the addition of bism uth for retardation or of manganese for activation. 4 : 4'- Dihydroxy-pp-diplienylpropane, treated with hydrogen a t 10—20 atm . in presence of nickel catalyst containing 3—10% Bi at 160°, yields ^-hydroxycum eue and phenol.
Similarly the product from o-cresol and acetone yields 6-hydroxy-m-cymene and o-cresol. W ith a nickel catalyst containing 1—8% Mn the corresponding cye/ohexanols are obtained. C. H o l l i n s .
P urification of p-nitroanilinę. A. M i l l e r , Assr.
to T o w e r M a n u f. Co., I n c . (U.S.P. 1,673,154, 12.6.28.
Appl., 14.7.25. Benewed 25.10.27).—p-Nitroaniline made from p-chloronitrobenzene is freed from impurities which produce a ilocculcnt precipitate on diazotisation by treatm en t with mild reducing agents (sodium sul
phide or dilute stannous chloride) in regulated am ount.
C. Ho l l in s. C hlorination [of naphthalene]. S. B r o w n , Assr. to H a l o w a x C orp. (U.S.P. 1,672,878, 12.6.28. Appl., 5.1.24).—Chlorine is aspirated through molten naphthal
ene in a series of vessels maintained a t tem peratures below the b.p. of naphthalene a t the reduced pressure.
The products are wax-like substances. C. Ho llin s. M anufacture of con d en sation p roducts from naphthalene or naphthalene d erivatives and e th y l
ene. I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G. (B.P. 265,601 and Addn.
B.P. 273,665 [a] 3.2.27, [b] 5.5.27. Ger., [a] 4,2.26, [b] 30.6.26).—Naphthalene or tetrahydronaphthalene is treated a t 100—200° with (a) ethylene or (b) other olefines or olefine m ixtures in presence of aluminium chloride or ferric chloride to give ethyl- and higher alkylated naphthalenes or corresponding hydrogenated
compounds. C. Ho llin s.
P roduction of benzanthrone d erivatives. I. B.
A n d e r so n , R. F. T hom son, J. Thom as, and S c o t t is h D y e s , L td . (B.P. 295,213, 2.2.27).—4-Amino-3-hvdroxy-
1-p-am in o-o-carb oxyp h en yln ap h thalen e (or its a lk ylation products), ob tain ed from )«-am inobenzoic acid — ß-n ap h thol b y reduction and b en zidine transform ation, is con verted b y cold 10% sod iu m h yd roxid e solu tion in to 3 : ÿ-diammo-2-hydroxy- or alkoxy-benzanthrone, togeth er w ith 'd-amino-2 : 3-oxklobenzanthrone produced b y elim in ation of am m onia or alk ylam in e. C. H o l l i n s .
M anufacture of acetic acid and a ceta te s. P. A.
and II. G. Sm ith, Assrs. to Syn th etic Ammonia &
Nit r a t e s, Lt d. (U.S.P. 1,679,994, 7.8.28. Appl., 10.3.27.
U.K.. 13.3.26).—See B.P. 271,589; B., 1927, 571.
P rep aration of e th y lid en e d iacetate. M. E.
Bo uvier and L. I Iugoniot, Assrs. to Soc. Ch im. d e s
Us in e s du Rhône (U.S.P. 1,680,760, 14.8.28. Appl., 18.8.25. Fr., 13.6.25).—See B.P. 252,632 ; B., 1926, 692.
M anufacture of su lp h on ic d erivatives of a ral- kylated unsaturated fa tty a cid s. A. T h a u ss, G. Mau th e, and A. Gü n t h e r, Assrs. to Gra sselli Dy e-
st u f f Co r f. (U.S.P. 1,667,225-6, 24.4.28. Appl., [a] 21.12.26, [b] 17.3.27. Ger., [a] 22.12.25, [b] 24.4.26).
— See B.P. 286,796 ; B., 1928, 360.
M anufacture of [a -]h yd roxy-acid e ste r s. II. W.
Matheson and K. G. Bl a ik ie, Assrs. to Ca n a d ia n
Electro Products Co. (U.S.P. 1,682,347, 28.8.28.
Appl., 11.1.26).—Sec B .P . 264,143; B ., 1927, 796.
M anufacture of sid e-ch a in [polynuclear] a r o m atic com p ou n d s. F . G ü n t h e r , Assr. to G r a s s e l l i D y e s t u f f Corp. (U.S.P. 1,670,505, 22.5.28. A ppl., 2.3.27. Ger., 3.3.26).—See B.P. 267,132 ; B., 1928, 597.
M anufacture of chlorinated h y d roarom atic p roducts containing n itrogen . T. V o l t / , Assr. to D u r a n d & H u g u e n in Soc. A n o n . (U.S.P. 1,679,998, 7.8.28. Appl., 24.2.23. Ger., 23.2.22).—See B.P.
