BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
B.—A P P L IE D C H E M IS T R Y
O C T 23 and 30, 1931*
I.— GENERAL; PL A N T ; MACHINERY.
Relations between elasticity and plasticity, toughness and brittleness. Practical m eans of characterising them . P. Re g n a u l d (New Internat.
Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 4 pp.).—Elasticity and plasticity correspond to properties of crystal arrange
ments, and are measured by tension diagrams, the tension being applied to ordinary test bars. Toughness and brittleness correspond to properties for which all the crystals are in the same state. The localisation of stresses and the rate of loading being given, differ
entiation is made between the properties of various substances by carrying out tests on notched bars.
C. W. Gib b y.
E lasticity, plasticity, toughness, brittleness, and hardness. M. Roś and A. Eic h i n g e r (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 15 pp.).—
Terms are defined. C. W. Gi b b y.
Fundamental and practical (test) connexion between elasticity and plasticity, tenacity and brittleness. A. Schob (New Internat. Assoc. Test.
Mat., Sept., 193-1, 7 pp.).—Definitions are discussed.
C. W . Gib b y.
E lasticity and plasticity, tenacity and fragility.
G . Sa c h s (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 7 pp.).—Terms are defined. C. W. Gi b b y.
Unification of the term viscosity. C. H. We i s sand P. Wo o g (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 23 pp.).—Since the determinations of viscosity by various instruments are not comparable and the term is only of relative accuracy, it is suggested th a t the coeff. of absolute viscosity should be measured in
“ poises,” and of kinematic viscosity in “ stokes.’’
Various viscosimeters are described. A table showing the relationship between kinematic viscosity and the viscosity as determined by various instruments is
given. T. A. Sm i t h.
Accuracy of m easurem ent and variability of test results. F; C. Le a (New Internat. Assoc. Test.
Mat., Sept., 1931, 7 pp.).—Modern testing machines in works laboratories can be depended on to a very considerable degree of accuracy and in many cases the reliability is greater than th a t of the homogeneity of most metals. Tensile test machines, extensometers, and torsion meters are available with an error of < 1 %, and for precise work this figure may be reduced by using refined devices. C. A. Ki n g.
Heat transfer and pressure drop in em pty, baffled, and packed tubes. I. Heat transfer in packed tubes. II. Pressure drop in packed tubes. III. Relationship between heat transfer
and pressure drop. A. P. Co l b u r n (Ind. Eng.
Chem., 1931, 23, 910—913, 913—919, 919—923).—
I. Coeffs. of heat transfer to air flowing through a tube filled with granular material are found to be about 8 times those for an empty tube. An empirical equation from which the heat-transfer coeffs. can be calc, for turbulent flow in packed tubes is given.
II. [With T. H. Ch i l t o n.] Tubes packed with dry or wet and hollow packing have been studied.
For solid packing the actual velocity through the packing is dependent on the effective free cross-sectional area, and is about 10 times the value based on gross area.
III. [With W. J. Ki n g.] The heat-transfer coeffs.
for almost any type of baffle or packing can be estimated if the pressure drop be determined. Equations are given.
F. J. Wi l k i n s.
Heat transfer in stream -line flow . T. B. Dr e w, J. J. Ho g a n, and W. H. McAd a m s (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 936—945).-—Theoretical equations for the transfer of sensible heat by conduction in fluids flowing in stream-line motion inside heated or cooled pipes are discussed and applied to new experimental data.
F. J. Wi l k i n s.
M echanism of heat transm ission. I. D istri
bution of heat flow about the circumference of a pipe in a stream of fluid. T. B . Dr e w and W . P .
Ry a n (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 945—953).—The
peripheral variation of the rate of heat flow from the surface of a single, vertical, round pipe placed trans
versely in a stream of fluid is shown to be of the type predicted by Lohrisch, in which there are maxima a t the front and back of the pipe and minima a t the
sides. F. J. Wi l k i n s.
[Behaviour of] m aterials at high tem peratures.
R. G. Ba t s o n and H. J. Ta p s e l l (New Internat. Assoc.
Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 8 pp.).—A satisfactory method of testing the behaviour of materials a t high temp, comprises the determination of the stresses corre
sponding to a rate of creep of about 10-5 in. per in. per day a t the end of a 40 days’ test. Above 300° the fatigue limits under 107 alternations are entirely depen
dent on the rate of alternations applied. Safe ranges of stress in which the superior limit of stress is greater than the ultimate stress in tension can be applied at 2400 cycles per min. for 107 cycles, but are likely to cause trouble arising from the yielding of the material.
Up to 200—250° the practical fatigue limits under mean tensile stresses are dependent on the yield point a t the temp, considered ; a t about 200° the practical fatigue limits depend on a suitable proof stress which takes the place of the yield point. A. R. Po w e l l.
* T he rem ain d er of th is se t of A b s tra c ts will a p p ear in n e x t week’s issue.
949 a
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —J3.
950 Cl. I.—Ge n e r a l. ; Pl a n t ; Ma c h i n e r y.
Instrum ents for m easuring cooling power : the coolom eter. W . S . We e k s (J. Ind. Hyg., 1931, 13, 261—265).—A resistance thermometer circuit is adapted for measuring the cooling power of the environment of a solid body. C. W . Gi b b y.
Grading aggregates. I. M athematical rela
tions for beds of broken solids of m axim um density. C. C. Fu r n a s (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 1052—1058 ; cf. B., 1931, 181).—A mathematical development of the laws of packing of broken solids to give beds of max. density, applicable to concrete, paint, putty, rubber, coal storage, fuel beds, catalytic
masses, etc. E. S. He d g e s.
Grain size and fineness. A . H. M. An d r e a s f.n
(New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat. Sept., 1931, 6 pp.).—
The term “ sorting v alu e” is suggested for the grain size a t which a sieve separates. Its ratio to the size of mesh for ordinary substances is 0-8—0-9. A single number is insufficient to characterise the fineness of materials consisting of particles of different sizes, and a curve such as the distribution curve must be used.
