BK.nad M. H. Ko:J1CuHou e pa3eumue
Jl,U1-l26UCmU4eCKOU cmu.nucmuKU
u cmaHoe.neHue pe4eeedeHuR
BJIA,lJJ:IMHP A. CAJII1MOBCKHI1
(llepMb)
Bo3HHKHOBeHHe H pa3BHTHe B Ha'laJie
XX
B. TeopeTH'leCKOH CTHJIHCTHKH 06bI'IHO CBH3hIBaIOT C rpy,n:aMH III. DaJIJIH H pa60TaMH rrpe,n:cTaBHTeJieH UIKO Jlbl 3CTeTH'lecKoro 11,n:ean113Ma (K. <l>occnepa, Jl. IllrrHTQepa, 3. Jlepxa, 3. JlopKa 11 ,n:p.). Me)l(,n:y TeM B 1920-1930-e rr. B paMKax 'leillCKOH 11 PYCCKOH JIHHrBHCTHKH B Ka'leCTBe ee oco6oii rrpo6neMHO-TeMaTHY:eCKOH o6naCTH <)>opMHpyeTCH el.l\e OJJ:HO <)>yH,n:aMeHTaJlbHOe HarrpaBJieHHe CTHJIHCTHY:eCKHX HCCJie,n:oBaHHH. PeY:b 11,n:eT o pa6oTax JIHHrBHCTOB I1pa)l(CKOH IllKOJlbl no TeOpHH JIHTepaTypHoro H3bIKa H CTHJIHCTHKe H O Tpy,n:ax TaKHX BbIJJ:aIOI.l\HXCH pyccKHX yY:eHhIX, KaK M.M. EaXTHH, B.B. BHHOrpa,n:oB,r.o.
BHHOKyp, Jl.IT. 51Ky6HHCKHH. B ,n:paMaTHY:eCKHX ycJIOBHHX COBeTCKOH ,n:eHCTBHTeJihHOCTH Tex JieT pa60Tbl H83BaHHblX pyccKHX Q}HJIOJIOrOB, K CO)l(aJieHHIO, He MOfJIH o6peCTH 3aCJiy)l(eHHYIO H3BeCTHOCTb, IlOCKOJlbKY pacnpocTpaHeHHe HayY:HblX 11,n:eił B CTpaHe, oco6eHHO B ryMaHHTapHblX AHCQHilJIHHax, orrpe,n:eJIHJIOCb HX 11,n:eonorHY:eCKOH OQeHKOH H 6hrna yTpaY:eHa B03MO)KHOCTb CB060AHOfO Me)l(JJ:yHapOJJ:HOro 06l.l\eHHH.,lJ;aHHOe HarrpaBJieHHe CTHJIHCTHY:eCKHX HCCJie,n:OB8HHH xapaKTepH30B8JIOCb, K8K H3BeCTHO, oco6011 CHCTeMOH MeTO,n:OJIOfHY:eCKHX rrpe,n:CTaBJieHHH. 3TO IlOJIO)l(eHHH o He06XOAJ.łMOCTH IlOCTHraTb Q>YHKQHOH8JlhHblH rrnaH H3bIKa B ero CBH3HX C BHeJIHHfBHCTHY:eCKOH ,n:eHCTBHTeJibHOCTblO, O Ba)l(HOCTH H3yY:eHHH H3bIKa H peY:H B HX eAHHCTBe, O COQHaJibHOCTH peY:H, O IlJIOJJ:OTBOpHOCTH He TOJibKO CHHXpOHH'leCKoro, HO H 3BOJIIOQHOHHOfO OITHCaHHH H3bIKa H ero
cnrnełi , COlJ:eTamrn KalJ:eCTBeHHOro aHamna Sl3bIKOBbIX cpe,D,CTB C KOnHlJ:eCTBeHHbIM.
OT KOHU.enI..\HH Ill. EannH, OXBaTbIBaBllleH 3KCnpeCCHBHbie cj)aKTbl CHCTeMbl Sl3bIKa B HX CHHXpOHHOH COOTHOCHTenhHOCTH (6e3 Bb!XO,D,a B o6nacTb pe'IH H o6pa�eHHSI K 3KCTpanHHrBHCTH1.J:eCKHM SIBneHHSIM), OHO OTnH1.J:anOCb op11eHTau.11ełi Ha H3ylJ:eHHe cpe,D,CTB Sl3bIKOBOro Bbipa)l{eHHSI C TOlJ:KH 3peHHSI HX cj)yHKU.HOHanbHOro Ha3HalJ:eHHSI - KaK cpe,D,CTB, cny)l{a�HX 3a,D,alJ:aM KOMMYHHKaU.HH. IlpH 3TOM npe,D,MeTOM Hccne,D,oBaHHSI CTaHO BHnHCb He TOnbKO co6CTBeHHO CHCTeMHO-Sl3bIKOBbie cj)aKTbl, HO H o6�He oco6eHHOCTH <pyHKU.HOHHpOBaHHSI Sl3h!Ka B cou.11anbHO 3HalJ:HMblX c<pepax o6�emrn. Ba)l<Hełilllee )l{e OTJIB1.J:He ,D,aHHoro HanpaBneHHSI OT KOHu.enu.1-rn H,D,eanHCTHlJ:eCKOH llIKOnbI 3aKmoąanocb B yCTaHOBKe Ha H3ylJ:eHHe He HH,lJ,HBH,D,yanhHOH nc11xonorHH nHCaTenSI B ee Sl3b!KOBOM Bonno�eHim, a HHTepcy6beKTHBHbIX (Ha,D,bIH,l],HBHAYanbHhIX) acneKTOB CTHnHCTHlJ:eCKHX SIBneHHH. IlpH 3TOM aHanH3HpOBaJIHCb KaK xy,D,O)l{eCTBeHHbie TeKCTbl, TaK H peąeBhie n pOSIBneHHSI ,n:pyrnx cqiep KOMMY- HHKaU.HH.
PaccMaTpHBaeMoe cpyHKU.HOHanbHOe HanpaBneHHe CTHnHCTHlJ:eCKHX HCCne)].OBaHH H , peaJIH30BaBlllee oco6yIO CHCTeMy MeTo,n:onor111.J:eCKHX nono)KeHHH , OTnHlJ:HYIO OT KnIOlJ:eBbIX TeopeTHlJ:eCKHX 11,n:eH ,D,pyrHX CTHJIHCTHlJ:eCKHX llIKOn nepBOH TpeTH XX B., MO)l{eT 6b!Tb Ha3BaHO <j)yHKLfUO HQJlbHOU cmwzucmuKOU 6 utUp0K0M 3HQl./eHUU 3mo20 mepMUHQ HJIH cnaBSIHCKOH crnnHCTHKOH (Gajda 199 1 ).
EcrrH 1 920-1 930-e
rr. -
BpeMSI cpopMHpOBaHHSI 6a30Bb!X nonO)l{eHHH HOBOrO HanpaBneHHSI CTHnHCTHlJ:eCKHX HCCne,D,oBaHHH , TO C cepe,D,HHbl npOllIJIOrO CTOneTHSI CHTyaU.HSI B cpyHKQHOHanbHOH CTHnHCTHKe HalJ:HHaeT B O C il pHHHMaTbCSI K aK K pH3HCHaSI: ee OCHOBon onaraIO�He H,D,eH no-npe)KHeMy OCTaIOTCSI He pa3BHTbIMH B paMKax u.enoCTHOH TeOpHH, a o6�aH KapTHHa HaylJ:HhlX npe,D,CTaBneHHH OKa3bIBaeTCSI 3KneKTH1.J:HOH. Pa3BepHyBllIHeCH B 3TO BpeMH AHCKYCCHH no BonpocaM CTHnHCTHKH B COBeTCKOH H ąexocnoBaQKOH nHHrBHCTHKe aKTHBH3HpOBanH ycHnHSI yąeHbIX n o pa3pa60TKe cpyHKU.HOHanbHO-CTHJIHCTHlJ:eCKOH TeOpHH. O,D,HaKO cno)l{Hnacb oHa nHlllb cnycrn e�e nonTopa-,D,Ba ,D,eCHTHneTHH B pa6oTax HoBoro noKoneHHH nHHrBHCTOB - A.H. BacHnbeBołi, E.H. ronoBHHa, M.H. Ko)l{HHołi, BS. KocToMapoBa, O.o. C11pornH11Hołi, K. ray3ett6naca, A. EMH'IKH, M . EnHHKa,11.
Kpayca,H.