193,843 ; B., 1924, 10.
M anufacture of n ew indophenols and leuco- in d op h en ols, and n ew d y es th erefrom . W. C arp- m a e l. From I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G. (B.P. 286,005, 27.11.26).—See G.P. 443,685 ; B., 1928, 225.
Purification of naphthalene. G. S c h r o e t e r (U.S.P.
1,680,070, 7.8.28. Appl., 30.3.25. Ger., 13.5.16).—
See G.P. 324,863 ; B., 1921, 253 a.
P rep aration of 2 : 3 -d ich lo ro n itro -l : 4-naphtha- quinone. J . S to c k , Assr. to G r a s s e l l i D y e s t u f f Corp. (U.S.P. 1,681,599, 21.8.28. Appl., 30.11.27.
Ger., 27.3.25).—See B.P. 288,927 ; B., 1928, 441.
A n th raq u in on e-n itrosoam in e com p ou n d . H.
Tescheand A. Job, A ssrs. to Gra sselli Dy e st u ff Co r p. (U.S.P. 1,643,428, 27.9.27. A ppl., 12.10.25. Ger..
24.10.24).—Sec G .P. 442,312 ; B., 1928, 685.
A cetic acid (B.P. 295,238).—See V II.
IV.— DYESTUFFS.
Pa t e n t s.
M anufacture of vat d y e s. W. C a r p m a e l. From I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G. (B.P. 295,239, 4.5.27).—5-, 6-, and 7-Methylindole-2 : 2'-thionaphthen-indigos are dibrom inated in sulphuric acid a t 10—40° to give bright violet v a t dyes. C. H o l l i n s .
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a o ta — B .
Cl. V .— Fi b r e s ; Te x t i l e s ; Ce l l u l o s e ; Pa v e r. 741
Production of g rey to black v a t d y es. L. B.
Hoi.lid ay & Co., Lt d., and C. Shaw (B.P. 295,506, 28.7.27).—Dibenzanthrone is oxidised in sulphuric acid w ith chlorate or perm anganate (cf. B.P. 277,125; B.,
1927, 837). C. Hollin s.
M anufacture of azo d y e s. W. C a rp m a el. From I. G. F a r b e n in d . A.-G. (B.P. 295,237, 4.5.27).—Bluish- violet to blue monoazo dyes, suitable for acetate silk dyeing, are obtained by coupling diazotised picramidc with aralkylanilinesulphonic acids, e.g., sulphobenzyl- ethyl-wi-toluidine (reddish-blue), sulphobenzylmethyl- aniline (bluish-violet), sulphobenzyl-o-toluidine, or benzylaniline-o-sulplionic acid. 2 : 4 : 6-Trinitro-ih-tolu- idinc may replace picramide. C. H o l l i n s .
M anufacture of azo d y e s. I. G. F a r b e n in d . xY.-G.
(B.P. 268,807, 31.3.27. Ger., 31.3.26).—l-Aminoaryl-5- pyrazolones, prepared from nitroarylhydrazines, are condensed with chloroformic, chloroacetic, or similar esters and the -products are coupled with diazo com
pounds. The resulting azo dyes, if they contain ju st sufficient sulphonic groups to make them soluble, dye wool-silk m ixtures in level shades. Examples a r e : aniline-o-sulphonic acid -> l-p-urethanoplienyl-3-m ethyl- 5-pyrazolone ; sulphanilic acid -> 1-jj-carbethoxy- methylaminophenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone.
C. Ho llin s. A z o d y es and th eir ap p lication . B r i t . D y e s t o f f s C orp., L td ., J . B a d d il e y , P . C h o r le y , and R. B r i g h t - man (B .P . 294,922, 28.1.27).—Tetrazotised 2-nitro- or 2 : 2'-dinitrobenzidine is coupled either with 2 mols. of a 2 : 8-aminonaphtholsulphonic acid or with 1 mol. of this and 1 mol. of another coupling component, to give dyes for wool and especially for viscose silk. Examples are : 2-nitrobenzidinc with salicylic acid and y-acid (red), with l-(2 : 5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone and y-acid (yellow-brown), with naphthionic acid and phenyl- y-acid (maroon on viscose, copper-brown on wool), or with y-acid and resorcinol or w-phenylcnediaminc (violet-brow n); 2 : 2'-dinitrobenzidine with salicylic acid and y-acid (yellowish-brown). C. Ho llin s.
P roduction of d irect azo d y e s. P . C a c c ia (U.S.P.
1,673,311,12.6.28. Appl., 20.7.26).—An amine coupling component is boiled with sodium cyanide to form the corresponding cyanamido-derivative, which is (hen coupled with tetrazotised benzidine etc. to give direct cotton colours which leave silk white in unions.