C. W. Gib b y.
S ize determination of free grains. H. W. Gqnell (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931,11 pp.).—
A bolting apparatus suitable for grading particles of sizes from 60 ¡j. to 2—10 ¡z according to sp. gr. is
described. C. W. Gi b b y.
Particle size of pulverulent m aterials. L. R.
Ee r e t (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 9 pp.).—The “ mean width ” of a particle is defined as the mean, for a sufficient number of particles, of the distances between two tangents on opposite sides of the apparent outline of the particle, parallel to an arbitrary fixed direction. The whole range of granular and pul
verulent materials is classified by limiting values of the mean widths of the various classes. C. W. Gib b y.
A geing of organic m aterials such as rubber, o ils, resin s, fibres, etc. F . Fr a n k (New Internat.
Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 9 pp.).—The ageing of such materials is mainly due to an oxidation process, and the final products of decomp, in all cases are H C 02H, CH20, CO, C 02, and II20. Phenomena of fatigue resembling those in metals also occur in rubber, fibrous materials, and paints made from fatty oils and resins ; the ageing and fatigue are succeeded by mechanical disintegration and mol. decomp. The literature is
reviewed. D. F . Twiss.
Ageing of organic m aterials. G. Ba r r (New Inter
nat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 10 pp.).—Although oxidation is the most general chemical process operative in the ageing of org. materials, other chemical changes are also involved. Acceleration of ageing tests by raising the temp, is unsatisfactory in th at it may affect unequally the competing chemical reactions, and also the physical processes on which the properties of the final product depend. The effects of an increase in 0 2 concentration with or without rise in temp, are discussed and the associated difficulties are indicated.
The difficulties of accelerated ageing tests are most pronounced when the natural ageing is due, wholly or partly, to the action of lig h t; the shortcomings of
various methods of artificial illumination are analysed.
“ Weathering cabinets,” which expose materials to a cycle of artificial weather changes, have an advantage in avoiding extremes of temp., but the difficulty of proportioning the cycle so as to represent “ average weather ” is evident. Accelerated ageing tests are probably of most value in assisting development of improvements in manufacture, and only rarely should be included in specifications. D. F. Twiss.
Ageing of organic m aterials. H. St a e g e r (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 18 pp.).'—I t is im portant to distinguish between ageing changes which occur in service and those which occur during manufacture of a material. The cresol-CH20 resins, insulating woods, and “ presspan ” are discussed as illustrating the importance of ageing processes during manufacture. As providing examples of ageing in service, there are cited electrical insulating materials and steam-turbine oils ; in the latter case the phenomena arising from the catalytic influence of Pb on the natural oxidation process and the gradual development of emulsifiability into H 20 are disoussed. D . F. Twiss.
Application of m ineralogical and petrographical data to technical testing of non-m etallic inorganic substances. R. Gr e n g g (New Internat. Assoc. Test.
Mat., Sept., 1931, 15 pp.).—A discussion.
C. W. Gib b y.
Ideal and practical (test) relation between elasticity, plasticity, tenacity, and brittleness.
F. B. Seely (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., S ept., 1931. 5 pp.).
Present status of particle size m easurem ent.
L. Wo r k (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931.
15 pp.).
Application of m ineralogy and petrography to the testing of non-m etallic inorganic m aterials.
P . Nig g li an d F. d e Q u e r v a i n (New I n te r n a t. Assoc.
T est. M at., S ept., 1931, 9 pp.).
Grading aggregates. T estin g resistan ce of con structional m a teria ls.—See IX. Retention of flue dust. Lubricated valves and corrosion.—
See X. Microporous rubber.—See XIV.
Pa t e n t s.
Furnace construction. W . F. D e t w i l e r , Assr. to
A l l e g h e n y S t e e l Co. ( U .S .P . 1,793,913, 24.2.31. Appl., 27.4.28).—A furnace for heat-treating metal sheets etc. is provided with a lining to the goods chamber composed of ferrous alloy containing 8% Cr. The flow of gases is from a combustion chamber over a fire-bridge, under a baffle, over another baffle, across, the goods chamber, and back underneath the goods chamber. The baffles and false floor of the goods chamber are formed of the same Fe-Cr alloy.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Continuous-heating furnace. F. J. W i n d e r , Assr.
to A l l e g h e n y S t e e l Co. (U.S.P. 1,793,037, 17.2.31.
Appl., 1.3.28).—A furnace for bars, slabs, or any ma
terial th at can be assembled in rectangular bundles of, which the length is greater than the width is formed as a vertical cylinder with removable lid and a hearth at the bottom supported on a hydraulic r a m ; some
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
C u I . — G e n e r a l ; P l a n t ; M a c h i n e r y . 051
distance above the lowest or normal position of the hearth are fixed ledges, the distance between which is less than the length of the bundles of goods, bu t greater than their width. A stack of bundles is maintained on the ledges, the bundles being alternately a t right angles, and one bundle a t a time is accepted 011 the hearth by raising it and rotating it through 90°, another bundle being placed on the top of the stack a t the same time.
After lowering the hearth and leaving one bundle in the lower high-temp. zone for a sufficient time, the material is slowly pushed sideways and one article at a time is caused to fall out downwards through a shoot.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
R oasting oven. W. L. Ph i l l i p s and J. R. Ne a l,
Assrs. to Ma x w e l l Ho u s e Pr o d u c t s Co., In c. ( U .S .P .
1,793,009, 17.2.31. Appl., 29.3.29).—A roaster for coffee etc. comprises a number of superposed, rotary, perforated cylinders through which the material is caused to travel by internal worms ; the whole is enclosed in a casing which is ventilated at the top and provided with fuel burners opposite the lowest kiln, direct impingement of the flames on th a t kiln being prevented by screens.
Thermostatic control is provided for the fuel and ventil
ation. B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
Sintering plant. H. Er ik s s o n (B.P. 353,833, 23.3.31. Swed., 27.3.30).—A rotating platform, prefer
ably circular, supports the sintering pans, which may be transported to a dumping place by means of a crab.
Material to be sintered is prepared and conveyed to the pans by "mechanical means. C. A. Ki n g.