MHCTpHKa H ,D,p.Oco6aH 3acrryra B IlOCTpOeHHH H BepH<pHKaQHH 3TOH TeopHH npHHa)].ne )l{J,iT MaprapuTe Hu1rnnaesue Ko:iKuuou, y)Ke B paHHHX CBOHX 11ccne,D,0BaHHSIX
BKJ1ao M. H. KoJ1Cwwu e pa3eumue J1u1i2eucmul/eCKou . . . BJIA,ł\11Ml1P A . CAJll1MOBCKl1H
( 196 1, 1962) npHCTynHBIIIeH K pa.3pa6oTKe KillO'łeBbIX npo6neM JIHHrBO CTHJIHCTHKH, a B nep110.n: C 1966 r. no 1972 r. 113,n:aBIIIeH TPH cpyH ,n:aMeHTaJibHbie M0Horpacp1111:
O
cnei,u(jJuKe xyooJ1Cecmee1i1iou u Hayl/HOu pel/U e acneKme </Jy1iKifU01iaJJb1iOU cmUJJucmuKu ( 1966), K ocHoea1iU51M (jJy1iKifU01ia JJb1iOU cmuJJucmuKu ( 1968),O
pel/eeou cucmeMHocmu 1iayl/1io20 cmuJJfl cpa81iUmeJJb1iO C 1ieKOmOpb!MU Opy2UMU ( 1972a).HoBaTopCKHe 11,n:eH 3THX pa6oT cpa3y o6paTHJIH Ha ce651 BHHMaHHe HCCJie,n:oBaTeneił H nony'łHJIH Bh!COKYIO o�eHKY pe�eH3eHTOB KaK B OTe'łeC TBeHHOM, TaK 11 B 3apy6e)l(H0M JIHTepaType (BaJirnHa, CeHKeBH'ł, 1973; BacHJiheBa 1968; KocToMapoB 1970; Kraus 1972; IlonoB, 1974; Schamhorst
1975; Óctovani 1973).
Bo BBe,n:eHHH K nepBOM 113 yKa3aHHhIX MOHorpacp11ił M.H. Ko)l(HHa H3JiaraeT CBOe Hay'łHOe Kpe.n:o, COCT051LI.J;ee B TpaKTOBKe cpyHKQHOHaJibHOH CTHJIHCTHKH KaK peqese�lfCCKOH HayKH. 3Ta ,ll,HCQHnJIHHa, no,n:qepKHBaeT yqeHbIM, «HCCJie,ll,yeT He CTOJihKO 513h!K, CKOJihKO pe'łb, H n03TOMY MO)l(HO 6bmo 6b1 ee Ha3BaTb pel/eeeoeHueM ... TaK11e npo6JieMhI, KaK "orpa)l(eH11e" coQHaJihHO r o 11 nc11xonor11 qecKoro B pe'łH , MhIIIIJieHHe 11 pe'łh , 3KCrpaJIHHrBHCTH'łeCKHe OCHOBbl H npH'łHHhl B03HHKHOBeHH51 pa3HOBH,ll,HOC Te M p e q 11 H ,ll,pyr11e no.n:o6Hble H M , 51 BJI51 IOTC51 QeHT paJihHbIMH B cpyHKQHOHaJibHOM CTHJIHCTHKe. Ilo3TOMY nJIO,łl,OTBOpHoe, nepcneKTHBHOe peIIIeHHe 3THX BOnpOCOB BO MHOfOM JaBHCHT OT KOMnJieKCHoro HX HCCJie,ll,OBaHHH p51,ll,OM HayK: co.n:py)KeCTBOM JIHHrBHCTHKH C Q)HJIOCO<pHeH, CO Q H O JI O r H e M , 3CTeTHK O H , JIHTepaTypoBe,ll,eHH eM , ncHXOJIOrHeM, Q)H3HOJIOrneił H MaTeMaTHKOM» ( 1966: 13-14). Pa3b51CH5151 CBOIO no3HQHIO no BOnpocy O COOTHOIIIeHHH fl3blKa H pel/u, M. H. Ko)l(HHa OTMe'łaeT, 'łTO pel/b nOHHMaeTCH eIO KaK cpyHK�HOHHpOBaHHe 513hIKa B peaJibHOM o6LI.J;eHHH H 'łTO HMeHHO 3aBHCHMOCTb OT 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTH'łeCKOro «npH,ll,aeT pe'łH cneQHQ)HKY, COCTaBJI51eT co6cTBeHHO pe'łeBoe, Q)YHKQHOHaJihHOe» ( 1966: 13).
Crre,ll,yeT o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha HOBOe ,ll,JIH cepe,ll,HHbl 1960-x
rr.,
KOr,ll,a B 51 3 bIK03HaHHH eLI.J;e rocnO,ll,CTBO BaJI CTpyKTypaJIH3M, n O H H MaHHe B03MO)KHOro npe,ll,MeTa JIHHrBHCTH'łeCKOM TeopHH KaK TeopHH pel/U H Ha aKTyaJibHOCTb - ,ll,JIH HaIIIHX ,ll,HeH - Mb!CJIH o He06XO,ll,HMOCTH npoBe,ll,eHH51 Me)l(Jl:HCQHnJIHHapHbIX KOMnJieKCHbIX HCCJie,ll,OBaHHH pe'łeBoro o6LI.J;eHH51.0QeHHBa51 3TH TeopeTH'łeCKHe ycTaHOBKH Ha <poHe ,ll,OMHHHpOBaBIIIHX B JIHHrBHCTHKe crpyKTypaJIHCTCKHX npe,ll,cTaBJieHHM, HMeeT CMbICJI BCnOMHHTb JaMeqaH11e <I>. ,ll,e Cocc10pa o TOM, qTo np11 nocTpoeHHH Teop1111 peqeBoił ,ll,e51TeJibHOCTH B03MO)l(eH nyTh C03,ll,aHH51 He TOJibKO JIHHrBHCTHKH 513bIKa, HO
11 n11Hrn11cT11K11 pe•m (CoccIOp 1 977:
58).
M.H. Ko)lmHa, OTKa3aBWl1Cb OT npeJ].CTaBJieHl1H O Sł3b!Ke(langue)
KaK eJ].11HCTBeHHO nOJ].Jil1HHOM npeJ].MeTe Sł3b!K03HaH l1 Sł , np11 cTyn11na K Cl1 CTeM aT11'1eCKOH pa3pa6oTKe CT11Jil1-CTl1'-leCKOH Teop1111 pe'-111.3To J].aeT OCHOBaH11e YTBep)KJ].aTb, '!TO B Sł3b!K03HaHl111 BTOpOH nOJIOBl1Hbl
XX B. TPYJJ.hI M.H. Ko)KHHOH crnn11 oi>uu.;w. 1n nepBblX
nposrnJieHHH nepeo
puenTaQHH HCCJie,llOBaHHH C CHCTeMHO-CTpy1nypuou napa,llHfMbl Ha <l>YHKQ HOHaJibHO-KOMMYHHKaTHBHYIO.Pa3pa60TKa CTl1Jil1 CTl1'!eCKOH KOHQCCT Ql1 11 ynoTpe6neHl1Sł Sł3hlKa B peaJibHOM o6w.eHl111 3HaMeHOBana co6oi1 Bh!XOJJ. cj)yHKQ110HaJibHOH CTl1Jil1C Tl1Kl1 113 Kp11311ca 11 06ecneq11na ee nocneJJ.y10w.ee 11HTettc11BHoe pa3B11T11e Ha co6CTBeHHOH TeopeTl1'-leCKOH OCHOBe. CaM TepM11H rjJyHKL(,UOHCJJlbHQ5/. CmWlu cmuKa CTaJI 11CCTOJlh30BaTbCSł B HOBOM 3Ha'-leHl111, CJI0)1(11BWl1MCSł B 3TOH KOH uenu1111: «<l>yHKL(,UOHCJJlbHQ5/. cmW1ucmuKa - 3TO Jll1HrBl1CTl1'-leCKaSł HayKa, 113y qa10w.aS1 oco6eHHOCTl1 11 3aKOHOMepHOCTl1 cpyHKQl10H11pOBaHl1Sł Sł3bIKa B pa3-Jll1 '1 H b! X B 11J].ax p e'-1 11 , C O OTB CTCTB YIOW.11 X T e M 11Jil1 11 H b! M c cp e p a M '-lerroBe'!eCKOH JJ.eSITeJibHOCTl1 11 06w.ett11S1, a TaK)Ke pe'-leByIO crpyKTYPY CKJiaJ].bIBaIOW.11XCSł np11 3TOM cpyHKQHOHaJibHb!X CTl1JICH 11 HOpMbl OT6opa 11 CO'leTaHl1Sł B Hl1X Sł3b!KOBb!X cpeJJ.CTB» ( 1 966: 1 3).