2-Cyanamido-8-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid (from y-acid) yields a direct blue with tetrazotised tolidine.
C. Ho llin s. T risa zo d ye and p r o ce ss of m a k in g sa m e . II.
•Jo rd a n. Assr. to E. I. d u Pont d e Nemours & Co.
(U.S.P. 1,674,114, 19.6.28. Appl., 17.6.26).— Grey-blue to blue direct cotton dyes of the type arylamine (non-hydroxylated) -> Cleve acid -v Cleve acid -> 1 : 8- am inonaphthol- mono- or -di-sulphonic acid (especially H-acid) are described. The arylamines used as first components are Cleve acid, jo-toluidine, and sulphanilic acid. The dyes are fast to light and discharge to a pure
white. C. Ho l l in s.
D isu b stitu ted guanidine sa lts of d y e s containing acid g ro u p s. R. E. R o se, Assr. to E. I. D u P o n t d e N em o u rs & Co. (U.S.P. 1,674,128, 19.6.28. Appl.,
2.11.23).—The disubstituted guanidine (especially di- phenylguanidine) salts of acid dyes are insoluble in water b u t soluble in alcohol, ethyl acetate, etc., and are thus useful for colouring nitrocellulose products and spirit varnishes. The salts are precipitated when diphenylguanidinc acetate is added to a solution of the
dye in water. C. H o l l i n s .
P roduction of d ye p ow d ers. B. L. W e s t . Assr. to N a t . A n i l i n e & C’hem. Co. I n c . (U.S.P. 1.672,920, 12.6.28. Appl., 2.4.26).— A dry dye is intim ately mixed with a hydrated salt. C. H o l l i n s .
M anufacture of violet vat d y e s [of 2-tliionaphthen- 2'-in d olein d igo se r ie s, [a ] E. F is c h e r , H. H e y n a , and C. J. M u l l e r , [b] R. I I e r z and K.. T h le s s , Assrs. to G r a s s e l l i D y e s t u f f Corp. (U.S.P. 1,655,692 and 1.655.697.10.1.28. Appl., [a] 16.2.27, [b] 11.2.27. Ger., [a] 20.2.26, [b] 19.2.26).—See B.P. 266,382; B.. 1928, 562.
M anufacture of azo d y e s. H. W a g n e r and O.
S o h s t, A ssr. to G r a s s e l l i D y e s t u f f C orp. (U .S .P . 1,681,602, 21.8.28. A ppl., 12.3.25. Ger.. 29.3.24).—
See B.P. 294,291 ; B., 1928, 701.
M ordant d isazo d y e s. W. N e e lm e i e r and W.
R e b n e r , Assrs. to G r a s s e l l i D y e s t u f f Corp. (U.S.P.
1,660,625, 28.2.2S. Appl., 17.3.27. Ger., 24.3.26).—
See B.P. 289,135 ; B., 1928, 518.
D ia zo -ty p es (B.P. 294,972).— See X X I.
V.— FIB R ES; TEXTILES; CELLULOSE; PAPER.
[R em oval from cotton yarn s and fabrics of]
m in eral oil sta in s. R. F. Mennecke and L. Picard
(Bull. Soc, Ind. Mulhouse, 1928,94, 241—243). Reports by V. Silbermann, T. Baumann, and P. de Chammuer
(Ibid., 243—256, 257, and 258—267).—Complete re
moval of such stains, arising from th e lubricants used in spinning and weaving, by ordinary bleaching processes is not possible, particularly in the case of “ aged ” stains, unless the oil contains 33—60% of colza oil (cf. Scheurcr and Wallach, B., 1911, 277). It is recom
mended th a t the addition of easily saponifiable vegetable oils to the lubricants used in spinning and weaving should be compulsory, so th a t subsequent removal of oil stains m ay be facilitated. A special oil m anufac
tured by Usines de Pechelbronn, n o t yet commercially available, was shown to be completely removable even after ageing for 8 months. A. J. I I a l l .
Effect of heat on cotton . A. H. T iltm a n and B. D. P o r r i t t (India-R ubber J ., 1928, 76 , 9—12).—
W arp te st pieces of a single warp, single weft, scoured balloon cambric, woven from a high-grade Egyptian cotton, were heated in air and in vacuo under different conditions of tim e and tem perature, exposed to the air for some hours, and strength tests carried out on a Schopper constant-extension machine. A perm anent loss of strength occurs on heating cotton above 120°, and this loss becomes more marked w ith rise of tem perature, until a t about 240° almost total destruc
tion occurs in 4 hrs. The effect of heat on the tensile strength is roughly proportional to the tim e of heating a t constant tem perature, whilst th e loss of strength is greater when cotton is heated in air th an in vacuo under
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