Heating of substances. [Setting for a pan.] S. E.
Me y e r s, Assr. to Na t. An i l i n e & Ch e m. Co., In c. ( U .S .P .
1,7-92,918, 17.2.31. Appl., 21.11.25).—A setting for a boiling pan or similar vessel is described in which the control of the heating burner can be effected from the
•working platform of the pan ; the gases take a generally U-shaped course downwards from the burner and upwards around the pan. B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Apparatus for carrying out chem ical reactions w ith the aid of electric [arc] discharges. J. Y.
J o h n s o n . From I . G. F a r b e n i n d . A.-G. (B.P. 354-,735,
•5.2.30).—The gases on their way to a zone where the
T e a c tio n is effected by means of an arc are completely freed from turbulence by passing them through a narrow annular or conical passage between surfaces having an
a r e a a t least 10 times the cross-section of the arc chamber.
Examples are thé production of C2H 2 from CH4 and of
H N O3 from air. B. M. V e n a b l e s .
[Charging of a] kiln or the like. H. Kr o n s t a d,
Assr. to Be s s e m e r Ce m e n t Co r p. ( U .S .P . 1,793,408, 17.2.31. Appl., 9.1.30).—A rotary inclined kiln is charged through apertures in the cylindrical wall any desired distance from the upper end. The apertures are pre
ferably slanting, and on the lands between are situated external inclined blades whicli in conjunction with a surrounding stationary casing lift any material th at
■falls out of the apertures when in a lower position. The material, which may be cither slurry or paste,, is delivered
•to the upper p a rt of the casing. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Heat exchanger. H. W. How, Assr. to St r u t h e r s- We l l s Co. (U.S.P. 1,790,151, 27.1.31. A ppl, 29.2.28).—
The apparatus comprises small bundles of tubes within surrounding conduits. The tubes are closely spaced, and the bundle is surrounded by a polygonal sheet so as to give a velocity to the outer fluid of the same order as th at of the inner. The tube “ plates ” are very thick on account of the weakness due to close spacing and one end of each bundle is permitted to slide.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Heat exchangers. A. E. Wh i t e. From 0. E.
Fr a n k He a t e r& Eng. Co., In c. (B.P. 352,129, 23.4.30).
—The exchanger comprises groups of U-tubes suspended in a tank which is provided with baffles under and over which the outer fluid flows. I t is arranged so th at units may be added or removed as desired.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
H eat-exchange apparatus. N. H. Ga y (U.S.P.
1,789,739, 20.1.31. Appl., 5.11.29).—In a vessel, inlet and outlet headers, which are spaced apart vertically and at right angles, are connected by pipe coils grouped round an axial pipe through which the outer fluid passes to jets producing a swirl among the coils.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
H eat-exchanger apparatus. G . T. Ja c o c k s, A s s r.
t o Alco Pr o d u c t s, In c. (U.S.P. 1,794,336, 24.2.31. A p p l.,
6.7.29).—T h e i n n e r flu id p a s s e s t h r o u g h e a c h h a l f o f a
b u n d le o f t u b e s in o p p o s ite d ir e c tio n s , t h e o u t e r flu id b e in g g iv e n a c o m b in e d l o n g it u d i n a l a n d t r a n s v e r s e m o tio n b y i n t e r m e d i a t e t u b e p l a t e s h a v in g s ta g g e r e d
a p e r t u r e s . B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
[Liquid] heat transferrers for high tem peratures.
.T. Y. Jo h n s o n. From I. G. Fa r b e n i n d. A.-G.
(B.P. 354,886, 26.5. and 14.7.30).—In the Merrill or similar system of transferring easily regulable heat by means of a circulating liquid of high b.p. and non-coking properties, claim is made for the use of a mixture (b.p.
<60°) of two or more polynuclear aromatic compounds one of which is diphenyl, CH2Ph2. or Ph20.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Air preheaters and like surface apparatus for exchange of heat between two fluids. Ki n g s Pa t e n t Ag e n c y, Lt d. From Ak t ie b o l a g e t Ca l v e r t & Co.
(B.P. 351,984, 25.3.30).—An exchanger comprising parallel corrugated sheets with flow of both fluids transverse to the corrugations is constructed in the following proportions : the distance between the plates is <*!¡Is the average speed of the fluids per sec., the height of the corrugations is about § the distance between plates, and the pitch of the corrugations is 4—7 times the height. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Apparatus for transm itting heat. C. C. Pl u m b
(U.S.P. 1,790,555, 27.1.31. Appl., 10.8.28).—Non
coking oil is pumped in a closed circuit, at one point in which it is heated by a bath of fused salts and a t another gives up heat usefully. The compressed air used for firing the salt bath may also be used to blow
out the oil pipes prior to shutting dowm.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Manufacture of [large single] crystals. P. W . Br id g m a n (U.S.P. 1,793,672, 24.2.31. Appl., 16.2.26).—
An apparatus for producing single crystals of a metal or other fusible crystallisable substance comprises a mould capable of being lowered at a slow controlled speed down
a 2
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts —B .
952 C l. I.—Ge n e r a l ; Pl a n t ; Ma c h i n e r y.
the axis of an electric furnace. The mould is composed of material th a t is entirely unaffected by the metal and it is conveniently pencil-shaped with the point downward;
through the latter is inserted a copper rod or other means of cooling the point to form a seed crystal with definite orientation, the axis of which will be maintained through
out the solid produced provided the mould is lowered out of the hot zone a t a rate not greater than the velocity of crystallisation. B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
[Solid] absorbent for refrigerating apparatus.
H. F. Sm i t h, Assr. to Fr i g i d a i r e Co r p. ( U .S .P . 1,791,515, 10.2.31. Appl., 30.5.29).—As an absorbent for NH3 in refrigerators using N I I 3, a mixture of SrCl2. and 4—10 (5)% of LiN03 is claimed. A. R. Po w e l l.
Method of grinding. E. Kr a m e r, Assr. to Ha r t- s t o f f-Me t a l l A.-G. ( Ha m e t a g) (U.S.P. 1,793,098, 17.2.31. Appl., 22.6.29. Ger., 22.6.29).—A gas-borne grinding and classification system is described in which gases a t different pressures or even of different com
position are used a t different stages, air-locks being provided at inlet, outlet, and transfer between stages.