Hcxop:HhIH MCTOJJ.OJ1or11qecK11i1 np11ttu11n co3p:aHHOH M.H. KO)Kl1HOH KOHQenu1111 - He06XOA11MOCTb 113y'!eHl1Sł J/3blKa-petJU B ep:11HCTBe C p:pyr11Ml1 CYW.HOCTHhlMl1 CBOHCTBaMl1 '-leJIOBeKa, a HMCHHO C ero Oe.RmenbflOCmblO 11 C03HQHUeM. Il o OTHOWeHl1IO K CTl1JieBOH p:11cpcpepeHQl1aQHH pe'-111 3TOT np11HQ11n KOHKpeTl1311pyeTCSł KaK npep:CTaBJICHl1C O J].eTepM11HHpoBaHHOCTl1 pe'-IeBOH opraHH3aQ1111 B11AOM cou11aJih HOH p:eSITeJibH0CTH B ep:HHCTBe C COOTBeTCTByIOw.ei1 cpopMOH o6w.ecrneHHOro C03HaHl1Sł, a TaK)KC THCTOM TBOp'-leCKOro MblllIJieHl1Sł, uerrSIMl1 K0MMYHl1Kau1111.
OTCIOJ].a BhITeKaeT, '-ITO pe'lb 113yqaeTCSł KaK npOHl1KHyTaSł COQHaJihHb!M11 11 ncwxorrortt'-leCKl1MH cj)aKTOpaM11, KaK «norpy)KeHHaSł B )KI13Hb». Mo)l<HO, crrep:oBaTeJibHO, yTBep)Kp:aTh , '-ITO B pa6oTax M . H . Ko)KttHoi1 BTopoi1 nOJI0Bl1Hhl 1 960-x - Ha'-laJia 1 970-x rr. 0CHOBHbIM npeJ].MeTOM 113y'-leHl1Sł CTaHOBl1TCSł oucKypc 11 '-ITO paccMarp 11BaeMaSł K0HQenQHSł npeJ].CTaBJISłeT co6oi1 O,llHO H3 caMblX paHHHX JIHHfBHCTH'leCICHX uanpaBJieHHH ,llHCKypcHB uoro aHaJIH3a.
Ea30Bble n0HSłTl1Sł 3TOH KOHQenu1111 - «<pyHKQHOHaJibHbIH CTl1Jlh pe'-111», «CTl1Jil1 CTl1 K 0-pe'-leBaSł Cl1 CTeM HO CTb » ' «CTl1JieBaSł M a Kp O O Kp acKa» ' «CTl1Jil1 CTl1 '-l e C K l1 e cp eti:CTB a » , «3K CTp an11 HrBl1 CTl1 'I eCKl1 e O C H O B bl
BKllaiJ M.H. Ko:>1<:wwu e pa3eumue J1uH2eucmul./.ecKou . . . BJIA)lHMHP A. CAJJHMOBCKHH
Q>YHKU.HOHaJJbHOro CTHJJ51», «cneQHQ)11'łeCKHe CTHJJeBbie Y:epTbI», «CTHJJeBaH HOpMa».
3KCTTJJHKaU.H51 Ka)l(.uoro 113 .uaHHblX nOH51THH, no cyw,ecTB y' 6hrna npO.UOJJ)l(eHHeM o6cy)l(.ueHH51 BOnpOC0B, TTO.UH51TbIX B .UHCKYCCHH cepe.UHHbl 1950-x rr. Ha CTpaH11u.ax )l(ypHarra «BonpocbI 513hIK03HaHHH». Oco6eHHO 3TO OTHOCHTC51 K TTOH51THIO «CTHJJb».
KaK H3BeCTHO, 3aBepwaH .u11cKycc1110, B.B. B11Horpa.uoB B cBoeH .ueq>11-HHU.HH cmUJIJl no.uY:epKHYJJ ero C0OTHeCeHH0CTb co cq>epoH 513b!Ka H C TOH HJJH HHOH Q>YHKU.Helł' B peY:eBoH o6w,ecrneHHOH npaKTHKe ttapo.ua. B 3TOM npoHBHrracb norreMHKa yY:eHoro c TpaKTOBKOH IO.C. CopoKHHhIM cmUJ/Jl pel./.U KaK CBOHCTBa HH.UHBH.UyaJJbHOro BbICKa3bIBaHH51.
M.H.
Ko)I(HHa, B03Bpa�aHCb K 3TOMY en opy, npe.urro)l(HJJa CBOIO TpaKTOBKY CTHJJ51, B KOTOpOH coxpaHHJJa aKQeHT Ha ero COQHaJJbHOH OC03HaHHOCTH H .ueTepMHHHpOBaHHOCTH cq>epOH o6w,eHH51, HO npH 3TOM, B OTJJHY:He OT B.B. BHHOrpa.uoBa, onpe.uerr11rra CTHJJb He KaK COBOKynHOCTb npueMoe y noTpe6rreHH51 cpe.ucTB pe'łeBoro o6w,eHH51 (noHHTHe, He no.u.ua10w,eec51 O.UH03HaY:HOH HHTepnpeTaU.HH B OTHOWeHHH K CHCTeMe H K y3ycy), a KaK q>eHOMeH co6crneHHO pe'-!eBOH (KaK CTHJJb pe'-!H).3THM 6bma 3aJJO)l(eHa OCHOBa ee KOHU.enu.1111: «<l>yHKU,UOHaJlbHblU CfflUJlb pel./.U - 3TO onpe.uerreHHa51 cou.HaJJbHO OC03HaHHa51 pa3HOBH.UHOCTb pe'-!H, COOTBeTCTBYIOW,a51 TOH HJJH HHOH ccpepe o6w,ecTBeHHOH .ueHTeJJbHOCTH H q>opMe C03HaHH51, 06rra.ua10�all CBOeo6pa3HOH CTHJJHCTH'łeCKOH OKpaCKOH, C03.UaBaeMOH oco6eHHOCT51MH Q>YHKJ..(HOHHpOBaHH51 B 3TOH o6rraCTH 513bIKOBb!X cpe.ucTB H cneQHQ)HY:HOH pe'-!eBOH opraHH3au.11eH (CTPYKTypoH), H MeIOW,a51 CBOH HOpMbl OT6opa H CO'ł eTaHH51 513b!KOBblX e.UHHHJ..(, onpe.uerr51IOW,HeC51 3a.Ua'-!aMH o6�eHH51 B COOTBeTCTBYIOW,eH cq>epe» ( 1 966:
1 3).
Ilpe.UCTaBJJeHHe o np11po.ue Q>YHKI.J.HOHaJJhHOro CTHJJ51 pe'-IH yrny6rrHeTC51 M.H. KO)l(HHOH BBe.UeHHeM nOH51TH51 CTHJIHCTHKO-peąesou CHCTeMHOCTH: Q>YHKI.J.HOHaJJhHb!H CTHJJb «51BJJ51eTC51 TaKOH opraHH3aU.HeH (HJJH CHCTeMOH, cTpyKTypoH), 3JJeMeHThI KOTopoH TecHeHWHM o6pa3oM Q>YHKQHOHaJJbHO B3aHMOCB513aHbl B e.UHHOe u.erroe, TO eCTb CB513aHbl Ha OCHOBe BbinOJJHeHH51 HMH KaKOH-TO O.UHOH onpe.uerreHHOH cpyHKJ..(HH» ( 1 968: 1 1
O). ABTOp fOBOpHT
3.UeCb O B3aHMOCB513H pa3HoypoBHeBbIX 513bIKOBb!X e.UHHHJ..( - B npe.uerrax ypOBHeH H Me)l(.uy HHMH - Ha TeKCTOBOH ITJJOCKOCTH, O B3aHMOCB513H, C03.UaBaeMOH pearr113au.11ei1 He HH.UHBH.UyaJJbHOH QerreycTaHOBKH aBTOpa TeKCTa, a TaKOH Q>YHKJ..(HH (KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH u.err11), KOTopa51 3a}].aHaHa3Ha'łeH11 e M COOTB eTCTBYIOmdł qiopMbl o6mecTBeHHOro C03Hamr n , HanpHMep, HayKH, HCKYCCTBa, npaBa. TaKHM o6pa3 0 M , o6pamaHCb K npo6neMe QenettanpaBJieHHOCTH pe'm, M.H. KO)KHHa pa3BHBaeT MhICJih paHHHX pa60T
r.0.
BHHOKypa 06 06beKTHBHOCTH KOMMYHMKaTMBHOfO 3a,lJ.aHMSł: QeJih COCTOMT «He B TOM, qero XO'łeT peaJibHO, )l(MTeHCKH opaTop MJIM Il03T, a B caMOM COOTHOUieHHM CJIOBeCHb!X 3JieMeHTOB, C03.U.aIOmMx .u.aHHOe CTMJIMCTM'łeCKOe IlOCTpOeHMe» (BMHOKYP 1 990: 27). ITpM'łMHY C03.U.aHMSł TaKOH, a He MHOH pa3HOBM.U.HOCTH CTMJIMCTMKO-peąeBOH opraHM3aQMM M.H.KO)l(MHa BM.U.MT B xapaKTepe 6a30Bb!X 3KCTpaJIMHrBMCTM 'łeCKMX qiaKTOpOB, cymHOCTHO CBSł3aHHbIX C pe'łbIO (B CBOeo6pa3HH BH.U.a .u.eHTeJibHOCTH, qiopMbl C03HaHMSł, B HX Ha3Ha'łeHMH).C o n o p o ił Ha K a T e r o p M IO CTHJI M C T M K O - p e 'ł e B O H C M C T e M H OCTH pa3pa6aTbIBaeTCSł IlOHHTMe CTMJieBOH HOpMbl (KO)l(MHa 1 969a; 1 97 1 a). Hcxo.n.ttoe IlOHMMaHMe HOpMbl Sł3b!Ka KaK Tpa,n:MQMOHHb!X peaJIM3aQMH 3JieMeHTOB Sł3blKOBOH CMCTeMbl (3. KocepMy) pa3BHBaeTCSł M KOHKpeTH3Hpy eTCSł BKJIIO'łeHHeM B attaJIM3 npe,n:cTaBJieHMSł O cneQMQ)M'łeCKHX QeJIHX H 3a,n:aqax KOMMYHMKaQMH B Ka)l(.U.OH M3 ee OCHOBHbIX cqiep M O B03HHKHOBeHMH ycTOH'łMBblX peaJIM3aQMH CMCTeM bl Sł3b!Ka B npoQecce O il T H Ma Ji b H O H aKTyamnaQMM 3TMX K O M MYHMKaTHB HblX QeJieH. B pe3yJibTaTe CTHJieBaSł HOpMa TpaKTyeTCSł KaK HaBblKH HaM6onee Qenecoo6pa3HOfO B Ka)l(JJ:OH ccpepe o6meHMSł (B Ka)l(.U.OM QJYHKQMOHaJibHOM CTHJie) OT6opa M CO'łeTaHMSł Sł3blKOBblX cpe,n:CTB, TeM caMblM C03.U.aHMSł onpe.u.eneHHOH CTMJIMCTHKO pe'łeBOH opraHM3aQMM. M.H. Ko)l(MHa BbICTynaeT c MHMQMaTMBOH npM,n:aHMH npaKTM'ł e C K O H CTMJIMCTMKe QJYHKQMOHaJibHOH Hanp aBJi e H HOCTM H peaJIM3aQMM Ql YHKQMOHaJibHhlX MeTO.U.MK B npaKTMKe BY30BCKoro M llIKOJlbHOfO npeno.u.aBaHHSł ( 1 9696).
B KOHQenQMM y'łeHoro npe,n:cTaBJieHa TaK)l(e HOBaSł TpaKTOBKa IlOHSITMSł CTHJieo6pa3ylO�He cpeACTBa. HMM OKa3bIBaIOTCSł He TOJibKO M He CTOJibKO Sł3blKOBble eAMHMQhl, HMeIOmMe BHeKOHTeKCTyaJibHbie CTMJIMCTH'łeCKMe KOHHOTaQMM, CKOJibKO TaK Ha3bIBaeMbie HeMTpaJibHbie eAMHMQhl, KOTOpbie, OAHaKO, B TOM MJIM MHOH cqiepe o6meHMSł aKTMBM3MpyIOT cneQMQ)H'łeCKMe QlYHKQMOHaJibHbie 3Ha'łeHHSł, onpe,n:eJISłeMbie o6mMM KOMMYHMKaTMBHhIM 3a,lJ.aHMeM .n.aHHOH cqiepbl M TeM caMblM OKa3bIBaIOTCSł CTMJIMCTM'łeCKMMM B KOHKpeTHOH pe'łeBOH CHCTeMe. K TOMY )l(e B C03,lI.aHMM CTMJISI yąacTByeT qiaKTOp 'łaCTOTbl ynoTpe6rreHMSł Sł3bIKOBhlX cpe,lI.CTB.
ITo-HOBOMY MHTepnpeTHpyeTCSł M TeCHO CBSł3aHHOe C KaTeropueił pe'łeBOH CHCTeMHOCTM IlOHSITHe CTHJieBaH qepTa. M.H. Ko)l(MHa nepeXO,lJ.MT OT
BKJwo M. H. Ko:>1Cw1.0u e pa3eumue J1u1-t2eucmu1.JecKou . . .
BJIA,1111 Ml1P A. CAJll1MOBCKl111Tpa,ZU1 Q 11 0 H H bl X , co ;::i;ep )l( a r.u;11 x c si e r.u;e B aHTl1 ą Hbl X p11Top 11 K a x npeACTaaneH11H o KaąecTaax xopoweił peą11 (TaK11x, Hanp11Mep , KaK n p a B l1Ji b H O CT b , T O ą H O CT b , B b1 p a 3 11TeJi b H O CT b ) 11 n o cn e;::i;y10 r.u;11x MOJJ:11q>l1KaQl1H 3Tl1X npeACTaBJiemrH B pa6oTax no CTl1Jil1CTl1Ke 11 KYJibType peq11 K 11CTOJIKOBaH11lO CTl1JieBOH qepTbl KaK npOSIBJieHl1SI cneQ11QH1Kl1 Toro HJil1 HH0ro q>yHKQ110HaJibHOro CTHJISI B ero OC06blX K aąeCTBeHHblX xapaKTep11CTl1Kax. HanpHMep, cneQ11qrnąeCKOH qepTOH HayąHoro CTHJISI, onpe;::i;ensieMoił np11po;::i:011 HayąHoro no3HaHHSI, HanpaaneHHoro Ha 06Hapy)l(eH11e o6r.u;ero, 3aKOHOMepHoro, H a6cTpaKTHbl M Hayą Hbl M M bl W Ji e H 11 e M , SIB JISi eT C SI O T B Ji e q e H H O - o 6 o 6 r.u; e H H O C T b p e ą 11 . C neQ11q>11 ą ecKOH qepTOH Oq>11Q11aJibHO-}];eJIOBOro CTl1JISI B hlCTynaeT H M TT ep a THB HO CTb peą11, Henocpe;::i;cTBeHHO Bbrpa)l(aIOr.u;asi pery JIHpOBO ąHyIO q>yHKQl1IO npaaa. 3TO OCH0BHble 11 B TO )l(e BpeMSI nepa11ąHble CTl1JieBble qepTbl yKa3aHHblX peqeBblX pa3HOBl1}];HOCTeH. BTop11ąHble )l(e qepTbl CBSI3aHbl y)l(e He C 6a30Bb!Ml1 3KCYpaJil1HfBH- CT11ąecKHMl1 q>aKTopaMl1, a C .n:onoJIHHTeJibHblMH KOMMYHHKaTHBHbIMH 3aAaąaMl1 11JIH )l(e C CHTya Tl1BHbIMH ycJIOBl1SIMl1 o6r.u;eHHSI.
XapaKTep113ysi cneQ11q>11ąecK11e CTl1JieBble qepTbl peąeBblX pa3HO B11}];HOCTeH, M.H. Ko)l(11Ha BHecna 3Haą11TeJibHbIH BKJia;::i; B pa3pa6oTKy KJIIOqeBblX npo6JieM CTl1Jil1CTl1KH XYAO,KeCTBeHHOH pe'IH. B xo;::i;e rny6oKoro 11 TOHKOro J111HrBl1CTHąecKoro aHaJil13a KJiacc11qecKl1X np0113BeAeHl1H pyCCKOH Jil1TepaTypb1 OHa npeAJIO)l(l1Jia HOBOe TTOHl1MaH11e KOHCTPYKTl1BH0ro np11HQ-11na peqeBOH opraH113aQ1111 XYJJ:O)l(eCTBeHH0ro TeKCTa, Ha3BaB 3TY CTl1JieBylO qepTy XYJJ:O)l(eCTBeHHO-o6pa3HOH peąeBOH KOHKpeTH3aQl1eH. IlpOS!BJISieTCSI 0Ha «B TaKOH HaMepeHHO C03}];aHHOH no 3aKoHaM HCKYCCTBa opraHH3aQl1H peąeBblX cpe;::i;CTB .. , 6naro;::i;apsi KOTOpOH CJIOBO-IlOHSITl1e "nepeBOA11TCSI" a CJIOBO-o6pa3 [ . . . ]
H
OT6op CJIOB, 11 BMeCTe C TeM 3ayąaH11e 11X, 11 Bbr6op cpeACTB 11X rpaMMaT11ąecKoro Oq>OpMJieHl1SI, 11 Cl1HTaKCl1C, 11 p11TM, H 11HTOHaQ11SI - BCe 3T0 BMeCTe HanpaBJieHO Ha Bb1pa)l(eH11e ;::i;aHH0ro 06pa3a (B TOM q11cne "M11Kpoo6pa3a")»(1 966: 91 , 1 26).