The final “ sifting ” is effected at low pressure and, if desired, in H 2 or inert gas so th at only very fine material is lifted and spontaneous oxidation prevented.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Pulveriser. A. C. Da n k s (U.S.P. 1,788,825, 13.1.31.
Appl., 5.9.29).—A grinding mill of the slow-specd, ball- mill type is adapted to work with a small quantity of air to convey away the ground material by providing grooves in the rotating shell for the balls and an internal sta
tionary drum having diaphragms which guide the air closely past the balls. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Grinding m ills. Ha r d in g e Co., In c., Assees. of H. Ha r d in g e (B.P. 353,261, 29.7.30. U.S., 30.8.29).—
A mill of the cylindro-conical type is provided with inlet for air and outlet for air-borne dust through the same trunnion. The outlet is axial, and the inlet annular and provided with an internal baffle to guide the air along the wall of the mill. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Compartment[ed]-tube grinding m ill. J. V.
Du r n i n (U.S.P. 1,787,897, 6.1.31. Appl., 13.8.29).—
A tube mill is divided into compartments by one or more diaphragms the openings through which are adjustable by sliding one plate on another.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Edge-runner grinding m ills w ith revolving pans. SimDLEY Br o s., Lt d., and D. A. Sm e d l e y
(B.P. 353,611, 2.6.30).—A portable type of machine with framework of rolled steel is described.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Grinding m ill. R. S. Ig l e h a r t, Assr. to Ba u e r Br o s. Co. (U.S.P. 1,792,841,17.2.31. Appl., 28.10.29).—
An impact pulveriser and fan are constructed in such a way that they may be assembled for either direction of rotation. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Ball or tube m ill. E. G. St o n e (U.S.P. 1,794,041, 24.2.31. Appl., 9.12.29. Austral., 21.1.29).—The mill comprises a number of cylinders grouped around the axis of rotation, and a common annular inlet header feeds the material to the tubes through automatically operated doors combined with scoops. At the outlet end a screen is provided for each tube and products of
two sizes are collected. The whole mill is subjected to reciprocation. B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Separation or concentration of solid substances by flotation. A. D. J. E l i e (B.P. 355,211, 13.2.30.
Fr., 29.3.29).—The process comprises forming an emulsion of air or other gas in II20 or other liquid to which has been added a foam-producing agent, but no oil, and allowing the H 20 and reagent to circulate in substantially closed circuit, driven by the lifting effect of the air-H 20 emulsion ; the separately oiled ore is added to the latter in a countercurrent direction.
Mechanical stirring is excluded. Forms of apparatus described comprise a cylindro-conical vessel with cylindrical and conical guides, air injectors, and an air compressor. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
[Pneumatic] separation of interm ixed divided m aterials. A. E. Wh i t e. From R. Pe a l e, W . S.
Da v i e s, and W . B . Oa k e s ( B .P . 355,313, 23.4.30).—
In a shaking table with upward air currents through a pervious deck, control of the supply of material and/or the air is effected mechanico-electrically by the depth of the bed of material. B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Apparatus for recovery of solid m aterials by extraction. Le R. C. Tr e s c o t t, Assr. to Co n t a c t Fil t r a t io n Co. (U.S.P. 1,794,874, 3.3.31. Appl., 16.2.29).—Pulverulent material is contained in a basket and extracted by the Soxhlet system. The solid material is kept in agitation by a mechanical stirrer, and a draw- off pipe is provided through which it is withdrawn by suction when the extraction is completed; a new charge may be inserted through a suitable aperture without stopping the action of the still.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Leaching. J. M. Co a h r a n (U.S.P. 1,793,465, 24.2.31.
Appl., 9.6.27).—The apparatus comprises a tower in which countercurrent leaching of comminuted material is effected, the solids passing downwards and the liquor upwards. In the upper stage the material is compacted between two diaphragms, being delivered thereto from a lock device by a horizontal worm conveyor and abstracted by a vertical worm running at equivalent speed. In an intermediate zone the material settles through the liquor, but is hindered by conical shelves alternately rotating and fixed and of opposite inclina
tion. In the lowest zone the remaining solids are allowed to fall unhindered and in a diffused condition through the incoming barren liquid ; they are finally removed by another lock and worm conveyor.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Centrifugal dryer. C. A. Ol c o t t, Assr. to S. S.
He p w o r t h Co. (U.S.P. 1,795,179, 3.3.31. Appl., 27.12.27).—A centrifuge of the basket type is provided with a swinging device automatically to divert the stream of outflowing liquor from a reservoir for mother-
■liquor to th at for wash liquor when the latter is turned
on. B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Centrifugal separators. H. W. Fa w c e t t (B.P.
355,366, 27.2.30).—Discharge nozzles of a centrifuge are provided with devices which tend to close them when discharge is taking place, and to open them wide when discharge ceases owing to obstruction by solid
matter. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
C l. I.— Ge n e r a l ; Pl a n t ; Ma c h i n e r y. 9 5 3
Centrifugal separators. Ak t i e b. Se p a r a t o r (B.P.
355,632, 8.1.31. Swed., 9.1.30).—A centrifuge for the separation of liquids (e.g., transformer oils) the lighter constituent of which it is desirable to keep out of contact with air is provided with an inlet through the hollow driving shaft and an outlet in the opposite direction through a pipe with universal joints, both the bearings for the shaft being oil one side of the bowl. The con
stituent unaffected by air is allowed to spray out of the
bowl. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Device for drawing off fluid from fine granular m aterial in centrifugal m achines. L. Al t p e t e r
(U.S.P. 1,793,204, 17.2.31. Appl., 15.8.28. Ger., 19.8.27).—A drainage device for a centrifugal machine with imperforate bowl comprises a thick-walled tube inserted radially through the wall of the bowl and having holes formed in the wall of the tube which are inclined towards the axis of the tube and away from the wall of the bowl. The inward inclination of the outlets substantially prevents exit of solids, but, as a further precaution, the tube may have an interior lining
of gauze. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
D riving m echanism of centrifuges. Ak t i e b. Se p a r a t o r (B.P. 355,581, 27.10.30. Swed., 30.10.29).—
A drive comprising motor, clutch, worm-wheel, and worm is described. The motor and male part of the clutch may be quickly removed. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Separation of substances from liquids. W. C.