Ilp11 o6ocHOBaHl111 3TOH CT11neaoi1 ąepTbl M . H . KO)l(l1Ha pean11Joaana Me)l(;::i:11cQ11nJI11HapHblH no;::i;xo;::i;, on11paS1Cb Ha 11ccne;::i:0BaH11S1 no TTCHXOJIOrHl1 peq11 11 MblWJieHl1SI.O6nSICHeH11e np11ą11H CT11neaoro aapb11poaaHHS1 peą11 noTpe6oaano yrny6neHHOro 113yąeHl1SI 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTH'leCKHX cJ>aKTOpOB. Oco6eHHOCTb pa3pa60TaHHOH M.H. KO)l(l1HOH (
1968)
KJiaCCl1q>l1KaQH11 3THX q>aKTOpOB 3aKmoąaeTCSI B TOM, qTo, B OTJI11q11e OT ;::i;pyr11x KJiacc11q>11KaQl1H, OHa.SłBJrneTC.SI He 3 M n Hp H '-1 e CK O H , a BX0AHT B Te0pHIO B K a'-l e CTBe ee opraHH'-leCK0ro 3BeHa, 0CH0BbIBaeTC.SI Ha HCX0AHhlX ee Il0ChIITI<ax.
,[(eHCTBHTeJib H O , npHHIJ.Hil H3y'-leHH.SI pe'-IH B e,n:HH CTB e C BH,n:aMH COIJ.HaJibHOH ,n:e.S1TeJihH0CTH H cpopMaMH 06IIJ.eCTBeHHOro C03Hamrn M0TH BHpoBaH npe,n:cTaBJieHHeM 06 oco6oił JIHHrBHCTH'-leCKOH 3Ha'-IHM0CTH 3THX He.Sl3hIK0BhlX cpaKTOpOB KaK TeCH0 CBSl3aHHhlX C npHpo,n:oH Sl3h!Ka-pe'-1H. CaMO Il0HSITHe «ccpepa 06IIJ.eHHSI», npHHSIT0e 60JihlllHHCTBOM y'-leHb!X B Ka'-leCTBe onopHOH KaTeropHH npH Bhl,n:eneHHH Q)YHKIJ.HOHaJihHhlX CTHJieH, SIBJISleTCSI He,n:0CTaT0'-IH0 onpe,n:eneHHhIM H Tpe6yeT 3KCilJIHKaU.HH . Do Mh!CJIH M.H. KmKHHOH, c JIHHrBHCTH'łeCKOH T0'-IKH 3peHHS1 ccpepa 06IIJ.eHHS1 KaK pa3 H onp e,n:ensieTC.SI e,n:H H CTB 0 M : BHA ,n:esi TeJi b H 0 CTH , C O O TH O C H M h! H C C0OTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.eH cpopMOH 06IIJ.eCTBeHHOro C03HaHHSI H 06IIJ.eCTBeHHhlX OTHOllleHHH. 3TOT K0MnJieKC 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTH'-leCKHX SIBJieHHH Ha3BaH yąeHblM 3KCmpanUH28UCmU'-leCKOU OCHOBOU cpyHKU.HOHaJibHhIX CTHJieH pe'-IH. OH 06pa3yeT nepByIO no CTeneHH CTHJieo6pa3yIOIIJ.eH 3Ha'-IHM0CTH rpynny BHeSl3hIK0 BhlX cpaKTOpOB. BTop y10 rpynny, B bIAeJISieM yIO no 3T0 MY npH3HaKy' C0CTaBJISIIOT cpaKTOpb!, CBSl3aHHhle co cnoco6oM np0SIBJieHHSI pe'-IH (ycTHaSI HJIH IlHCbMeHHaSI, M0H0JI0r11ąecKaS1 HJIH ,n:11anor11ąecKaS1 pe'-lb, MaCCOBbIH HJIH JIH'-IHbIH cnoco6 KOMMYHHKau.1111). 3aTeM BhI,n:ensieTCSI eIIJ.e u.enhIH psi.n rpynn BHeSl3hIK0BhIX SIBJieHHH, CBSl3h K0T0pb!X C npHpo.n:oił pe'-IH Bbipa)l(eHa y)l(e He CT0J!b 0T'-leTJIHB0 HJIH Il0'-ITH HeynoBHMa - BilJI0Th .no HHAHBHAyaJi h H 0 - CHTyaTH B H bl X cp aKTOpOB , TaK H X , H a n p H M e p , KaK HaCTp0eHHe B M0MeHT 06IIJ.eHHSI HJIH yąeT roB0p.SIIIJ.HM OTHOllleHHSI K ce6e co6ece,n:HHKa.
r
JiaBeHCTBYIOIIJ.aSI p 0Jib cpaKTOpOB nep BOH rpynnh! o6Hapy)l(HBaeTCSI y)l(e B TOM, '-IT0 «CaMa B03M0)l(H0CTh Il0SIBJieHHSI Tex, a He HHh!X CHTyaU.HH, cpopM, BHA0B 06IIJ.eHHSI . . . 3aBHCHT B K0He'-IHOM C'-leTe OT Toro, B KaK0H o6naCTH 06IIJ.eCTBeHHbIX OTHOllleHHH H AeSITeJihHOCTH . . . o cyIIJ.eCTBJISleTCSI K0H KpeTHhlH aKT 06IIJ.eHHSI» ( 1 968: 1 57).<I> y tt .n: a M eHTaJi b H bl H x a p aK Tep T e o p eTH '-l e C K H X Il O C blJIOK 3 T O H KJiaCCHQ)HKaU.HH CTaH0BHTCSI 0'-leBHAHbIM npH HX C00THeceHHH C BhIABH HYTbIMH
M.M.
E axTHHhIM B K0HU.e 1 920-x rr . , HO, K co)l(aJieHHIO , B ,n:aJibHeiłweM HM He pa3BHBaBWHMHCSI npe.n:cTaBJieHHSIMH o 6JIH'.1KaumeuCHTyau.uu
peąeBoro o6IIJ.emrn H 6oneemupmcou cou.uanbuou
cpe,n:e. (IToHSITHe 06 3TO H n o cne,n:H e H , 0'-leBHAH0 , 0XB aTbIB aeT THilbl 0 6 IIJ.eCTBeH H b!X OTH OllleHHH, cp o p M bl C03HaHHSI, HCT0pH'-leCKH CJIO)l(HBWHeCSI B HAbl .n:esiTeJihHOCTH). lllHpoKa.SI cou.11anhHasi cpe,n:a, C'-IHTanM.M.
EaxTHH,BKJ1ao M. H. Ko:>1CuHou e pa3eumue .nuH2eucmu•LecKou . . .
BJlA,[\HMHP A. CAJlHMOBCKHHo n p e,n;em1eT r n y 6 H H H hi e n n a c ThI cTpyKTYPhI BhI C K a 3 bI B a tt H .si , n p H ,n; a n h tt e H w e H me a K T y a n H 3 a Q H H n ep e • H B att H .si « e r o c o uHaJi b tt a .si o p H e H T H p 0 B a H H 0 C T b o c n o • tt.si eTC.s! y c T a H 0 B K O H H a 6 n H • a H w yro C0QHaJibHYIO CHTyauHIO roBopeHH.s!» (EaxTHH
1993: 98).