Gr a h a m, H. S. Ru m s e y, and A. U. We t h e r b e e, Assrs.
to Gi l c h r i s t & Co. (U.S.P. 1,794,374, 3.3.31. Appl., 3.8.26).—A multidecked thickener is described. All decks (but not the bottom of the tank) rotate and the rakes (except the lowest) are stationary; a common outlet for sludge is produced by downward tubular extensions of the decks, and peripheral spaces are left for upward flow of scum to a circumferential launder under which the feed conduit is situated. The clear liquid is withdrawn from underneath the decks as near to the axis as is convenient, so that the flow of clear liquid and sludge is roughly parallel and horizontal.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Clarifying plant. F. Mie d e r: (U.S.P. 1,792,919, 17.2.31. Appl., 29.3.28. Ger., 4.4.27).—A reciprocating rake for removal of settled sewage etc. is adapted to skim the surface of the liquid in the opposite direction, but not necessarily a t every cycle. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
[Overload indicator for] sedim entation appar
atus. B. E. Du t t o n, Assr. to Do r rCo. (U.S.P. 1.787,437, 6.1.31. Appl., 21.12.2S).—In a traction thickener an overload will cause a slowing up of the raking arm so th at a speed-indicating device may be used to operate an overload alarm. A device of this nature comprises an idle pulley running on the traction rail and formed with recesses arranged in a circle and communicating by narrow passages with each other and with a central recess; the latter contains a fixed but adjustable electric contact and the whole is provided with a fluid- tight cover and is then partly filled with Hg, which will be lifted away from the contact a t normal speeds but descend and close an electric circuit should the speed drop unduly. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Separation of two liquids of different sp. gr.
Ak t i e b. Se p a r a t o r (B.P. 352,704, 23.6.30. S w e d .,
3.7.29).—T h e o u t l e t p a s s a g e s o f a c e n tr if u g e a r e so a r r a n g e d t h a t t h e l i g h t e r c o n s t i t u e n t h a s t o p a s s t h r o u g h a l iq u i d s e a l o f t h e h e a v ie r . B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Receiving vessel and frame of centrifugal separators. Ak t i e b. Se p a r a t o r ( B .P . 351,885, 20.11.30. Swed., 2.12,29. Addn. to B .P . 347,993;
B ., 1931, 659).—In a separator as described in tho prior patent the receiving vessels have outlets extend
ing completely round the machine. The dividing walls may be of cast or sheet metal.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Liquid filter. A. L. Do r f n e r (U.S.P. 1,794,281, 24.2.31. Appl., 12.6.29).—The filter comprises a number of annular filter bags clamped at the ccntre to wheel
like elements and separated by discs of mesh work to prevent bursting and permit exit of filtrate. The assemblage of wheels on the axis forms the conduit for
prefilt. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Filtration system . H. D. El f r e t h, Assr. to
Co c h r a n e Co r p. (U.S.P. 1,794,841, 3.3.31. Appl., 11.1.24. Renewed 27.3.29).—An enclosed sand filter is provided with an outlet for filtrate which is designed to prevent exit of sand and to eliminate spaces where liquid can stagnate. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Filtration. J. A. Pic k a r d ( B .P . 354,739, 10.2.30).—
Filter packs are assembled on tubes, a number of which are contained horizontally in a pressure-tight casing which is revolvable while in use and is easily opened.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Filtering apparatus. J. J. Na u g l e (U.S.P.
1,793,289, 17.2.31. Appl., 12.1.24).—A pressure filter for use with Suchar or other filter aid is described. A number of leaves are supported on a framework, preferably rotatable, within a pressure-tight casing, the filtrate from each leaf being conducted separately through a trunnion to a sight glass and then to a common outlet pipe which can be swung to deliver to a clear or cloudy filtrate receiving tank. Provision is made for reverse washing and for circulation of the prefilt.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Filter unit. J. J. Ar m s t r o n g (U.S.P. 1,792,797, 17.2.31. Appl., 3.12.28).—An edge filter is constructed of a metal strip wound in a spiral; radial drainage is provided by slots pierced on the centre line of the strip, and the spirals are inserted in frames which are assembled alternately with blank frames in a press.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Filter. E . M . Ba s s l e r, Assr. to D. J. Mu r r a y Ma n u f g. C o. (U.S.P. 1,793,449, 17.2.31. Appl., 1.11.27).
—The filter screens consist of several plies of fabric (e.g., wire) and may be applied to any type of filter.
An apparatus described is suitable for clarification (e.g., of white water from a paper-making machine), and comprises a number of pans attached to a conveyor, the ends of the pans being formed in such a way that they will overlap when on the straight upper run of the conveyor and their bottoms are formed of the multi-ply
screens. B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Prefiltering m eans. J. J. Na u g l e(U.S.P. 1,794,862, 3.3.31. Appl., 22.5.22).—An unactivated but highly
a 3
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts— B .
9 o 4 Cl. I . — Ge n e r a l ; Pl a n t ; Ma c h in e r y.
porous filtering medium is prepared from carbonised lignin residues from which the alkali has been entirely removed, e.g., by dil. acid, but in which a substantial proportion of the mineral m atter is allowed to remain.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Means for treating liquids. J . J. Na u g l e (U.S.P.
1,794,916, 3.3.31. Appl., 3.5.26).—The liquid is forced backwards through a device resembling a centrifugal pump the rotor of which is formed with some of its surfaces of wire mesh and is charged with an adsorbent.
Special application to the treatment of sugar melts, molasses, vegetable oils, etc. is indicated.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Device for producing dispersions. G. A. Br o w n,
Assr. to Be n n e t t, In c. (U.S.P. 1,792,067, 10.2.31.
Appl., 16.4.26).—An apparatus for carrying out the process described in U.S.P. 1,787,338 (B ., 1931, 746) comprises helical blades rotating in an elongated, cylindrical, inclined vessel; the driving spiders of the rotor may divide the vessel into zones so th at materials may be added at different stages of the mixing.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Processing apparatus. I . E. Co l v i n, G. N.
3 Ia n is o n, and H. G. Wa l t e r s, Assrs. to Pf a u d l e r
Co. ( U .S .P . 1,794,670, 3.3.31. Appl., 17.3.26).—The liquid to be treated, e.g., milk to be pasteurised, is drawn into and discharged from a series of tanks by means of vac. and pressure alternately applied, the valves being operated in correct succession by means of a cam shaft. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Evaporators. W . W . Tr i g g s. From St r u t iie r s We l l s- Ti t u s v il l e Co r p. (B.P. 353,248, 23.7.30).—An evaporator of the inclined bundle-of-tubes type is provided with return pipes for liquor both from the upper header of the tubes and from a separator, the pipes being bent at right angles and forming feet for the apparatus. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Desiccation of liquids. F. F. Pe a s e, Assr. to F. F.
Pe a s e, In c. ( U .S .P . 1,794,978, 3.3.31. Appl., 9.6.25).—
The liquid is centrifugally sprayed in a substantially transverse direction across a single, or two successive, axial annular current(s) of air or other gas, which alone should be sufficient to deflect and completely to dry the liquid; as an additional precaution, to prevent liquid reaching the walls, a tangential stream of air is also supplied. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Splitting up of a m ixture of liquids into its com ponents. N. V. d e Ba t a a f s c h e Pe t r o l e u m Ma a t s.
( B .P . 355,294, 21.5.30. Holl., 3.6.29).—Two auxiliary liquids are chosen which are mutually immiscible or nearly so and have different solvent powers on the con
stituents to be separated ; they should also be of different sp. gr., to avoid the use of a diaphragm. The auxiliary liquids are caused to flow in opposite directions in contact and the mixture to be separated is introduced a t an intermediate point. For the separation of heavy hydro
carbon oils CgHg and liquid S 02, and for middle hydro
carbons MeOH and CS2, may be used.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Vapour-liquid colum n. C. B. Sc h n e i b l e, Assr. t o
C. B. Sc h n e i b l e, K. F. Sc h r e i e r, and B. B. Sc h n e i d e r
(U.S.P. 1,794,986, 3.3.31. Appl., 5.4.26. Renewed
8.1.31).—The tower is provided with alternate annular shelves and central discs ; under the latter and extend
ing to the former are substantially vertical helical blades producing whirling of the vapour. The blades have their lower edges cut away so th a t they do not make contact with the inner edges of the shelves, thus enabling liquid to drip from the complete inner circumference.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Reaction towers for treatm ent of liquids with gases. I. G. Fa r b e n i n d. A.-G. (B.P. 355,091, 7.10.30.
Ger., 7.10.29).—The floor of a tower th at is made of natural stone is divided into segments, each of which has a drain and a raised rim all ro u n d ; the circumfer
ential rims are embedded in the wall of the tower, and those along the radii and at the centre are covered by hollowed-out stones. The total capacity of the seg
mental dishes is sufficient to hold the drainage from the tower when the flow of gas is stopped.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Separation of gases. R . L. Ha s c h e and W . H.
Da r g a n, Assrs. to Am e r. Sm e l t in g & Re f i n i n g Co.
( U .S .P . 1,794,377, 3.3.31. Appl., 25.8.27).—The mixture is compressed until the partial pressure of the desired constituent rises considerably above atm. (e.g., to 2 atm .);
the mixture is then passed over a suitable absorbent at room temp, until the desired constituent commences to escape. The adsorbed constituent is recovered by reduction of pressure to atm., only sufficient heat being added to maintain the adsorbent at room temp.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Separation of gaseous m ixtures of low b.p. by partial liquefaction. M. Fr a n k l(B.P. 355,257,16.4.30.
Ger., 19.4.29).—The apparatus comprises 4 reversing heat accumulators, upper and lower rectifiers with con- denser-evaporator in between, a supercooler with separ
ate cooling coils for upper wash liquor composed of N2 and middle wash liquor rich in 0 2, and an expansion engine providing misty vapour of N2 which is passed outside the supercooling coils. Choking of the accumu
lators is prevented by passing the air (or other mixed gas) in a t increased pressure (about 4 atm.) and passing N2 and 0 2 out a t a lower pressure (about 1-1 atm.), whereby the solid I I 20 and C02 will be sublimed at each cycle. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Filters for gases. H. Wi t t e m e i e r, Assee. of De u t s. Lu f t f i l t e r-Ba u g e s. m.b.H . ( B .P . 355,431, 30.6.30.
Ger., 28.6.29).—The filter is composed of a sheet of expanded metal rolled into the form of a hollow cylinder with multi-ply walls. B . M. Ve n a b l e s.
Apparatus for indicating and/or recording the change in volum e of gases [during a n a ly sis]. J. W.
& C. J. Ph i l l i p s, Lt d., and B. Ja m e s (B.P. 354,852, 20.5.30).—A sample of definite vol. of a gas is aspirated by one side, say the bottom, of a piston on its out-stroke, the previous sample being delivered to waste by the top ; on the in-stroke the sample is passed through a solvent, or other means of absorbing a constituent or otherwise changing the total vol. of the gas, and on the same stroke is received on the top of the piston, which is considerably smaller than the bottom by the specially chosen area of the piston rod. The change in vol. of the gas is measured by (a) holding both sides of the piston
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —S .