O'łeHh Ba•Ho, 'łTO npe,n;JiomeHHa.si M.H. Ko•HHOH KJiaccHq>HKaQHOHHa.si cxeMa pacnpe,n;eJieHH.s! 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTH'łeCKHX q>aKTOpOB C TO'łKH 3peHH.s! HX CTHJJeo6pa3yIO I.l{eH 3 H a 'ł H M OCTH , B CBOIO O'ł epe,n;b , n erna B OCHOBY KJiaCCHQ)HKaQHH Q)YHKUHOHaJibHbIX CTHJJeH H 6onee qacTHbIX petieBhIX pa3HOBH,ll;HOCTeH. TaK, no npH3HaKy COOTHeceHHOCTH C e,n;HHCTBOM BH,n;a .n;e.siTeJibHOCTH H q>opMbl 061.l{eCTBeHHOro C03HaHH.s! BbI,ll;eJJ.sIIOTC.s! H3BeCTHbie q> y H K U H O H aJJ b H bl e CTHJJH H a y 'ł H bl H , O Q) H Q H a JJ b H O -,n;e JIO B O H , rry6JJHQHCTH'łeCKHH, xy,n;omeCTBeHHbIH H pa3roBopH0-6hlTOBOH1 1. BKJIIOtJeHHe B aHaJIH3 3KCTpaJJHHrBHCTH'łeCKHX .s!BJJeHHH ITOCJie,ll;YlOI.l{HX rpynn Il03BOJI.s!eT B rrpe,n;enax q>yHKUHOHaJJbHbIX CTHJJeH (H B 30He HX B3aHMO,ll;eHCTBH.s!) BbI,ll;eJJ.s!Tb ITO,ll;CTHJJH, mattpOBbie H CHTYaJIHBHbie THilbl pe'łH, xapaKTepH3YłQI.l{Hec.si 6onee 'łaCTHb!MH, tJeM OCHOBHbie CTHJJeBhie 'łepTbl , oco6eHHOCT.s!MH. Bee 3TH <<nocJJe)];YlOI.l{He» 'łepTbI, OTMe'łaeT
M.H.
Ko•HHa, «.siBJI.sIIOTc.si BTOpH'łHbIMH no rrpoHcxo•,n;eHHIO, HaXO,ll;.s!TC.s! B rrpH'łHHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HHbIX, 'łeM q>yHKQHOHaJI·bHbie CTHJJH, 3KCTpaJJHHrBHCTH'łeCKHX q>aKTOpOB . . . , TaK•e BTOpH'łHbIX, He CB.sI3aHHbIX Henocpe,n;cTBeHHO C npHpO,n;HbIMH CBOHCTBaMH 513b!Ka H pe'łH. OHH COCTaBJI.sIIOT ITOBepxHOCTHhie CTHJJHCTHKO-pe'łeBble "cpe3b!" (HJIH "cJJOH"), npOHBJI.s!łOI.l{Hec.si Ha cpyHKUHOHaJibHO-CTHJJHCTH'łeCKOH OCHOBe»(1 968: 190).
B C O O T B e T C T B H H C o x a p a K T e p H 3 0 B a H H bI M H T e o p eTH 'ł e C K H M H rrpe,n;cTaBJieHH.s!MH 6bIJIH pa3pa60TaHbl HOBble MeTO,ll;bl HCCJJe,n;oBaHH.s! -CTHJJOCTaTHCTHtJeCKHH, B TOM 'łHCJJe MeTO,ll; «CH.s!TH.s! cpe30B». Mx npHMeHeHHe IT 03BOJJHJJO IlO,ll;TBep,n;HTb Bbl,ll;BHHYTbie fHilOTe3bl, rrp H,n;aB HM CTaTyc ,ll;OCTOBepHoro TeopeTHtJeCKOro 3HaHH51. I1pH 3TOM B xo,n;e 06beKTHBHOro CTHJJOCTaTHCTHtJeCKoro aHaJJH3a pe'łeBbIX pa3HOBH,ll;HOCTeH 6bIJJH peweHbl MHOrHe ,n;HCKYCCHOHHbie BOilpOCbl THITOJJOrHH pe'łH.
CTHJJOCTaTHCTH'łeCKHH (KatJeCTBeHHO-KOJJHtJeCTBeHHbIH) MeTO,ll; COCTOHT B ceMaHTHKO-CTHJIHCTHtJeCKOH KBaJJH<pHKaQHH pa3ttoypoBHeBbIX 513b!KOBbIX e,n;HHHU, ynoTpe6n.si e M hIX B TeKCTax H3y'łaeMOH ccpepbl 0 61.l{eHH.s!, B
B HaCTOl11Uee BpeMll crnn 113Y'laTbCll TaKlKe uepKOBHO-pen11rn03HblH CTHflb, O B03MOlKHO CTl1 BbIAeneHHll KOToporo - np11 Hanw-11111 B o6mecTBe COOTBeTCTBYIOWero BHAa nel!Tenb HOCTH - M.H. KolK11Ha n11cana ylKe B 1960-e rr.
o6Hapy)l(eHHl1 y 3Tl1X e)lHHHU., SIBlliIIOll.J.HXCSI 3JieMeHTaMH onpe;::i:eneHHOH pelłeBOH CHCTeMbl, cneu.mp11ąeCKHX <pyHKU.HOHaJibHbIX KOHHOTaU.HH; 3aTeM B npoBepKe C noMOll.J.blO HHCTpyMeHTapHSI MaTeMaTHlłeCKOH CTaTHCTHKH HHTYHTHB H bI X n p e)lCTaBJi e H H H o B O 3 H HK H O B e H H l1 Ha 6JIIO,ll.a e M bIX CTHnHCTHlłeCKHX oco6eHHOCTeH peąeBOH TKaHH TeKCTa no,ll. BnHSIHHeM Tex HnH HHbIX 3 KCTp a n H H f B HCTHlł e C K H X <p aKTOpOB . I1 0 CK OJibKY cnrneBbie xapaKTepHCTHKH pelłH )leTepMHHHpoBaHhl )leHCTBHeM O,1].HOBpeMeHHO MHO)l(eCTBa COU.HaJibHO-nCHXOJIOfHlłeCKHX SIBJieHHH, KalłeCTBeHHO-KOJIH lłeCTBeHHblH aHanl13 )lOnOJIHSleTCSI MeTO,ll.OM «CHSITHSI cpe3OB». CyTh nocne)lHero 3aKnIOlłaeTCSI B yCTaHOBJieHHH CTHneo6pa3Y1Qll.J.eH 3Ha lłHMOCTH Toro HJIH HHOfO 3KCTpanHHrBl1CTHlłeCKOro <paKTOpa B pe3yJibTaTe «Hei1:rpanH3aU.H11» BJIHSIHHSI Ha CTHJIOCTaTHCTHlłeCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH JlPYfHX <paKTOpOB - nyTeM no,l].6opa peq eBbIX npOH3Be)leHHH, pa3JIH'łał0ll.J.HXCSI npoBepsi:eMbIM napaMeTpOM (HanpHMep, BH)lOM o6beKTHBHpyeMOH B TeKCTe AYXOBHOH )leSITeJibHOCTH, HITH )l(aHpOM, mł60 BpeMeHeM CO3,ll.aHHSI TeKCTOB) np11 COBna)leHHH Bcex OCTaJibHblX napaMerpoB.
Hccne)lOBaHHe 3THMH M eTo;::i:aMH TeKCTOBbIX MaCCHBOB pa3JIHlłHbIX KOMMYHHKaTHBHbIX c<pep no3Bonwno
M.H.
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Apyrasi: 3aKOHO MepHOCTb COCTOHT B TO M , lłTO B COOTBeTCTBHH co c n e u. 11 q> H K O H 3KCTpanHHfBHCTHlł e C K O H O C H O B hl Toro H JI H HHOfO cpyHKU.HOHaJibHOro CTHJISI 113 061LI.ero <pOHAa JIHTepaTypHoro Sl3bIKa OT6H paIOTCSI H HCnOJib3YłOTCSI )laJieKO He Bee BO3MO)l(Hble Sl3bIKOBbie cpe;::i:cTBa H HX
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rr., B.B. O.z:i;HHQOB 0TMeąan: MHOrHM Jil1HrBl1CTaM CTaJIO f!CHO, «qTo O,IJ;H0ro nepeqHSI np11:3HaKOB ,IJ;Jlfl Bhlf!BJieHHfl cneQ11qJl1:Kl1 cpyHKQHOH aJibHhlX C THJieił . . . C O B eprneHHO He,ll;OCTaToąHo, ąTO H e o 6 X O ,IJ;11 M O o n 11: c aTb oco6eHHOCTl1: cpyHKQ11:0H11:pOBaHl1SI 3Tl1X CTHJieił . . . DOJiblllYIO pa6oTy B 3T0M H a npaBneH11:11: npo.n;enanaM . H .