Cl. I I .—Fuel ; Gas ; Tab ; Mineral Oils. 955
at the same pressure {e.g., atm.) and measuring the vol.
not taken into the top of the cylinder by means of a floating bell, or (6) forcing the whole sample into the top of the cylinder and measuring the pressure.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Condensing apparatus for steam or other gaseous fluids. G. R. Sh e p h e r d (B.P. 355,438, 3.7.30).—A con
denser comprising a long bundle of tubes is divided into sections by intermediate tube-supporting plates and each section is provided with an air offtake ; communi
cation between sections is permitted through steam- inlet spaces both a t the sides and top.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Conditioning of air for heating and/or ventilating purposes. T. Nel l s o n and J. Ma r s h a l l (B.P. 355,327, 21.5.30).—Steam is withdrawn from an intermediate stage of a turbine or engine and used in a conditioning apparatus. [Stat. ref.] B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
V iscosim eter. H . W. Kl i n g e r, Assr. to He r c u l e s Po w d e r Co. ( U .S .P . 1,793,807, 24.2.31. Appl.J 30.7.27).
—The readings of a viscosimeter of the falling-ball type are observed by means of X-rays when operating with an opaque liquid. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Colorimeter [or colour com parator]. J. C. Ba k e r
and C. P . Wa l l a c e, Assrs. to Wa l l a c e & Tie r n a n Pr o d u c t s, In c. ( U .S .P . 1,794,134, 24.2.31. Appl., 8.6.26).—The apparatus comprises a pair of tubes having opaque walls of which the surface is roughened or screw- threaded ; one of the transparent bottoms is coloured to form a permanent standard, drain cocks are provided for both tubes, the liquid under test is conveniently adjusted to the standard by altering its depth, and a dip tube is provided for measuring that dimension. The apparatus is designed especially for use in making the o-tolidine test for H 20. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Grates for furnaces. H. E. G. Ro w l e y. From
Ap p a r e i l l a g e In d u s t r i e l (B.P. 355,612, 29.11.30).
Refrigerating m ethods and apparatus. A. J.
Ha y w a r d and A. T. A. D. Mid d l e m a s s (B.P. 355,665, 20.5.30).
[Adjustable stop for] Bourdon m anom eters. Soc.
An o n. l’Ac c e s s o ir ed e Pr e c i s i o n(B.P. 354,968,16.7.30.
Ger., 13.8.29).
D issolving xanthates. Condenser for S .—See VII.
Ore-roasting furnace.—See X . Precipitation appar
atus for gases.—See XI.
II.— F U E L ; GAS ; TAR ; MINERAL OILS.
Physico-chem ical characterisation of coal on the basis of its power of absorption of pyridine vapour. M. Ch o r ą ż y (Przemyśl Chem., 1931, 15, 233—252, 257—270).—The absorption of pyridine vapour by coal is greatest for lignites and least for anthracites, being inversely proportional to the 0 : H ratio ; where this exceeds 20 absorption is insignificant.
The pyridine vapour absorption nos. of vitrains at 15°
a re : 8-5 for anthracite, 5—5-5 for parabituminous anthracite, 3—4 for bituminous and parabituminous coal, 20—44 for caking gas coals, 50—67 for non-caking and 70—77 for gas-flaming coals. A similar classification of durains may be made on the basis of their pyridine
absorption no., viz., bituminous coal about 4, gas coal 40, and gas-flaming coal 50, but the difficulty of isolation of durain from parabituminous and anthracite coals renders the characterisation of this variety of little practical value. The same applies to fusains, the large absorptive surface of which renders the results for absorption uncertain. The absorptive power increases in the order fusain < durain <[ vitrain in more recent gas and gas-flaming coals, whereas a similar regularity is not observed in coal from older formations. The quantity of pyridine vapour absorbed by a given coal is closely proportional to its content of pyridine- extractable substances, as are also the velocities of absorption and of extraction. The residue after pyridine extraction (a-substance) absorbs more pyridine vapour than does the coal before extraction. The greatest absorptive power is possessed by CHCl3-sol. (3-substance, that of '(-substance being distinctly smaller. Max.
absorption is obtained by preheating coal at 400—450°
in an inert atm., and the temp.-velocity of absorption curve runs parallel to the temp.-plasticity curve of a given coal. The determination of the absorptive properties of coals can thus serve as an index of the temps, at which they transiently assume the plastic
state. R. Tr u s z k o w s k i.
The rotary kiln in cem ent manufacture. VIII—
X. [Drying of coal.] W. Gil b e r t (Cement, 1931, 4, 26—35, 648—664, 871—881 ; cf. B., 1931, 22).—
VIII. A rotary tube dryer 50 ft. long and 5 ft. in diam.
encased in a brickwork chamber reduced the moisture content of coal from 2-2 to 0 -8% at the rate of 2-29 tons/hr. with an average loss of 2-43% of volatile matter. The tube was heated externally by waste gases entering at 345° and leaving a t 165°. The heat balance shows that 11 • 4% of the total heat was utilised for evaporating moisture, but, against this, the draught was found to be defective.
IX. Calculations based on the vol. of gases passing first around the dryer and then through it amongst the cascading coal show th at 15-6% of the heat reaches the coal through the walls and 82% by direct contact of the gases with the coal.
X. The effect of the brickwork chamber was shown to be comparatively small in the above, and the heat balance of an exposed tube dryer gives 56-6% of heat effective in drying on counterflow design and 44% for
parallel flow. C. A. Ki n g.
Sam pling of coal. W. A. Se l v i g (New Intermit.
Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 9 pp.).—Sampling is described under 3 divisions, viz., collection of a repre
sentative gross sample, reduction of the gross sample to one of laboratory size, and preparation of a laboratory sample. The gross sample, taken by a large number of increments, from different parts of the sample, should be not less than 1000 lb., except for slack coal and small sizes of anthracite, when a gross sample of 500 lb. is sufficient. If the coal is high in ash, a gross sample of 1500 lb. or more is required. The gross sample must be crushed, mixed, and systematically reduced in quantity. The method of collecting gross samples and their reduction for analysis as recommended by the A.S.T.M. are outlined. C. B. Ma r s o n.
a 4
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts —B .
956 Cl. I I . — Fo e l ; Ga s ; Ta b ; Mi n e r a l Oi l s.
Sampling of coal and coke. E. S. Gr u m e l l and J. G. Kin g (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 33 pp.).—The following are discussed: the work of other investigators, distribution of ash in coal, application of a modified size-weight ratio theory to sampling, factors of safety, experimental evidence in favour of certain recommendations, methods of collec
tion of the bulk sample, and the reduction of this sample to one of laboratory size. C. B. Ma r s o n.
Sam pling of coal, coke, and other fuels, and of clinker and ash. K. Bu n t e (New Internat. Assoc.
Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 13 pp.).—The fundamental principles involved in sampling are described. The methods of sampling in individual cases are discussed and the accuracy is demonstrated by test results.
C. B . Ma r s o n.
Determination of volatile m atter in solid fuels.
R. De Be n e d e t t i and G. Rossi (New Internat. Assoc.
Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 8 pp.).—An electric furnace which enables several determinations to be carried out simultaneously, using either P t or porcelain crucibles, is described ; the temp, can be maintained between 1000°
and 1100° and special means are taken to prevent oxidation. The furnace can be used also for deter
mining the ash and its fusibility. The results obtained with this and other methods are compared.
C. B . Ma r s o n.
Determ ination of the fusion point of coal ash.
F. S. Sin n a t t (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., .Sept., 1931, 7 pp.).—Following a summary of the literature on the subject, four methods for the determination, which incorporate certain distinct principles, are given.
The possible influence of the heterogeneity of the coal substance on the fusion point of any particular sample is also discussed. Studies of the fusion point of ash from different layers constituting a seam of coal suggest th at the value obtained from an average sample must be interpreted with caution. C. B. Ma r s o n.
Determ ining the m elting of [fuel] ash. K. Bu n t e
(New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 6 pp.).—
Current methods are reviewed, and Bunte and Baum's method (B ., 1928, 322) is described. Reproduction of results in various laboratories, the relationship of m.p.
and softening points to the m.-p. curve, the similarity and variability of the m.-p. curves of certain ashes, and the sources of error are discussed. C. B . Ma r s o n.
Desulphurisation of coke. J. S. Gu r a r j i (Ukrain.
Chem. J., 1931,6, [Tech.], 49—83).—The best desulphur
ising agent for coke is H2, which at 1000° removes up to 54% of the total S. Steam a t 800°, under optimal conditions, does not remove more than 11—16%, whilst C2H2 removes up to 17% ; the action of C2H2 is due to H 2 liberated by its decomposition. The action of CII4 a t 1000° is similar to th a t of H2, but the velocity of reaction is smaller ; about 40% of the CH4 is decomposed in the process. In factory practice coal gas should be used, 45% of coke-S being removed under appropriate conditions a t 1000°. In general, the velocity of reaction is a function of the degree of comminution of the coke.
R, Tr u s z k o w s k i.
Occurrence of nitrogen oxides in coal gas.
H. A. J. Pi e t e r s (Brennstoff-Chem., 1931,12,285—286).
—N oxides, which occur in coal gas as a result of the suction of flue gases into the retorts, may combine with the unsaturated hydrocarbons of the gas to form resinous, and possibly also explosive, deposits. They may be determined by adding excess of 0 2 to the gas, to convert the NO into N 0 2, and then determining the latter colorimetrically with m-phenylenediaminc. In one coke-oven plant it was found th a t the concentration of NO in the gas rose in passing through the saturator (from 7-6 to 13-2 c.c./cu. m.) as a result of using H 2S04 containing NO ; it fell again during the subsequent benzol washing and gas purification to 1-7 c.c./cu. m.
A. B. Ma n n in g.
Therm al decom position of low-tem perature tar constituents. I. Reaction products, II. Reac
tion m echanism , of the therm al decomposition of higher phenols of low-tem perature tar. Y.
Ko sa k a(J. Soc. Chem. Ind., Japan, 1931,3 4 ,241—242 b,
243—244 u).—I. The tar acid fraction (85-3% of total) boiling above 210°, decomposed by trickling down a S i02 tube a t 700°, 800°, and 850°, gave 76%, 52%, and 30% of condensate, 20%, 38%, and 50% of gas, and 4%, 10%, and 15% of C. The decomp, products qualitatively resemble those from cresols.
II. There is an optimum temp., about 800°, for the dealkylation and reduction of higher phenols through cresols and C6Hc homologues to PhOH, PhMe, and finally CGH6. Diphenyls result from dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons rather than from phenols, whilst c 10h 8 and C14H10 seem to be condensation products of monocyclic phenols. C. Ho l l i n s.
Berginisation of coal and tar. N. A. Or l o v
(Ukrain. Chem. J., 1931, 6, [Tech.], 1—12).—A review of work published by various authors on the low-temp.
treatment of coal and ta r for the production of liquid hydrocarbons. The best yields are obtained from bituminous coals. R. Tr u s z k o w s k i.
Catalytic desulphurisation and hydrogenation of a prim ary tar fraction. J. M. P e r t i e r r a (Chim.
et Ind., 1931. 2 6 , 9—14).—The S in a fraction, b.p.
180—300°, of a commercial low-temp. tar exists in the form of H 2S (0-17%, expressed as S in the oil), mer- captans (0-09%), thioethers (0-04%), thiophen deriv
atives (0-14%), and other compounds (0-26%). Attempts to desulphurise the oil by passing the vapour, in the presence of I I 2 a t the ordinary pressure, over metallic catalysts reduced the total S content by not more than 60%. By passing the vapour subsequently over a hydrogenating catalyst, e.g., Ni, the ta r acids in the oil were reduced by 13% and the bases by 64%. Hydrogen
ation under pressure (“ berginisation ”) in the presence of an Fe20 3-N H 4 molybdate catalyst yielded 14% of light spirit, b.p. 50—180°, and reduced the ta r acids by 74%. The product was completely sol. in E t 20.
Hydrogenation removed 70% of the total S, whilst the residual 30% was easily eliminated by further treatment.
A. B. Ma n n in g.
T esting of bitum inous m aterials. P. Hu b b a r d
and C. S. Re e v e (New Internat. Assoc. Test. Mat., Sept., 1931, 5 pp.).—The twenty tests adopted by the American Society for Testing Materials are classified under consistency, heat, solubility, and miscellaneous