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KO)ł(HHOH, HBHITCH Hay'łHhlH CTHITh pe1m, Ha 6a3e Hccrre,uoBaHHH K0Toporo Bnocne,ucTBHH ccpopMH poBarrach nrro,uoTB0pHo pa6oTaIOll\aH Hay'łHaH lllK0na.Y'łeHhIM npe,uno)ł(eHa K0MMYHHKaTHBH0 opHeHTHp0BaHHaH K0HQeTTQHH pe'łeBOH 3KCnpeCCHH (Bbipa3HTerrhHOCTH), TTOHHMaeMOH KaK C0B0KYTTH0CTh CBOHCTB pe'łeBOH TKaHH TeKCTa , 06ecne'łHBa10 m11x onTHMaIThH0e B3aHMO,uei1cTBHe aBTopa H a,upecaTa B onpe,uerreHHOH ccpepe o6meHHH. Ecrr11, HanpHMep, B xy,UO)ł(eCTBeHHOH ccpepe 3KCnpecCHH ,U0CTHraeTCH o6pa3HOCThlO pe'łH, TO B Hay'łHOH ccpepe - npe)ł(,Ue Bcero no,u'łepKHYTOH IT0rH'łH0CThlO H3IT0)ł(eHHH H T 0 'łH0CThlO ynoTpe6rreHHH CIT0B. 3To CB0ero po,ua HHTerrneKTyaITbHaH 3KCnpeCCHBH0CTh pe'łH, xorn Hay'łHhIH TeKCT He rrmneH 3M0THBH0CTH (KO)ł(HHa 197 16).
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KO)ł(l1Ha Bbl.SIBMJia 0CH0BHYIO 3aKOH0MepHOCTb ero 3B0JilOU.M11: OT 0AH0ro nepMo,n:a K ,n:pyro M y HeyKJIOHHO pearr113yeTC.SI TeH,n:eHI.J.M.SI K «Kp11-CTaJIJil13aU.11M» cneu.11qrnqeCKl1X qepT Ha Y'IHOH pe'IM - ee 0TBJie'!eHHO o6o6ll.{eHHOCTM 11 no,n:qepKHYTOH JI0rl1'IH0CTM (KO)ł(l1Ha 1 972a, 1 977, 1 978,
1 979a,6). ITpO.S!BJieHM.SI 3TOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTl1 6bIJil1 11ccrre,n:o- BaHbl CHaqarra B 0TH0llleHMM <pyHKU.110HMpOBaHl1.SI pa3H0ypoBHeBblX .Sl3blK0BblX cpe,n:cTB, a 3aTeM M TeKCT0BblX KaTeropMH.
ITepcneKTMBbI conocTaBMTeJihHOH CTMJIMCT11K11 M.H. Ko)ł(11Ha T0)ł(e CB.Sl3bIB aeT C pa3pa60TKOH <pyHKU.110HaJibHO-CTl1Jil1CTM'!eCKOH npo6rre M aTMKM. OHa no,n:qepKMBaeT aKTyarrhHOCTb cpaBH11TeJibHoro aHarr113a CTMJieBOH AM<p<pepeHL(MaQM11 pa3HblX Jil1TepaTypHblX .Sl3blKOB C yqeTOM CBOeo6pa3M.SI MX 11CT0pMM. l1 MeeTC.SI B B l1AY 113yqeH11 e He CTOJibKO CTMJil1CTM'łeCKMX pecypcoB 3Tl1X 0
.Sl3blK0B, CK0JibKO COCTaBa 11 B3aMMO,n:eH CTBM.SI B Ka)ł(A0M 113 HMX cpyHKl.(110HaJibHblX CTl1JieH C 11X cneu.11- <pl1KOH, a TaK)ł(e no,n:CTMJieH, )ł(aHp0B, °CMTyaTMBHblX Tl1TTOB p etil1. I1p11 3TOM npe.n:rraraeMbie acneKTbI aHarr113a onpe,n:err.S1IOTC.S1 BCeM KpyroM npo6rreM <p yHKI.J.110HaJib H O H CTMJil1CTl1Kl1 - OT BhlHBJieHl1.SI 3aKOHOMepH0CTeA 11CTT0Jib30BaHl1H H3blK0BblX cpe,n:CTB AO paccM0TpeHirn oco6eHHOCTeH opraH113aI.J.11 M u.errora TeKCTa (TeKCTOT11na). IJpoBe,n:eHHbie yqeHblM K0HKpeTHhl e 11ccrre,n:0BaHl1.SI TT03BOJil1Jil1 KOHCTaT11poB aTb 6Jil130CTb Ba)ł(HeHllIMX oco6eHHOCTeH HaytIH0ro CTl1JIH pa3HblX eBponeHCKl1X H3blKOB,
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XapaKTep113YH pa60Tbl M.H. KO)l(J1HOM BTOpOM nOJIOBl1Hbl 1970-x ro,noB, HeJi b 3 H H e O T M e T J1 T b H n o cT a H O B K Y e łO npo.6 rreMbl aBTOpCKOH HH,UHBH,nyaJibHOCTl1 B Hay'łHOM CTHJie pe'łH. CorrraCHO npe,nJIO)l(eHHOH rHnOTe3e, TBOp'łeCKOe Hay'łHOe MblWJieHHe, 3aBe,UOMO He HBJIHłOl.l{eecH O,UHOTl1IlHblM H 6e3JIJ1KHM, B xo,ne ero 06oeKTHBa�1111 B pe'łH ,UOJI)l(HO C03,Ua BaTb 11H,Ul1BH,UyarrbHbie CTJ1JieBbie npH3HaKJ1, 'łTO B npe,nBap11TeJibHOM nrraHe H no,nTBep)l(,naeT aHaJil13 cpaKTJ1'łeCKOro MaTepHana (KO)l(J1Ha, THTOBa 1976).
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BflA,nHMHP A . CAflHMOBCKHH qiyHKL(HOHaITbHOro CTHIT51), T.e. Bb!IT0ITH5110ll.(HX B TeKCTe KaKy10-n1160 onpe,ll,eneHHYIO Q>YHKU:HIO, pean113y10ru;y10 TOT 11n11 HHOH KaTerop11anbHbIH npH3H8K ,ll,8HH0ro TeKcTa K aK npe,ll,CTaB HTeIT51 COOTBeTCTBy10 ru;ero Q>YHKL(HOHaITbHOro CTHIT51» ( 1 9986: l 0-1 1 ).Oco6oe MecTo cpe,ll,H <l>CCK 3aHHMaeT KaTeropH51 JJ.HaJioruąuocTu KaK Q> Y H,ll, a M eHT8IT b HOro CBOHCTB a "! enoBe"!eCKOH pe "!H B 0 0 6 ru;e. P51,ll, 11ccne,l],OB8HHH M.H. KO)KHHOH (1 98 1 a, 1 98 1 6, 19986 11 ,ll,p.), B TOM "IHCne OT,ll,enbH851 MOHOrpaq>H51 (l 986), nOCB5il.QeH ,ll,Hanorn"IHOCTH TTHCbMeHHOH Hay"IHOH pe'-111.
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CT8HOBneHO, "!TO B H8Y"IHO-pe"!eBOM npOl13Be,lJ,eHHI1 nnOTHOCTb pa3ITH"!Hb!X q>opM ,lJ,HanorH"IHOCTH I1 cpe;:I;CTB ee Bbipa)KeHHSI BeCbMa BbICOKa, npH"leM 3TH cpe;:I;CTBa , B pa3HOH CTeneHH THTTH"!Hble I1 "18CTOTHbie, opraHH3YlOTCSI B TeKCTOBOe none.lfay"!eHbI M.H. Ko)KHHOH 11 TaK11e KaTerop1111 Hay"!Horo TeKcrn3, KaK r11noTeTH"IHOCTb (Ko)KHHa, Ee;:I;pHHa, ITonb1ranoBa 1 98 9 ; Ko)KttHa, ITnroCKHHa 1 998), aKu;eHTHOCTb ( 1 987a), peTpocneKL(HSI 11 npocneKL(HSI (KO)KHHa, qHrOBCKaSI 200 l ) 11 ;:I;p.
C 11ccne,ll,OB8HHeM cneu;HQ>HKH Q>YHKU:110H8ITbHbIX CTHITeH CBSI3aHa I1 TpaKTOBKa 8BTOpOM npo6neMbl Q>YHKL(HOHanbHO-CMbICITOBblX THnOB pe"IH, KOTOpbie BbI,lJ,eITSIIOTCSI 11 OTTl1Cb!B8IOTCSI He Ha nor11Ko-rpaMMaTI1"1eCKOH, a Ha Q>YHKL(HOHanbHO-KOMMYHHK8TI1BHOH OCHOBe 11, no cyru;ecTBY, npe;:I;CTalOT KaK "18CTHbie pa3HOBH,lJ,HOCTH CTHITHCTHKO-pe"!eBOH CHCTeMHOCTH TeKCTOB TOH HITH HHOH cq>epbl o6ru;eHHSI (KO)KHHa, KblpKyHoBa 1 988).
11HTepec y"lettoro K CO,lJ,ep)KaTenbHO-CMbICITOBOH CTOpOHe pe"!eBoro np0113Be,ll,emrn B Ha116onbUieH CTeneHH npOSIBHITCSI B pa6oTax, TTOCBSIIL(eHHbIX 113Y"leHHIO 061>eKTHBal.{HH onpeJJ.eJieuuoro s1ma ,ll,yxosuou coQHOKYJibTYPHOn ,l],eJ1TeJ11,HOCTH (npe11Myru;ecTBeHHO H8Y"IHOH) B TeKcTax COOTBeTCTBylOru:eu KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH c<t,epbI ( l 980, 1 992, 1 9966). ITp11MeHSieMbIH B 3THX
3
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I\
Stylistyka XIV
Hccrre,n;oBaHJ-UlX MeTOA KaK pa3 H COCTOHT B BbHlBJieHHH 3aKOHOMepHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH opraHH3a1vm co,n;ep)l(aHHH TeKCTa KaK ,n;eTepMHH11pyeMblX cneQ11q>11KOH ,n;aHHOro B11,n;a ,n;yxoBHOH ,n;eHTeJibHOCTH. M . H . Ko)l{HHa noKa3arra, ąTO CBOeo6pa3He CMbICJIOBOH CTPYKTYPbl HayąHbIX TeKCTOB onpe,n;errHeTCH QeJIOCTHbIM KOMnrreKCOM q>aKTOpOB, B KOTOpOM B a)l(HOe MeCTO 3aHHMałOT: «cy6beKTH0-06beKTHbie OTHOllleHHH; np11po,n;a caMoro 3HaHHH H 3aKOHOB Il03HaHHH H TBopąecTBa, B ąaCTHOCTl1, :nanoB (q>a3) HayąHOH ,n:eHTeJibHOCTH; pa3BHTl1e HayK11 no 3aKOHaM "0Tpl1QaH11e 0Tp11Qamrn" H "npeeMCTBeHHOCTl1 3HaHl1H"; npHpo,n;a He TOJlbKO rror11ąecKoro Mblll1JieHl1H, HO H HHTYl1THBHbIX pellleHHH 11, KOHeąHo, PHA co6CTBeHHO KOMMYHl1KaTl1B HbIX q>aKTOpOB . . .
»
( 1 992:43).
Oco6bIH HHTepec npe,n;cTaBJIHeT co3,n;aHHaH M.I-f. KO)l{HHOH Ha ocHOBe Me)l(J];11CQ11nrr11HapHoro KOMnrreKcHoro no,n;xo,n:a Mo,n;errb pa3BepTbIBaH11H CMbICJIOBOH cTpyKTYPbI HayąHoro TeKCTa, B KOTopoH onpe,n;erreHHbIM cpa3aM Il03HaBaTeJibHOH .n;eHTeJibHOCTl1 COOTBeTCTBYJOT OCHOBHbie KOMil0311Ql10H Hbie KOMilOHeHTbl CMblCJIOBOH CTpYKTYPbl TeKCTa. HanpHMep, OC03HaH11IO npo6rreMHOH CHTyaQ1111 KaK MbICJil1TeJibHOMY npOI..\eCcy COOTBeTCTByeT Ha ypoBHe caMoro TeKCTa aHarr113 H OQeHKa paccorrracoBaHHbIX cpaKTOB, 11x npOTl1BOpeą11BOCTl1, np11ąeM H3JIO)l(eH11e conpOBO)l{,D;aeTCH Bb1pa)l{eH11eM 3MOLVrn YAl1BJieH11H; OC03HaHl1łO np o6rreMbl COOTBeTCTByeT cpop Myrr11-poBaH11e o6rracTH Hayąttoro no11cKa nocpe,n;cTBOM npo6rreMHoro Bonpoca; B03Hl1KHOBeH11IO 11,n;e11 - cp11KcaQ11H ąyBcTBeHHoro o6pa3a npe,n;norraraeMoro pe3yJibTaTa, OKpallleHHaH 3MOQ11eH pa,n;OCTl1, C 11CilOJib30BaHl1eM MeTaq>Opbl,
aHarrorn11 ( 1 992:
46).
TipHcTaJibHoe B HHMaHHe M.H. Ko)l{11HoH K npo6rreMaM T11norror11H TeKCTOB n p O H B HJI OCb 11 B ee o 6 p a m e H l1 H K KJIIO ą eB bI M B O n p o c a M )l(aHpOBe,n;ąecKOH TeopHH ( 1 998a, 1 999a, 1 9996, 1 999B). OpHrnHaJibHOCTb H 3BpHCTHąHOCTb B3rJIH,D;OB yąettoro B 3TOH o6rraCTH o6Hapy)l(HBaeTCH B n o,n;xo,n;e K peąeB O M Y )KaHpy KaK K C JI O )K H O C T p y K T y p 11 p o B a H H O H M Ho r o M ep H o H q>opMe Qerroro peąeBoro npo11JBe,n;eH11H, paccMaTpHBaeMo ro B KaąecTBe e,n;11Hl11.\bl 061.QeHHH, - C yąeTOM BCex Bbipa6oTaHHbIX K H aCTO HLQeMy BpeM eHl1 3 H aHHH O K aTerop11HX TeKCTa (npe)l{,n;e BCero AHaJIOrH'IHOCTH) H o ero CMbICJIOBOH opraHl13aQ11H. TioHHTHe pe'leBoro iKaupa OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha H,n;ee ,n;11arror11ąecKoro OTHOllleHl1H, B3aHMO,n;eHCTBHH (a He BOJ,n;eiłcTB11H). «HMeHHO .llHarrorHąHOCTb, n11U1eT M . H . Ko)l(11Ha, -HBJIHeTCH onpe.lleJIHłOLQHM npH3HaKOM peąeBoro )KaHpa y EaxT11Ha KaK e.llHHHQbl peąeBoro o6meHl1H 11 .lleHTeJibHOCTH mo,n;eH. OTCIO.lla np011CTeKałOT
BKiiaiJ M. H. Ko:HCuHou B pa3Bumue J1UH2Bucmulf.ecKou
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BJIA,1111Ml1P A. CAJll1MOBCKl1vl Bee ,npyn1e npH3HaKH peąeBoro )KaHpa (I..(errenorraraHHe, 3aBeprneHH0CTh, CBSl3b c onpe,n:erreHHOH ccpepOH o6ll{eHHSI H T.,n:.)» ( 1 999a: 24).
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KO)KHHa, AOJI)KH0 0Tp a)KaTbCSI e,nHHCTB0 cpyH,naMeHTaJib HhIX cnel.(H<pHąecKHXnapaMeTpOB pe'-łH - npH3HaKOB, OTJIH'-łalOW:HX ee OT H3b!Ka: cpyHKl,/U0-1-1 up08Q1-I UJl (ou cpyHKl,/U0-1-1aM u K u ) , ouan o2u'-lcpyHKl,/U0-1-1 ocmu 11 cmun ucm uKo-pe'-le8ou cucmeM1-1ocmu. CcpopMyJI11poBaHo M.H. KmKHHOH 11 nott11Matt11e npe,a:MeTa pe'-łeBe,IleHHH, CJIO)KHBUieecH B ee pa6oTax nocJie,[I:HHX JieT. M M HBJIHlOTCH «pe'-łeBaH ,a:eHTeJibHOCTb H 06w:ett11e, paccMaTpHBaeMbie C TO'-łKH 3peHHH B 3 a H M OJJ:eH CTB H H K 0 M M Y H H K a HT O B B O B H e llI H e H cpe,a:e (T . e . B O B 3 a H M O,Ile H CTBHH ,a:p yr C ,a:p y r o M H C npe,a:MeTa M H H H B JieHHHMH OKpy)l(aIOw:ero M Hp a ) , 3 a K O H O M ep H O CTH . . . HCilOJi b 3 0 B a H H H H3b!Ka roBOpHW:HMH B pa3Hb!X ccpepax H CHTyal\HHX o6w:eHHH B llIHpOKOM 3KCTpa JIHHrBHCTH'-łeCK0M KOHTeKCTe . . . » (KO)KHHa 1 998a: 20-2 1 ; CM. TaK)Ke 2003).
*
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